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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Gradient_Synchrotron" title="Alternating Gradient Synchrotron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alternating Gradient Synchrotron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron_%C3%A0_gradient_altern%C3%A9" title="Synchrotron à gradient alterné – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Synchrotron à gradient alterné" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Gradient_Synchrotron" title="Alternating Gradient Synchrotron – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alternating Gradient Synchrotron" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGS_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="AGS (синхротрон) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="AGS (синхротрон)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E8%AE%8A%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="交變梯度同步加速器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="交變梯度同步加速器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alternating_Gradient_Synchrotron&params=40.87430103_N_72.880168_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°52′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°52′49″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.87430103°N 72.880168°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.87430103; -72.880168</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Particle accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Particle accelerator</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:AGS-complex-300px.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/AGS-complex-300px.gif/220px-AGS-complex-300px.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/AGS-complex-300px.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="332" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A schematic view of the AGS complex at <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccf;">General properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#ddf;">Accelerator type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#ddf;">Beam type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>, heavy ion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#ddf;">Target type</th><td class="infobox-data">Injector for <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider" title="Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider">RHIC</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccf;">Beam properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#ddf;">Maximum energy</th><td class="infobox-data">33 GeV</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#ddf;">Maximum current</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7013500000000000000♠"></span>5<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>13</sup> protons per pulse</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccf;">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#ddf;">Circumference</th><td class="infobox-data">2,650 feet (810 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#ddf;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Upton,_New_York" title="Upton, New York">Upton, New York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#ddf;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alternating_Gradient_Synchrotron&params=40.87430103_N_72.880168_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°52′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°52′49″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.87430103°N 72.880168°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.87430103; -72.880168</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#ddf;">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#ddf;">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">1960 - present</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Alternating Gradient Synchrotron</b> (<b>AGS</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> located at the <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, United States. </p><p>The Alternating Gradient Synchrotron was built on the innovative concept of the alternating gradient, or <a href="/wiki/Strong_focusing" title="Strong focusing">strong-focusing principle</a>, developed by Brookhaven physicists. This new concept in accelerator design allowed scientists to accelerate <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> to energies that were previously unachievable. The AGS became the world's premiere accelerator when it reached its design energy of 33 billion electron volts (GeV) on July 29, 1960. </p><p>Until 1968, the AGS was the highest energy accelerator in the world, slightly higher than its 28 GeV sister machine, the <a href="/wiki/Proton_Synchrotron" title="Proton Synchrotron">Proton Synchrotron</a> at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, the European laboratory for high-energy physics. While 21st century accelerators can reach energies in the trillion electron volt region, the AGS earned researchers three <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> and today serves as the injector for Brookhaven's <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider" title="Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider">Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider</a>; it remains the world's highest intensity high-energy proton accelerator. </p><p>The <b>AGS Booster</b>, constructed in 1991, further augments the capabilities of the AGS, enabling it to accelerate more intense <a href="/wiki/Proton_beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton beam">proton beams</a> and heavy ions such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a>. Brookhaven's <a href="/wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator" title="Linear particle accelerator">linear particle accelerator</a> (LINAC) provides 200 million electron volt (MeV) protons to the AGS Booster, and the Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) and <a href="/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator#Tandem_accelerators" title="Van de Graaff generator"> Tandem Van de Graaff</a> accelerators provide other ions to the AGS Booster. The AGS Booster then accelerates these particles for injection into the AGS. The AGS Booster also provides particle beams to the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Space_Radiation_Laboratory" title="NASA Space Radiation Laboratory">NASA Space Radiation Laboratory</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_of_alternate-gradient_focusing">Importance of alternate-gradient focusing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternating_Gradient_Synchrotron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Importance of alternate-gradient focusing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It became increasingly clear that if further progress was to be made in high energy nuclear physics by experiments using artificially accelerated particles some new principle must be found that would cheapen the cost per GeV. It was lucky for CERN that just at the time a European machine was being considered this new principle was discovered. The problem was simple enough. A cheaper machine could be built if the amplitudes of the free and forced oscillations of the accelerating particles could be decreased in some way so that the vacuum chamber size and the cross-section of the magnet ring could be reduced. The simplest way to reduce the amplitude of the free oscillations is to increase the frequency by increasing the restoring force, and although this is easy to achieve in the vertical direction by increasing the magnetic field gradient, the condition for horizontal stability is violated if n exceeds unity.<br />The new principle discovered by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Christofilos" title="Nicholas Christofilos">Christofilos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Courant" title="Ernest Courant">Courant</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Livingston" title="M. Stanley Livingston">Livingston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hartland_Snyder" title="Hartland Snyder">Snyder</a> increases the frequency of the <a href="/wiki/Betatron_oscillations" title="Betatron oscillations">betatron oscillations</a> by alternating the sign of the gradient of the magnetic field. The structure of the magnet is no longer uniform round the ring with a constant gradient but is broken up into sectors whose gradient is alternatively positive and negative.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>J.B. Adams, "The Alternating Gradient Proton Synchrotron"</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Prizes">Nobel Prizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternating_Gradient_Synchrotron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nobel Prizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The work performed at the accelerator led to three <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prizes in Physics</a>: </p> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Samuel C. C. Ting</a> discovered the <i>J</i> part of the <a href="/wiki/J/%CF%88_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="J/ψ meson"><i>J</i>/ψ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charm quark</a>.</li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Val_Fitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Val Fitch">Val Fitch</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">CP violation</a> by experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">Kaons</a>.</li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Lederman" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Lederman">Leon Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Melvin Schwartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino">muon neutrino</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternating_Gradient_Synchrotron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strong_focusing" title="Strong focusing">Strong focusing</a> (also known as alternating-gradient focusing — an idea pioneered on this accelerator)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternating_Gradient_Synchrotron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_J._B.1955" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(physicist)" title="John Adams (physicist)">Adams, J. B.</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2262360/files/CERN-PS-JBA-MGNH-23.pdf">"The Alternating Gradient Proton Synchrotron"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nuovo Cimento</i>. <b>2</b> (S1): 355–374. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955NCim....2S.355A">1955NCim....2S.355A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02746095">10.1007/BF02746095</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121596010">121596010</a>, N. 1 del <i>Supplemento</i> al Vol. 2, Serie X, del <i>Nuovo Cimento</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuovo+Cimento&rft.atitle=The+Alternating+Gradient+Proton+Synchrotron&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=355-374&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121596010%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02746095&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955NCim....2S.355A&rft.au=Adams%2C+J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F2262360%2Ffiles%2FCERN-PS-JBA-MGNH-23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternating+Gradient+Synchrotron" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span> (quote from p. 359)</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Pais1988" class="citation book cs1">Abraham Pais (1988). <i>Inward Bound: of matter and forces in the physical world</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-851997-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-851997-3"><bdi>978-0-19-851997-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inward+Bound%3A+of+matter+and+forces+in+the+physical+world&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-851997-3&rft.au=Abraham+Pais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternating+Gradient+Synchrotron" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternating_Gradient_Synchrotron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alternating_Gradient_Synchrotron" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alternating Gradient Synchrotron">Alternating Gradient Synchrotron</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnl.gov/rhic/AGS.asp">Brookhaven National Laboratory: Alternating Gradient Synchrotron web page</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethLasky1958" class="citation journal cs1">Beth, R. A.; Lasky, C. (1958). "The Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron: Construction of a massive nuclear research machine requires ideas, men, and methods from many fields". <i>Science</i>. <b>128</b> (3336): 1393–1401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.128.3336.1393">10.1126/science.128.3336.1393</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17797589">17797589</a>.</cite><span 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title="Electron neutrino"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>ν<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">e</sub></span></span></span></a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lederman–Schwartz–Steinberger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino#Discovery" title="Muon neutrino"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>ν<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">μ</sub></span></span></span></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DONUT" title="DONUT">DONUT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino#Discovery" title="Tau neutrino"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>ν<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">τ</sub></span></span></span></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation" title="Neutrino oscillation">Neutrino oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1987A#Neutrino_emissions" title="SN 1987A">SN 1987</a> neutrino burst</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating<br />(divided by<br />primary<br />neutrino<br />source)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_astronomy" title="Neutrino astronomy">Astronomical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Impulse_Transient_Antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna">ANITA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANTARES_(telescope)" title="ANTARES (telescope)">ANTARES</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artyomovsk_scintillation_detector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artyomovsk scintillation detector (page does not exist)">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Deep_Underwater_Neutrino_Telescope" title="Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope">BDUNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borexino" title="Borexino">Borexino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baksan_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Baksan Neutrino Observatory">BUST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_and_Lead_Observatory" title="Helium and Lead Observatory">HALO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory" title="IceCube Neutrino Observatory">IceCube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Volume_Detector" title="Large Volume Detector">LVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEVOD" title="NEVOD">NEVOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGE_(Soviet%E2%80%93American_Gallium_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE (Soviet–American Gallium Experiment)">SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Kamiokande" title="Super-Kamiokande">Super-Kamiokande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_Early_Warning_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova Early Warning System">SNEWS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Bay_Reactor_Neutrino_Experiment" title="Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment">Daya Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamioka_Liquid_Scintillator_Antineutrino_Detector" title="Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Antineutrino Detector">KamLAND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactor_Experiment_for_Neutrino_Oscillation" title="Reactor Experiment for Neutrino Oscillation">RENO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO_experiment" title="STEREO experiment">STEREO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accelerator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_Neutrino_Neutron_Interaction_Experiment" title="Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment">ANNIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICARUS_experiment" title="ICARUS experiment">ICARUS (Fermilab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroBooNE" title="MicroBooNE">MicroBooNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINER%CE%BDA" title="MINERνA">MINERνA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniBooNE" title="MiniBooNE">MiniBooNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NA61_experiment" title="NA61 experiment">NA61/SHINE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOvA" title="NOvA">NOvA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuMI" title="NuMI">NuMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2K_experiment" title="T2K experiment">T2K</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collider</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FASER_experiment" title="FASER experiment">FASER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattering_and_Neutrino_Detector" title="Scattering and Neutrino Detector">SND@LHC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neutrinoless_double_beta_decay#Neutrinoless_double_beta_decay" title="Neutrinoless double beta decay">0νββ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AMORE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMORE (page does not exist)">AMoRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_Experiment" title="COBRA Experiment">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUORE" title="CUORE">CUORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamioka_Liquid_Scintillator_Antineutrino_Detector#KamLAND-Zen_Double_Beta_Decay_Search" title="Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Antineutrino Detector">KamLAND-Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAJORANA" title="MAJORANA">MAJORANA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEXT_(experiment)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NEXT (experiment) (page does not exist)">NEXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PandaX" title="PandaX">PandaX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNO%2B" title="SNO+">SNO+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMASS" title="XMASS">XMASS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KATRIN" title="KATRIN">KATRIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WITCH_experiment" title="WITCH experiment">WITCH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askaryan_Radio_Array" title="Askaryan Radio Array">ARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIANNA_Experiment" title="ARIANNA Experiment">ARIANNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal-GVD" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikal-GVD">Baikal-GVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGE_(Soviet%E2%80%93American_Gallium_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE (Soviet–American Gallium Experiment)">BEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Underground_Neutrino_Experiment" title="Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment">DUNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-Kamiokande" title="Hyper-Kamiokande">Hyper-Kamiokande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangmen_Underground_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory">JUNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KM3NeT" title="KM3NeT">KM3NeT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_Ettore_Majorana_Observatory#SuperNEMO" title="Neutrino Ettore Majorana Observatory">SuperNEMO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Muon_And_Neutrino_Detector_Array" title="Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array">AMANDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDHS_experiment" title="CDHS experiment">CDHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chooz_(experiment)" title="Chooz (experiment)">Chooz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_Neutrinos_to_Gran_Sasso" title="CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso">CNGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUORE" title="CUORE">Cuoricino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DONUT" title="DONUT">DONUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Chooz" title="Double Chooz">Double Chooz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_experiments_at_Kolar_Gold_Fields#Neutrino_find" title="Particle experiments at Kolar Gold Fields">ERPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enriched_Xenon_Observatory#EXO-200" title="Enriched Xenon Observatory">EXO-200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALLEX" title="GALLEX">GALLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargamelle" title="Gargamelle">Gargamelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_Detector_Array" title="Germanium Detector Array">GERDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALLEX" title="GALLEX">GNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg-Moscow_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg-Moscow experiment">Heidelberg-Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestake_experiment" title="Homestake experiment">Homestake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICARUS_(experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="ICARUS (experiment)">ICARUS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IGEX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IGEX (page does not exist)">IGEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvine%E2%80%93Michigan%E2%80%93Brookhaven_(detector)" title="Irvine–Michigan–Brookhaven (detector)">IMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2K_experiment" title="K2K experiment">K2K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamioka_Observatory" title="Kamioka Observatory">Kamiokande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KARMEN" title="KARMEN">KARMEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_experiments_at_Kolar_Gold_Fields" title="Particle experiments at Kolar Gold Fields">KGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Scintillator_Neutrino_Detector" title="Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector">LSND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopole,_Astrophysics_and_Cosmic_Ray_Observatory" title="Monopole, Astrophysics and Cosmic Ray Observatory">MACRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINOS" title="MINOS">MINOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINOS%2B" title="MINOS+">MINOS+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_Array_Radio_Calibration" title="Neutrino Array Radio Calibration">NARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_Ettore_Majorana_Observatory" title="Neutrino Ettore Majorana Observatory">NEMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPERA_experiment" title="OPERA experiment">OPERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Ice_Cherenkov_Experiment" title="Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment">RICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SciBooNE" title="SciBooNE">SciBooNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Sudbury Neutrino Observatory">SNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soudan_2" title="Soudan 2">Soudan 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Utah_neutrino_detector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Utah neutrino detector (page does not exist)">Utah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CUORE#Research_and_development" title="CUORE">CUPID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enriched_Xenon_Observatory#nEXO" title="Enriched Xenon Observatory">nEXO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Universe_Space_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme Universe Space Observatory">JEM-EUSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Radio_Array_for_Neutrino_Detection" title="Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection">GRAND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-based_Neutrino_Observatory" title="India-based Neutrino Observatory">INO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LEGEND_(experiment)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LEGEND (experiment) (page does not exist)">LEGEND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Energy_Neutrino_Astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Energy Neutrino Astronomy">LENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_Factory" title="Neutrino Factory">Neutrino Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucifer_experiment" title="Nucifer experiment">Nucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Neutrino_Experiment" title="Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment">P-ONE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short-Baseline_Near_Detector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Short-Baseline Near Detector (page does not exist)">SBND</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_Nucleon_Decay_and_Neutrino_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underground Nucleon Decay and Neutrino Observatory (page does not exist)">UNO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WATCHMAN_(experiment)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WATCHMAN (experiment) (page does not exist)">WATCHMAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DUMAND_Project" title="DUMAND Project">DUMAND Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Apparatus_studying_Grand_Unification_and_Neutrino_Astrophysics" title="Large Apparatus studying Grand Unification and Neutrino Astrophysics">LAGUNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Baseline_Neutrino_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment">Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_Mediterranean_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrino Mediterranean Observatory">NEMO Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESTOR_Project" title="NESTOR Project">NESTOR Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borexino#SOX_project" title="Borexino">SOX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borexino" title="Borexino">BOREX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baksan_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Baksan Neutrino Observatory">BNO (Baksan or Baxan Neutrino Observatory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamioka_Observatory" title="Kamioka Observatory">Kamioka Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratori_Nazionali_del_Gran_Sasso" title="Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso">LNGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNOLAB" title="SNOLAB">SNOLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neutrino_experiments" title="List of neutrino experiments">List of neutrino experiments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_katomic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nuvola_apps_katomic.png/30px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nuvola_apps_katomic.png/45px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nuvola_apps_katomic.png/60px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>–related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" 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