CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Citizendium</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"989dfcb73fe10db07f8f8c25","wgCSPNonce":false,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Welcome_to_Citizendium","wgTitle":"Welcome to Citizendium","wgCurRevisionId":991848,"wgRevisionId":991848,"wgArticleId":4698,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Welcome_to_Citizendium","wgRelevantArticleId":4698,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgIsMainPage":true,"wgPageFormsTargetName":null, "wgPageFormsAutocompleteValues":[],"wgPageFormsAutocompleteOnAllChars":false,"wgPageFormsFieldProperties":[],"wgPageFormsCargoFields":[],"wgPageFormsDependentFields":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarValues":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarParams":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarHTML":null,"wgPageFormsGridValues":[],"wgPageFormsGridParams":[],"wgPageFormsContLangYes":null,"wgPageFormsContLangNo":null,"wgPageFormsContLangMonths":[],"wgPageFormsHeightForMinimizingInstances":800,"wgPageFormsShowOnSelect":[],"wgPageFormsScriptPath":"/wiki/extensions/PageForms","edgValues":null,"wgPageFormsEDSettings":null,"wgAmericanDates":false,"wgVector2022PreviewPages":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":4};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.legacy.js","mmv.head", "mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.popups"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.39.5"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://citizendium.org/wiki/images/4/4a/800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://citizendium.org/wiki/images/4/4a/800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://citizendium.org/wiki/images/thumb/4/4a/800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg/640px-800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/> <link rel="icon" href="/images/favicon1.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/wiki/opensearch_desc.php" title="Citizendium"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Citizendium Atom feed" href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-W7ML9SNPXT"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-W7ML9SNPXT'); </script> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Welcome_to_Citizendium rootpage-Welcome_to_Citizendium skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-language-alert-in-sidebar-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-edit-disabled vector-feature-table-of-contents-disabled vector-feature-visual-enhancement-next-disabled"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Welcome to Citizendium</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Citizendium</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table align="center" style="width:70%; background-color: #f7f7a6; border: solid 3px #f2e0de; padding: 2px;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td style="background-color:#e8edd6;"><b><span>New Blog Post</span></b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b><big><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://driftingharbor.wordpress.com/2024/07/13/why-is-citizendium-deleting-articles/">Why is Citizendium deleting articles?</a></big></b><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Help_Write_Articles_about_our_World"><b>Help Write Articles about our World</b></span></h3> <p>Welcome to <b>Citizendium</b>, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their <b>real names</b>. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive. </p> <table width="80%" align="center" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid #999999; border-top:1px solid #dddddd; border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #dddddd; margin:0 auto; clear: both;" class="collapsible {{{hide}}}"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" colspan="3" style="background:#AAE28E"><i>Citizendium</i> <a href="/wiki/CZ:Getting_Started" title="CZ:Getting Started">Getting Started</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f5f5f5" align="center" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Quick_Start" title="CZ:Quick Start">Quick Start</a> | <a href="/wiki/CZ:About" title="CZ:About">About us</a> | <a href="/wiki/Help:Index" title="Help:Index">Help system</a> | <a href="/wiki/CZ:Start_Article" title="CZ:Start Article">Start a new article</a> | <a href="/wiki/CZ:Introduction_to_CZ_for_Wikipedians" title="CZ:Introduction to CZ for Wikipedians">For Wikipedians</a> </td> <td width="10%" align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p>See <b><big><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="Special:RecentChanges">Recent Changes</a></big></b>—an overview of articles being worked on <i>now</i>. </p> <h4><span id="Become_a_member--it.27s_free.21"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Become_a_member--it's_free!"><b>Become a member--it's free!</b></span></h4> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Index/Join" title="Help:Index/Join">Join this wiki</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/CZ:How_to_start_a_new_article" class="mw-redirect" title="CZ:How to start a new article">start an article</a></b> <br /> <br /> Browse the Workgroups: <small><b> </b></small></p><small><b> <table style="width:90%; border: solid 1px #f0e6ed; background: #fff5d1; margin: 0 0 0 0; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_Workgroup" title="Category:Agriculture Workgroup">Agriculture</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Earth_Sciences_Workgroup" title="Category:Earth Sciences Workgroup">Earth Sciences</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalism_Workgroup" title="Category:Journalism Workgroup">Journalism</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Physics_Workgroup" title="Category:Physics Workgroup">Physics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology_Workgroup" title="Category:Anthropology Workgroup">Anthropology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_Workgroup" title="Category:Economics Workgroup">Economics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_Workgroup" title="Category:Law Workgroup">Law</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_Workgroup" title="Category:Politics Workgroup">Politics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_Workgroup" title="Category:Archaeology Workgroup">Archaeology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_Workgroup" title="Category:Education Workgroup">Education</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Library_and_Information_Science_Workgroup" title="Category:Library and Information Science Workgroup">Library & Info. Sci.</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_Workgroup" title="Category:Psychology Workgroup">Psychology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_Workgroup" title="Category:Architecture Workgroup">Architecture</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Engineering_Workgroup" title="Category:Engineering Workgroup">Engineering</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_Workgroup" title="Category:Linguistics Workgroup">Linguistics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_Workgroup" title="Category:Religion Workgroup">Religion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Astronomy_Workgroup" title="Category:Astronomy Workgroup">Astronomy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_Science_Workgroup" title="Category:Food Science Workgroup">Food Science</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_Workgroup" title="Category:Literature Workgroup">Literature</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Robotics_Workgroup" title="Category:Robotics Workgroup">Robotics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Biology_Workgroup" title="Category:Biology Workgroup">Biology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Games_Workgroup" title="Category:Games Workgroup">Games</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Mathematics_Workgroup" title="Category:Mathematics Workgroup">Mathematics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_Workgroup" title="Category:Sociology Workgroup">Sociology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Business_Workgroup" title="Category:Business Workgroup">Business</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_Workgroup" title="Category:Geography Workgroup">Geography</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Media_Workgroup" title="Category:Media Workgroup">Media</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_Workgroup" title="Category:Sports Workgroup">Sports</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_Workgroup" title="Category:Chemistry Workgroup">Chemistry</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_Sciences_Workgroup" title="Category:Health Sciences Workgroup">Health Sciences</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_Workgroup" title="Category:Military Workgroup">Military</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Theater_Workgroup" title="Category:Theater Workgroup">Theater</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Classics_Workgroup" title="Category:Classics Workgroup">Classics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:History_Workgroup" title="Category:History Workgroup">History</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_Workgroup" title="Category:Music Workgroup">Music</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Topic_Informant_Workgroup" title="Category:Topic Informant Workgroup">Topic Informant</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Computers_Workgroup" title="Category:Computers Workgroup">Computers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Hobbies_Workgroup" title="Category:Hobbies Workgroup">Hobbies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_Workgroup" title="Category:Philosophy Workgroup">Philosophy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Visual_Arts_Workgroup" title="Category:Visual Arts Workgroup">Visual Arts</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </b></small><p><small><b></b></small> <br /> </p> <table align="center" style="width:90%; background-color: #80FF80; border: solid 3px #40FF40; padding: 2px;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td style="background-color:#40FF40;"><b><span>Please help today!</span></b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b><big>Please <a href="/wiki/CZ:Donate" title="CZ:Donate">make your donations here</a>.</big></b><br />Donations go to keep our servers running. See our <a href="/wiki/CZ:Financial_report" title="CZ:Financial report">financial report</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <blockquote> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width:50%; border:1px solid #e9e9e9; border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.05); margin:0; padding:0; background:#fafafa; background:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius:0 10px 10px; -webkit-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-top-left-radius:0; -moz-background-clip:padding; -webkit-background-clip:padding;"> <table cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="padding:1em 1em 0.75em;"> <h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Article_counts"> <b>Article counts</b> </span></h4> <p style="line-height:15px; padding-left:20px;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Citable_versions_of_articles" title="Category:Citable versions of articles">Citable</a> <font size="1">(<b>146</b>)</font><br /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Developed_Articles" title="Category:Developed Articles">Developed</a> <font size="1">(<b>1,128</b>)</font><br /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Developing_Articles" title="Category:Developing Articles">Developing</a> <font size="1">(<b>7,392</b>)</font><br /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Stub_Articles" title="Category:Stub Articles">Stubs</a> <font size="1">(<b>7,672</b>)</font><br /> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Category:CZ_Live" title="Category:CZ Live">16,468 total</a>)</small> </p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; overflow:hidden; padding:0 0 1em;"> <p style="background:#ffffe0; background:rgba(255, 255, 200, 0.3); border:solid 1px #f2f2d0; border-width: 0 0 1px 1px; font-size:small; text-align:left; padding:1em 2em; margin:0; max-width:30em; float:right; -moz-border-radius:0 10px; -webkit-border-top-right-radius:10px; -webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:10px;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Word" class="mw-redirect" title="Word">Words</a> are only postage stamps delivering the object for you to unwrap.</b><br /> <cite style="font-size:0.9em; font-style:normal;">— <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> </cite><br />        —<small><i><a href="/wiki/CZ:Quote" title="CZ:Quote">add a quotation about knowledge or writing</a></i></small> <br clear="all" /> </p></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding:0 1em 0.5em;" colspan="2"> <hr /><h3 style="margin-top:0; padding-top:0.6em; border-top:1px dotted #e0e0e0;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Featured_Article:_Poverty"> <p><big><a href="/wiki/CZ:Featured_article" title="CZ:Featured article">Featured Article</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></i></big> </p> </span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;"><a href="/wiki/File:800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/wiki/images/thumb/4/4a/800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg/400px-800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="thumbimage" srcset="/wiki/images/thumb/4/4a/800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg/600px-800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg 1.5x, /wiki/images/4/4a/800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:800px-MathareValleySlum.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Mathare Valley slum near Nairobi, Kenya, in 2009.</div></div></div> <p><b>Poverty</b> is deprivation based on lack of material resources. The concept is value-based and political. Hence its definition, causes and remedies (and the possibility of remedies) are highly contentious.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> The word poverty may also be used figuratively to indicate a lack, instead of material goods or money, of any kind of quality, as in <i>a poverty of imagination</i>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Definitions">Definitions</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Primary_and_secondary_poverty">Primary and secondary poverty</span></h3> <p>The use of the terms <i>primary</i> and <i>secondary poverty</i> dates back to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seebohm_Rowntree" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Seebohm Rowntree">Seebohm Rowntree</a>, who conducted the second British survey to calculate the extent of poverty. This was carried out in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> and was published in 1899. He defined primary poverty as having insufficient income to “obtain the minimum necessaries for the maintenance of merely physical efficiency”. In secondary poverty, the income “would be sufficient for the maintenance of merely physical efficiency were it not that some portion of it is absorbed by some other expenditure.” Even with these rigorous criteria he found that 9.9% of the population was in primary poverty and a further 17.9% in secondary.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Absolute_and_comparative_poverty">Absolute and comparative poverty</span></h3> <p>More recent definitions tend to use the terms <i>absolute</i> and <i>comparative poverty</i>. Absolute is in line with Rowntree's primary poverty, but comparative poverty is usually expressed in terms of ability to play a part in the <a href="/wiki/Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Society">society</a> in which a person lives. Comparative poverty will thus vary from one <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> to another.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The difficulty of definition is illustrated by the fact that a recession can actually reduce "poverty". </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Causes_of_poverty">Causes of poverty</span></h2> <p>The causes of poverty most often considered are: </p> <ul><li>Character defects</li> <li>An established “culture of poverty”, with low expectations handed down from one generation to another</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li> <li>Irregular employment, and/or low pay</li> <li>Position in the life cycle (see below) and <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a> size</li> <li><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Disability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disability (page does not exist)">Disability</a></li> <li>Structural <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Inequality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inequality (page does not exist)">inequality</a>, both within countries and between countries. (R H Tawney: “What thoughtful rich people call the problem of poverty, thoughtful poor people call with equal justice a problem of riches”)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> <p>As noted above, most of these, or the extent to which they can be, or should be changed, are matters of heated controversy. </p><p><small> </small></p><small> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><div class="references" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alcock, P. <i>Understanding poverty</i>. Macmillan. 1997. ch 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, B. <i>The origins of the British welfare state</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. 2004. Also, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alcock, Pt II</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alcock, Preface to 1st edition and pt III.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></span> </small><p><small></small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="text-align: right;"><small><i><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Continued</a>...</i></small></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table>  </div> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Citizendium&oldid=991848">https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Citizendium&oldid=991848</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Welcome+to+Citizendium" title="To edit pages, [[Special:RequestAccount|get a contributor account]]. [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Log in</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Namespaces</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Citizendium" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Main Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Welcome_to_Citizendium" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-variants-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" /> <label id="p-variants-label" aria-label="Change language variant" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-views-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Views</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Citizendium"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Citizendium&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Citizendium&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li><li id="ca-mzwi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Citizendium&action=mzwi"><span>ZWI Export</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-cactions-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" /> <label id="p-cactions-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">More</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <div> <h3 > <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/wiki/index.php" id="searchform" class="vector-search-box-form"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="vector-search-box-inner" data-search-loc="header-navigation"> <input class="vector-search-box-input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Citizendium" aria-label="Search Citizendium" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Citizendium [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton" type="submit" name="fulltext" title="Search the pages for this text" value="Search"> <input id="searchButton" class="searchButton" type="submit" name="go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" value="Go To Page"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Citizendium" title="Visit the main page"></a> </div> <nav id="p-Read" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Read vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Read-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Read-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Read</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Citizendium" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Welcome to Citizendium</span></a></li><li id="n-Citable-Articles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:Citable_versions_of_articles"><span>Citable Articles</span></a></li><li id="n-All-Articles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:CZ_Live"><span>All Articles</span></a></li><li id="n-Random-Article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/CZ_Live"><span>Random Article</span></a></li><li id="n-All-Recent-Changes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges"><span>All Recent Changes</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-About_Us" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-About_Us vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-About_Us-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-About_Us-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">About Us</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:About"><span>Introduction</span></a></li><li id="n-FAQ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:FAQ"><span>FAQ</span></a></li><li id="n-Policies" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Policies"><span>Policies</span></a></li><li id="n-Governance" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Governance"><span>Governance</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-Contact_Us" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contact_Us vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Contact_Us-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Contact_Us-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Contact Us</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Enquiries" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Enquiry_Form"><span>Enquiries</span></a></li><li id="n-Apply-to-Join" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Index/Join"><span>Apply to Join</span></a></li><li id="n-Personnel" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Personnel"><span>Personnel</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-How_To" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-How_To vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-How_To-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-How_To-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">How To</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Forum:Home"><span>Forum</span></a></li><li id="n-Start-Article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Start_Article"><span>Start Article</span></a></li><li id="n-Article-Mechanics" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Article_mechanics"><span>Article Mechanics</span></a></li><li id="n-How-to-Edit" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:How_to_edit_an_article"><span>How to Edit</span></a></li><li id="n-Help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Home"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-More-Help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Index"><span>More Help</span></a></li><li id="n-Quick-Start" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Quick_Start"><span>Quick Start</span></a></li><li id="n-How-to-collaborate" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:How_to_collaborate"><span>How to collaborate</span></a></li><li id="n-How-to-format-pages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:How_To"><span>How to format pages</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-Finance" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Finance vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Finance-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Finance-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Finance</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Financial-Report" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Financial_report"><span>Financial Report</span></a></li><li id="n-Donate" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Donate"><span>Donate</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-tb-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Welcome_to_Citizendium" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Welcome_to_Citizendium" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Citizendium&oldid=991848" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Citizendium&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Welcome_to_Citizendium&id=991848&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified 08:47, 31 October 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><I>CZ is free</i>. All written content is available under the <a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_CC-by-sa_3.0">Creative Commons-Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license</a> or any later. Written content that originated in part from Wikipedia is also available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a>. <br /> <br /> <a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/Help:Index">Help</a> • <a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:Financial_report">Financial Report</a> • Follow Citizendium on <a href="https://twitter.com/TheCitizendium">Twitter</a> • <a href="https://www.facebook.com/citizendium">Facebook</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/CZ:About">About Citizendium</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/CZ:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"><img src="/wiki/resources/assets/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa.png" alt="Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="/wiki/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/wiki/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /wiki/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> </ul> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":48});});</script> </body>  </html>