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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="تقليد (إسلام) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقليد (إسلام)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="তাকলিদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাকলিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D2%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Тәҡлид – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәҡлид" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taqlid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taqlid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τακλίντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τακλίντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Taqlid" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="تقلید (اسلام) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقلید (اسلام)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taqlid" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taklid" title="Taklid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taklid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Taqlid" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93" title="תקליד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקליד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Тақлид – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тақлид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taqlid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA" title="သပ်က်လီးဒ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သပ်က်လီးဒ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlid_(tushuncha)" title="Taqlid (tushuncha) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Taqlid (tushuncha)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_(%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD)" title="تقلید (اصطلاح) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تقلید (اصطلاح)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="تقلید – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تقلید" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Таклид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таклид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taklidi" title="Taklidi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Taklidi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Taqlid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="தக்லீது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தக்லீது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94" title="ตักลีด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตักลีด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taklid" title="Taklid – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Taklid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Таклід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таклід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_(%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD)" title="تقلید (اصطلاح) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تقلید (اصطلاح)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%B7" title="塔格利德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塔格利德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1542247#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:1px solid #060;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Usul al-Fiqh</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);border-bottom:1px solid #686;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhtilaf" title="Ikhtilaf">Ikhtilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihlal" title="Istihlal">Istihlal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">Istihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishab" title="Istishab">Istishab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">Urf</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);border-bottom:1px solid #686;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">Ahkam</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">Fard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustahabb" title="Mustahabb">Mustahabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubah" title="Mubah">Mubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">Makruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batil" title="Batil">Batil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">Bid'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahisha" title="Fahisha">Fahisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasiq" title="Fasiq">Fasiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad">Fasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghibah" title="Ghibah">Ghibah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">Gunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Hirabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasd" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasd">Qasd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Taghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">Taqiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawbah">Tawbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation_in_Islam" title="Moderation in Islam">Wasat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);border-bottom:1px solid #686;"> Legal vocations and titles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashraf">Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrat" title="Hadrat">Hadrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqeeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqeeh">Faqeeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohyeddin" title="Mohyeddin">Mohyeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujjat_al-Islam" title="Hujjat al-Islam">Hujjat al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">Mujtahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seghatoleslam" title="Seghatoleslam">Seghatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_(title)" title="Hakim (title)">Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">Mullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlawi_(Islamic_title)" title="Mawlawi (Islamic title)">Mawlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib">Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja" title="Khawaja">Khawaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawl%C4%81n%C4%81" title="Mawlānā">Mawlānā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">Mawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Mufassir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhund" title="Akhund">Akhund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">Mujaddid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Marabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu%27l-amr" title="Ulu'l-amr">Ulu'l-amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustad" title="Ustad">Ustad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27azzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'azzin">Mu'azzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Hajji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">Tabi'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in" title="Tabi' al-Tabi'in">Tabi' al-Tabi'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawla" title="Al-Dawla">al-Dawla</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template talk:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Taqlid</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَقْليد</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">taqlīd</i></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">imitation</a>") is an <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Islamic term</a> denoting the conformity of one person to the teaching of another. The person who performs <i>taqlid</i> is termed <i>muqallid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definite meaning of the term varies depending on context and age. Classical usage of the term differs between <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. Sunni Islamic usage designates the unjustified conformity of one person to the teaching of another, rather than the justified conformity of a layperson to the teaching of a <i><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a></i> (a person who is qualified for independent reasoning). Shia Islamic usage designates general conformity to the teaching of a <i>mujtahid</i>, and there is no negative connotation. The discrepancy corresponds to differing views on the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shia Imamate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_imams#Sunni_imams" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni imams">Sunni imams</a>. </p><p>In contemporary usage, especially in the context of <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>, <i>taqlid</i> is often portrayed in a negative light and translated as "blind imitation". This refers to the perceived stagnation of independent intellectual effort (<i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i>) and uncritical imitation of traditional religious interpretation by the religious establishment in general.<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqlid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic word</a> <i>taqlīd</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Triliteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Triliteral">three-letter Arabic verbal root</a> of <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ق-ل-د</span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Q</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">L</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">D</a> </i>, which means to imitate.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is believed to have originated from the idea of allowing oneself to be led "by the collar". One who performs <i>taqlid</i> is called a <i>muqallid</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ja_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ja-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas one who rejects <i>taqlid</i> is called a <i>ghair-muqallid</i>. Sheikh Shaamee Hanafi said it is "to take the statement of someone without knowing the evidence."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni_Islam">Sunni Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqlid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sunni Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, <i>taqlid</i> is lawful and obligatory when one is not qualified as a <i><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_139_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_139-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_F._Peters" title="Rudolph F. Peters">Rudolph Peters</a>, this is by the <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">consensus</a> of all Sunni Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_139_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_139-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Sunni scholars rely on two verses of the Qur'an that order one to ask the people of knowledge or remembrance if they do not know and to obey Allah, the messenger and those in authority among them.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_139_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_139-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also rely on several <i><a href="/wiki/Hadiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiths">hadiths</a></i>, including one where Muhammad tells his companions, "If one does not know what to do, the only remedy is to inquire." Muhammad did this after a <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">companion</a> who had fractured his skull asked other companions with him whether he could perform <a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">dry purification</a>. They said no. So this injured companion washed his head with water and died. Muhammad admonished his companions by saying, "They killed him. May Allah kill them. If one does not know what to do, the only remedy is to inquire."<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_139_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_139-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabis</a> reject <i>taqlid</i> and instead encourage <i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia_Islam">Shia Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqlid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shia Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Shia Islam, <i>taqlid</i> "denotes the following or "imitating" of the dictates of a <i><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Momen-1985-xxii_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momen-1985-xxii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/The_Occultation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Occultation">greater occultation</a> (<i>al-ghaybatu 'l-kubra</i>) in 941 CE (329 AH), the <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shia">Twelver Shia</a> are obliged to observe <i>taqlid</i> in their religious jurisprudential affairs by following the teachings of a thinker (<i><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a></i>) or jurist (<i><a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">faqih</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the 19th century the Shia <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i> taught believers to turn to "a source of <i>taqlid</i>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Marja%27_(Islamic_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marja' (Islamic law)">marja'</a> at-taqlid</i>) "for advice and guidance and as a model to be imitated."<sup id="cite_ref-Momen-1985-143_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momen-1985-143-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Shia who are not experts in Islamic jurisprudence (<i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i>) are "legally required to follow the instructions of the expert, i.e., the <i>mujtahid</i>" in matters of <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i>, but are forbidden to do so in "matters of belief" (<a href="/wiki/Usul_al-din" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-din">usul al-din</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AI_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqlid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">Case law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqlid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSharif" class="citation web cs1">Sharif, Surkheel (Abu Aaliyah). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306022617/http://web.mac.com/jawziyyah/The_Jawziyyah_Institute/Home_files/Taqlid%201.pdf">"The Truth About Taqlid (Part I)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Jawziyyah Institute. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mac.com/jawziyyah/The_Jawziyyah_Institute/Home_files/Taqlid%201.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+Taqlid+%28Part+I%29&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=The+Jawziyyah+Institute&rft.aulast=Sharif&rft.aufirst=Surkheel+%28Abu+Aaliyah%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mac.com%2Fjawziyyah%2FThe_Jawziyyah_Institute%2FHome_files%2FTaqlid%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqlid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jo_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiss, Bernard G. (1995). "Taqlīd". In John L. Esposito. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Najm al-Din al-Tufi, Sharh Mukhtasar al-Rawdah (Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Risålah, 1410H), 3:65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ja-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ja_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mac.com/jawziyyah/The_Jawziyyah_Institute/Home_files/Taqlid%201.pdf">Surkheel (Abu Aaliyah) Sharif, <i>The Truth About Taqlid (Part I)</i>, the Jawziyyah Institute, 2007, p. 2 </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306022617/http://web.mac.com/jawziyyah/The_Jawziyyah_Institute/Home_files/Taqlid%201.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aqood Rasm al-Muftee</i>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter_139-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_139_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_139_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_139_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_139_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter" class="citation journal cs1">Peter, Rudolph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dare.uva.nl/document/2/94781">"IDJTIHAD AND TAQLID IN 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY ISLAM"</a>. <i>Die Welt des Islams</i>: 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=IDJTIHAD+AND+TAQLID+IN+18TH+AND+19TH+CENTURY+ISLAM&rft.pages=139&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdare.uva.nl%2Fdocument%2F2%2F94781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqlid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahimUniversity2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ibrahim, Ahmed Fekry; University, McGill (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.4.0801">"Rethinking the Taqlīd Hegemony: An Institutional, Longue-Durée Approach"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>136</b> (4): 801–816. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.136.4.0801">10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.4.0801</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.4.0801">10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.4.0801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+Taql%C4%ABd+Hegemony%3A+An+Institutional%2C+Longue-Dur%C3%A9e+Approach&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=801-816&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.136.4.0801%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.136.4.0801&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Ahmed+Fekry&rft.au=University%2C+McGill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.136.4.0801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqlid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Esposito2003" class="citation book cs1">L. Esposito, John (2003). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 10, 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512558-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512558-4"><bdi>0-19-512558-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10%2C+333&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-512558-4&rft.aulast=L.+Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqlid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Martin2004" class="citation book cs1">C. Martin, Richard (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World</i>. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 727–728, 608–609, 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865603-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865603-2"><bdi>0-02-865603-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pages=727-728%2C+608-609%2C+26-27&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-02-865603-2&rft.aulast=C.+Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqlid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Momen-1985-xxii-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Momen-1985-xxii_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Momen, Moojan</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C&q=taqlid"><i>An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03531-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03531-4"><bdi>0-300-03531-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%CA%BBi+Islam%3A+The+History+and+Doctrines+of+Twelver+Shi%CA%BBism&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-300-03531-4&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB0OL5Z8S-V0C%26q%3Dtaqlid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqlid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/beliefs/practices/taqlid.html">al-islam.org 1. What is taqlid?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Momen-1985-143-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Momen-1985-143_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Momen, Moojan</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C&q=taqlid"><i>An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03531-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03531-4"><bdi>0-300-03531-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%CA%BBi+Islam%3A+The+History+and+Doctrines+of+Twelver+Shi%CA%BBism&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-300-03531-4&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB0OL5Z8S-V0C%26q%3Dtaqlid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqlid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AI-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AI_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/articles/taqlid-meaning-and-reality-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi">"Taqlid: Meaning and Reality"</a>. <i>al-Islam.org</i>. 20 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=Taqlid%3A+Meaning+and+Reality&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Farticles%2Ftaqlid-meaning-and-reality-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqlid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taqlid&oldid=1259464907">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taqlid&oldid=1259464907</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_words_and_phrases_in_Sharia" title="Category:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia">Arabic words and phrases in Sharia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_theology" title="Category:Shia theology">Shia theology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 08:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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