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href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_name:_the_Bjarmians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_name:_the_Bjarmians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin of the name: the Bjarmians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_name:_the_Bjarmians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarmaland" title="Bjarmaland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bjarmaland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarmaland" title="Bjarmaland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bjarmaland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarmia" title="Biarmia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biarmia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarmaland" title="Bjarmaland – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bjarmaland" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarmie" title="Biarmie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biarmie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B1%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%90%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="뱌르말란드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뱌르말란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarmaland" title="Bjarmaland – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bjarmaland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarmaland" title="Bjarmaland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bjarmaland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიარმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიარმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биармия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Биармия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarmija" title="Biarmija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biarmija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarmaland" title="Bjarmaland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bjarmaland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarmeland" title="Bjarmeland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bjarmeland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarmeland" title="Bjarmeland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bjarmeland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarmia" title="Biarmia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biarmia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A1rmia" title="Biármia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biármia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биармия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биармия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarmia" title="Bjarmia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bjarmia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarmaland" title="Bjarmaland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bjarmaland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarmia" title="Biarmia – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Biarmia" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Territory mentioned in Norse sagas</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bjarmaland,Carta_Marina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bjarmaland%2CCarta_Marina.jpg/260px-Bjarmaland%2CCarta_Marina.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bjarmaland%2CCarta_Marina.jpg/390px-Bjarmaland%2CCarta_Marina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bjarmaland%2CCarta_Marina.jpg/520px-Bjarmaland%2CCarta_Marina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Bjarmaland (<i>Biarmia</i>) as illustrated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Carta_marina" title="Carta marina">Carta marina</a></i> (1539) by <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bjarmaland</b> (also spelled <i>Bjarmland</i> and <i>Bjarmia</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a territory mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Norse_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse saga">Norse sagas</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> and in geographical accounts until the 16th century. The term is usually understood to have referred to the southern shores of the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> and to the basin of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dvina" title="Northern Dvina">Northern Dvina</a> River (<i>Vienanjoki</i> in Finnish) as well as, presumably, to some of the surrounding areas. Today, those territories comprise a part of the <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norse_voyagers_in_Bjarmaland">Norse voyagers in Bjarmaland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjarmaland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Norse voyagers in Bjarmaland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottars_reise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ottars_reise.jpg/260px-Ottars_reise.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ottars_reise.jpg/390px-Ottars_reise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ottars_reise.jpg/520px-Ottars_reise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>A Norwegian map of the voyage of Ohthere</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Ohthere" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyage of Ohthere">Voyage of Ohthere</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 890 CE</span>), the <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegian</a> merchant <a href="/wiki/Ottar_from_H%C3%A5logaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottar from Hålogaland">Ottar</a> (Ohthere) reported to king <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> that he had sailed for 15 days along the northern coast and then southwards, finally arriving at a great river, probably the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dvina" title="Northern Dvina">Northern Dvina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the estuary of the river dwelt the <i>Beormas</i>, who unlike the <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami peoples</a> were sedentary, and their land was rich and populous. Ohthere did not know their language but he said that it resembled the language of the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a>. The Bjarmians told Ohthere about their country and other countries that bordered it. </p><p>Later, several expeditions were undertaken from Norway to Bjarmaland. In 920, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> made a Viking expedition, as well as <a href="/wiki/Harald_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald II of Norway">Harald II of Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haakon_Toresfostre" title="Haakon Toresfostre">Haakon Magnusson of Norway</a>, in 1090.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The best known expedition was that of <a href="/wiki/Tore_Hund" class="mw-redirect" title="Tore Hund">Tore Hund</a>, who, together with some friends, arrived in Bjarmaland in 1026. They started to trade with the inhabitants and bought a great many pelts, whereupon they pretended to leave. Later, they made shore in secret, and plundered the burial site, where the Bjarmians had erected an idol of their god <i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Jómali">Jómali</a></i>. This god had a bowl containing silver on his knees, and a valuable chain around his neck. Tore and his men managed to escape from the pursuing Bjarmians with their rich bounty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjarmaland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian languages</a></div> <p>The name Bjarmaland appears in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> literature, possibly referring to the area where <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a> is presently situated,<sup id="cite_ref-InfoCentre_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoCentre-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and where it was preceded by a Bjarmian settlement. The first appearance of the name occurs in an account of the travels of <a href="/wiki/Ohthere_of_H%C3%A5logaland" title="Ohthere of Hålogaland">Ohthere of Hålogaland</a>, which was written in about 890.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <a href="/wiki/Permians" title="Permians">Permians</a> is already found in the oldest document of the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Nestor%27s_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestor's Chronicle">Nestor's Chronicle</a></i> (1000–1100). The names of other Uralic tribes are also listed including some <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_peoples" title="Samoyedic peoples">Samoyedic peoples</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Vepsians" title="Vepsians">Veps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Cheremis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mordvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvin">Mordvin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chudes">Chudes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The place-name Bjarmaland was also used later both by the German historian <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> (11th century) and the Icelander <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> (1179–1241) in <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3sa_saga_ok_Herrau%C3%B0s" title="Bósa saga ok Herrauðs">Bósa saga ok Herrauðs</a></i>, reporting about its rivers flowing out to <a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a>. It is not clear if they reference the same Bjarmaland as was mentioned in the <i>Voyage of Ohthere</i>, however. The name of the Bjarmian god <i>Jómali</i> is so close to the word for "god" in most Finnic languages that Bjarmians were likely a Finnic group. In fact, languages belonging to other language groups have never been suggested within serious research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedish</a> cartographer <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a> located Bjarmaland in the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a> in his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Carta_marina" title="Carta marina">Carta marina et descriptio septentrionalium terrarum</a></i></span> (1539), while Swedish humanist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Schefferus" title="Johannes Schefferus">Johannes Schefferus</a> (1621–1679) identified it with <a href="/wiki/Lappmarken" title="Lappmarken">Lappland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_name:_the_Bjarmians">Origin of the name: the Bjarmians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjarmaland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin of the name: the Bjarmians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bjarmians cannot be connected directly to any existing group of people living today, but it is likely that they were a separate group of <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a> speakers in the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponyms</a> and loan words in dialects in northern Russia indicate that <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finns">Finnic speaking populations</a> used to live in the area. Also Russian chronicles mention groups of people in the area associated with <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordingly, many historians assume the terms <span title="Old Norse-language romanization"><i lang="non-Latn">beorm</i></span> and <span title="Old Norse-language romanization"><i lang="non-Latn">bjarm</i></span> to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">perm</a></i>, which refers to "travelling merchants" and represents the <a href="/wiki/Old_Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Permic">Old Permic</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-stein_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some linguists consider this theory to be speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent research on the Uralic substrate in northern Russian dialects suggests that several other Uralic groups besides the Permians, lived in Bjarmaland, assumed to have included the <i>Viena Karelians, Sami and <a href="/wiki/Kvenland" title="Kvenland">Kvens</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Helimski, the language spoken <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 AD</span> in the northern Archangel region, which he terms <i>Lop'</i>, was closely related to but distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a> proper.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That would fit Ottar's account perfectly. </p><p>Bjarmian trade reached southeast to <a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>, where the Bjarmians also interacted with <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandians</a>, who had ventured southbound from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-stein_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjarmaland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bajarmaland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bajarmaland.jpg/260px-Bajarmaland.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bajarmaland.jpg/390px-Bajarmaland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bajarmaland.jpg/520px-Bajarmaland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption><i>The Northern Land</i> (<a href="/wiki/Apollinary_Vasnetsov" title="Apollinary Vasnetsov">Apollinary Vasnetsov</a>, 1899).</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern historians suppose that the wealth of the <a href="/wiki/Permians" title="Permians">Bjarmians</a> was due to their profitable trade along the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dvina" title="Northern Dvina">Northern Dvina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kama_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama River">Kama River</a> and the Volga to <a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a> and other trading settlements in the south. Along this route, silver coins and other merchandise were exchanged for pelts and walrus tusks brought by the Bjarmians. In fact, burial sites in modern <a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a> are the richest source of <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sasanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdian</a> silverware from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further north, the Bjarmians traded with the Sami. </p><p>It seems that the Scandinavians made some use of the Dvina trade route, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_trade_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper trade route">Dnieper trade route</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1217, two Norwegian traders arrived in Bjarmaland to buy pelts; one of the traders continued further south to pass to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in order to arrive in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, where he intended to take part in the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. The second trader who remained was killed by the Bjarmians. This caused <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> officials to undertake a campaign of retribution into Bjarmaland which they pillaged in 1222.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 13th century seems to have seen the decline of the Bjarmians, who became tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a>. While many Slavs fled the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Russia">Mongol invasion</a> northward, to <a href="/wiki/Beloozero" class="mw-redirect" title="Beloozero">Beloozero</a> and Bjarmaland, the displaced Bjarmians sought refuge in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, where they were given land around the <a href="/wiki/Malangen_(fjord)" title="Malangen (fjord)">Malangen fjord</a> by <a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon IV of Norway">Haakon IV of Norway</a> in 1240. More important for the decline was probably that, with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, the trade routes had found a more westerly orientation or shifted considerably to the south.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When the Novgorodians founded <a href="/wiki/Velikiy_Ustiug" class="mw-redirect" title="Velikiy Ustiug">Velikiy Ustiug</a>, in the beginning of the 13th century, the Bjarmians had a serious competitor for the trade. More and more <a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a> arrived in the area during the 14th and 15th centuries, which led to the final assimilation of the Bjarmians by the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_use">Later use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjarmaland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Quisling regime</a> planned to build Norwegian colonies in Northern Russia, following a future success of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, and which were to be named <i>Bjarmaland</i>; but these plans never came to be.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="No mention of Bjarmaland in given source. (November 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjarmaland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohthere_of_H%C3%A5logaland" title="Ohthere of Hålogaland">Ohthere of Hålogaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvenland" title="Kvenland">Kvenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardariki" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardariki">Gardariki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miklagard" class="mw-redirect" title="Miklagard">Miklagard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serkland" title="Serkland">Serkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling" title="Skræling">Skræling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panurus_biarmicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Panurus biarmicus">Panurus biarmicus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchus_tener" class="mw-redirect" title="Biarmosuchus tener">Biarmosuchus tener</a></i>, species whose scientific names were created after the region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Norwegians" title="Kola Norwegians">Kola Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murman_Coast" title="Murman Coast">Murman Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expansion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjarmaland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Biarmia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">Beormaland</i>; <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a>: <span lang="kv">Биармия</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Komi-language romanization"><i lang="kv-Latn">Biarmia</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Биармия</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Biyarmiya</i></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjarmaland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoonas_AholaFrogClive_Tolley2014" class="citation book cs1">Joonas Ahola; Frog; Clive Tolley, eds. (2014). <i>Fibula, Fabula, Fact – The Viking Age in Finland</i>. Vantaa: Studia Fennica. pp. 195–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-222-603-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-222-603-7"><bdi>978-952-222-603-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fibula%2C+Fabula%2C+Fact+%E2%80%93+The+Viking+Age+in+Finland&rft.place=Vantaa&rft.pages=195-212&rft.pub=Studia+Fennica&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-952-222-603-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABjarmaland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfoCentre-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InfoCentre_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russia-ic.com/culture_art/history/2572/">"Mythical Lands of Russia, Part 2: Bjarmia"</a>. <i>Russia-InfoCentre (russia-ic.com)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia-InfoCentre+%28russia-ic.com%29&rft.atitle=Mythical+Lands+of+Russia%2C+Part+2%3A+Bjarmia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fhistory%2F2572%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABjarmaland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uvic.ca/hrd/iallt2003/oldenglish/OEparagraph-1.html">Ohthere's voyage to Bjarmaland</a>. Original text and its English translation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angela Marcantonio: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp-tB08yd2EC&pg=PA21"><i>The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics</i></a>. Wiley, Hoboken/NJ 2002, p. 21 ff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23170-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23170-6">0-631-23170-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stein-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stein_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stein_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinsland and Meulengracht 1998: 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janne Saarikivi: <i>Substrata Uralica. Studies in Finno-Ugric substrate in northern Russian dialects.</i> Doctoral dissertation. Tartu 2006: 28 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/suoma/vk/saarikivi/substrat.pdf">online text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830213340/http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/suoma/vk/saarikivi/substrat.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saarikivi 2006: 294–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelimski2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Helimski" title="Eugene Helimski">Helimski, Eugene</a> (2006). "The "Northwestern" group of Finno-Ugric languages and its heritage in the place names and substratum vocabulary of the Russian North". In Nuorluoto, Juhani (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/venaja/nwrussia/eng/Conference/pdf/Helimski.pdf"><i>The Slavicization of the Russian North (Slavica Helsingiensia 27)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Helsinki: Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures. pp. 109–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-10-2852-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-10-2852-6"><bdi>978-952-10-2852-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22Northwestern%22+group+of+Finno-Ugric+languages+and+its+heritage+in+the+place+names+and+substratum+vocabulary+of+the+Russian+North&rft.btitle=The+Slavicization+of+the+Russian+North+%28Slavica+Helsingiensia+27%29&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=109-127&rft.pub=Department+of+Slavonic+and+Baltic+Languages+and+Literatures&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-952-10-2852-6&rft.aulast=Helimski&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Fvenaja%2Fnwrussia%2Feng%2FConference%2Fpdf%2FHelimski.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABjarmaland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artinvestment.ru/en/news/exhibitions/20101128_stroganovy_hermitage_perm.html">"Stroganoff - collectors of antiquities in Perm"</a>. <i>ARTinvestment.RU</i>. 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARTinvestment.RU&rft.atitle=Stroganoff+-+collectors+of+antiquities+in+Perm&rft.date=2010-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartinvestment.ru%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fexhibitions%2F20101128_stroganovy_hermitage_perm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABjarmaland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvetlana_Kameneva" class="citation journal cs1">Svetlana Kameneva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahura.homestead.com/files/IranZaminThree/Svetlana.pdf">"Enigmatic relationship of Ancient Ural Culture And Sassanid dynasty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Iran Zamin</i>. <b>1</b> (3). Vancouver: The Ancient Iranian Cultural & Religious Research & Development Center: 2–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+Zamin&rft.atitle=Enigmatic+relationship+of+Ancient+Ural+Culture+And+Sassanid+dynasty&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2-4&rft.au=Svetlana+Kameneva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahura.homestead.com%2Ffiles%2FIranZaminThree%2FSvetlana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABjarmaland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Norway's Nazi Collaborators Sought Russia Colonies</i>. The Associated Press. Oslo, April 9, 2010 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-norways-nazi-collaborators-sought-russia-colonies-2010apr09-story.html">article on <i>The San Diego Union-Tribune</i></a>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjarmaland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_f%C3%B6r_Nordisk_familjeboks_uggleupplaga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Logo_f%C3%B6r_Nordisk_familjeboks_uggleupplaga.png/27px-Logo_f%C3%B6r_Nordisk_familjeboks_uggleupplaga.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Logo_f%C3%B6r_Nordisk_familjeboks_uggleupplaga.png/41px-Logo_f%C3%B6r_Nordisk_familjeboks_uggleupplaga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Logo_f%C3%B6r_Nordisk_familjeboks_uggleupplaga.png/54px-Logo_f%C3%B6r_Nordisk_familjeboks_uggleupplaga.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="716" /></a></span> <i>This article contains content from the </i>Owl Edition<i> of <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a>, a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904 and 1926, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro_Steinsland" title="Gro Steinsland">Steinsland, G.</a> & Meulengracht Sørensen, P. (1998): <i>Människor och makter i vikingarnas värld</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7324-591-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-7324-591-7">91-7324-591-7</a></li> <li>Тиандер К.Ф. Поездки скандинавов в Белое море. [<i>Voyages of the Norsemen to the White Sea</i>]. Saint Petersburg, 1906.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gardariki" title="Template:Gardariki"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gardariki" title="Template talk:Gardariki"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gardariki" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gardariki"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Garðaríki" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Names in <i>italics</i> are settlements whose <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Norse</a> names are not recorded</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volkhov_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkhov River">Volkhov</a>-<a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lyubsha" title="Lyubsha">Lyubsha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Aldeigja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaborg" title="Alaborg">Álaborg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novye_Duboviki" title="Novye Duboviki">Duboviki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Hólmgarðr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarskoye_Gorodishche" title="Sarskoye Gorodishche">Sarskoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timerevo" title="Timerevo">Timerevo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balymer_complex" title="Balymer complex">Balymer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gripsholm runestone"><img alt="Gripsholm runestone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/60px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/90px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg/120px-S%C3%96179_Gripsholm_Runestone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Dvina" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Dvina">Dvina</a>-<a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Dnieper trade route</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Pallteskja</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnezdovo" title="Gnezdovo">Gnezdovo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Grave" title="Black Grave">Chernigov</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kænugarðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bjarmaland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khortytsia" title="Khortytsia">Khortitsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">White Shores</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Miklagarðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Móramar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostofa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rurikovo_Gorodische" title="Rurikovo Gorodische">Rurikovo Gorodische</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serkland" title="Serkland">Særkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smaleskja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Súrdalar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylfings" title="Kylfings">Kylfings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryans" title="Meryans">Merya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blakumen" title="Blakumen">Blakumen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a 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