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href="#Iran–Iraq_War_(1980–1988)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran–Iraq_War_(1980–1988)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War_(1990–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War_(1990–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gulf War (1990–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War_(1990–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq_War_(2003-2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_War_(2003-2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Iraq War (2003-2011)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_War_(2003-2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebuilding_the_Armed_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebuilding_the_Armed_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rebuilding the Armed Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebuilding_the_Armed_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iraqi_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Iraqi Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraqi_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Iraqi Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraqi_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Iraqi Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_for_the_armed_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_for_the_armed_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Challenges for the armed forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_for_the_armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purchases_from_U.S._Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purchases_from_U.S._Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Purchases from U.S. Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purchases_from_U.S._Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_defense_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_defense_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International defense cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_defense_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iraqi Armed Forces</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القوات المسلحة العراقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القوات المسلحة العراقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuercies_Armaes_Iraquines" title="Fuercies Armaes Iraquines – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fuercies Armaes Iraquines" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Узброеныя сілы Ірака – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Узброеныя сілы Ірака" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_Armades_Iraquianes" title="Forces Armades Iraquianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Forces Armades Iraquianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakische_Streitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Irakische Streitkräfte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irakische Streitkräfte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Ιρακινές Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιρακινές Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_Armadas_Iraqu%C3%ADes" title="Fuerzas Armadas Iraquíes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerzas Armadas Iraquíes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeo_de_Irako" title="Armeo de Irako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Armeo de Irako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="نیروهای مسلح عراق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروهای مسلح عراق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_arm%C3%A9es_irakiennes" title="Forces armées irakiennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forces armées irakiennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC%EA%B5%B0" title="이라크군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이라크군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Bersenjata_Irak" title="Angkatan Bersenjata Irak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkatan Bersenjata Irak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forze_armate_irachene" title="Forze armate irachene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forze armate irachene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%81kas_bru%C5%86otie_sp%C4%93ki" title="Irākas bruņotie spēki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irākas bruņotie spēki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7as_Armadas_do_Iraque" title="Forças Armadas do Iraque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forças Armadas do Iraque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вооружённые силы Ирака – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вооружённые силы Ирака" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcat_e_Armatosura_t%C3%AB_Irakut" title="Forcat e Armatosura të Irakut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Forcat e Armatosura të Irakut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%95_%DA%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ھێزە چەکدارەکانی عێراق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێزە چەکدارەکانی عێراق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak_Silahl%C4%B1_Kuvvetleri" title="Irak Silahlı Kuvvetleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irak Silahlı Kuvvetleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Збройні сили Іраку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Збройні сили Іраку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%B1c_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_V%C5%A9_trang_Iraq" title="Lực lượng Vũ trang Iraq – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lực lượng Vũ trang Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" title="伊拉克军事 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊拉克军事" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15611742#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Iraqi Armed Forces</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Ministry_of_Defence_Emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Iraqi_Ministry_of_Defence_Emblem.png/120px-Iraqi_Ministry_of_Defence_Emblem.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Iraqi_Ministry_of_Defence_Emblem.png/180px-Iraqi_Ministry_of_Defence_Emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Iraqi_Ministry_of_Defence_Emblem.png/240px-Iraqi_Ministry_of_Defence_Emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the Ministry of Defense of Iraq</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 1921<span class="noprint">; 104 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1921-01-06</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current form</th><td class="infobox-data">18 August 2003<span class="noprint">; 21 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2003-08-18</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-CPA22_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPA22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Ground_Forces" title="Iraqi Ground Forces">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army_Aviation_Command" title="Iraqi Army Aviation Command">Army Aviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Defence_Command" title="Iraqi Air Defence Command">Air Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Operations_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Special Operations Forces">Special Operations Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters#Military" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Palace_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Palace (Iraq)">Republican Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.mil.iq/">www<wbr />.mod<wbr />.mil<wbr />.iq</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_leadership" title="Category:Military leadership">Leadership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President of Iraq</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitute_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitute-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a>, commander-in-chief<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitute_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitute-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Defence (Iraq)">Minister of Defence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabet_Al_Abbasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thabet Al Abbasi (page does not exist)">Thabet Al Abbasi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Iraq)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Iraq)">Chief of the General Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> General <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Emir_Yarallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdel Emir Yarallah">Abdel Emir Yarallah</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Personnel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military age</th><td class="infobox-data">18<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2023_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2023_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active personnel</th><td class="infobox-data">193,000 (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-IISS1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Expenditure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$10.3 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-IISS1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">Industry</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foreign suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual imports</th><td class="infobox-data">$2.4 billion (2015-2023)<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI-2023_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual exports</th><td class="infobox-data">$1.8 billion (2015-2023)<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI-2023_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iraq" title="Military history of Iraq">Military history of Iraq</a></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq" title="List of wars involving Iraq">List of wars involving Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Iraq" title="Military ranks of Iraq">Military ranks of Iraq</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Iraqi Armed Forces</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the military forces of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic of Iraq</a>. They consist of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Ground forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army_Aviation_Command" title="Iraqi Army Aviation Command">Army Aviation Command</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Defence_Command" title="Iraqi Air Defence Command">Air Defence Command</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Iraqi Navy</a>. The armed forces are administered by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Defence (Iraq)">Ministry of Defence</a> (MoD). Effective control of the MOD armed forces rests with the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a>. </p><p>Along with the primary service branches, there exists two non-MOD agencies that are part of the armed forces and report directly to the Prime Minister; namely, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Counter_Terrorism_Service" title="Iraqi Counter Terrorism Service">Iraqi Counter Terrorism Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Mobilization Committee">Popular Mobilization Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The armed forces of Iraq were initially formed in the early 1920s. Six military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'états</a> were mounted by the army between 1936 and 1941. They first saw combat in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a> of 1941. They fought against Israel in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, in the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, and in the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>. Two wars against the Kurds were fought during <a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi-Kurdish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Iraqi-Kurdish War">1961-1970</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi-Kurdish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Iraqi-Kurdish War">1974–1975</a>. A much larger conflict was the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, initiated by the Iraqis in 1980, which continued until 1988. Thereafter Iraq began the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invasion of Kuwait</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> of 1991, which led in turn to confrontations over the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">Iraqi no-fly zones</a> during the 1990s, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> of 2003, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/CPA_Order_2" class="mw-redirect" title="CPA Order 2">dissolution of the Iraqi armed forces</a> imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a>. The nascent post-Iraq war Iraqi armed forces were engaged in anti-insurgency during the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">insurgency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006-2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi civil war (2006-2008)">civil war</a> that followed the US-led invasion of the country. The latest major conflict in which the armed forces of the country participated was the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">war against ISIS</a> during 2013-2017. Logistics and combat engineering have been traditional strong points. Iraqi soldiers have also usually fought hard in difficult situations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack2002264–66_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack2002264–66-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq</a>, which resulted in the toppling of the <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> regime and the dissolution of the whole armed forces, the United States sought to rebuild them anew, and so the country received substantial assistance from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. Since the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement</a> on January 1, 2009, the Iraqi Armed Forces and the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Interior (Iraq)">Iraqi interior ministry</a> are responsible for providing security and upholding law and order throughout most of Iraq. </p><p>The Iraqi armed forces were historically one of the more competent militaries in the Arab world. However, during Saddam Hussein's dictatorship and interference in military organization, the competence of the Army severely declined.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army, in particular, is one of the most trusted national institutions of Iraq. Iraqi Armed Forces deficiencies have been identified in enabling functions, such as, <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a>. In high-end conventional operations, Iraqi capabilities are currently limited by lack of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Air power">air power</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role">Role</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_standing">Legal standing</h3></div> <p>Article 9 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</a> establishes the legal basis of the Iraqi Armed Forces. Much of the wording of Article 9 draws upon Article 27 of the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Administrative_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional Administrative Law">Transitional Administrative Law</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_IQ_1967_15fils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Stamp_IQ_1967_15fils.jpg/200px-Stamp_IQ_1967_15fils.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Stamp_IQ_1967_15fils.jpg/300px-Stamp_IQ_1967_15fils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Stamp_IQ_1967_15fils.jpg/400px-Stamp_IQ_1967_15fils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>An Iraqi postage stamp of 15 fils, issued in 1967, on the occasion of the Iraqi Army Day, January 6.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_T-72_tank_fires.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iraqi_T-72_tank_fires.JPG/200px-Iraqi_T-72_tank_fires.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iraqi_T-72_tank_fires.JPG/300px-Iraqi_T-72_tank_fires.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iraqi_T-72_tank_fires.JPG/400px-Iraqi_T-72_tank_fires.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4173" data-file-height="2463" /></a><figcaption> An Iraqi <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a> tank fires.</figcaption></figure> <p>Part A, First Section, Article 9 states that 'The Iraqi armed forces and security services will be composed of the components of the Iraqi people with due consideration given to their balance and representation without discrimination or exclusion. They shall be subject to the control of the civilian authority, shall defend Iraq, shall not be used as an instrument to oppress the Iraqi people, shall not interfere in political affairs, and shall have no role in the transfer of authority.'<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts B and C prohibit the formation of military militias outside the framework of the armed forces and prohibit armed forces personnel from standing for political office or campaigning for political candidates. Part C expressively notes that military personnel are allowed to vote in elections. Part E expressively states the Iraqi Government's commitment to the respect and implementation of Iraq's international obligations regarding the non-proliferation, non-development, nonproduction, and non-use of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. The Second Section says that military service shall be regulated by law. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">prime minister</a> acts as the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> (Article 78 of the constitution), and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">president</a>’s role is strictly ceremonial and honorary, such as awarding medals and decorations on the recommendation of the commander-in-chief (Article 73).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitute_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitute-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appointment of the chief of staff is approved by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives of Iraq</a> after being appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq)" title="Council of Ministers (Iraq)">Council of Ministers</a> which is headed by the commander-in-chief (prime minister). </p><p>Iraq's legislation on defence dates from the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> period of 2003–2004. CPA Order 22 established the New Iraqi Army on August 18, 2003, and CPA Order 67 renamed the New Iraqi Army the Iraqi Armed Forces on March 21, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the process, the New Iraqi Army was expanded to include an Army, Air Force, Coastal Defense Force, reserve forces, and other elements. </p><p>Iraq does not appear to have publicly issued a national defence review or white paper. Much of defence policy since 2003 has been set by the United States. For example, one mission objective for <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force-Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-National Force-Iraq">Multi-National Force-Iraq</a> was an <i>"Iraq that has a security force that can maintain domestic order and deny Iraq as a safe haven for terrorists"</i>. To do this, the U.S. aimed to train and equip Iraq's security forces and gradually transition security responsibilities to them. In 2010 there are at least three major defence tasks. They are the suppression of the insurgency, the resolution of the Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> forces' status in relation to the Iraqi Armed Forces themselves, and longer-term, the growth of the armed forces so that they can defend Iraq from external threats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iraq" title="Military history of Iraq">Military history of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3.7inchHowitzerBarzanOperations1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/3.7inchHowitzerBarzanOperations1932.jpg/220px-3.7inchHowitzerBarzanOperations1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/3.7inchHowitzerBarzanOperations1932.jpg/330px-3.7inchHowitzerBarzanOperations1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/3.7inchHowitzerBarzanOperations1932.jpg/440px-3.7inchHowitzerBarzanOperations1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi Army mountain gun in action during the <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">anti-Barzani operations</a> against a revolt in Kurdistan, June 1932.</figcaption></figure> <p>The armed forces of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> began to be formed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> after they assumed mandated control over Iraq after 1917. During the March 1921 <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1921)" title="Cairo Conference (1921)">Cairo conference</a>, it was agreed that an <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a> would be created along British lines, with British training and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-MarashiSalama2008215_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-MarashiSalama2008215-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Faisal wanted an army of 15,000–20,000 men. The army actually grew from 3,500 in 1922 to 7,000 in 1927 and then to 11,500 in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army became a modernising influence in the country. In 1931, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a> was founded with a small number of pilots. Six Army coups took place, with one in 1936 being led by <a href="/wiki/Bakr_Sidqi" title="Bakr Sidqi">Bakr Sidqi</a> and the last being the <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid Ali">Rashid Ali</a> coup of 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetz1988_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetz1988-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the persecution of the Assyrians, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> of 1932, a conscription law was introduced, which strengthened the Iraqi Army at the expense of the tribal <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheiks</a>. In 1938–1939, Iraqi Army forces were concentrated near the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwaiti</a> border, as the military portion of a policy by then-<a href="/wiki/Ghazi_of_Iraq" title="Ghazi of Iraq">King Ghazni</a> to encourage its union with Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British forces later defeated the Iraqis in the short <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a> of May 1941, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. The Iraqi Air Force used British aircraft until the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a> in 1958, where the new Iraqi government began increased diplomatic relationships with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The Iraqi Air Force used both Soviet and British aircraft throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In 1961, Iraqi forces were again amassed along the Kuwaiti border, and Iraqi again threatened to invade. A quick British deployment of troops, aircraft, and naval vessels, called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vantage" title="Operation Vantage">Operation Vantage</a>, deterred any move though. Iraqi forces fought in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, a first war against the Kurds from 1961 to 1970, and then in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> of 1967. </p><p>Iraqi participation in the Six-Day War was limited, principally owing to the slow reaction of the Iraqi <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(Iraq)" title="3rd Division (Iraq)">3rd Armoured Division</a>, which had been stationed in eastern Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 3rd Armoured Division did not organise itself and reach the front line before the Jordanians ceased operations. Therefore, Iraqi participation was limited to a <a href="/wiki/Tu-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-16">Tu-16</a> bomber raid on <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, which did not locate its targets, and a return Israeli air raid on the <a href="/wiki/H-3_airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="H-3 airbase">H-3 airbase</a>, which was around 435 kilometers from Bagdad in western Iraq, near the H-3 oil pumping station. The Israelis reportedly destroyed 21 Iraqi aircraft for the loss of three of their own. </p><p>After the first Kurdish war ended with a stalemate, the Armed Forces began to implement a number of changes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They concluded that Soviet equipment and methods did not meet their needs and that many western weapons were superior to their Soviet counterparts. Also the Soviet Union was trying to influence Iraqi policy by holding up arms deliveries. Despite the large amount of Soviet equipment that Iraq continued to receive (shown by the <a href="/wiki/SIPRI_Arms_Transfers_Database,_Iraq_1973%E2%80%931990" title="SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, Iraq 1973–1990">SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, Iraq 1973–1990</a>), Iraq sought Western military equipment. Purchases from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> included 64 <a href="/wiki/Mirage_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirage F1">Mirage F1</a> fighter-attack aircraft in 1976 and 200 <a href="/wiki/AMX-30" title="AMX-30">AMX-30</a> <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> in 1977. That same year, Iraq ordered ten <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvettes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and in 1978 it purchased 200 Cascavel <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">APCs</a> from Brazil. While Iraqi generals supported a complete changeover to Western equipment, Western countries were reluctant to sell large amounts of weaponry to Iraq. Western weapons were more expensive than Soviet ones, and they took longer to train personnel on, so there was a reluctance to make a complete equipment reversal. However, more weapons were bought from various non-communist countries, supplementing their largely Soviet arsenal, and a reliance on Soviet doctrine reduced. In most cases, the Iraqis went back to British doctrine, while in others, they melded British and Soviet doctrine. Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> capability was also improved, with the purchase of 2,000 heavy equipment transporters. </p><p>Iraqi participation in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> of 1973 took the part of a 60,000 strong <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a> expeditionary force which operated on the Syrian front. However, the force did not perform very well, and the Iraqi Air Force did not do well either, losing 26 of the 101 <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> sent to <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> without shooting down any Israeli aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kurds started the second Kurdish war of 1974–75, but the war ended in a Kurdish defeat after the <a href="/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement" title="1975 Algiers Agreement">Iranian–Iraqi Algiers agreement</a> cut off <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> support to the Kurds. From 1973 to 1980, Saddam largely relieved the armed forces of internal security functions by creating new paramilitary forces, such as the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Popular_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Popular Army">Iraqi Popular Army</a>. He also guaranteed the military's loyalty to the regime by promoting loyal officers and purging questionable ones. However, this had the effect of filling the senior officer ranks with incompetents.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran–Iraq_War_(1980–1988)"><span id="Iran.E2.80.93Iraq_War_.281980.E2.80.931988.29"></span>Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wafiq_Al-Samarrai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wafiq_Al-Samarrai.JPG/220px-Wafiq_Al-Samarrai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wafiq_Al-Samarrai.JPG/330px-Wafiq_Al-Samarrai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wafiq_Al-Samarrai.JPG/440px-Wafiq_Al-Samarrai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi commanders discussing strategy on the battlefront (1986)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Iran–Iraq War</b><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">protracted armed conflict</a> that began on 22 September 1980 when <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran" title="Iraqi invasion of Iran">invaded</a> neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. The war lasted almost eight years, ending in a stalemate on 20 August 1988 when Iran accepted a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_598" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 598">UN-brokered ceasefire</a>. Iraq's rationale for the invasion was primarily to cripple Iran and prevent <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini</a> from <a href="/wiki/Export_of_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Export of revolution">exporting</a> the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">1979 Iranian Revolution</a> movement to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>-majority Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">threaten</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/Baathism" class="mw-redirect" title="Baathism">Ba'athist</a> leadership. Iraq had also wished to replace Iran as the dominant state in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, which was before this point not seen as feasible by the Iraqi leadership due to <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">pre-revolutionary Iran</a>'s colossal economic and military might, as well as its close alliances with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. The war followed a long-running history of <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">border disputes</a>, as a result of which Iraq had planned to <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annex</a> Iran's oil-rich <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a> and the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> (also known in Iran as the <a href="/wiki/Arvand_Rud" class="mw-redirect" title="Arvand Rud">Arvand Rud</a>). </p><p><br /> Although Iraq hoped to take advantage of Iran's <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution">post-revolutionary chaos</a> and expected a decisive victory in the face of a severely weakened Iran, Iraq only made progress for three months. By December 1980 the invasion had stalled. In fierce fighting, the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a> started to gain momentum and regained virtually all lost territory by June 1982, pushing the Iraqis back to the pre-war border lines. Following this, the next five years saw Iran go on the offensive<sup id="cite_ref-molavi05_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-molavi05-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until Iraq took back the initiative in mid-1988, and whose major offensives led to the final conclusion of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karsh2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karsh2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were a number of <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy forces</a> operating for both countries—most notably the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a>, which had sided with Iraq and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdish</a> militias of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">KDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">PUK</a>, which had sided with Iran. The United States, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a> provided an abundance of financial, political and logistical support for Iraq, while Iran was largely isolated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulf_War_(1990–1991)"><span id="Gulf_War_.281990.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Gulf War (1990–1991)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tankskuwait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tankskuwait.jpg/220px-Tankskuwait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tankskuwait.jpg/330px-Tankskuwait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tankskuwait.jpg/440px-Tankskuwait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi tanks in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> of Iraqi-occupied Kuwait on 2 August 1990 during the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a> that began the Gulf War.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saddam Hussein had also poured massive resources into regime protection agencies, like the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Republican Guard (Iraq)">Republican Guard</a>, that later took on a battlefield role. Losses during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>-led coalition resulted in the reduction of Iraq's ground forces to 23 divisions and the air force to less than 300 aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Popular_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Popular Army">Iraqi Popular Army</a> was also disbanded. Military and economic sanctions prevented Iraq from rebuilding its military power. What rebuilding was done was concentrated on the Republican Guard and the new <a href="/wiki/Special_Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Special Republican Guard (Iraq)">Special Republican Guard</a>, created after the war ended. Iraq maintained standing armed forces about 375,000 strong. Armed force intelligence was provided by the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_General_Military_Intelligence" title="Directorate of General Military Intelligence">Directorate of General Military Intelligence</a>. </p><p>Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq had a <a href="#Defense_industry_under_Saddam_Hussein">growing domestic arms producing industry</a> that produced everything from rifle bullets to ballistic missiles, advanced naval mines, the <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Babylon_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion of Babylon (tank)">Lion of Babylon (tank)</a>, remote-piloted "drone" aircraft, sophisticated cluster-bomb, infrared and television-guided bombs and laser-guided missiles. At that time, Iraq was believed to be way ahead of its then rival <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>'s arms producing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroderJehl1990_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroderJehl1990-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iraqi Armed Forces were involved in suppressing the <a href="/wiki/1991_uprisings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 uprisings in Iraq">1991 uprisings in Iraq</a>, which led to refugees fleeing north in 1991. The U.S. launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort" title="Operation Provide Comfort">Operation Provide Comfort</a> with allied aid to provide assistance to these refugees. This involved some confrontations with the Iraqi armed forces. The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">Iraqi no-fly zones</a> were established partially due to these operations. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch" title="Operation Southern Watch">Operation Southern Watch</a> dominated Iraqi airspace in the southern part of Iraq while <a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Watch" title="Operation Northern Watch">Operation Northern Watch</a> did the same in the north. As a result of Iraqi actions, <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq_(June_1993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missile strikes on Iraq (June 1993)">cruise missile strikes on Iraq</a> were launched in June 1993. The same year, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Defence_Command" title="Iraqi Air Defence Command">Iraqi Air Defence Command</a> was elevated and established as a fourth service.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuwait was then threatened with <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Republican Guard (Iraq)">Republican Guard</a> divisions in October 1994, which resulted in a major U.S. protective deployment designated <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigilant_Warrior" title="Operation Vigilant Warrior">Operation Vigilant Warrior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigilant_Sentinel" title="Operation Vigilant Sentinel">Operation Vigilant Sentinel</a> was a later 1995–2007 operation of the same nature. More <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq_(1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missile strikes on Iraq (1996)">cruise missile strikes on Iraq</a> were launched in 1996. Iraq was bombed again in <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Iraq_(December_1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Iraq (December 1998)">Operation Desert Fox</a> in 1998. As U.S. preparations for an attack on Iraq gathered pace in 2002, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Focus" title="Operation Southern Focus">Operation Southern Focus</a> was launched, further damaging Iraqi air defences in the southern part of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq_War_(2003-2011)"><span id="Iraq_War_.282003-2011.29"></span>Iraq War (2003-2011)</h3></div> <p>In the 1980s and 1990s, Iraq built and used an arsenal of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapons">biological weapons</a>, some of which have been alleged to come from the United States and its allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman199261,_109,_349–52_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman199261,_109,_349–52-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These weapons were ordered destroyed by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution">United Nations Security Council Resolutions</a>. After a protracted and problematic weapons inspection process, the majority of these type of weapons were considered to be destroyed and their facilities sealed under UN <a href="/wiki/Disarmament_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Disarmament of Iraq">weapons inspections</a>. A new round of weapons inspections was performed in early 2003 by United Nations weapons inspectors led by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Blix" title="Hans Blix">Hans Blix</a>, which searched Iraqi sites again, but found no new weapons or weapons programs. However, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush Administration</a> decided that Saddam Hussein's regime must be removed, and it gave an ultimatum to that effect. </p><p>On March 19, 2003, the United States, with British, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> assistance began the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. In the process, Saddam's armed forces were defeated. In the south, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Combined_Forces_Land_Component_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Forces Land Component Command">Combined Forces Land Component Command</a> drove north with the Army's <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)" title="V Corps (United States)">V Corps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/I_Marine_Expeditionary_Force" title="I Marine Expeditionary Force">I Marine Expeditionary Force</a> (which included a <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> division). They defeated the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Corps_(Iraq)" title="3rd Corps (Iraq)">3rd Corps</a>, the Republican Guard, and much of the <a href="/wiki/Fedayeen_Saddam" title="Fedayeen Saddam">Fedayeen Saddam</a>. In the north, the special operations-led <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Viking" title="Task Force Viking">Task Force Viking</a>, defeated the <a href="/wiki/1st_Corps_(Iraq)" title="1st Corps (Iraq)">1st Corps</a> and Iraqi 5th Corps plus parts of the Republican Guard. Significant battles included the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasiriyah" title="Battle of Nasiriyah">Battle of Nasiriyah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">Battle of Baghdad</a>. The British Army controlled the southern regions of Iraq and fought there until their withdrawal on 30 April 2009. The United States controlled Northern and Central Iraq. After the invasion, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> was established to administer the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003-2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003-2011)">occupation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebuilding_the_Armed_Forces">Rebuilding the Armed Forces</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISOF-troops-Jan-2025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ISOF-troops-Jan-2025.jpg/220px-ISOF-troops-Jan-2025.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ISOF-troops-Jan-2025.jpg/330px-ISOF-troops-Jan-2025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ISOF-troops-Jan-2025.jpg/440px-ISOF-troops-Jan-2025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ISOF" class="mw-redirect" title="ISOF">ISOF</a> during a deployment. standing near armored vehicles, including <a href="/wiki/Humvee" title="Humvee">Humvees</a>, adorned with the Iraqi flag.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service,_Dec._2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service%2C_Dec._2024.jpg/220px-M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service%2C_Dec._2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service%2C_Dec._2024.jpg/330px-M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service%2C_Dec._2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service%2C_Dec._2024.jpg/440px-M1_Abrams_tanks_in_Iraqi_service%2C_Dec._2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> tanks in Iraqi service, January 2025</figcaption></figure> <p>The Armed Forces were formally disbanded and the Iraqi Ministry of Defense was dissolved shortly after the invasion, by <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority_Order_Number_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 2">Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 2</a> of May 23, 2003. </p><p>On June 25, 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Vinnell_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinnell Corporation">Vinnell Corporation</a> was awarded a contract to train the first nine battalions, or 9,000 recruits, of a 44,000 person-strong "<a href="/wiki/New_Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="New Iraqi Army">New Iraqi Army</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPRI was given the military training subcontract. The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Defense (United States)">Department of Defense</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Military_Assistance_Training_Team" title="Coalition Military Assistance Training Team">Coalition Military Assistance Training Team</a> under Major General <a href="/wiki/Paul_Eaton" title="Paul Eaton">Paul Eaton</a> to oversee the process. On August 2, 2003, the first battalion of new Iraqi Army (IA) recruits started a nine-week training course at a training base in <a href="/wiki/Qaraqosh" title="Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a>. They graduated on October 4, 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrightReese2008436_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightReese2008436-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the interim, the new army had been formally established by Coalition Provisional Authority Order 22 of August 18, 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-CPA22_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPA22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then on September 3, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> Order Number 28 established the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Iraqi Civil Defense Corps">Iraqi Civil Defense Corps</a> as a temporary security agency to complement Coalition military operations in Iraq. </p><p>In April 2004, an Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> refused to fight insurgents in <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a>. Soon afterwards, U.S. forces in Iraq were reorganised. <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force-Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-National Force-Iraq">Multi-National Force-Iraq</a> (MNF-I) was created under General <a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Casey, Jr.">George W. Casey, Jr.</a> For the new Iraqi armed forces, the most important move was the creation of <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Security_Transition_Command_-_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-National Security Transition Command - Iraq">Multi-National Security Transition Command - Iraq</a> (MNSTC-I) as a subordinate command to MNF-I, under Major General <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OI_ISFreport062707_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OI_ISFreport062707-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MNSTC-I was given the task of building up the new Iraqi Armed Forces, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Interior (Iraq)">Ministry of Interior (Iraq)</a> (MOI) and other security forces. A new force generation plan aimed to create ten army divisions. </p><p>On 22 April 2004, under Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 73 all personnel, facilities, and equipment of the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Defence (Iraq)">Iraqi Ministry of Defence</a> as a component of the Iraqi Armed Forces. </p><p>After the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> on June 28, 2004, the U.S. and its allies remained in Iraq, receiving authorisation to do so under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1546" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546</a>. For periods immediately after the invasion, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> forces had seen the fighting as conventional '<a href="/wiki/Fighting_In_Built-Up_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighting In Built-Up Areas">fighting in built up areas</a>,' rather than as an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2022_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2022-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a review of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_(2003-2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq War (2003-2011)">Iraq War</a> strategy in the end of 2004, General Casey directed the Coalition forces to shift their focus from fighting insurgents to training Iraqis.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was to be the strategy until 2006. The aim was a small Coalition footprint and a rapid handover of security responsibilities to new Iraqi forces. Developing indigenous military forces became a cornerstone of the 2006 United States <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a> doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-COIN-FM3-24_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COIN-FM3-24-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after the national elections in December 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(Iraq_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)">Iraqi insurgency</a> shifted focus from a resistance against the occupation towards a <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">sectarian conflict</a>. Accelerated by the <a href="/wiki/Al-Askari_Mosque_bombing_(2006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Askari Mosque bombing (2006)">Golden mosque bombing</a> in February 2006, the levels of sectarian violence rose dramatically. In <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, a cycle of sectarian violence accelerated in which <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Sunni insurgents</a> carried out <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide-bombings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> districts and <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Shia militias</a> retaliated with killings in <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> districts.<sup id="cite_ref-KilcullenBlog_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KilcullenBlog-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became evident that the Iraqi Armed Forces and the various MOI forces were incapable of putting a lid on the sectarian violence and protecting the population, and MNF-I had to adjust plans again. Though Iraqi forces had received initial training and been equipped, they had not developed the capabilities needed to plan, conduct and sustain effective counter-insurgency operations. There were also challenges at the ministerial level, within the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Interior, and these ministries could not sustain their forces in terms of logistics, intelligence, communications and procurement.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">Iraq War troop surge of 2007</a> allowed Iraqi forces more time for training and leadership development, as well as more Coalition partnering with Iraqi units. The commander of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Assistance_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Assistance Group">Iraqi Assistance Group</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Dana_J.H._Pittard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana J.H. Pittard">Dana Pittard</a>, said in June 2007 that Coalition forces should not draw down too quickly and that the transitioning of security responsibilities would take time.<sup id="cite_ref-DoDBrief2007-06-25_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoDBrief2007-06-25-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2006, a milestone was achieved when the first Iraqi province transferred to <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Iraqi_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Iraqi Control">Provincial Iraqi Control</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Muthanna_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Muthanna Governorate">Al Muthanna Governorate</a> was the first province to be transferred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayburnSobchak2019577_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayburnSobchak2019577-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelve further <a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">governorates</a> were transferred to Provincial Iraqi Control from September 2006 to October 2008. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IraqiMilitarynearsyria-border.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/IraqiMilitarynearsyria-border.jpg/200px-IraqiMilitarynearsyria-border.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/IraqiMilitarynearsyria-border.jpg/300px-IraqiMilitarynearsyria-border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/IraqiMilitarynearsyria-border.jpg/400px-IraqiMilitarynearsyria-border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4959" data-file-height="3306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/3rd_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment">3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment</a> and Iraqi Security Forces personnel fire a howitzer at known Islamic State of Iraq and Syria locations near the Iraqi-Syrian border during Operation Roundup, June 5, 2018.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Iraqi Army launched its first solely planned and executed high-profile division-level operation March 25, 2008 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2008)" title="Battle of Basra (2008)">Battle of Basra (2008)</a>. The IA received Coalition support only in <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">air support</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistics</a> and via <a href="/wiki/Military_transition_team" title="Military transition team">embedded advisors</a>. A British infantry brigade stationed at <a href="/wiki/Basra_International_Airport" title="Basra International Airport">Basra International Airport</a> was ready in a tactical <a href="/wiki/Overwatch_(military_tactic)" title="Overwatch (military tactic)">overwatch</a> role, but it did not intervene. </p><p>On January 1, 2009, the Provincial Iraqi Control process was superseded by the U.S.-Iraqi Security Agreement (see also <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement</a>), which transferred all provinces' security responsibilities to the Iraqi government. Five provinces were transferred at once as a result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <p>The Ministry of Defense (MOD) oversees the forces, as well as the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau, reporting directly to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a>, which oversees the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Counter_Terrorism_Service" title="Iraqi Counter Terrorism Service">Iraqi Counter Terrorism Service</a>. MOD forces include the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a>, the Army Aviation Command, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Iraqi Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Defence_Command" title="Iraqi Air Defence Command">Iraqi Air Defence Command</a>, the Special Security Division (Green Zone protection), and also reportedly the Special Forces Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2023_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MOD also runs a Joint Staff College, training army, navy, and air force officers, with support from the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Training_Mission_-_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Training Mission - Iraq">NATO Training Mission - Iraq</a>. The college was established at <a href="/wiki/Ar_Rustamiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar Rustamiyah">Ar Rustamiyah</a> on September 27, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center runs Junior Staff and Senior Staff Officer Courses designed for <a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">first lieutenants</a> to <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">majors</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a>, since September 2009 the 'Armed Forces of the Kurdistan Region,' are a separate armed force loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a>. The force is quite sizable. The KDP and PUK both had around 100,000 peshmerga (totalling 200,000) as of January 2010. Two divisions of the army are included in this figure; the regional government and the central government disagree as to whether they are under Baghdad's authority and to what extent.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraqi military intelligence has been rebuilt since the army was dissolved in 2003. However, it has suffered from political interference. In mid-2009 Prime Minister al-Maliki reportedly dismissed Major General Jamal Suleiman, the director of military intelligence, and took on the job himself. The Prime minister had reportedly dismissed the director of Iraqi national intelligence at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraqi_Army">Iraqi Army</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-55AD_1_Bovington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/T-55AD_1_Bovington.jpg/253px-T-55AD_1_Bovington.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/T-55AD_1_Bovington.jpg/380px-T-55AD_1_Bovington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/T-55AD_1_Bovington.jpg/506px-T-55AD_1_Bovington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Modified <a href="/wiki/T-54/55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54/55">T-55</a> tank of the 5th Mechanized Division which saw action in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji" title="Battle of Khafji">Battle of Khafji</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Iraqi Army, officially the Iraqi Ground Forces (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: القوات البرية العراقية), is the ground force component of the Iraqi Armed Forces. It was known as the Royal Iraqi Army up until the coup of July 1958. </p><p>The Iraqi Army in its modern form was first created by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">inter-war period</a> of British control of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq by U.S. forces</a> in 2003, the Iraqi Army was rebuilt along U.S. lines with enormous amounts of U.S. assistance at every level. After the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a> coalesced shortly after the invasion, the Iraqi Army was redesigned as a counter-insurgency force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrightReese2008434,_438,_453,_476–7_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightReese2008434,_438,_453,_476–7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">withdrawal of U.S. troops</a> in 2010, Iraqi forces assumed full responsibility for the country's security.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> article suggested that, between 2004 and 2014, the U.S. had provided the Iraqi Army with $25 billion in training and equipment in addition to an even larger sum from the Iraqi treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iraqi Army was designed as a counter-insurgency force that was developed under <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> tutelage from 2003 to 2009. The force generation plan as of November 2009 includes 14 divisions, each consisting of 4 brigades.<sup id="cite_ref-ltcolswanson-040308_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ltcolswanson-040308-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi Army was described as the most important element of the counter-insurgency fight.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Iraqi_Security_Forces_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Iraqi_Security_Forces-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tactic is to provide security and other services on a local level by using infantrymen on dismounted patrols. As insurgents lose passive or active support from the local population, they will more easily be defeated, it was believed. </p><p>Light infantry brigades are equipped with small arms, machine guns, RPGs, body armor and light armored vehicles. Mechanized infantry brigades are equipped with <a href="/wiki/T-54/55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54/55">T-54/55</a> main battle tanks and <a href="/wiki/BMP-1" title="BMP-1">BMP-1</a> infantry fighting vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Iraqi_Security_Forces_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Iraqi_Security_Forces-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Hungarian Defence Forces</a> donated 77 Soviet-made T-72 tanks from their own arsenal. The tanks were refurbished by Hungarian specialists and were delivered in fully battle-ready condition in 2004. Training of personnel was also provided to the newly forming Iraqi Army. Iraq was planned to receive 280 <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1A1</a>M tanks from 2010 and 2013. </p><p>The Army extensively collaborated with Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a> during anti-ISIL operations. </p><p>From its creation in 1922 to 2003, the army suffered from a number of serious difficulties, junior tactical leadership among them. "Iraqi forces consistently had problems because of a dearth of technical skills and a limited exposure to machinery."<sup id="cite_ref-Pollack265_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollack265-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However it also had significant strengths, particularly in two areas: logistics and combat engineering. Two impressive logistical accomplishments of the army included the ability to sustain an armoured corps in Syria during the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War/1973 Arab–Israeli War</a> and their ability to move formations of corps size from one end of the country to another in days during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollack265_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollack265-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2003, creation of combat forces has been the priority, and logistical support was initially supplied in one way or another by the coalition. As of mid 2008, logistical problems included a maintenance crisis and ongoing supply problems.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logistical capabilities have been developing, however, and the build-up of a nationwide logistical structure, with the Taji National Depot at its centre, is now well under way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraqi_Air_Force">Iraqi Air Force</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Air_Force_C-130_on_the_flightline_at_Al_Basrah_International_Airport_April_1_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Iraqi_Air_Force_C-130_on_the_flightline_at_Al_Basrah_International_Airport_April_1_2005.jpg/250px-Iraqi_Air_Force_C-130_on_the_flightline_at_Al_Basrah_International_Airport_April_1_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Iraqi_Air_Force_C-130_on_the_flightline_at_Al_Basrah_International_Airport_April_1_2005.jpg/375px-Iraqi_Air_Force_C-130_on_the_flightline_at_Al_Basrah_International_Airport_April_1_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Iraqi_Air_Force_C-130_on_the_flightline_at_Al_Basrah_International_Airport_April_1_2005.jpg/500px-Iraqi_Air_Force_C-130_on_the_flightline_at_Al_Basrah_International_Airport_April_1_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_F-16_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Iraqi_F-16_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3711" data-file-height="2243" /></a><figcaption> Iraqi F-16D landing at <a href="/wiki/Tucson_International_Airport" title="Tucson International Airport">Tucson International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a> (IQAF or IrAF) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: القوات الجوية العراقية, <i>Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Iraqiya</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aerial warfare</a> service branch of the Iraqi Armed Forces, responsible for the policing of international borders and surveillance of national assets. The Air Force also supports the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Iraqi Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a>. </p><p>The Royal Iraqi Air Force was founded in 1931, during the period of British control in Iraq after their defeat of the Ottomans in the First World War, with only a few pilots. The Air Force considered its founding day as 22 April 1931, when the first pilots flew in from training in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GS_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the creation of the new air force, the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Iraq_Command" title="RAF Iraq Command">RAF Iraq Command</a> was in charge of all <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> elements in Iraq in the 1920s and early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-IQAF_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IQAF-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new air force was based at the airport in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Washash" title="Al-Washash">Washash</a> neighborhood of Baghdad, and consisted of five pilots, aeronautics students trained at the <a href="/wiki/RAF_College_Cranwell" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF College Cranwell">RAF College Cranwell</a>, and 32 aircraft mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-GS_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original five pilots were Natiq Mohammed Khalil al-Tay, Mohammed Ali Jawad, Hafdhi Aziz, Akrem Mushtaq, and Musa Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-GS_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early years of the Royal Iraqi Air Force, it mainly received aircraft from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Breda_Ba.65" title="Breda Ba.65">Breda Ba.65</a> attack planes and <a href="/wiki/SM-79" class="mw-redirect" title="SM-79">SM-79</a> bombers from Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-IQAF_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IQAF-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years following Iraqi independence, the Air Force was still dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>. The Iraqi government allocated the majority of its military expenditure to the Army and by 1936 the Royal Iraqi Air Force had only 37 pilots and 55 aircraft. The following year, the Air Force increased its number of pilots to 127.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-MarashiSalama200835_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-MarashiSalama200835-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The air force used both Soviet and British aircraft throughout the 1950s and 1960s. When <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> came to power in 1979, the air force grew quickly when Iraq ordered more Soviet and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> aircraft. The air force's peak came after the long <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, which ended in 1988, when it consisted of 1029 aircraft of all types (of which 550 were combat aircraft), becoming the largest air force in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroderJehl1990_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroderJehl1990-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its downfall came during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> (1990–91) and continued as U.S. and allied forces enforced no-fly zones. The remains of Iraq's air force were destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. </p><p>After the invasion, the Air Force was rebuilt, receiving most of its training and aircraft from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In 2007, Iraq asked Iran to return some of the scores of Iraqi fighter planes that flew there to escape destruction during the Gulf War in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014, Iran was receptive to the demands and was working on refurbishing an unspecified number of aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. Air Forces Central Command, in coordination with <a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve</a>, stood up a Coalition Aviation Advisory and Training Team in Iraq on February 1, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended to "train, advise and assist the Iraqi Army Aviation Command, Iraqi Air Defense Command and the Iraqi Air Force." </p><p>In 1988 the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Defence_Command" title="Iraqi Air Defence Command">Iraqi Air Defence Command</a> had about 10,000 personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetz1988_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetz1988-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2002 it had four air defence sectors and at least five missile brigades, the 145th, 146th, 147th, 148th, and 195th. It was commanded by General Yassin Mohammed Shaheen, who had been deputy air defence commander during the 1991 Gulf War, and had an estimated strength of about 17,000.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four regional SOCs co-ordinated <a href="/wiki/Surface_to_air_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface to air missile">SAM</a> and anti-aircraft gun batteries. The longer-range SAMs consist primarily of the SA-2 and SA-3, with the SA-6 fulfilling a mobile, medium-range role. Jane's reported in May 2002 that other equipment includes Roland SAMs, anti-aircraft guns, and a mix of Western and Soviet-designed radar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraqi_Navy">Iraqi Navy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_040425-N-7542D-002_Iraqi_Coastal_Defense_Force_(ICDF)_Patrol_Craft_102_prepares_to_moor_in_Manama,_Bahrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/US_Navy_040425-N-7542D-002_Iraqi_Coastal_Defense_Force_%28ICDF%29_Patrol_Craft_102_prepares_to_moor_in_Manama%2C_Bahrain.jpg/250px-US_Navy_040425-N-7542D-002_Iraqi_Coastal_Defense_Force_%28ICDF%29_Patrol_Craft_102_prepares_to_moor_in_Manama%2C_Bahrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/US_Navy_040425-N-7542D-002_Iraqi_Coastal_Defense_Force_%28ICDF%29_Patrol_Craft_102_prepares_to_moor_in_Manama%2C_Bahrain.jpg/375px-US_Navy_040425-N-7542D-002_Iraqi_Coastal_Defense_Force_%28ICDF%29_Patrol_Craft_102_prepares_to_moor_in_Manama%2C_Bahrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/US_Navy_040425-N-7542D-002_Iraqi_Coastal_Defense_Force_%28ICDF%29_Patrol_Craft_102_prepares_to_moor_in_Manama%2C_Bahrain.jpg/500px-US_Navy_040425-N-7542D-002_Iraqi_Coastal_Defense_Force_%28ICDF%29_Patrol_Craft_102_prepares_to_moor_in_Manama%2C_Bahrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>An Iraqi Coastal Defense Force patrol craft prepares to moor in Manama, Bahrain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Iraqi Navy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: القوات البحرية العراقية) is one of the components of the Armed Forces. Its primary responsibilities are the protection of Iraq's coastline and offshore assets. It was formed in 1937 as a small four-ship force headquartered in Basra. Between 1937 and 1958, it was primarily a <a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">riverine</a> force. Following the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a> of 1958, the Iraqi Navy began to expand. Based in the port of <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr_Port" title="Umm Qasr Port">Umm Qasr</a>, the Arabic Gulf Academy for Sea Studies was established in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, which offered a bachelor's degree in war and engineering naval studies. By 1988, the Navy grew to a force of 5,000, but played a relatively small role during the 1980–1988 <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>. Much of the Navy was destroyed during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Pearl">Operation Pearl</a>. </p><p>Between 1977 and 1987, the Iraqi Navy received eight <a href="/wiki/Osa-class_missile_boat" title="Osa-class missile boat"><i>Osa</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Missile_boat" title="Missile boat">missile boats</a>, armed with <a href="/wiki/P-15_Termit" title="P-15 Termit">P-15 Termit</a> ("Styx") anti-ship missiles, from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. It also purchased four <a href="/wiki/Lupo-class_frigate" title="Lupo-class frigate"><i>Lupo</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a> and six <a href="/wiki/Assad-class_corvette" title="Assad-class corvette"><i>Assad</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvettes</a> from Italy, although these were never delivered because of international sanctions following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iraqi Navy was almost completely destroyed by the Royal Navy during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> of 1991. The force had 19 ships sunk and 6 vessels damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1992361-364_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1992361-364-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, more than 100 Iraqi ships were destroyed. The Navy was not rebuilt and played little part in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003). One <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> patrol boat was destroyed. One exception was two mine warfare vessels captured by US Navy and Coast Guard units during the assault on <a href="/wiki/Al-Faw" title="Al-Faw">Al Faw</a>; The tug <i>Jumariya</i>, towing a well camouflaged minelaying barge, and the tug <i>Al Raya</i>, which had been outfitted as a minelayer itself.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the units that remained by late 2002, most were in a poor state of repair and the crews were in a poor state of readiness. Whatever units that remained after 1991 were used primarily for safeguarding Saddam's palaces on the Tigris river.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Navy "was reformed in 2003 around five Taiwanese-built 28-meter Predator -class patrol boats, calling itself the Iraqi Coast Guard until December 2004, when it assumed the navy title."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the force "assumed its new identity as the Iraqi Navy in December [2004], it had mustered a force of 600, including 200 naval infantry who guard" Iraq's two oil platforms." </p><p>In July 2008 it was reported that the Iraqi Navy was building a second Marine battalion.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of February 2011, the navy had approximately 5,000 sailors and marines which formed an operational headquarters, five afloat squadrons, and two <a href="/wiki/Marines_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marines (military)">marine</a> battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Headed by Rear Admiral Muhammad Jawad, the navy had plans to build six <a href="/wiki/Al_Uboor_class_patrol_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Uboor class patrol boat"><i>Al Uboor</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">patrol boats</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, with the first of the boats to enter service in September 2005. This project however, was ultimately canceled. Additionally, two <a href="/wiki/Assad-class_corvette" title="Assad-class corvette"><i>Assad</i>-class corvettes</a> built for Iraq in the 1980s by <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> were originally planned to be delivered sometime around 2006–2007. The ships however, were found to be in a worse state than originally believed, forcing the Iraqi navy to reconsider the deal and instead buy 4, newer, smaller modified-<a href="/wiki/Diciotti_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Diciotti class">Diciotti class</a> vessels. </p><p>The Iraqi Navy is designed for coastal water protection; preventing the smuggling of people, oil and weapons; and to protect the country's oil platforms. As a result, it mainly needs patrol boats. These may be backed up by fast attack craft. The patrol boats need to have the ability to launch <a href="/wiki/Rigid-hulled_inflatable_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigid-hulled inflatable boat">Rigid-hulled inflatable boat</a> for boarding ships and also possibly be able to accommodate a helicopter which would increase their patrol capability. In 2016 the Iraqi Navy awarded money to a ship maintenance company to sustain its current fleet of ships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_for_the_armed_forces">Challenges for the armed forces</h3></div> <p>Poor levels of internal security have stifled attempts to build any national banking or credit systems. In lieu of such organizations, Iraqi units operate at any given time with an estimated 10–20% absenteeism rate due to soldiers temporarily leaving their units to deliver their pay back to their families.<sup id="cite_ref-IFD_04/26/07_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFD_04/26/07-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be especially grueling if the unit is on deployment outside of their home province as the absenteeism time is naturally increased. </p><p>In addition, all military hospitals under the Saddam regime were looted and abandoned during the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>; thus as of April 2007 the Army had no military hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-wp20070505_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp20070505-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is only one military prosthetics facility in the country and virtually no mental health or burn treatment services. Wounded Iraqi soldiers are expected to receive treatment either at civilian hospitals or if possible, at Coalition medical facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-wp20070505_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp20070505-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corruption practices spurred partly by over-taxation at these civilian hospitals significantly drive up costs to the soldier. Due to overwhelming <a href="/wiki/Red_tape" title="Red tape">red tape</a> within the Iraqi military compensation system, it is commonplace for the soldier to end up bearing the financial brunt of medical expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-wp20070505_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp20070505-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purchases_from_U.S._Industry">Purchases from U.S. Industry</h3></div> <p>U.S. foreign military sales (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Military_Sales" title="Foreign Military Sales">FMS</a>) to Iraq during the fiscal year 2020 included: </p> <ul><li>AeroVironment unmanned aircraft systems, maintenance, and training<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Inc." title="BAE Systems Inc.">BAE Systems Inc.</a> MK90 grain<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chemring cartridge actuated devices/propellant actuated devices, which can be used in ejection seats<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>General Dynamics vehicle logistics support and training in Taji, Iraq<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> long range radar systems<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lockheed Martin Integrated Air Defense System sustainment<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Navistar Defense transport trucks, recovery vehicles, and spare parts<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Northrop Grumman ATK contractor logistic support for Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Textron" title="Textron">Textron</a> Cessna 208 and Cessna 172 fleet<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rapiscan Systems contractor logistics support for M60 mobile scanning vehicle systems<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Scientia Global digital mobile radio equipment and training<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spartan Air Academy contractor logistics support for T-6A aircraft at <a href="/wiki/Balad_Air_Base" title="Balad Air Base">Balad Air Base</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>and <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16A4 rifles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Colt%27s_Manufacturing_Company" title="Colt's Manufacturing Company">Colt</a> and FN America LLC.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_defense_cooperation">International defense cooperation</h2></div> <p>From 2003 to 2010, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Defense (United States)">Department of Defense</a> took the major role in assuring Iraq's exterior defense. The U.S. command responsible was initially <a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_7" title="Combined Joint Task Force 7">Combined Joint Task Force 7</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Multi-National Force – Iraq</a>, and is now <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="United States Forces – Iraq">United States Forces – Iraq</a>. USF-I was established on January 1, 2010, and withdrew on December 31, 2011. The <a href="/wiki/Defense_Security_Cooperation_Agency" title="Defense Security Cooperation Agency">Defense Security Cooperation Agency</a> facilitated buying of U.S. weapons. Residual assistance efforts were then managed by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Security_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Security Cooperation">Office of Security Cooperation</a>, Iraq, headed by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Caslen" title="Robert L. Caslen">Robert L. Caslen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OSC-Iraq was established on October 1, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lt Gen Bednarek succeeded Caslen. </p><p>While Iran has been accused of involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(Iraq_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)">Iraqi insurgency</a>, the Iranian government also publicly offered help to build up the Iraqi armed forces. Then-Iraqi Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Saadoun_al-Dulaimi" title="Saadoun al-Dulaimi">Saadoun al-Dulaimi</a> met with his Iranian colleague Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shamkhani" title="Ali Shamkhani">Ali Shamkhani</a> in Tehran in 2005, and the Iranians pledged to give assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, U.S. Army Major General <a href="/wiki/Tony_Cucolo" title="Tony Cucolo">Tony Cucolo</a> mentioned <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bright_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Bright Star">Operation Bright Star</a> as an example of a possible joint training exercise component of a future U.S.–Iraq military-to-military relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2015, during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">war against ISIS</a> and in response to a request by the Iraqi government, NATO agreed to provide defence and related security capacity-building support. In April 2016, NATO began conducting a number of “train-the-trainer’’ courses in Jordan for Iraqis (more than 350 Iraqi security and military personnel were trained). Then, following a request from the Iraqi Prime Minister, at the Warsaw Summit in July 2016 NATO Leaders agreed to provide NATO training and capacity-building activities to Iraqi security and military forces within Iraq. In January 2017, NATO deployed a modest but scalable Core Team to Baghdad of eight civilian and military personnel, setting up NATO’s permanent presence in Iraq. Jordan-based training transferred to Iraq in February 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, at the NATO Summit in Brussels, following a request from the Iraqi government, NATO leaders agreed to launch a new training mission in Iraq called <a href="/w/index.php?title=NATO_Mission_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NATO Mission Iraq (page does not exist)">NATO Mission Iraq</a> (NMI). This new mission was established in Baghdad in October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-NMIraq_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMIraq-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NATO Mission Iraq is focused on capacity-building, mentoring, and advising Iraqi national defence institutions through a series of activities conducted with full respect for Iraq’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. It is designed to help Iraqi security institutions further develop and sustain their capacity. NATO works closely with the Iraqi Ministry of Defence to train members of the Iraqi Military under the direct control of the Government of Iraq. </p><p>The NMI training activities are based in Baghdad in the Ministry of Defence, Office of the National Security Advisor, and other national security institutions. In addition, NMI will have training activities in the University of Defence, Computer Science School, Military Medical School, Bomb Disposal (EOD/C‐IED) School, Armour School, School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, School of Military Engineering, School of Transportation, School of Administration and Logistics, Military Signals School, Military Intelligence and Security School, and Non Commissioned Officers Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-NMIraq_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMIraq-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_equipment_of_the_Iraqi_Ground_Forces" title="List of current equipment of the Iraqi Ground Forces">List of current equipment of the Iraqi Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of Iraqi Armed Forces">Uniforms of Iraqi Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Iraq" title="Military ranks of Iraq">Military ranks of Iraq</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceremonial position. The President performs “the duty of the High Command of the armed forces for ceremonial and honorary purposes”. (Article 73, Ninth)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">”The Prime Minister is the direct executive authority responsible for the general policy of the State and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces”. (Article 78)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القوات المسلحة العراقية</span> <a href="/wiki/Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanized">romanized</a>: <i>Al-Quwwat Al-Musallahah Al-Iraqiyyah</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">هێزە چەکدارەکانی عێراق</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">جنگ ایران و عراق</span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حرب الخليج الأولى, الحرب الإيرانية العراقية</span> The war is known in the Arab world and other countries as the <b>First Gulf War</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CPA22-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CPA22_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPA22_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCoalition_Provisional_Authority2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> (August 18, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/468d0ae62.html">"Coalition Provisional Authority Order No. 22 of 2003, Creation of a New Iraqi Army"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coalition+Provisional+Authority+Order+No.+22+of+2003%2C+Creation+of+a+New+Iraqi+Army&rft.date=2003-08-18&rft.au=Coalition+Provisional+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F468d0ae62.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitute-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitute_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitute_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitute_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstitute">Constitute</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2023-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2023_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2023_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA2023_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCIA2023">CIA 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IISS1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IISS1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (February 13, 2024). <i>The Military Balance 2024</i> (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1032780047" title="Special:BookSources/978-1032780047"><bdi>978-1032780047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2024&rft.pages=358&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024-02-13&rft.isbn=978-1032780047&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIPRI-2023-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI-2023_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI-2023_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTianFleurantKuimovaWezeman2022" class="citation web cs1">Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (24 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-04/fs_2204_milex_2022_0.pdf">"Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220425064753/https://www.sipri.org/publications/2022/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2022">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trends+in+World+Military+Expenditure%2C+2022&rft.pub=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.date=2022-04-24&rft.aulast=Tian&rft.aufirst=Nan&rft.au=Fleurant%2C+Aude&rft.au=Kuimova%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Wezeman%2C+Pieter+D.&rft.au=Wezeman%2C+Siemon+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2022-04%2Ffs_2204_milex_2022_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moj.gov.iq/uploaded/4420.pdf">"Counter Terrorism Service Law (Article No.1)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ministry of Justice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Counter+Terrorism+Service+Law+%28Article+No.1%29&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoj.gov.iq%2Fuploaded%2F4420.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moj.gov.iq/view.2899/">"PMC Law 2016 (Article No.1)"</a>. Ministry of Justice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PMC+Law+2016+%28Article+No.1%29&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moj.gov.iq%2Fview.2899%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dni.gov/nctc/ftos/aah_fto.html">"AAH - FTO"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAH+-+FTO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dni.gov%2Fnctc%2Fftos%2Faah_fto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack2002264–66-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack2002264–66_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollack2002">Pollack 2002</a>, pp. 264–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoods2019" class="citation cs2">Woods, Kevin M. (2019), Mansoor, Peter R.; Murray, Williamson (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/culture-of-military-organizations/weight-of-the-shadow-of-the-past/92889832C813024A6EFF98EF58103A10">"The Weight of the Shadow of the Past: The Organizational Culture of the Iraqi Army, 1921–2003"</a>, <i>The Culture of Military Organizations</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">272–</span>298, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108622752.013">10.1017/9781108622752.013</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48573-9"><bdi>978-1-108-48573-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211419988">211419988</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Culture+of+Military+Organizations&rft.atitle=The+Weight+of+the+Shadow+of+the+Past%3A+The+Organizational+Culture+of+the+Iraqi+Army%2C+1921%E2%80%932003&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E272-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211419988%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108622752.013&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48573-9&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fculture-of-military-organizations%2Fweight-of-the-shadow-of-the-past%2F92889832C813024A6EFF98EF58103A10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is no single authoritative translation of the Constitution. These translations are drawn from the translation by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, accessible at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uniraq.org/documents/iraqi_constitution.pdf">http://www.uniraq.org/documents/iraqi_constitution.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213155850/http://uniraq.org/documents/iraqi_constitution.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, page 5 of 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Order_22:_Creation_of_A_New_Iraqi_Army">Order 22: Creation of a New Iraqi Army</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Order_67:_Ministry_of_Defense">Order 67: Ministry of Defense</a>, accessed 26 March 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-MarashiSalama2008215-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-MarashiSalama2008215_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-MarashiSalama2008">Al-Marashi & Salama 2008</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samir al-Khalil, <i>Republic of Fear</i>, 1990, p.170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetz1988-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetz1988_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetz1988_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetz1988">Metz 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarwishAlexander,_Gregory1991" class="citation book cs1">Darwish, Adel; Alexander, Gregory (1991). <i>Unholy Babylon: The Secret History of Saddam's War</i>. London: Victor Gollancz. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-5108-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-5108-8"><bdi>978-0-7881-5108-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unholy+Babylon%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Saddam%27s+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-5108-8&rft.aulast=Darwish&rft.aufirst=Adel&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This section is drawn from Pollack 2002, p.167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This section is drawn from Pollack, 2002, p.177–178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollack, 2002, p.175, citing Dupuy, <i>Elusive Victory</i>, 532–534, Herzog, <i>Arab–Israeli Wars</i>, 303–04, Edgar O'Ballance, <i>No Victor, No Vanquished</i>, 317–18, and Tzvi Ofer, <i>The Iraqi Army in the Yom Kippur War</i>, transl. <i>Hatzav</i>, Tel Aviv: Ma'arachot, 1986, p.128–65. Pollack notes that the various accounts of Iraqi operations on the Golan Heights are highly contradictory. He relies on Ofer, 1986, which is an Israeli General Staff critique of the official Iraqi General Staff analysis of the battle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollack 2002, 182–183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-molavi05-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-molavi05_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMolavi2005" class="citation book cs1">Molavi, Afshin (2005). <i>The Soul of Iran: A Nation's Journey to Freedom</i> (Revised ed.). England: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32597-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32597-3"><bdi>978-0-393-32597-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+Iran%3A+A+Nation%27s+Journey+to+Freedom&rft.place=England&rft.pages=152&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32597-3&rft.aulast=Molavi&rft.aufirst=Afshin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSegal2009" class="citation journal cs1">Segal, David (28 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/1988-06-01/iran-iraq-war-military-analysis">"The Iran-Iraq War: A Military Analysis"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>66</b> (Summer 1988) – via www.foreignaffairs.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Iran-Iraq+War%3A+A+Military+Analysis&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=Summer+1988&rft.date=2009-01-28&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Firan%2F1988-06-01%2Firan-iraq-war-military-analysis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karsh2002-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karsh2002_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarsh2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Karsh, Efraim</a> (2002). <i>The Iran–Iraq War, 1980–1988</i>. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-371-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-371-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-371-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48783766">48783766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iran%E2%80%93Iraq+War%2C+1980%E2%80%931988&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48783766&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-371-2&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a 1992 estimate of Iraq's armed forces, see James Bruce, "How Saddam is picking up the pieces a year after 'Storm'," <i><a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Defence_Weekly" title="Jane's Defence Weekly">Jane's Defence Weekly</a></i>, 22 February 1992, 284. This piece estimates that Iraq might have 250 intact aircraft and between 22 and 27 divisions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroderJehl1990-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroderJehl1990_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroderJehl1990_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroderJehl1990">Broder & Jehl 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/iq%5Eadc.html">"Air Defense Command - Iraq"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Defense+Command+-+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.info%2Fflags%2Fiq%255Eadc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoger2021" class="citation web cs1">Moger, Jourden Travis (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/catalog/pubs/57/57-1-1.html">"BETWEEN DESERT STORM AND IRAQI FREEDOM: U.S. ARMY OPERATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST, 1991-2001"</a>. <i>history.army.mil</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.army.mil&rft.atitle=BETWEEN+DESERT+STORM+AND+IRAQI+FREEDOM%3A+U.S.+ARMY+OPERATIONS+IN+THE+MIDDLE+EAST%2C+1991-2001&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Moger&rft.aufirst=Jourden+Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fcatalog%2Fpubs%2F57%2F57-1-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman199261,_109,_349–52-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman199261,_109,_349–52_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman1992">Friedman 1992</a>, pp. 61, 109, 349–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rathmell RAND 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grumman-awarded-48-million-contract-to-train-new-iraqi-army">"Northrop Grumman Awarded $48 Million Contract to Train New Iraqi Army"</a>. <i>Northrop Grumman Newsroom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northrop+Grumman+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Northrop+Grumman+Awarded+%2448+Million+Contract+to+Train+New+Iraqi+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.northropgrumman.com%2Fnews%2Freleases%2Fnorthrop-grumman-awarded-48-million-contract-to-train-new-iraqi-army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightReese2008436-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrightReese2008436_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWrightReese2008">Wright & Reese 2008</a>, p. 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OI_ISFreport062707-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OI_ISFreport062707_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070725184634/http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/OI_ISFreport062707/OI_Report_FINAL.pdf">"The Continuing Challenge of Building the Iraqi Security Forces, Report from the US Congress Armed Services Committee. June 27, 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/OI_ISFreport062707/OI_Report_FINAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 25, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Continuing+Challenge+of+Building+the+Iraqi+Security+Forces%2C+Report+from+the+US+Congress+Armed+Services+Committee.+June+27%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmedservices.house.gov%2Fpdfs%2FOI_ISFreport062707%2FOI_Report_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2022-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2022_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2022">Robinson 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter Malkasian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracyjournal.org/article.php?ID=6534">"A Thin Blue Line in the Sand," <i>Democracy</i>, issue #5, Summer 2007.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027192233/http://democracyjournal.org/article.php?ID=6534">Archived</a> 2010-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COIN-FM3-24-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-COIN-FM3-24_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/CAC/Repository/Materials/COIN-FM3-24.pdf">"<i>US Army Counterinsurgency Field Manual</i>, December 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>army.mil</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=army.mil&rft.atitle=US+Army+Counterinsurgency+Field+Manual%2C+December+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusacac.army.mil%2FCAC%2FRepository%2FMaterials%2FCOIN-FM3-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KilcullenBlog-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KilcullenBlog_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327062822/http://www.defendamerica.mil/specials/2007/blog/docs/Kilcullen_Transcript.pdf">"DoD Bloggers Roundtable Conference Call with David Kilcullen. May 25, 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>defendamerica.mil</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defendamerica.mil/specials/2007/blog/docs/Kilcullen_Transcript.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=defendamerica.mil&rft.atitle=DoD+Bloggers+Roundtable+Conference+Call+with+David+Kilcullen.+May+25%2C+2007.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defendamerica.mil%2Fspecials%2F2007%2Fblog%2Fdocs%2FKilcullen_Transcript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327062821/http://www.defendamerica.mil/specials/2007/blog/docs/Dempsey_June01_07_transcript.pdf">"Transcript of interview with Ltd Gen Martin Dempsey, June 1 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>defendamerica.mil</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defendamerica.mil/specials/2007/blog/docs/Dempsey_June01_07_transcript.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=defendamerica.mil&rft.atitle=Transcript+of+interview+with+Ltd+Gen+Martin+Dempsey%2C+June+1+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defendamerica.mil%2Fspecials%2F2007%2Fblog%2Fdocs%2FDempsey_June01_07_transcript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoDBrief2007-06-25-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DoDBrief2007-06-25_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4000">DoD News Briefing with Brig. Gen. Dana Pittard</a>, June 25, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayburnSobchak2019577-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayburnSobchak2019577_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayburnSobchak2019">Rayburn & Sobchak 2019</a>, p. 577.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Missions/NTM-I/Articles/NTMI_A_10_05.htm">NATO opens the Joint Staff College in Ar Rustamiyah in Baghdad, Iraq</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612211242/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Missions/NTM-I/Articles/NTMI_A_10_05.htm">Archived</a> 2007-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – NATO Training Mission – Iraq</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/~djyae/site/?/page/Iraq_Order_of_Battle/,">"Annex H 2010 Updates, January 2010"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annex+H+2010+Updates%2C+January+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.comcast.net%2F~djyae%2Fsite%2F%3F%2Fpage%2FIraq_Order_of_Battle%2F%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maad Fayad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=18551">Al Maliki dismissed military intelligence chief and took on his role</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501185625/http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1">Archived</a> 2011-05-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, October 2009. See also Nick Padlo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/docs-temp/176-padlo.pdf">'Iraqi Intelligence at the Brigade/Division level: Systemic Deficiencies and Training Solutions'</a>, smallwarsjournal.com, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightReese2008434,_438,_453,_476–7-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrightReese2008434,_438,_453,_476–7_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWrightReese2008">Wright & Reese 2008</a>, pp. 434, 438, 453, 476–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/15/iraq-withdrawal-us-troops_n_1012661.html">"Iraq Withdrawal: U.S. Abandoning Plans To Keep Troops In Country"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. 15 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230100328/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/15/iraq-withdrawal-us-troops_n_1012661.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Iraq+Withdrawal%3A+U.S.+Abandoning+Plans+To+Keep+Troops+In+Country&rft.date=2011-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F10%2F15%2Firaq-withdrawal-us-troops_n_1012661.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/24/world/middleeast/graft-hobbles-iraqs-military-in-fighting-isis.html?emc=edit_th_20141124&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=68502098&_r=0">"Graft Hobbles Iraq's Military In Fighting Isis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 23 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013223849/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/24/world/middleeast/graft-hobbles-iraqs-military-in-fighting-isis.html?emc=edit_th_20141124&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=68502098&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Graft+Hobbles+Iraq%27s+Military+In+Fighting+Isis&rft.date=2014-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F24%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fgraft-hobbles-iraqs-military-in-fighting-isis.html%3Femc%3Dedit_th_20141124%26nl%3Dtodaysheadlines%26nlid%3D68502098%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ltcolswanson-040308-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ltcolswanson-040308_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Department of Defense, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/dodcmsshare/BloggerAssets/2008-04/04030817225620080403_LtColSwanson_transcript.pdf">Coalition team assists in building combat force, Daniel M. 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But its senior staff is full of incompetents, and only a third of its troops are experienced"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316070918/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-08-13/news/mn-465_1_iraqi-army/3">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Army%3A+World%27s+5th+Largest+but+Full+of+Vital+Weaknesses+%3A+Military%3A+It+will+soon+be+even+larger.+But+its+senior+staff+is+full+of+incompetents%2C+and+only+a+third+of+its+troops+are+experienced.&rft.date=1990-08-13&rft.aulast=Broder&rft.aufirst=JOHN+M.&rft.au=Jehl%2C+DOUGLAS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-08-13-mn-465-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCIA2023" class="citation web cs1">CIA (2023-03-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iraq/#military-and-security">"Iraq (Military and Security)"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. Central Intelligence Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Iraq+%28Military+and+Security%29&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft.au=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firaq%2F%23military-and-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstitute" class="citation web cs1">Constitute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005">"Constitution of Iraq (2005)"</a>. ConstituteProject.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Iraq+%282005%29&rft.pub=ConstituteProject&rft.au=Constitute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FIraq_2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1992" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Norman (1992). <i>Desert Victory: The War for Kuwait</i>. United States Naval Institute Press (distributed by Airlife Publishing Ltd. in UK). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-255-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-255-2"><bdi>1-55750-255-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Victory%3A+The+War+for+Kuwait&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute+Press+%28distributed+by+Airlife+Publishing+Ltd.+in+UK%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-55750-255-2&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIISS2019" class="citation book cs1">IISS (2019). <i>The Military Balance 2019</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857439885" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857439885"><bdi>978-1857439885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2019&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1857439885&rft.au=IISS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetz1988" class="citation book cs1">Metz, Helen Chapin (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+iq0020)"><i>Iraq: A Country Study</i></a>. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=GPO+for+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Helen+Chapin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Biq0020%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollack2002" class="citation book cs1">Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002). <i>Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–91</i>. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3733-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3733-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-3733-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabs+at+War%3A+Military+Effectiveness%2C+1948%E2%80%9391&rft.place=Lincoln+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-3733-9&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rathmell, Andrew, Olga Oliker, Terrence K. Kelly, David Brannan, and Keith Crane, eds. Developing Iraq’s Security Sector: The Coalition Provisional Authority’s Experience. MG-365-OSD. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRayburnSobchak2019" class="citation book cs1">Rayburn, Joel D; Sobchak, Frank K (2019). <i>The U.S. Army in the Iraq War – Volume 1: Invasion – Insurgency – Civil War, 2003-2006</i>. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Army+in+the+Iraq+War+%E2%80%93+Volume+1%3A+Invasion+%E2%80%93+Insurgency+%E2%80%93+Civil+War%2C+2003-2006.&rft.place=Carlisle%2C+PA&rft.pub=Strategic+Studies+Institute+and+U.S.+Army+War+College+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Rayburn&rft.aufirst=Joel+D&rft.au=Sobchak%2C+Frank+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Colin D. (2022). "Why Did Rebuilding the Afghan and Iraqi Armies Fail?". <i>The RUSI Journal</i>. <b>167</b> (<span class="nowrap">4–</span>5): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071847.2022.2149124">10.1080/03071847.2022.2149124</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254388006">254388006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+RUSI+Journal&rft.atitle=Why+Did+Rebuilding+the+Afghan+and+Iraqi+Armies+Fail%3F&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071847.2022.2149124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254388006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Colin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWrightReese2008" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Donald R.; Reese, Timothy (2008). <i>On Point II Transition to the New Campaign: The U.S. Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom May 2003-January 2005</i>. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Point+II+Transition+to+the+New+Campaign%3A+The+U.S.+Army+in+Operation+Iraqi+Freedom+May+2003-January+2005&rft.place=Fort+Leavenworth%2C+KS&rft.pub=Combat+Studies+Institute+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft.au=Reese%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+Armed+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Jane's Pointer, 'Iraq changes command structure,' 1993</li> <li>Major General Dr Naji Khalifa Jassim Al-Dahan, "Iraqi air defense: A historical and documentary study of its development and national and national role 1939- 1993," ISBN 978-9923-27-025-7, Dar Al-Academies Publishing and Distribution Company, Amman - Jordan, 2020</li> <li>Michael Eisenstadt, 'The Iraqi Armed Forces Two Years On,' <i><a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Intelligence_Review" title="Jane's Intelligence Review">Jane's Intelligence Review</a></i>, March 1993, p. 121–127</li> <li>Hemphill, Paul (1979) `The Formation of the Iraqi Army, 1921–33', in Abbas Kelidar (ed.) <i>The Integration of Modern Iraq</i>, pp. 88–110. London: Croom Helm.</li> <li>Jane's, "Iraqi air defence - Fortress Iraq," Jane's Defence Weekly, 23 May 2002</li> <li>Kenneth M. Pollack, <i>Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91</i>, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln/London, 2002</li> <li>Andrew Rathmell, 'Iraq's Military: Waiting for Change,' <i><a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Intelligence_Review" title="Jane's Intelligence Review">Jane's Intelligence Review</a></i>, Vol. 7, No.2, February 1995, p. 76–80</li> <li>Sean Boyle, 'In wake of Desert Fox, Saddam moves to tighten his grip,' Jane's ChemBio Web/Geopolitical Resources (also <i>Jane's Intelligence Review</i>), 2 February 1999.</li> <li>Iraqi PMO. "رئيس مجلس الوزراء @MAKadhimi يؤكد أنّ تطوير المؤسسات الأمنية واصلاحها هي من أولويات المنهاج الوزاري الذي ينصّ على تعزيز أداء الأجهزة الأمنية المختلفة وتحقيق التكامل المطلوب بينها، والعمل بمبدأ أنَّ كلَّ القوات العسكرية والأمنية في خدمة الشعب وتطلعاته ووحدته وأمنه ... Pic.twitter.com/TYAN3Au34v." Twitter, 28 May 2020, twitter.com/IraqiPMO/status/1265950977829601282.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_security_forces" title="Iraqi security forces">Iraqi security forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_Iraq" title="Category:Military of Iraq">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Defence (Iraq)">Ministry of Defence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraqi Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army_Aviation_Command" title="Iraqi Army Aviation Command">Army Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Defence_Command" title="Iraqi Air Defence Command">Air Defence Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Special_Operations_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Special Operations Forces">Special Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_Groups_(Iraq)" title="Special Groups (Iraq)">Paramilitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a> <ul><li>Tribal Mobilization</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Iraq" title="Category:Law enforcement in Iraq">Law enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Interior (Iraq)">Ministry of Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Justice (Iraq)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Iraqi Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilities_Protection_Service" title="Facilities Protection Service">Facilities Protection Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Border_Enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Border Enforcement">Department of Border Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Security_Company_Association_of_Iraq" title="Private Security Company Association of Iraq">Private Security Company Association of Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraqi_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Iraqi intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Intelligence_Service" title="Iraqi National Intelligence Service">Iraqi National Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><i>(<a href="/wiki/General_Security_Directorate_(Iraq)" title="General Security Directorate (Iraq)">General Security Directorate</a> (2004))</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Falcons_Intelligence_Cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Falcons Intelligence Cell">Iraqi Falcons Intelligence Cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraq and weapons of mass destruction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_biological_weapons_program" title="Iraqi biological weapons program">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_weapons_program" title="Iraqi chemical weapons program">Chemical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics583" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_topics" title="Template talk:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="position:relative; bottom:1px;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Period">Old Assyrian Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Sassanid Asorestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">638–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Iraq" title="List of kings of Iraq">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">1958–1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">1968–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">2003–2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">2011–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">National Command</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. troop withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War (2014–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Fall of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iraqi_political_crisis" title="2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis">2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula" title="Al-Faw peninsula">Faw peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Iraq" title="Template:Borders of Iraq">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iraq" title="Category:Lakes of Iraq">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iraq" title="List of islands of Iraq">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives <span style="font-size:85%;">(legislative)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq)" title="Council of Ministers (Iraq)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq" title="Presidency Council of Iraq">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">in pre-Saddam Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq">in Saddam Hussein's Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">in post-invasion Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">in ISIL-controlled territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq" title="List of wars involving Iraq">Wars and conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq" title="List of banks in Iraq">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iraq" title="List of companies of Iraq">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Iraq" title="Infrastructure of Iraq">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Foreign Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stock_Exchange" title="Iraq Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iraq" title="List of airlines of Iraq">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iraq" title="Category:Society of Iraq">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>/Turkoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq" title="Secularism in Iraq">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iraq">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq" title="Mass media in Iraq">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Iraq" title="Squatting in Iraq">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq" title="Public holidays in Iraq">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Mandaean New Year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq" title="Category:Iraq">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iraq" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iraq">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_groups_in_the_Iraqi_conflict686" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_groups_in_the_Iraqi_conflict" title="Template:Armed groups in the Iraqi conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_groups_in_the_Iraqi_conflict" title="Template talk:Armed groups in the Iraqi conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_groups_in_the_Iraqi_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed groups in the Iraqi conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_groups_in_the_Iraqi_conflict686" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Combatants of the Iraq War">Armed groups</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq"><img alt="Ba'athist Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Kurdistan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi government">Iraqi government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraqi Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Iraqi Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_security_forces" title="Iraqi security forces">Iraqi security forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Iraqi Police</a> <ul><li>Iraqi Police Service</li> <li>National Police</li> <li>Supporting Forces</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilities_Protection_Service" title="Facilities Protection Service">Facilities Protection Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'athists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen_Saddam" title="Fedayeen Saddam">Fedayeen Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li>General Command of the Armed Forces, Resistance and Liberation in Iraq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Army_(Iraq)" title="Popular Army (Iraq)">Popular Army</a></li> <li>New Return</li> <li>Patriotic Front</li> <li>Political Media Organ of the Ba'ath Party</li> <li>Popular Resistance for the Liberation of Iraq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abud_Network" title="Al-Abud Network">Al-Abud Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Iraqi_Army" title="Free Iraqi Army">Free Iraqi Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Private_militias_in_Iraq" title="Private militias in Iraq">Militias</a> and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islamic</a> militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Companies">Mahdi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Deraa" title="Abu Deraa">Abu Deraa</a>'s Mahdi Army faction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheibani_Network" title="Sheibani Network">Sheibani Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_of_Heaven" title="Soldiers of Heaven">Soldiers of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Iraqi_Forces" title="Free Iraqi Forces">Free Iraqi Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Groups_(Iraq)" title="Special Groups (Iraq)">Special Groups (Iraq)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asa%27ib_Ahl_al-Haq" title="Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq">Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Day_Brigade" title="Promised Day Brigade">Promised Day Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraya_Ansar_al-Aqeeda" title="Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda">Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_al-Imam_Ali" title="Kata'ib al-Imam Ali">Kata'ib al-Imam Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Jund_al-Imam" title="Kata'ib Jund al-Imam">Kata'ib Jund al-Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Hezbollah_al-Nujaba" title="Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba">Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraya_al-Jihad" title="Saraya al-Jihad">Saraya al-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Fadl_al-Abbas_Forces" title="Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces">Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Ansar_Allah_al-Awfiya" title="Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya">Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabak_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabak Militia">Quwwat Sahl Ninawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Army" title="Mukhtar Army">Mukhtar Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Abu_al-Fadhal_al-Abbas" title="Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas">Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Mu%27ammal" title="Jaysh al-Mu'ammal">Jaysh al-Mu'ammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Ali_al-Akbar" title="Liwa Ali al-Akbar">Liwa Ali al-Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Resistance_in_Iraq_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Resistance in Iraq (2020–present)">Islamic Resistance in Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Sayyid_al-Shuhada" title="Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada">Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islamic</a> militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Mobilization" title="Tribal Mobilization">Tribal Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Iraq" title="Sons of Iraq">Awakening groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Revolution_Brigades" title="1920 Revolution Brigades">1920 Revolution Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Rashideen" title="Jaish al-Rashideen">Jaish al-Rashideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Army_in_Iraq" title="Islamic Army in Iraq">Islamic Army in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_for_the_Iraqi_Resistance" title="Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance">Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_of_Iraq" title="Hamas of Iraq">Hamas of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_Ahrar_al-Iraq" title="Harakat Ahrar al-Iraq">Harakat Ahrar al-Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks" title="Kurdistan Freedom Hawks">Kurdistan Freedom Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asay%C3%AE%C5%9Fa_%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayîşa Êzîdxanê">Asayîşa Êzîdxanê</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Turkmen</a> militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_Front" title="Iraqi Turkmen Front">Iraqi Turkmen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Brigades_(Popular_Mobilization_Units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Units)">16Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Brigades_(Popular_Mobilization_Units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Units)">52nd Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Brigades_(Popular_Mobilization_Units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Units)">92nd Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Brigades_(Popular_Mobilization_Units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Units)">Brigade of Imam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Brigades_(Popular_Mobilization_Units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Units)">Sayyid al-Shuhada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Brigades_(Popular_Mobilization_Units)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Brigades (Popular Mobilization Units)">Bashir Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nineveh_Plains18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plain_Protection_Units" title="Nineveh Plain Protection Units">Nineveh Plain Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plain_Forces" title="Nineveh Plain Forces">Nineveh Plain Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaraqosh_Protection_Committee" title="Qaraqosh Protection Committee">Qaraqosh Protection Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwekh_Nawsha" title="Dwekh Nawsha">Dwekh Nawsha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataib_Rouh_Allah_Issa_Ibn_Miriam" title="Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam">Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Movement" title="Babylon Movement">Babylon Brigade</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidi</a> militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Asay%C3%AE%C5%9Fa_%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayîşa Êzîdxanê">Asayîşa Êzîdxanê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Protection_Force" title="Êzîdxan Protection Force">Êzîdxan Protection Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Alliance" title="Sinjar Alliance">Sinjar Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%9311)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)">Insurgents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Army_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Army (Iraq)">Mujahideen Army</a></li> <li>Mujahideen Battalions of the Salafi Group of Iraq</li> <li>Islamic Salafist Boy Scout Battalions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeish_Muhammad" title="Jeish Muhammad">Mohammad's Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salafist_jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafist jihadism">Salafi Jihadists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustafa_Army_in_Iraq" title="Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq">Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Banner_Organization" title="Black Banner Organization">Black Banner Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Theeb" title="Abu Theeb">Abu Theeb</a>'s group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Al-Salafi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army">Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Basri_Brigades" title="Hassan Al-Basri Brigades">Hassan Al-Basri Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ansar_al-Sunna" title="Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna">Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Jaysh_Ahl_al-Sunnah_wa-l-Jamaah" title="Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah">Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Ta%27ifa_al-Mansurah" title="Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah">Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Islam_Brigade" title="Shield of Islam Brigade">Shield of Islam Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness_and_Holy_War" title="Wakefulness and Holy War">Wakefulness and Holy War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Flags" title="White Flags">White Flags</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militaries_of_Asia196" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_Asia" title="Template:Military of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Military of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militaries_of_Asia196" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Militaries of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces" title="Afghan Armed Forces">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Defence_Force" title="Bahrain Defence Force">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bhutan" title="Military of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Brunei Armed Forces">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Cambodian Armed Forces">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Forces_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Forces of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Military_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Military Forces">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Kyrgyz_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_National_Defence_Force" title="Maldives National Defence Force">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Armed_Forces" title="Mongolian Armed Forces">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces" title="Qatar Armed Forces">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor Leste Defence Force">Timor Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Turkmenistan" title="Armed Forces of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces" title="United Arab Emirates Armed Forces">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Uzbekistan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yemen_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Yemen Armed Forces">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Armed_Forces" title="Abkhazian Armed Forces">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Ossetia" title="Armed Forces of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Forces_Command" title="Security Forces Command">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies and other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison" title="Hong Kong Garrison">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Garrison" title="Macao Garrison">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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Forces">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Armed_Forces" title="Kuwait Armed Forces">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forces" title="Libyan Armed Forces">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Mauritania" title="Armed Forces of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Moroccan Armed Forces">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces" title="Qatar Armed Forces">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Armed_Forces" title="Tunisian Armed Forces">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces" title="United Arab Emirates Armed Forces">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Armed_Forces" title="Yemeni Armed Forces">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous regional armed forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" 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