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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_Researches_in_the_Central_Portion_of_the_Usumatsintla_Valley_Plate_XXIII.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Maler_Researches_in_the_Central_Portion_of_the_Usumatsintla_Valley_Plate_XXIII.png/150px-Maler_Researches_in_the_Central_Portion_of_the_Usumatsintla_Valley_Plate_XXIII.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Maler_Researches_in_the_Central_Portion_of_the_Usumatsintla_Valley_Plate_XXIII.png/225px-Maler_Researches_in_the_Central_Portion_of_the_Usumatsintla_Valley_Plate_XXIII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Maler_Researches_in_the_Central_Portion_of_the_Usumatsintla_Valley_Plate_XXIII.png/300px-Maler_Researches_in_the_Central_Portion_of_the_Usumatsintla_Valley_Plate_XXIII.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="2279" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I's portrait in Stela 26</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)" title="Piedras Negras (Maya site)">Piedras Negras</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">14 November 603 - 3 February 639</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Unknown</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Itzam_K%CA%BCan_Ahk_I" title="Itzam Kʼan Ahk I">Itzam Kʼan Ahk I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 February 639<br /><a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)" title="Piedras Negras (Maya site)">Piedras Negras</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lady_Bird_Headdress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lady Bird Headdress (page does not exist)">Lady Bird Headdress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Itzam_K%CA%BCan_Ahk_I" title="Itzam Kʼan Ahk I">Itzam Kʼan Ahk I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%27inich_Yo%27nal_Ahk_I.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I's signature"><img alt="Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/K%27inich_Yo%27nal_Ahk_I.svg/125px-K%27inich_Yo%27nal_Ahk_I.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/K%27inich_Yo%27nal_Ahk_I.svg/188px-K%27inich_Yo%27nal_Ahk_I.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/K%27inich_Yo%27nal_Ahk_I.svg/250px-K%27inich_Yo%27nal_Ahk_I.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Mayan pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="myn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">[kʼinitʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>joːnal<span class="wrap"> </span>ahk]</a></span>), also known as <b>Ruler 1</b> (died February 3, 639 AD), was an <i><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">ajaw</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)" title="Piedras Negras (Maya site)">Piedras Negras</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">ancient Maya</a> settlement in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>. He ruled during the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Late Classic Period</a>, from 603–639 AD. It has been proposed that he began a new dynasty at Piedras Negras, following years of ineffective kings. As to how Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I came to power, a consensus has not yet been reached, although it is known that he waged several successful wars against <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plan_de_Ayutla_(Maya_Site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan de Ayutla (Maya Site)">Sak Tzʼiʼ</a>. He was succeeded by his son, Itzam Kʼan Ahk I, in 639 AD and left behind several monuments, including <a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">stelae</a> at Piedras Negras and a large mortuary temple now known as Pyramid R-5. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Palenque_Palace_Aqueduct_Beautiful.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Palenque_Palace_Aqueduct_Beautiful.jpg/220px-The_Palenque_Palace_Aqueduct_Beautiful.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Palenque_Palace_Aqueduct_Beautiful.jpg/330px-The_Palenque_Palace_Aqueduct_Beautiful.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Palenque_Palace_Aqueduct_Beautiful.jpg/440px-The_Palenque_Palace_Aqueduct_Beautiful.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2534" /></a><figcaption>According to <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stela</a> at Piedras Negras, Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I waged a successful war against <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a> (<i>pictured</i>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I, also known as Ruler 1, was an <i><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">ajaw</a></i> (leader) of <a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)" title="Piedras Negras (Maya site)">Piedras Negras</a> in the 7th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-witschey_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-witschey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Mayanist" title="Mayanist">Mayanists</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Martin_(Mayanist)" title="Simon Martin (Mayanist)">Simon Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Grube" title="Nikolai Grube">Nikolai Grube</a>, the ruler's name means "Great-Sun ?-Turtle".<sup id="cite_ref-martingrube142_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martingrube142-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His name was later taken by the future leaders of Piedras Negras, <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_II" title="Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk II">Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_III" title="Yoʼnal Ahk III">Yoʼnal Ahk III</a>. The title <i>kʼinich</i> translates to "red-faced", and is a reference to the settlement's rulers' belief that they were the "lords of the sun".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I ascended to the position of <i>ajaw</i> on November 14, 603 AD (9.8.10.6.16 10 Kib 9 Mak in the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a>), although the exact details surrounding his ascension are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-martingrube142_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martingrube142-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sharer425_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharer425-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mayanists <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Houston" title="Stephen D. Houston">Stephen D. Houston</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Golden_(Mayanist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Golden (Mayanist) (page does not exist)">Charles Golden</a> have hypothesized that he founded a new line of rulers at Piedras Negras, possibly following some disaster that dethroned the previous leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-sharer423_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharer423-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I systematically razed buildings and monuments at Piedras Negras erected or associated with previous kings, seemingly to thoroughly cleanse the center of any reminder of these "discredited" rulers. This period of destruction—which focused heavily on structures in and around the West Group of the site—was likely ritualized, as evidenced by tell-tale clues left behind, such as offerings of <a href="/wiki/Maya_ceramics" title="Maya ceramics">pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jade_use_in_Mesoamerica" title="Jade use in Mesoamerica">jade</a>, and small figures. After this period of destruction, Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I moved his focus to the South Group, where he began to erect new buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-sharer423_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharer423-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I waged battles against <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a> (Piedras Negras's main rival in the area) and <a href="/wiki/Plan_de_Ayutla_(Maya_Site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan de Ayutla (Maya Site)">Sak Tzʼiʼ</a> (a "lesser polity"); in the former war, he reportedly captured an <i>aj kʼuhuun</i> ("lord") named Chʼok Balam, and in the latter he is said to have captured an <i>ajaw</i> named Kʼab Chan Teʼ.<sup id="cite_ref-sharer425_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharer425-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-martingrube142143_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martingrube142143-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I died on February 3, 639 AD (9.10.6.2.1 5 Imix 19 Kʼayab), was likely buried at Pyramid R-5, and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Itzam_K%CA%BCan_Ahk_I" title="Itzam Kʼan Ahk I">Itzam Kʼan Ahk I</a>, who later dedicated or re-opened his father's tomb in 658 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-martingrube142143_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martingrube142143-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monuments">Monuments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Maya_civilization" title="Category:Maya civilization">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #50C578;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Maya civilization</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a Mayan stone carving with elaborate decoration." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/260px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/390px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg/520px-MA_D293_Maya_stone_carving_from_Copan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Sacrifice in Maya culture">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest of the Maya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/12px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/18px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG/24px-M%C3%A1scara_de_Xiuhtecuhtli_Cultura_Azteza-Mixteca_Ars_Summum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1296" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya_civilization" title="Template:Maya civilization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya_civilization" title="Template talk:Maya civilization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya_civilization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya civilization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stelae">Stelae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stelae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I erected numerous stelae, many of which became veritable models for those constructed by other rulers of Piedras Negras.<sup id="cite_ref-sharer425_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharer425-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I's first was Stela 25, which cemented the use of the "niche" style; these monuments feature the <i>ajaw</i> in a small hollow, seated on an intricately decorated elevated platform, thereby symbolically suggesting that the leader has been lifted into the air. On Stela 25, Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I is seated on a <a href="/wiki/Jaguars_in_Mesoamerican_cultures" title="Jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures">"jaguar</a> cushion", connected to the ground by a ladder stained with bloody footprints (representing <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>). Above the king is the sky, iconized as a great canopy, and above this is a "great celestial bird, the avian aspect of the [Maya] god dubbed <a href="/wiki/Itzamna" title="Itzamna">Itzamna</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-martingrube142_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martingrube142-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stela 26, dating from 628 AD, depicts the aforementioned war with Palenque.<sup id="cite_ref-martingrube142_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martingrube142-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This monument marks the first time that a stela at Piedra Negras featured carvings on multiple sides (which, in this case, were dedication texts).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stela 26 is aligned with Itzam Kʼan Ahk II's Stela 35, conveying "an image of continuity, repetition, and renewal over time and across generations."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stela 31, which dates from around 637 AD and depicts the war with Sak Tzʼiʼ,<sup id="cite_ref-martingrube142_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martingrube142-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oneil117_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oneil117-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was raised in front of Structures R-3 and R-4—the location of many of Piedras Negras's earliest monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stela was also extremely tall, at about 4.5–5-metre (15–16 ft) meters in height, and featured an "expansion" platform that allowed for easier observation.<sup id="cite_ref-oneil117_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oneil117-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Stelae 26 and 31 feature another theme popular with Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I: the "warrior king" motif. This design often depicts the king facing forward, wearing a large headdress featuring iconography of the "<a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> War Serpent".<sup id="cite_ref-martingrube142_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martingrube142-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="R-5_Pyramid">R-5 Pyramid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: R-5 Pyramid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I was likely buried in the R-5 Pyramid, based mostly on evidence from Panel 4, crafted by Itzam Kʼan Ahk I. This carving explicitly labels the pyramid as the <i>muk</i> (i.e. burial) of Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I, and records how Itzam Kʼan Ahk I either dedicated or ceremonially re-opened the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-famsi_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-famsi-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this testimony, no body has ever been found in the pyramid, although the search was complicated by—and eventually abandoned because of—loose detritus left behind by <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the pyramid was probably constructed following Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I's death, likely under the supervision of Itzam Kʼan Ahk I,<sup id="cite_ref-famsi_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-famsi-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who eventually raised six stelae at its base.<sup id="cite_ref-martingrube143_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martingrube143-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although it is known that <a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_Ruler_C" title="Piedras Negras Ruler C">Ruler C</a> reigned over Piedras Negras prior to Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I, the two kings are separated by a gap of almost 64 years.<sup id="cite_ref-witschey_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-witschey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-witschey-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-witschey_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-witschey_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#witschey">Witschey & Brown (2012)</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martingrube142-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martingrube142_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martingrube142_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martingrube142_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martingrube142_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martingrube142_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martingrube142_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#martin">Martin & Grube (2000)</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#oneil">O'Neil (2014)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharer425-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sharer425_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharer425_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharer425_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#sharer">Sharer & Traxler (2005)</a>, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharer423-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sharer423_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharer423_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#sharer">Sharer & Traxler (2005)</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martingrube142143-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martingrube142143_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martingrube142143_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#martin">Martin & Grube (2000)</a>, pp. 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#oneil">O'Neil (2014)</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#oneil">O'Neil (2014)</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#oneil">O'Neil (2014)</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oneil117-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oneil117_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oneil117_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#oneil">O'Neil (2014)</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#oneil">O'Neil (2014)</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#oneil">O'Neil (2014)</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-famsi-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-famsi_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-famsi_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Houston">Houston et al. (1999)</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#scherer">Scherer (2003)</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martingrube143-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-martingrube143_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#martin">Martin & Grube (2000)</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Houston" class="citation web cs1">Houston, Stephen D.; Héctor Escobedo; Richard Terry; David Webster; George Veni; Kitty F. Emer (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/reports/98055/98055Houston01.pdf">"Investigations at Piedras Negras, Guatemala: 1999 Field Season"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Investigations+at+Piedras+Negras%2C+Guatemala%3A+1999+Field+Season&rft.pub=Foundation+for+the+Advancement+of+Mesoamerican+Studies&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Houston%2C+Stephen+D.&rft.au=H%C3%A9ctor+Escobedo&rft.au=Richard+Terry&rft.au=David+Webster&rft.au=George+Veni&rft.au=Kitty+F.+Emer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famsi.org%2Freports%2F98055%2F98055Houston01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%CA%BCinich+Yo%CA%BCnal+Ahk+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="martin" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Simon; Grube, Nikolai (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofmayak00mart"><i>Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500051030" title="Special:BookSources/9780500051030"><bdi>9780500051030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Maya+Kings+and+Queens&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780500051030&rft.au=Martin%2C+Simon&rft.au=Grube%2C+Nikolai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleofmayak00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%CA%BCinich+Yo%CA%BCnal+Ahk+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="oneil" class="citation book cs1">O'Neil, Megan (2014). <i>Engaging Ancient Maya Sculpture at Piedras Negras, Guatemala</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806188362" title="Special:BookSources/9780806188362"><bdi>9780806188362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaging+Ancient+Maya+Sculpture+at+Piedras+Negras%2C+Guatemala&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780806188362&rft.au=O%27Neil%2C+Megan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%CA%BCinich+Yo%CA%BCnal+Ahk+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="scherer" class="citation book cs1">Scherer, Andrew (2003). "Classic Maya Death at Piedras Negras, Guatemala". <i>Antropologa de la Eternidad: La Muerte en la Cultura Maya</i>. Sociedad Espaola de Estudios Mayas. pp. 113–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788492354535" title="Special:BookSources/9788492354535"><bdi>9788492354535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classic+Maya+Death+at+Piedras+Negras%2C+Guatemala&rft.btitle=Antropologa+de+la+Eternidad%3A+La+Muerte+en+la+Cultura+Maya&rft.pages=113-144&rft.pub=Sociedad+Espaola+de+Estudios+Mayas&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788492354535&rft.au=Scherer%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%CA%BCinich+Yo%CA%BCnal+Ahk+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="sharer" class="citation book cs1">Sharer, Robert; Traxler, Loa (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar"><i>The Ancient Maya</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804748179" title="Special:BookSources/9780804748179"><bdi>9780804748179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Maya&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780804748179&rft.au=Sharer%2C+Robert&rft.au=Traxler%2C+Loa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientmaya0006shar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%CA%BCinich+Yo%CA%BCnal+Ahk+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="witschey" class="citation book cs1">Witschey, Walter Robert Thurmond; Brown, Clifford (2012). <i>Historical Dictionary of Mesoamerica</i>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810871670" title="Special:BookSources/9780810871670"><bdi>9780810871670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Mesoamerica&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780810871670&rft.au=Witschey%2C+Walter+Robert+Thurmond&rft.au=Brown%2C+Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%CA%BCinich+Yo%CA%BCnal+Ahk+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maya_civilization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maya" title="Template:Maya"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maya" title="Template talk:Maya"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maya"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maya_civilization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization"><span style="color:white">Maya civilization</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization"><span style="color:white">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preclassic_Maya" title="Preclassic Maya">Preclassic Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Classic Maya collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/80px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/120px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png/160px-Codex_Lacambalam_l%C3%A1mina_15.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="2032" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-Group" title="E-Group">E-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadic_pyramid" title="Triadic pyramid">Triadic pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-pyramid_complex" title="Twin-pyramid complex">Twin-pyramid complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_graffiti" title="Ancient Maya graffiti">Graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_ceramics" title="Maya ceramics">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_dance" title="Maya dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="Economy of the Maya civilization">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maritime trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_language" title="Classic Maya language">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayan_languages" title="List of Mayan languages">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayanist" title="Mayanist">Mayanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_sites" title="List of Maya sites">Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_stelae" title="Maya stelae">Stelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society"><span style="color:white">Society</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_in_Maya_society" title="Childhood in Maya society">Childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery_in_Maya_society" title="Midwifery in Maya society">Midwifery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_priesthood" title="Maya priesthood">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Sacrifice in Maya culture">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_death_rituals" title="Maya death rituals">Death rituals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_social_classes" title="Maya social classes">Social classes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_households" title="Maya households">Households</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar"><span style="color:white">Calendar</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baktun" title="Baktun">Baktun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCatun" title="Kʼatun">Kʼatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCin" title="Kʼin">Kʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_(Maya_calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tun (Maya calendar)">Tun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winal" title="Winal">Winal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Cakchiquels" title="Annals of the Cakchiquels">Annals of the Cakchiquels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilam_Balam" title="Chilam Balam">Chilam Balam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Codices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex"><i>Dresden</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Codex_of_Mexico" title="Maya Codex of Mexico"><i>Grolier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Codex_(Maya)" title="Madrid Codex (Maya)"><i>Madrid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Codex" title="Paris Codex"><i>Paris</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabinal_Ach%C3%AD" title="Rabinal Achí">Rabinal Achí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_of_the_Bacabs" title="Ritual of the Bacabs">Ritual of the Bacabs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Dzitbalch%C3%A9" title="Songs of Dzitbalché">Songs of Dzitbalché</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_C%CA%BCoyoi" title="Título Cʼoyoi">Título Cʼoyoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADtulo_de_Totonicap%C3%A1n" title="Título de Totonicapán">Título de Totonicapán</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Maya gods and supernatural beings"><span style="color:white">Deities</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Classic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bacab" title="Bacab">Bacab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaac" title="Chaac">Chaac</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_death_gods" title="Maya death gods">Death gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/God_L" title="God L">God L</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Goddess_I" title="Goddess I">Goddess I</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_Hero_Twins" title="Maya Hero Twins">Hero Twins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howler_monkey_gods" title="Howler monkey gods">Howler monkey gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Itzamna" title="Itzamna">Itzamna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ixchel" title="Ixchel">Ixchel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_jaguar_gods" title="Maya jaguar gods">Jaguar gods</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCawiil" title="Kʼawiil">Kʼawiil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kinich_Ahau" title="Kinich Ahau">Kinich Ahau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_maize_god" title="Maya maize god">Maize god</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mam_(Maya_mythology)" title="Mam (Maya mythology)">Mam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maya_moon_goddess" title="Maya moon goddess">Moon goddess</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yopaat" title="Yopaat">Yopaat</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Post-Classic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acat_(deity)" title="Acat (deity)">Acat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ah-Muzen-Cab" title="Ah-Muzen-Cab">Ah-Muzen-Cab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Akna_(Maya_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akna (Maya mythology)">Akna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chin_(deity)" title="Chin (deity)">Chin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ixtab" title="Ixtab">Ixtab</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kukulkan" title="Kukulkan">Kukulkan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yum_Kaax" title="Yum Kaax">Yum Kaax</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Popol Vuh</i></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Awilix" title="Awilix">Awilix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Camazotz" title="Camazotz">Camazotz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hun_Hunahpu" title="Hun Hunahpu">Hun Hunahpu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huracan" title="Huracan">Huracan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacawitz" title="Jacawitz">Jacawitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCuq%CA%BCumatz" title="Qʼuqʼumatz">Qʼuqʼumatz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tohil" title="Tohil">Tohil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vucub_Caquix" title="Vucub Caquix">Vucub Caquix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xmucane_and_Xpiacoc" title="Xmucane and Xpiacoc">Xmucane and Xpiacoc</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xquic" title="Xquic">Xquic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zipacna" title="Zipacna">Zipacna</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Kings_and_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya Kings and Queens"><span style="color:white">Kings</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%CA%BCalaj_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil">Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%CA%BC_K%CA%BCin_Xook" title="Haʼ Kʼin Xook">Haʼ Kʼin Xook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzam_K%CA%BCan_Ahk_II" title="Itzam Kʼan Ahk II">Itzam Kʼan Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCak%CA%BC_Tiliw_Chan_Yopaat" title="Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat">Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yat_Ahk_II" title="Kʼinich Yat Ahk II">Kʼinich Yat Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yax_K%CA%BCuk%CA%BC_Mo%CA%BC" title="Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ">Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_III" title="Yoʼnal Ahk III">Yoʼnal Ahk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Ch%CA%BCeen_II" title="Yuknoom Chʼeen II">Yuknoom Chʼeen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Yich%CA%BCaak_K%CA%BCahk%CA%BC" title="Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ">Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #50C878; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_rulers_in_Maya_society" title="Women rulers in Maya society"><span style="color:white">Queens</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Eveningstar" title="Lady Eveningstar">Lady Eveningstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Itzan" title="Lady of Itzan">Lady of Itzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Tikal" title="Lady of Tikal">Lady of Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Xoc" title="Lady Xoc">Lady Xoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak_K%CA%BCuk%CA%BC" title="Sak Kʼukʼ">Sak Kʼukʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wak_Chanil_Ajaw" title="Wak Chanil Ajaw">Wak Chanil Ajaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohl_Ik%CA%BCnal" title="Yohl Ikʼnal">Yohl Ikʼnal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Piedras_Negras" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Piedras_Negras" title="Template:Rulers of Piedras Negras"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Piedras_Negras" title="Template talk:Rulers of Piedras Negras"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Piedras_Negras" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Piedras Negras"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Piedras_Negras" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_(Maya_site)#List_of_rulers" title="Piedras Negras (Maya site)">Rulers of Piedras Negras</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCan_Ahk_I" title="Kʼan Ahk I">Kʼan Ahk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCan_Ahk_II" title="Kʼan Ahk II">Kʼan Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yat_Ahk_I" title="Yat Ahk I">Yat Ahk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras_Ruler_C" title="Piedras Negras Ruler C">Ruler C</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzam_K%CA%BCan_Ahk_I" title="Itzam Kʼan Ahk I">Itzam Kʼan Ahk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_II" title="Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk II">Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzam_K%CA%BCan_Ahk_II" title="Itzam Kʼan Ahk II">Itzam Kʼan Ahk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo%CA%BCnal_Ahk_III" title="Yoʼnal Ahk III">Yoʼnal Ahk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%CA%BC_K%CA%BCin_Xook" title="Haʼ Kʼin Xook">Haʼ Kʼin Xook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Yat_Ahk_II" title="Kʼinich Yat Ahk II">Kʼinich Yat Ahk II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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