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<li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pathogens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plant_defences_against_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_defences_against_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Plant defences against pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_defences_against_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economic impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_agriculture_and_horticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_agriculture_and_horticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In agriculture and horticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_agriculture_and_horticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Weeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_forestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_forestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In forestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_forestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>In buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Countermeasures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pest_control_in_agriculture_and_horticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pest_control_in_agriculture_and_horticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pest control in agriculture and horticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pest_control_in_agriculture_and_horticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pest_control_in_forestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pest_control_in_forestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pest control in forestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pest_control_in_forestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pest_control_in_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pest_control_in_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pest control in buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pest_control_in_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mythology,_religion,_folklore,_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mythology,_religion,_folklore,_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In mythology, religion, folklore, and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mythology,_religion,_folklore,_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pest (organism)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaag_(organisme)" title="Plaag (organisme) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plaag (organisme)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A9_(%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%8A)" title="آفة (كائن حي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آفة (كائن حي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaga" title="Plaga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plaga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC)" title="বালাই (জীব) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বালাই (জীব)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1i%E2%81%BF-th%C3%A2ng" title="Pháiⁿ-thâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pháiⁿ-thâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шкодны арганізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шкодны арганізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaga" title="Plaga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plaga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0k%C5%AFdce" title="Škůdce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Škůdce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla_(organeb)" title="Pla (organeb) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pla (organeb)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadedyr" title="Skadedyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skadedyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%A4dling" title="Schädling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schädling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahjurid" title="Kahjurid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kahjurid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaga" title="Plaga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plaga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dama%C4%9Da_organismo" title="Damaĝa organismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Damaĝa organismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%AA_(%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85)" title="آفت (ارگانیسم) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آفت (ارگانیسم)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska%C3%B0adj%C3%B3r" title="Skaðadjór – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skaðadjór" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme_nuisible" title="Organisme nuisible – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisme nuisible" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praga_(agricultura)" title="Praga (agricultura) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Praga (agricultura)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%95%B4_%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="유해 생물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유해 생물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Վնասակար օրգանիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վնասակար օրգանիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="नाशीजीव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाशीजीव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7_(%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D)" title="מזיק (אורגניזם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזיק (אורגניזם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სასოფლო-სამეურნეო მცენარეთა მავნებლები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სასოფლო-სამეურნეო მცენარეთა მავნებლები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Зиянкестер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зиянкестер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenk%C4%97jas" title="Kenkėjas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kenkėjas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="കീടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കീടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhluk_perosak" title="Makhluk perosak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Makhluk perosak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadedyr" title="Skadedyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skadedyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%85)" title="افت یا مضر موجودات (ارګانېزم) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="افت یا مضر موجودات (ارګانېزم)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unt%C3%BC%C3%BCch" title="Untüüch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Untüüch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkodniki" title="Szkodniki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szkodniki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praga_biol%C3%B3gica" title="Praga biológica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Praga biológica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%83un%C4%83tor" title="Dăunător – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dăunător" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вредный организм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вредный организм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(biology)" title="Pest (biology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pest (biology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kodljivec" title="Škodljivec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Škodljivec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Штеточина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Штеточина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hama" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuholainen" title="Tuholainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuholainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தீங்குயிர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தீங்குயிர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="สัตว์รังควาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์รังควาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%9Fere" title="Haşere – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haşere" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organism harmful to humans/our concerns</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Plant pest" redirects here. For diseases in plants caused by infectious organisms, see <a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pest_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pest (disambiguation)">Pest (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sceliphron_and_pest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sceliphron_and_pest.jpg/220px-Sceliphron_and_pest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sceliphron_and_pest.jpg/330px-Sceliphron_and_pest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sceliphron_and_pest.jpg/440px-Sceliphron_and_pest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Varied_carpet_beetle" title="Varied carpet beetle">Varied carpet beetle</a> <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>, <i>Anthrenus verbasci</i>, damaging a specimen of <i><a href="/wiki/Sceliphron" title="Sceliphron">Sceliphron destillatorius</a></i> in an entomological collection</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pest</b> is any organism harmful to humans or human concerns. The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes. Humans have modified the environment for their own purposes and are intolerant of other creatures occupying the same space when their activities impact adversely on human objectives. Thus, an elephant is unobjectionable in its natural habitat but a pest when it tramples crops. </p><p>Some animals are disliked because they bite or sting; <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">bed bugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a> belong in this category. Others enter the home; these include houseflies, which land on and contaminate food; beetles, which tunnel into the woodwork; and other animals that scuttle about on the floor at night, like <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroaches</a>, which are often associated with unsanitary conditions. </p><p>Agricultural and horticultural crops are attacked by a wide variety of pests, the most important being <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">gastropod molluscs</a>. The damage they do results both from the direct injury they cause to the plants and from the indirect consequences of the fungal, bacterial or viral infections they transmit. Plants have their own defences against these attacks but these may be overwhelmed, especially in habitats where the plants are already stressed, or where the pests have been accidentally introduced and may have no natural enemies. The pests affecting trees are predominantly insects, and many of these have also been introduced inadvertently and lack natural enemies, and some have transmitted novel fungal diseases with devastating results. </p><p>Humans have traditionally performed <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">pest control</a> in agriculture and forestry by the use of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>; however, other methods exist such as <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_pest_control" title="Mechanical pest control">mechanical control</a>, and recently developed <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological controls</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Ants_(Termites)147.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/White_Ants_%28Termites%29147.jpg/220px-White_Ants_%28Termites%29147.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/White_Ants_%28Termites%29147.jpg/330px-White_Ants_%28Termites%29147.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/White_Ants_%28Termites%29147.jpg/440px-White_Ants_%28Termites%29147.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption>Pests, such as these <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, often occur in high densities, making the damage they do even more detrimental.</figcaption></figure> <p>A pest is any living thing which humans consider troublesome to themselves, their possessions, or the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pests can cause issues with crops, human or animal health, buildings, and wild areas or larger landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-UCIPM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCIPM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An older usage of the word "pest" is of a deadly <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> disease, specifically <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>. In its broadest sense, a pest is a <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competitor</a> to humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pests include plants, pathogens, invertebrates, vertebrates, or any organism that harms an ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-UCIPM_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCIPM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Animals"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005-11-12_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Trafalgar_Square_-_Pigeons_4887846489.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2005-11-12_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Trafalgar_Square_-_Pigeons_4887846489.jpg/220px-2005-11-12_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Trafalgar_Square_-_Pigeons_4887846489.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2005-11-12_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Trafalgar_Square_-_Pigeons_4887846489.jpg/330px-2005-11-12_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Trafalgar_Square_-_Pigeons_4887846489.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2005-11-12_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Trafalgar_Square_-_Pigeons_4887846489.jpg/440px-2005-11-12_-_United_Kingdom_-_England_-_London_-_Trafalgar_Square_-_Pigeons_4887846489.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Feral_pigeon" title="Feral pigeon">Feral pigeons</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Domestic_pigeon" title="Domestic pigeon">Columba livia domestica</a></i>, can become very numerous in cities.</figcaption></figure> <p>Animals are considered pests or <a href="/wiki/Vermin" title="Vermin">vermin</a> when they injure people or damage crops, forestry, or buildings. Elephants are regarded as pests by the farmers whose crops they raid and trample. <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">Mosquitoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a> are <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vectors</a> that can transmit ailments but are also pests because of the distress caused by their bites. Grasshoppers are usually solitary herbivores of little economic importance until the conditions are met for them to enter a <a href="/wiki/Swarm_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Swarm behavior">swarming phase</a>, become <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locusts</a> and cause enormous damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Emden_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emden-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people appreciate birds in the countryside and their gardens, but when these accumulate in large masses, they can be a nuisance. Flocks of <a href="/wiki/Common_starling" title="Common starling">starlings</a> can consist of hundreds of thousands of individual birds, their roosts can be noisy and their droppings voluminous; the droppings are acidic and can cause corrosion of metals, stonework, and brickwork as well as being unsightly. <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">Pigeons</a> in urban settings may be a health hazard, and <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a> near the coast can become a nuisance, especially if they become bold enough to snatch food from passers-by. All birds are a risk at airfields where they can be sucked into aircraft engines.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">Woodpeckers</a> sometimes excavate holes in buildings, fencing and utility poles, causing structural damage;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they also drum on various reverberatory structures on buildings such as gutters, down-spouts, chimneys, vents and aluminium sheeting.<sup id="cite_ref-drilling_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drilling-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">Jellyfish</a> can form vast swarms which may be responsible for damage to fishing gear, and sometimes clog the cooling systems of power and desalination plants which draw their water from the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the animals that we regard as pests live in our homes. Before humans built dwellings, these creatures lived in the wider environment, but co-evolved with humans, adapting to the warm, sheltered conditions that a house provides, the wooden timbers, the furnishings, the food supplies and the rubbish dumps. Many no longer exist as free-living organisms in the outside world, and can therefore be considered to be domesticated.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_house_mouse" title="St Kilda house mouse">St Kilda house mouse</a> rapidly became extinct when the last islander left the island of <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda, Scotland</a> in 1930, but the <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_field_mouse" title="St Kilda field mouse">St Kilda field mouse</a> survived.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribulus_terrestris_nutlets_in_foot,_Marfa,_Texas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tribulus_terrestris_nutlets_in_foot%2C_Marfa%2C_Texas.JPG/220px-Tribulus_terrestris_nutlets_in_foot%2C_Marfa%2C_Texas.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tribulus_terrestris_nutlets_in_foot%2C_Marfa%2C_Texas.JPG/330px-Tribulus_terrestris_nutlets_in_foot%2C_Marfa%2C_Texas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tribulus_terrestris_nutlets_in_foot%2C_Marfa%2C_Texas.JPG/440px-Tribulus_terrestris_nutlets_in_foot%2C_Marfa%2C_Texas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllaceae" title="Zygophyllaceae">Caltrop</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tribulus_terrestris" title="Tribulus terrestris">Tribulus terrestris</a></i>, is sometimes considered a pest plant because of its sharp spiny burrs, shown here in a person's foot.<sup id="cite_ref-GWA_2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GWA_2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Plants may be considered pests, for example, if they are <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> or <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a>. There is no universal definition of what makes a plant a pest. Some governments, such as that of Western Australia, permit their authorities to prescribe as a pest plant "any plant that, in the local government authority's opinion, is likely to adversely affect the environment of the district, the value of property in the district, or the health, comfort or convenience of the district's inhabitants."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of such a plant prescribed under this regulation is caltrop, <i><a href="/wiki/Tribulus_terrestris" title="Tribulus terrestris">Tribulus terrestris</a></i>, which can cause poisoning in sheep and goats, but is mainly a nuisance around buildings, roadsides and recreation areas because of its uncomfortably sharp spiny <a href="/wiki/Burr_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burr (fruit)">burrs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GWA_2017_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GWA_2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathogens">Pathogens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pathogens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Disease-causing pathogens such as <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oomycete" title="Oomycete">oomycetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> can cause damage to crops and garden plants.<sup id="cite_ref-AmerSocAgr-def_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmerSocAgr-def-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg/220px-Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg/330px-Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg/440px-Canada_Goose_Daingerfield_State_Park_Texas_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Due to their aggressive behaviour towards humans and other animals, their habit of <a href="/wiki/Begging_in_animals" title="Begging in animals">begging</a> for food, damaging grasslands and crops through <a href="/wiki/Grazing_(behaviour)" title="Grazing (behaviour)">grazing</a> and their excrement, and the <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">threat large flocks pose to aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada geese">Canada geese</a>, <i>Branta canadensis</i>, are sometimes considered to be pests.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The term "plant pest", mainly applied to insect <a href="/wiki/Micropredator" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropredator">micropredators</a> of plants, has a specific definition in terms of the <a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Protection_Convention" title="International Plant Protection Convention">International Plant Protection Convention</a> and phytosanitary measures worldwide. A pest is any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal, or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worldwide, agricultural pest impacts are increased by higher degrees of interconnectedness. This is due to the increased risk that any particular pest problem anywhere in the world (as a <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a>) will propagate across the entire system.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs-et-al-2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs-et-al-2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_defences_against_pests">Plant defences against pests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plant defences against pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Plant_defence_against_herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant defence against herbivory">Plant defence against herbivory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">Plant disease resistance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acacia-collinsii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Acacia-collinsii.jpg/170px-Acacia-collinsii.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Acacia-collinsii.jpg/255px-Acacia-collinsii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Acacia-collinsii.jpg/340px-Acacia-collinsii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The large and directly defensive thorn-like stipules of <i><a href="/wiki/Vachellia_collinsii" title="Vachellia collinsii">Vachellia collinsii</a></i> are hollow, offering shelter for ants, which further protect the plant against herbivores.</figcaption></figure> <p>Plants have developed strategies that they use in their own defence, be they thorns (modified stems) or spines (modified leaves), stings, a thick cuticle or waxy deposits, with the second line of defence being toxic or distasteful <a href="/wiki/Secondary_metabolite" title="Secondary metabolite">secondary metabolites</a>. Mechanical injury to the plant tissues allows the entry of pathogens and stimulates the plant to mobilise its chemical defences. The plant soon seals off the wound to reduce further damage.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants sometimes take active steps to reduce herbivory. <i><a href="/wiki/Macaranga_triloba" title="Macaranga triloba">Macaranga triloba</a></i> for example has adapted its thin-walled stems to create ideal housing for an ant <i><a href="/wiki/Crematogaster" title="Crematogaster">Crematogaster</a></i> spp., which, in turn, protects the plant from herbivores. In addition to providing housing, the plant also provides the ant with its exclusive food source in the form of <a href="/wiki/Beltian_body" title="Beltian body">food bodies</a> located on the leaf stipules.<sup id="cite_ref-Heil_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heil-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, several <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i> tree species have developed stout spines that are swollen at the base, forming a hollow structure that provides housing for ants which protect the plant. These <i>Acacia</i> trees also produce <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> in nectaries on their leaves as food for the ants.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pest ranges are heavily determined by <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. The most common example for the longest time has been <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a>: Although <a href="/wiki/Drought_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought stress">drought stress</a> weakens <a href="/wiki/Crop_disease_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop disease resistance">crop disease resistance</a>, drought also retards contagion and infection; and some variability in precipitation is universal. More recently <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> has been rapidly altering ranges, mostly by pushing them towards the poles (both <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bebber-et-al-2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bebber-et-al-2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pecl-et-al-2017_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pecl-et-al-2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FAO-2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavicchioli-et-al-2019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavicchioli-et-al-2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1960-2013 ranges have shifted poleward by 2.7 ± 0.8 km (1.68 ± 0.50 mi) per year - albeit with significant differences between <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a>. (Especially in the case of viruses and <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> which show the opposite trend, toward the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. This may be due to their lack of <a href="/wiki/Airborne_dispersal" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne dispersal">airborne dispersal</a>, so their trend conforms with the trend of <a href="/wiki/Human-aided_dispersal" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-aided dispersal">human-aided dispersal</a>; or identification difficulties in the field.)<sup id="cite_ref-Bebber-et-al-2013_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bebber-et-al-2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, crop pests are expected to burgeon as the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> predators which control them are expected to be suppressed by future climatic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Pecl-et-al-2017_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pecl-et-al-2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAO-2017_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economic impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_agriculture_and_horticulture">In agriculture and horticulture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In agriculture and horticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helicoverpa_armigera_larva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Helicoverpa_armigera_larva.jpg/220px-Helicoverpa_armigera_larva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Helicoverpa_armigera_larva.jpg/330px-Helicoverpa_armigera_larva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Helicoverpa_armigera_larva.jpg/440px-Helicoverpa_armigera_larva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">Caterpillars</a> such as those of the cotton bollworm moth <i><a href="/wiki/Helicoverpa_armigera" title="Helicoverpa armigera">Helicoverpa armigera</a></i> can devastate crops.</figcaption></figure> <p>Together pests and <a href="/wiki/Crop_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop disease">diseases</a> cause up to 40% yield losses every year.<sup id="cite_ref-IYPM-Photo_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IYPM-Photo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animal groups of the greatest importance as agricultural pests are (in order of economic importance) <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">gastropod molluscs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Speiser_2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speiser_2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stange_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stange-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insects are responsible for two major forms of damage to crops. First, there is the direct injury they cause to the plants as they feed on the tissues; a reduction in leaf surface available for photosynthesis, distortion of growing shoots, a diminution of the plant's growth and vigour, and the wilting of shoots and branches caused by the insects' tunneling activities. Secondly there is the indirect damage, where the insects do little direct harm, but either transmit or allow entry of fungal, bacterial or viral infections.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some insects are polyphagous, many are restricted to one specific crop, or group of crops. In many cases it is the larva that feeds on the plant, building up a nutritional store that will be used by the short-lived adult; <a href="/wiki/Sawfly" title="Sawfly">sawfly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">lepidopteran</a> larvae feed mainly on the aerial portions of plants while <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetle</a> larvae tend to live underground, feeding on roots, or tunnel into the stem or under the bark. The true bugs, <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a>, have piercing and sucking mouthparts and live by sucking sap from plants. These include <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitefly" title="Whitefly">whiteflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">scale insects</a>. Apart from weakening the plant, they encourage the growth of <a href="/wiki/Sooty_mould" class="mw-redirect" title="Sooty mould">sooty mould</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew</a> the insects produce, which cuts out the light and reduces photosynthesis, stunting the plant's growth. They often transmit serious viral diseases between plants.<sup id="cite_ref-AES_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AES-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eriophyes_cerasicrumena_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Eriophyes_cerasicrumena_2.jpg/220px-Eriophyes_cerasicrumena_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Eriophyes_cerasicrumena_2.jpg/330px-Eriophyes_cerasicrumena_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Eriophyes_cerasicrumena_2.jpg/440px-Eriophyes_cerasicrumena_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galls" class="mw-redirect" title="Galls">Galls</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cherry_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry tree">cherry</a> caused by a mite, <i>Eriophyes cerasicrumena</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The mites that cause most trouble in the field are the <a href="/wiki/Spider_mite" title="Spider mite">spider mites</a>. These are less than 1 mm (0.04 in) in diameter, can be very numerous, and thrive in hot, dry conditions. They mostly live on the underside of leaves and puncture the plant cells to feed, with some species forming webbing. They occur on nearly all important food crops and ornamental plants, both outdoors and under glass, and include some of the most economically important pests.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important group of mites is the <a href="/wiki/Eriophyidae" title="Eriophyidae">gall mites</a> which affect a wide range of plants, several mite species being major pests causing substantial economic damage to crops. They can feed on the roots or the aerial parts of plants and transmit viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeppson_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeppson-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples are the <a href="/wiki/Cecidophyopsis_ribis" title="Cecidophyopsis ribis">big bud mite</a> that transmits the reversion virus of <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrants</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hummer_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hummer-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Aceria_guerreronis" title="Aceria guerreronis">coconut mite</a> which can devastate coconut production,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Abacarus_hystrix" title="Abacarus hystrix">cereal rust mite</a> which transmits several grass and cereal viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being exceedingly minute, many plant mites are spread by wind, although others use insects or other arthropods as a means to disperse.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeppson_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeppson-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PotatoNematodeCysts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PotatoNematodeCysts.jpg/220px-PotatoNematodeCysts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PotatoNematodeCysts.jpg/330px-PotatoNematodeCysts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PotatoNematodeCysts.jpg/440px-PotatoNematodeCysts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Potato_cyst_nematode" title="Potato cyst nematode">potato cyst nematode</a> can cause serious reductions in crop yield.</figcaption></figure> <p>The nematodes (eelworms) that attack plants are minute, often too small to be seen with the naked eye, but their presence is often apparent in the galls or "knots" they form in plant tissues. Vast numbers of nematodes are found in soil and attack roots, but others affect stems, buds, leaves, flowers and fruits. High infestations cause stunting, deformation and retardation of plant growth, and the nematodes can transmit viral diseases from one plant to another.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When its populations are high, the <a href="/wiki/Potato_cyst_nematode" title="Potato cyst nematode">potato cyst nematode</a> can cause reductions of 80% in yield of susceptible potato varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nematode eggs survive in the soil for many years, being stimulated to hatch by chemical cues produced by roots of susceptible plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Decker_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decker-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">Slugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> are terrestrial gastropod molluscs which typically chew leaves, stems, flowers, fruit and vegetable debris. Slugs and snails differ little from each other and both do considerable damage to plants. With novel crops being grown and with insect pests having been brought more under control by biological and other means, the damage done by molluscs becomes of greater significance.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terrestrial molluscs need moist environments; snails may be more noticeable because their shells provide protection from desiccation, while most slugs live in soil and only come out to feed at night. They devour seedlings, damage developing shoots and feed on salad crops and cabbages, and some species tunnel into potatoes and other tubers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Plants"></span><span class="anchor" id="Plants_and_plant_diseases"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weeds">Weeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Weeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit4c_(11680147013).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit4c_%2811680147013%29.jpg/220px-Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit4c_%2811680147013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit4c_%2811680147013%29.jpg/330px-Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit4c_%2811680147013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit4c_%2811680147013%29.jpg/440px-Alternanthera_philoxeroides_habit4c_%2811680147013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alternanthera_philoxeroides" title="Alternanthera philoxeroides">Alligator weed</a>, a native of South America, is an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> in many other countries and is considered a <a href="/wiki/Noxious_weed" title="Noxious weed">noxious weed</a> as it is harmful to aquatic ecosystems, recreational activities, and favours the spread of <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>. Control is difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">Weed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noxious_weed" title="Noxious weed">Noxious weed</a></div> <p>A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation; the term has no botanical significance. Often, weeds are simply those native plants that are adapted to grow in disturbed ground, the disturbance caused by ploughing and cultivation favouring them over other species. Any plant is a weed if it appears in a location where it is unwanted; <a href="/wiki/Cynodon_dactylon" title="Cynodon dactylon">Bermuda grass</a> makes a good lawn plant under hot dry conditions but become a bad weed when it out-competes cultivated plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A different group of weeds consists of those that are invasive, introduced, often unintentionally, to habitats to which they are not native but in which they thrive. Without their original competitors, herbivores, and diseases, they may increase and become a serious nuisance.<sup id="cite_ref-Janick_1979_308_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janick_1979_308-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such plant is <a href="/wiki/Lythrum_salicaria" title="Lythrum salicaria">purple loosestrife</a>, a native of Europe and Asia where it occurs in ditches, <a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">wet meadows</a> and marshes; introduced into North America, it has no natural enemies to keep it in check and has taken over vast tracts of wetlands to the exclusion of native species.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_forestry">In forestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In forestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_ash_killed_by_Emerald_Ash_Borer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Green_ash_killed_by_Emerald_Ash_Borer.jpg/170px-Green_ash_killed_by_Emerald_Ash_Borer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Green_ash_killed_by_Emerald_Ash_Borer.jpg/255px-Green_ash_killed_by_Emerald_Ash_Borer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Green_ash_killed_by_Emerald_Ash_Borer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Green_Ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Ash">green ash</a> tree killed by <a href="/wiki/Emerald_ash_borer" title="Emerald ash borer">emerald ash borer</a> beetles</figcaption></figure> <p>In forestry, pests may affect various parts of the tree, from its roots and trunk to the canopy far overhead. The accessibility of the part of the tree affected may make detection difficult, so that a pest problem may already be far advanced before it is first observed from the ground. The <a href="/wiki/Pristiphora_erichsonii" title="Pristiphora erichsonii">larch sawfly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spruce_budworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Spruce budworm">spruce budworm</a> are two insect pests prevalent in Alaska and aerial surveys can show which sections of forest are being defoliated in any given year so that appropriate remedial action can be taken.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pests may not be present on the tree all year round, either because of their life cycle or because they rotate between different host species at different times of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Leather_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leather-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In forestry, pests may affect various parts of the tree, from its roots and trunk to the canopy far overhead. The larvae of <a href="/wiki/White_worm_beetle" title="White worm beetle">wood-boring beetles</a>, for example, are notorious for spending years excavating tunnels under the bark of trees, leading to significant structural damage. These larvae only emerge into the open for brief periods as adults, primarily to mate and disperse. The import and export of timber has inadvertently assisted some insect pests to establish themselves far from their country of origin. An insect may be of little importance in its native range, being kept under control by parasitoid wasps, predators, and the natural resistance of the host trees, but be a serious pest in a region into which it has been introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the case with the <a href="/wiki/Emerald_ash_borer" title="Emerald ash borer">emerald ash borer</a>, an insect native to north-eastern Asia, which, since its arrival in North America, has killed millions of ash trees.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example of a beetle species that exhibits pest behavior are <i><a href="/wiki/Melolontha_hippocastani" title="Melolontha hippocastani">Melolontha Hippocastrani</a></i>, that cause severe, long-term damage on young trees by feeding on roots.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_buildings">In buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_household_pests" title="List of common household pests">List of common household pests</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Workertermite1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Workertermite1.jpg/220px-Workertermite1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Workertermite1.jpg/330px-Workertermite1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Workertermite1.jpg/440px-Workertermite1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Termites can cause serious structural damage.</figcaption></figure> <p>Animals able to live in the dry conditions found in buildings include many <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> such as beetles, cockroaches, moths, and mites. Another group, including <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">woodworm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longhorn_beetle" title="Longhorn beetle">longhorn beetles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wood_ant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood ant">wood ants</a> cause structural damage to buildings and furniture.<sup id="cite_ref-GhiassiLourenco2018_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GhiassiLourenco2018-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The natural habitat of these is the decaying parts of trees. The <a href="/wiki/Deathwatch_beetle" title="Deathwatch beetle">deathwatch beetle</a> infests the structural timbers of old buildings, mostly attacking <a href="/wiki/Wood#Heartwood_and_sapwood" title="Wood">hardwood</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>. The initial attack usually follows the entry of water into a building and the subsequent decay of damp timber. <a href="/wiki/Common_furniture_beetle" title="Common furniture beetle">Furniture beetles</a> mainly attack the <a href="/wiki/Wood#Heartwood_and_sapwood" title="Wood">sapwood</a> of both hard and <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">soft wood</a>, only attacking the <a href="/wiki/Heartwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartwood">heartwood</a> when it is modified by fungal decay. The presence of the beetles only becomes apparent when the larvae gnaw their way out, leaving small circular holes in the timber.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridout_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridout-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dermestidae" title="Dermestidae">Carpet beetles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">clothes moths</a> cause non-structural damage to property such as clothing and carpets.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the larvae that are destructive, feeding on wool, hair, fur, feathers and down. The moth larvae live where they feed, but the beetle larvae may hide behind skirting boards or in other similar locations between meals. They may be introduced to the home in any product containing animal fibres including upholstered furniture; the moths are feeble fliers but the carpet beetles may also enter houses through open windows.<sup id="cite_ref-DASEA_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DASEA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furniture beetles, carpet beetles and clothes moths are also capable of creating great damage to museum exhibits, zoological and botanical collections, and other cultural heritage items. Constant vigilance is required to prevent an attack, and newly acquired items, and those that have been out on loan, may need <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantining</a> before being added to the general collection.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinniger_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinniger-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are over four thousand species of cockroach worldwide, but only four species are commonly regarded as pests, having adapted to live permanently in buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considered to be a sign of unsanitary conditions, they feed on almost anything, reproduce rapidly and are difficult to eradicate. They can passively transport pathogenic microbes on their body surfaces, particularly in environments such as hospitals,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are linked with allergic reactions in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_208_A_Grain_Pest_Triboleum_crstanium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/CSIRO_ScienceImage_208_A_Grain_Pest_Triboleum_crstanium.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_208_A_Grain_Pest_Triboleum_crstanium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/CSIRO_ScienceImage_208_A_Grain_Pest_Triboleum_crstanium.jpg/330px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_208_A_Grain_Pest_Triboleum_crstanium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/CSIRO_ScienceImage_208_A_Grain_Pest_Triboleum_crstanium.jpg/440px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_208_A_Grain_Pest_Triboleum_crstanium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flour_beetle" title="Flour beetle">Flour beetles</a> are important commercial pests of grain storage.</figcaption></figure> <p>Various insects attack dry food products, with <a href="/wiki/Flour_beetle" title="Flour beetle">flour beetles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Drugstore_beetle" title="Drugstore beetle">drugstore beetle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oryzaephilus_surinamensis" title="Oryzaephilus surinamensis">sawtoothed grain beetle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indianmeal_moth" title="Indianmeal moth">Indianmeal moth</a> being found worldwide. The insects may be present in the warehouse or maybe introduced during shipping, in retail outlets, or in the home; they may enter packets through tiny cracks or may chew holes in the packaging. The longer a product is stored, the more likely it is to become contaminated, with the insects often originating from dry pet foods.<sup id="cite_ref-Hui_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hui-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some mites, too, infest foodstuffs and other stored products. Each substance has its own specific mite, and they multiply with great rapidity. One of the most damaging is the <a href="/wiki/Flour_mite" title="Flour mite">flour mite</a>, which is found in grain and may become exceedingly abundant in poorly stored material. In time, predatory mites usually move in and control the flour mites.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pest_control_in_agriculture_and_horticulture">Pest control in agriculture and horticulture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pest control in agriculture and horticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1264_Rogator_Spraying_Corn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1264_Rogator_Spraying_Corn.JPG/220px-1264_Rogator_Spraying_Corn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1264_Rogator_Spraying_Corn.JPG/330px-1264_Rogator_Spraying_Corn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1264_Rogator_Spraying_Corn.JPG/440px-1264_Rogator_Spraying_Corn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A row-crop sprayer applying pesticide to a young crop of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The control of pests in crops is as old as civilisation. The earliest approach was mechanical, from ploughing to picking off insects by hand. Early methods included the use of sulphur compounds, before 2500 BC in Sumeria. In ancient China, insecticides derived from plants were in use by 1200 BC to treat seeds and to fumigate plants. Chinese agronomy recognised biological control by natural enemies of pests and the varying of planting time to reduce pests before the first century AD. The <a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">agricultural revolution</a> in Europe saw the introduction of effective plant-based insecticides such as <a href="/wiki/Pyrethrum" title="Pyrethrum">pyrethrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derris" title="Derris">derris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quassia" title="Quassia">quassia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> extract. The <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a>) damage to the wine industry in the 19th century resulted in the development of resistant varieties and <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a>, and the accidental discovery of effective chemical pesticides, <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_mixture" title="Bordeaux mixture">Bordeaux mixture</a> (lime and <a href="/wiki/Copper_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper sulphate">copper sulphate</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Paris_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Green">Paris Green</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> compound), both very widely used. Biological control also became established as an effective measure in the second half of the 19th century, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Vedalia_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedalia beetle">vedalia beetle</a> against <a href="/wiki/Cottony_cushion_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottony cushion scale">cottony cushion scale</a>. All these methods have been refined and developed since their discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint_Bosch_1981_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint_Bosch_1981-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pest_control_in_forestry">Pest control in forestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pest control in forestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">Forest integrated pest management</a></div> <p>Forest pests inflict costly damage, but treating them is often unaffordable, given the relatively low value of forest products compared to agricultural crops. It is also generally impossible to eradicate forest pests, given the difficulty of examining entire trees, and the certainty that pesticides would damage many forest organisms other than the intended pests. <a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">Forest integrated pest management</a> therefore aims to use a combination of prevention, cultural control measures, and direct control (such as pesticide use). Cultural measures include choosing appropriate species, keeping competing vegetation under control, ensuring a suitable stocking density, and minimizing injury and stress to trees.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pest_control_in_buildings">Pest control in buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pest control in buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pest_control#In_homes_and_cities" title="Pest control">Pest control § In homes and cities</a></div> <p>Pest control in buildings can be approached in several ways, depending on the type of pest and the area affected. Methods include improving sanitation and garbage control, modifying the habitat, and using repellents, growth regulators, traps, baits and pesticides.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the pesticide <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> can be impregnated into the fibres of cellulose insulation to kill self-grooming insects such as ants and cockroaches.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clothes moths can be controlled with airtight containers for storage, periodic laundering of garments, trapping, freezing, heating and the use of chemicals. Traditional <a href="/wiki/Mothball" title="Mothball">mothballs</a> deter adult moths with strong-smelling <a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalene</a>; modern ones use volatile repellents such as <a href="/wiki/1,4-Dichlorobenzene" title="1,4-Dichlorobenzene">1,4-Dichlorobenzene</a>. Moth larvae can be killed with insecticides such as <a href="/wiki/Permethrin" title="Permethrin">permethrin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyrethroid" title="Pyrethroid">pyrethroids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, insecticides cannot safely be used in food storage areas; alternative treatments include freezing foods for four days at 0 °F (−18 °C) or baking for half an hour at 130 °F (54 °C) to kill any insects present.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_mythology,_religion,_folklore,_and_culture"><span id="In_mythology.2C_religion.2C_folklore.2C_and_culture"></span>In mythology, religion, folklore, and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In mythology, religion, folklore, and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Horemhab_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Horemhab_002.jpg/220px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Horemhab_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Horemhab_002.jpg/330px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Horemhab_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Horemhab_002.jpg/440px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Horemhab_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>Locust detail from a hunt mural in the grave-chamber of <a href="/wiki/Horemhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Horemhab">Horemhab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, 1422–1411 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Pests have attracted human attention from the birth of civilisation. Plagues of locusts caused devastation in the ancient Middle East, and were recorded in tombs in Ancient Egypt from as early as 2470 BC, and in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> in the Bible, as taking place in Egypt around 1446 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Krall453_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krall453-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> mentions locusts taking to the wing to escape fire.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the impact of agricultural pests on human lives, people have prayed for deliverance. For example, the 10th century Greek monk <a href="/wiki/Tryphon_of_Constantinople" title="Tryphon of Constantinople">Tryphon of Constantinople</a> is said to have prayed "Snails, earwigs and all other creatures, hurt not the vines, nor the land nor the fruit of the trees, nor the vegetables ... but depart into the wild mountains."<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> medical text <i><a href="/wiki/Lacnunga" title="Lacnunga">Lacnunga</a></i> contained charms and spells to ward off or treat pests such as <i>wid smeogan wyrme</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worm" title="Parasitic worm">penetrating worms</a>", in this case requiring a charm to be sung, accompanied by covering the wound with spittle, pounded green centaury, and hot cow's urine.<sup id="cite_ref-Storms_1948_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storms_1948-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20th century "prayer against pests" including the words "By Your power may these injurious animals be driven off so that they will do no harm to any one and will leave our fields and meadows unharmed" was printed in the 1956 <i>Rural Life Prayerbook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l-ch5~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l-ch5.1">"What is a pest?"</a>. 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Brill. pp. 1–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08922-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08922-5"><bdi>90-04-08922-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Nematodes+and+Their+Control%3A+Phytonematology&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=90-04-08922-5&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE66d2ielYHkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APest+%28organism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barker_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barker_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2002" class="citation book cs1">Barker, G.M. 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CABI. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-790-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-790-2"><bdi>978-0-85199-790-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molluscs+as+Crop+Pests&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85199-790-2&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=G.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcic8VNOWMnQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APest+%28organism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gardening.which.co.uk/hc/en-gb/articles/214012325-Slugs-and-snails">"Slugs and snails"</a>. 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University of Minnesota Extension<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insect+pests+of+stored+foods&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Extension&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Jesse%2C+Laura&rft.au=Pellitteri%2C+Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.extension.umn.edu%2Fgarden%2Finsects%2Ffind%2Finsect-pests-of-stored-food%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APest+%28organism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krall453-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krall453_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrallPevelingDiallo1997" class="citation book cs1">Krall, S.; Peveling, R.; Diallo, B. D. 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Springer. pp. 453–454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-5442-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-5442-8"><bdi>978-3-7643-5442-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Strategies+in+Locust+Control&rft.pages=453-454&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-7643-5442-8&rft.aulast=Krall&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Peveling%2C+R.&rft.au=Diallo%2C+B.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds6ndBQiTiRAC%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APest+%28organism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Book of Exodus</i>. 10: 13–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Exodus&rft.pages=10%3A+13-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APest+%28organism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomer" class="citation web cs1">Homer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D1">"Iliad 21.1"</a>. <i>Perseus Tufts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Tufts&rft.atitle=Iliad+21.1&rft.au=Homer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0134%253Abook%253D21%253Acard%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APest+%28organism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Storms_1948-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Storms_1948_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorms1948" class="citation book cs1">Storms, Godfrid (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/16191646.pdf"><i>No. 73. [Wið Wyrme] Anglo-Saxon Magic</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 's-Gravenhage: <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff" title="Martinus Nijhoff">Martinus Nijhoff</a>; <a href="/wiki/D.Litt" class="mw-redirect" title="D.Litt">D.Litt</a> thesis for <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nijmegen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nijmegen">University of Nijmegen</a>. p. 303. <q>If a man or a beast has drunk a worm ... Sing this charm nine times into the ear, and once an Our Father. The same charm may be sung <i>against a penetrating worm</i>. Sing it frequently on the wound and smear on your spittle, and take green centaury, pound it, apply it to the wound and bathe with hot cow's urine.<i><a href="/wiki/Harley_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Harley manuscript">MS. Harley</a> 585, ff. 136b, 137a (11th century) (<a href="/wiki/Lacnunga" title="Lacnunga">Lacnunga</a>).</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No.+73.+%5BWi%C3%B0+Wyrme%5D+Anglo-Saxon+Magic&rft.place=%27s-Gravenhage&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff%3B+D.Litt+thesis+for+University+of+Nijmegen&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Storms&rft.aufirst=Godfrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F16191646.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APest+%28organism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/prayers/view.cfm?id=833">"Catholic Prayer: Prayer Against Pests"</a>. <i>Catholic Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Culture&rft.atitle=Catholic+Prayer%3A+Prayer+Against+Pests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Fliturgicalyear%2Fprayers%2Fview.cfm%3Fid%3D833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APest+%28organism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDachauer2014" class="citation book cs1">Dachauer, Alban (2014) [1956]. <i>The Rural life prayerbook</i>. Charlotte, North Carolina: Tan Books & Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61890-678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61890-678-6"><bdi>978-1-61890-678-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900012575">900012575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rural+life+prayerbook&rft.place=Charlotte%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Tan+Books+%26+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900012575&rft.isbn=978-1-61890-678-6&rft.aulast=Dachauer&rft.aufirst=Alban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APest+%28organism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pests" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pests">Pests</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Hockings, F. D. 2014,"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/20/pid/7134.htm"><i>Pests, Diseases and Beneficials</i></a>", CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781486300211" title="Special:BookSources/9781486300211">9781486300211</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrdish1976" class="citation book cs1">Ordish, George (1976). <i>The constant pest : a short history of pests and their control</i>. P. Davies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-432-11300-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-432-11300-4"><bdi>978-0-432-11300-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2276485">2276485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+constant+pest+%3A+a+short+history+of+pests+and+their+control&rft.pub=P.+Davies&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2276485&rft.isbn=978-0-432-11300-4&rft.aulast=Ordish&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APest+%28organism%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_(organism)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pests#Q219174" class="extiw" title="voy:Pests">Pests</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/pestalert/">UF/IFAS Pest Alert Web site</a> - <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">plant diseases</a> affecting humans, livestock/pets, agricultural and ornamental plants.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mabanialriyad.com.sa/blog/%d8%ad%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1%d8%a9">Flying moisture insects</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/emergencies/resources/maps/en/">"Maps : FAO in Emergencies"</a>. <i>UN <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+FAO&rft.atitle=Maps+%3A+FAO+in+Emergencies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Femergencies%2Fresources%2Fmaps%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APest+%28organism%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Arthropods in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadas_in_mythology" title="Cicadas in mythology">Cicadas in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab (artifact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">Cockroach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroaches_in_popular_culture" title="Cockroaches in popular culture">Cockroaches in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<br />entomology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">Beneficial insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Insects">Harmful<br />insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> (<i>Insect Literature</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects" title="List of endangered insects">List of endangered insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">Neonicotinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Pesticide toxicity to bees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories,<br />templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insects_and_humans" title="Category:Insects and humans">Insects and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Insecticides" title="Template:Insecticides">Insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pesticides" title="Template:Pesticides">Pesticides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/25px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/38px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/50px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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