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id="toc-Currency_and_monetary_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency_and_monetary_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Currency and monetary policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency_and_monetary_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GDP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GDP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>GDP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GDP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expenditure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expenditure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Expenditure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expenditure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EU_funds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU_funds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>EU funds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU_funds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiscal_Balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_Balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Fiscal Balance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_Balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gross_Value_Added" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gross_Value_Added"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Gross Value Added</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gross_Value_Added-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income_and_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_and_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Income and poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_and_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_and_medium_enterprises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_and_medium_enterprises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Small and medium enterprises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_and_medium_enterprises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economic development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Devolved_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devolved_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Devolved powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devolved_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_UK_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_UK_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Criticism of UK government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_UK_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh_government_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh_government_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Welsh government policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh_government_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identified_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identified_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Identified issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identified_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_economic_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_economic_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Potential economic models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_economic_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celtic_Tiger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_Tiger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Celtic Tiger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_Tiger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basque_Country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque_Country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Basque Country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque_Country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preston_Model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preston_Model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Preston Model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preston_Model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_sectors_(A–Z)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_sectors_(A–Z)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economic sectors (A–Z)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_sectors_(A–Z)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic sectors (A–Z) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_sectors_(A–Z)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking_and_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking_and_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Banking and finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking_and_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Food and drink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Forestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Housing and construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aerospace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerospace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.1</span> <span>Aerospace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerospace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automotive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.2</span> <span>Automotive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automotive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.3</span> <span>Electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.4</span> <span>Medical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.5</span> <span>Metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_and_Fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_and_Fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Marine and Fisheries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_and_Fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Retail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services_&_high_value-added_employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services_&_high_value-added_employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Services & high value-added employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services_&_high_value-added_employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Trading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17.1</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17.2</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17.3</span> <span>Ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17.4</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_economic_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_economic_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regional economic differences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_economic_differences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional economic differences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_economic_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Earnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GDP_in_NUTS3_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GDP_in_NUTS3_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>GDP in NUTS3 regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GDP_in_NUTS3_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Wales</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economi_Cymru" title="Economi Cymru – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Economi Cymru" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_de_Gales" title="Economía de Gales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía de Gales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_du_pays_de_Galles" title="Économie du pays de Galles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie du pays de Galles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:26.0em;padding:0;"><caption class="infobox-title adr">Economy of <span class="country-name">Wales</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golygfa_gyffredinol_Bae_Caerdydd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golygfa_gyffredinol_Bae_Caerdydd.jpg/220px-Golygfa_gyffredinol_Bae_Caerdydd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golygfa_gyffredinol_Bae_Caerdydd.jpg/330px-Golygfa_gyffredinol_Bae_Caerdydd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golygfa_gyffredinol_Bae_Caerdydd.jpg/440px-Golygfa_gyffredinol_Bae_Caerdydd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: Wales's capital city</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling (£)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#United_Kingdom" title="Fiscal year">1 April to 31 March</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">3,131,640 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">£85.4 billion (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_GDP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_GDP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">£27,274 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_GDP_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_GDP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Labour force</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,424,000 / 69.6% in employment (Jan–Mar 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-labourforce_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-labourforce-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nomis_labour_market_profile_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nomis_labour_market_profile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Labour force by occupation</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 23.5% Professional </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 14.4% Associate professional </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 10.3% Elementary occupations </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 9.7% Administrative and secretarial </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 9.4% Skilled trades </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 9.3% Caring, leisure and other service </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 9.1% Managers, directors and senior officials </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 7.4% Sales and customer service </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.5% Process plant and machine operatives </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> (Jan–Dec 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-occupations_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-occupations-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nomis_labour_market_profile_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nomis_labour_market_profile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unemployment</th><td class="infobox-data">49,000 / 3.3% (Jan–Mar 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-unemployment_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unemployment-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nomis_labour_market_profile_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nomis_labour_market_profile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average gross salary</div></th><td class="infobox-data">£636.10 per week (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-averagesalary_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-averagesalary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nomis_labour_market_profile_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nomis_labour_market_profile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">External</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Exports</th><td class="infobox-data">£23.8 billion (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-tradegoodsandservices_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradegoodsandservices-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ONS_international_trade_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_international_trade-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Export goods</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £6.4bn Machinery and transport </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £2.4bn Manufactured goods </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £2.4bn Chemicals </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £2.1bn Mineral fuels </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £1.0bn Miscellaneous manufactures </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.6bn Food and live animals </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.2bn Crude materials </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.0bn Beverages and tobacco </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.0bn Animal and vegetable oils </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.0bn Other commodities </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b>£15.2bn Total</b> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span><sup id="cite_ref-tradeexcludingservices_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradeexcludingservices-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HMRC_goods_trade_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMRC_goods_trade-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main export partners</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £9.1bn European Union </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £2.6bn North America </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £1.7bn Asia & Oceania </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.7bn Middle East and North Africa (excl. EU) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.6bn Western Europe (excl. EU) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.2bn Eastern Europe (excl. EU) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.2bn Latin America and Caribbean </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.1bn Sub-Saharan Africa </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.0bn Undefined country group </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b>£15.2bn Total</b> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span><sup id="cite_ref-tradeexcludingservices_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradeexcludingservices-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HMRC_goods_trade_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMRC_goods_trade-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Imports</th><td class="infobox-data">£19.2 billion (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-tradegoodsandservices_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradegoodsandservices-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ONS_international_trade_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_international_trade-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Import goods</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £5.2bn Machinery and transport </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £4.0bn Mineral fuels </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £2.1bn Manufactured goods </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £1.7bn Miscellaneous manufactures </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £1.5bn Chemicals </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £1.0bn Crude materials </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.5bn Food and live animals </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.1bn Beverages and tobacco </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.0bn Animal and vegetable oils </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.0bn Other commodities </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b>£16.1bn Total</b> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span><sup id="cite_ref-tradeexcludingservices_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradeexcludingservices-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HMRC_goods_trade_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMRC_goods_trade-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main import partners</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £5.9bn European Union </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £3.7bn Asia & Oceania </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £2.5bn North America </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £1.7bn Middle East and North Africa (excl. EU) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £1.1bn Western Europe (excl. EU) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.7bn Sub-Saharan Africa </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.4bn Eastern Europe (excl. EU) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> £0.2bn Latin America and Caribbean </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> — Undefined country group </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b>£16.1bn Total</b> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span><sup id="cite_ref-tradeexcludingservices_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradeexcludingservices-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HMRC_goods_trade_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMRC_goods_trade-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>economy of Wales</b> is part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">economy of the United Kingdom</a>, and encompasses the production and consumption of goods, services and the supply of money in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. </p><p>On the whole, <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) in Wales has increased since 1999, although it remains lower than the UK average. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">UK government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh government</a> expenditure in Wales has also increased over the same period. Wales has received funding from the <a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a> and the UK government has announced that this funding is being replaced by the UK Shared Prosperity Fund, although the Welsh Government has suggested that Wales is receiving less money. Wales has a negative fiscal balance, although all countries and regions of the UK also had a fiscal deficit in 2020/21. The Gross Value Added in Wales has increased since 1998, but per head remains lower than the UK average. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency_and_monetary_policy">Currency and monetary policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Currency and monetary policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The currency used in Wales is the Pound, represented by the symbol <i><a href="/wiki/%C2%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="£">£</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a>, responsible for issuing currency, and retains responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> and is the central bank of the UK. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a>, which issues the <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">coinage</a> circulated over the whole of the UK, has been based at a single site in <a href="/wiki/Llantrisant" title="Llantrisant">Llantrisant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhondda_Cynon_Taf" title="Rhondda Cynon Taf">Rhondda Cynon Taf</a> since 1980, having progressively transferred operations from their <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hill" title="Tower Hill">Tower Hill</a>, London site from 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-royal_mint1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal_mint1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GDP">GDP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: GDP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The GDP of Wales has increased from £37.1 billion in 1998 to £85.4 billion in 2022. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GDP per head in Wales at current market prices has increased from £12,810 in 1998 to a peak of £27,274 in 2022. This compares to the UK averages of £17,073 in 1998, £34,424 in 2019 and £32,141 in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expenditure">Expenditure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expenditure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Total public expenditure in Wales was £19.6 billion in 1999/2000 increasing to £54.6 billion in 2020/2021. The total identifiable expenditure in Wales in 2020/21 was £45 billion, with £9.6 billion not being spent directly in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018/19, the managed expenditure of Wales was £43.0 billion. Of this, £33.4 billion was "identifiable" expenditure on Wales, £4.6 billion was "non-identifiable" spending attributed to Wales but spent centrally in the UK, £1.2 billion was spent outside the UK. This brings the total annual spend not directly benefiting Wales to £5.9 billion. The remaining £3.7 billion was an accounting adjustment largely due to depreciation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Welsh government budget as allocated by the UK government in 2020/21 was £20.1 billion, increasing to £24 billion in 2023–24.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021/22, public spending per person in Wales was £13,401. This compares with £13,881 in Scotland, £14,062 in Northern Ireland and £11,549 in England.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU_funds">EU funds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: EU funds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On average, Wales annually received £367 million of <a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">EU structural funds</a> during 2014–2020, which included <a href="/wiki/European_Regional_Development_Fund" title="European Regional Development Fund">European Regional Development Fund</a> (ERDF): £168.5 million; <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Fund_Plus" title="European Social Fund Plus">European social fund</a> (ESF): £120.5 million; <a href="/wiki/European_Agricultural_Fund_for_Rural_Development" title="European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development">European agricultural fund for rural development</a> (EAFRD): £77.9 million.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, the UK government announced in April 2022 that the EU structural funds would be replaced with the UK Shared Prosperity Fund (UKSPF). The Welsh Government has criticised the total sum of £632 million over 2020 to 2023 funding allocated to Wales, stating that Wales is being underfunded by £1.1 billion by the UK government.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiscal_Balance">Fiscal Balance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fiscal Balance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Welsh_fiscal_balance" title="Welsh fiscal balance">Wales' net fiscal deficit</a> was £13.7 billion in 2016/17, £14.3 billion in 2017/18 and £13.5 billion in 2018/19.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later figures are affected by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wales">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fiscal deficit increased from £14.4 billion in 2019/20 to £25.9 billion in 2020/21. All countries and regions in the UK had a fiscal deficit in 2020/1, which included the North West of England at £49.9 billion; Scotland at £36 billion; Northern Ireland at £18 billion; London at £7.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-ons_gov_uk_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ons_gov_uk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK as a whole had a fiscal deficit of £318 billion in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-ons_gov_uk_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ons_gov_uk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being the third smallest economy in the UK it typically has the largest absolute deficit, requiring borrowing by the UK to fund with disproportionate liability falling on taxpayers elsewhere in the UK to service the debt. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gross_Value_Added">Gross Value Added</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gross Value Added"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table shows the annual <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">Gross value added</a> for Wales from 1998 to 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Gross Value Added </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Wales (£ million)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Wales (£ per head)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>UK (£ per head)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td>32,769 </td> <td>11,302 </td> <td>15,181 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>33,444 </td> <td>11,530 </td> <td>15,704 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>35,032 </td> <td>12,051 </td> <td>16,391 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>36,081 </td> <td>12,398 </td> <td>17,037 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>37,828 </td> <td>12,942 </td> <td>17,746 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>40,442 </td> <td>13,766 </td> <td>18,722 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>42,751 </td> <td>14,455 </td> <td>19,521 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>44,564 </td> <td>15,008 </td> <td>20,496 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>47,128 </td> <td>15,785 </td> <td>21,485 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>48,816 </td> <td>16,238 </td> <td>22,424 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>49,185 </td> <td>16,255 </td> <td>22,969 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>48,833 </td> <td>16,070 </td> <td>22,480 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>49,908 </td> <td>16,364 </td> <td>22,762 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>51,962 </td> <td>16,960 </td> <td>23,148 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>53,712 </td> <td>17,473 </td> <td>23,795 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>55,774 </td> <td>18,094 </td> <td>24,643 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>57,267 </td> <td>18,521 </td> <td>25,645 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>59,156 </td> <td>19,088 </td> <td>26,372 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>61,615 </td> <td>19,792 </td> <td>27,246 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>63,455 </td> <td>20,305 </td> <td>28,128 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>66,078 </td> <td>21,053 </td> <td>28,929 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>68,866 </td> <td>21,842 </td> <td>29,909 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>66,591 </td> <td>21,010 </td> <td>28,894 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Employment rate in Wales was 64.9% in April-June 1992 and increased to a peak of 75.0% during those months in 2019 and 72.7% in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 a total of 1,455,800 people were in employment in Wales. Of these, 441,000 people were employed in the public sector (30.5%) and 1,006,300 were employed in the private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income_and_poverty">Income and poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Income and poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gross disposable household income in Wales per head was £9,402 in 1997 (87.4% of UK average) reaching its highest level ever in the most recent figure in 2020 of £17,592 (82.1% of UK average).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The percentage of people living in relative income poverty in Wales was 27% during 1994–95 to 1996–97. Since then it has dropped to 21% during multiple periods, but currently stands at 23% during the 2017–18 to 2019–20 period, with the UK average at 22%.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_and_medium_enterprises">Small and medium enterprises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Small and medium enterprises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of small and medium sized enterprises (SME) in Wales declined during 2021 and 37% of Welsh SME respondents said that they had been significantly affected by increasing costs in the fourth quarter of 2021. The Size Analysis of Active Businesses in Wales report estimated that 723,500 people were employed in SMEs in Wales in 2021, 1.6% lower than 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2021/22 third quarterly report of the <a href="/wiki/Development_Bank_of_Wales" title="Development Bank of Wales">Development Bank of Wales</a> showed that the bank made 243 investment transactions, totalling £28m and associated with around 760 new, safeguarded jobs. During the 2021 calendar year, the value of exported Welsh goods exports increased by 12.4% to £15.2 billion and value of good imports increased by 13.2% to £16.1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_development">Economic development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devolved_powers">Devolved powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Devolved powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Wales" title="Taxation in Wales">Taxation in Wales</a></div> <p>The Welsh Government established <a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_on_Funding_and_Finance_for_Wales" title="Independent Commission on Funding and Finance for Wales">Independent Commission on Funding and Finance for Wales</a> (the Holtham Commission) which looked at funding devolved public services in Wales, and possible alternative mechanisms. In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Devolution_in_Wales" title="Commission on Devolution in Wales">Commission on Devolution in Wales</a> (the Silk Commission) was set up to review the case for the devolution of fiscal powers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the <a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2014" title="Wales Act 2014">Wales Act 2014</a>, which devolved a range of provisions to the National Assembly, including powers over taxation. <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Fiscal and economic policy</a> are currently <a href="/wiki/Reserved_and_excepted_matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserved and excepted matters">reserved matters</a> determined at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Westminster</a>, however from 2018 increased tax and borrowing powers devolved. In April 2018 the Welsh Government became responsible for three taxes: stamp duty land tax (SDLT), landfill tax and income tax.<sup id="cite_ref-Welsh_Government_tax_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welsh_Government_tax-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time for Wales to raise its own taxes since 1283.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Ieuan_Wyn_Jones" title="Ieuan Wyn Jones">Ieuan Wyn Jones</a> suggested that the lack of tax varying powers in Wales was a major reason why Wales did not have its own <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a> and that growth strategy should not be focused only on cities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plaid Cymru have also argued that economic dividend can only be achieved with <a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_UK_government">Criticism of UK government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism of UK government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jonathan Bradbury and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Davies_(Labour_politician)" title="Andrew Davies (Labour politician)">Andrew Davies</a> published an article in the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_Economic_Review" title="National Institute Economic Review">National Institute Economic Review</a> in January 2023 criticising both the Welsh government and UK government economic policies for Wales. They note that Wales had one of the weakest economies of the UK prior to devolution. They also noted views that the UK government remained in control of macro-economic powers; lacked regional economic policy; and a lack of devolution to the Welsh government to make a real difference. They also note the view of some that the historic exploitation of Wales and its treatment as an economic periphery plays have implications today.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welsh_government_policy">Welsh government policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Welsh government policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Welsh Government's economic development strategy published in 2005, the role of the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> in the economy is to help create a stable and favourable business environment, promote skills and innovation (through for example <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeships" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprenticeships">apprenticeships</a> and Design Wales), address <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failures</a> and invest in economic infrastructure including transport and information technology.<sup id="cite_ref-WAVE_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAVE-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a report for the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Welsh_Affairs" title="Institute of Welsh Affairs">Institute of Welsh Affairs</a> in 2003, Phil Cooke of <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a> argued that the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> had responded to the loss of <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> in manufacturing by substituting new jobs in the public sector, making Wales increasingly dependent on <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_imbalance" title="Fiscal imbalance">fiscal transfers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Government">Whitehall</a>. Cooke suggested that a relatively weak <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a> settlement had prevented the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> from developing innovative economic policies, especially when compared to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Executive">Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, critics including former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Welsh Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Davies_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Davies (British politician)">Ron Davies</a> and John Lovering, another Cardiff academic, claimed that Cooke's argument that a more powerful Assembly was a <a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_sufficient_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Necessary and sufficient conditions">necessary precondition</a> to more effective economic policies was a <i><a href="/wiki/Non_sequitur_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non sequitur (logic)">non-sequitur</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jonathan Bradbury and Andrew Davies suggest that Wales' economic performance has not progressed under devolution with weakness in Welsh government strategy and policy and that the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Development_Agency" title="Welsh Development Agency">Wales Development Agency</a> remains a topic of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identified_issues">Identified issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Identified issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specific issues for lack of economic development include low skills; relatively low urbanisation; weak infrastructure connectivity; low Small and Medium Sized Enterprise (SME) equity with low demand and poor supply; lack of dynamic private sector leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_economic_models">Potential economic models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Potential economic models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Celtic_Tiger">Celtic Tiger</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Celtic Tiger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_economic_growth_of_Ireland_and_the_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Historical_economic_growth_of_Ireland_and_the_UK.jpg/200px-Historical_economic_growth_of_Ireland_and_the_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Historical_economic_growth_of_Ireland_and_the_UK.jpg/300px-Historical_economic_growth_of_Ireland_and_the_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Historical_economic_growth_of_Ireland_and_the_UK.jpg/400px-Historical_economic_growth_of_Ireland_and_the_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Economic growth of the Republic of Ireland compared to the UK</figcaption></figure> <p>The economists <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Crafts" title="Nicholas Crafts">Nicholas Crafts</a> and John Bradley have argued that the Irish Celtic Tiger model, which includes lower <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporation tax">corporation tax</a> rates to stimulate investment and growth, was only effective in the very specific demographic and historical circumstances of Ireland in the late 1980s and 1990s. They suggest that such a policy in Wales' very different economic context would not only require political <a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">independence</a>, but could be relatively ineffective and/or require difficult policy choices between higher <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">personal taxes</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Public_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="Public spending">public spending</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basque_Country">Basque Country</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Basque Country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baskenland_Pro_Kopf_BIP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Baskenland_Pro_Kopf_BIP.png/200px-Baskenland_Pro_Kopf_BIP.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Baskenland_Pro_Kopf_BIP.png/300px-Baskenland_Pro_Kopf_BIP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Baskenland_Pro_Kopf_BIP.png/400px-Baskenland_Pro_Kopf_BIP.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Basque country's GDP per capita graph (US dollar)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> has been suggested as a comparative economic model which like Wales, is a post-industrial area. The Basque country's GDP per person has increased from 70% of the <a href="/wiki/EU15" class="mw-redirect" title="EU15">EU15</a> average in 1985 to being close the average in 2019. The Basque country has had 118% GDP per capita compared to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU27</a> and lower unemployment than the Spanish average. The authors say that this was achieved by using a strategy focused on industry over multiple decades with "close co-operation among all levels of government and between the public and private sectors".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preston_Model">Preston Model</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Preston Model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Community_wealth_building" title="Community wealth building">Community wealth building</a> or the Preston Model has been suggested as a model for Wales which says, "retaining more civic wealth within a locality can boost growth and economic resilience in that particular area".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016/17, anchor institutions of Preston spent an additional £74 million on procurement in the Preston area an additional £200 million in Lancashire (from 39% to 79.2% locally retained spend) compared to 2012/13. The results of this spend included 4,000 more employees earning the "Real Living Wage", and a reduction in unemployment from 6.5% in 2013 to 3.1% in 2017. Another report says that productivity and median income have increased and deprivation has decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_sectors_(A–Z)"><span id="Economic_sectors_.28A.E2.80.93Z.29"></span>Economic sectors (A–Z)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economic sectors (A–Z)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">Economic history of Wales</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture in Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming_in_Wales" title="Sheep farming in Wales">Sheep farming in Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flock_of_sheep_in_Ceredigion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flock_of_sheep_in_Ceredigion.jpg/220px-Flock_of_sheep_in_Ceredigion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flock_of_sheep_in_Ceredigion.jpg/330px-Flock_of_sheep_in_Ceredigion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flock_of_sheep_in_Ceredigion.jpg/440px-Flock_of_sheep_in_Ceredigion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Sheep at Ty'n-y-Cornel farm, near <a href="/wiki/Tregaron" title="Tregaron">Tregaron</a> in West Wales</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, agriculture contributed £418 million to Welsh GVA, or 1.1% (including subsidies).<sup id="cite_ref-Rural_Development_Plan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_Development_Plan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1.6m hectares (around 77% of Wales' total land area) is used for agricultural production and an estimated 57,500 people are directly employed in the sector.<sup id="cite_ref-Rural_Development_Plan_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_Development_Plan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farming is dominated by beef, <a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming_in_Wales" title="Sheep farming in Wales">sheep</a> and the dairy sector, with the <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">arable</a> sector accounting for 10% of agricultural output.<sup id="cite_ref-Rural_Development_Plan_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_Development_Plan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average farm size is 30–40 hectares, small by UK standards, and dominated by family-run enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-Rural_Development_Plan_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_Development_Plan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking_and_finance">Banking and finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Banking and finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance in Wales</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Development_Bank_of_Wales" title="Development Bank of Wales">Development Bank of Wales</a> is a national Welsh investment bank that was founded by the Welsh Government. It invests in businesses, particularly start ups by providing growth capital.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Banc_Cambria" title="Banc Cambria">Banc Cambria</a> is a proposed national Welsh community bank currently under development and aimed to be operating in Wales by 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building societies in Wales includes the <a href="/wiki/Principality_Building_Society" title="Principality Building Society">Principality Building Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_Building_Society" title="Monmouthshire Building Society">Monmouthshire Building Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Building_Society" title="Swansea Building Society">Swansea Building Society</a>. </p><p>Welsh insurance companies include <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Group" title="Admiral Group">Admiral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carroll_Group" title="Thomas Carroll Group">Thomas Carroll</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education in Wales</a></div> <p>Education in Wales differs in certain respects from education elsewhere in the United Kingdom. For example, a significant minority of students all over <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> are educated either wholly or largely through the medium of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: in 2014/15, 15.7% of children and young people received Welsh-medium education – a drop from the 15.9% in 2010/11.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Wales" title="Energy in Wales">Energy in Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Dinorwig_HEP_station_inlet_and_outlet_pool_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Dinorwig_HEP_station_inlet_and_outlet_pool_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311036.jpg/220px-The_Dinorwig_HEP_station_inlet_and_outlet_pool_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311036.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Dinorwig_HEP_station_inlet_and_outlet_pool_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311036.jpg/330px-The_Dinorwig_HEP_station_inlet_and_outlet_pool_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Dinorwig_HEP_station_inlet_and_outlet_pool_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311036.jpg/440px-The_Dinorwig_HEP_station_inlet_and_outlet_pool_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dinorwig_Power_Station" title="Dinorwig Power Station">Dinorwig Power Station</a> largest pumped storage power station in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2018, the annual production of electricity in Wales was 30.2 TWh and consumed 14.9 TWh, which means that Wales generates twice as much electricity as it consumes and is a net exporter of electricity to England, Ireland and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Welsh_Government_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welsh_Government-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, 25% was from renewable sources, up from 22% in 2017. Electricity generation encompasses a broad mix of technologies including coal (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aberthaw_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberthaw Power Station">Aberthaw</a>), gas (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Baglan_Bay_power_station" title="Baglan Bay power station">Baglan Bay</a>), wind (<a href="/wiki/Cefn_Croes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cefn Croes">Cefn Croes</a>), hydro-electricity (<a href="/wiki/Dinorwig_Power_Station" title="Dinorwig Power Station">Dinorwig</a>), solar thermal/PV and biomass electricity. </p><p>In 2017, the Welsh Government announced a target of meeting 70% of Wales’ electricity demand from Welsh renewable electricity sources by 2030. By 2018, Wales generated over 3,864 MW renewable energy from 68,728 projects.<sup id="cite_ref-Welsh_Government_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welsh_Government-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2018, the Welsh Government backed the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_Lagoon_Swansea_Bay" title="Tidal Lagoon Swansea Bay">Tidal Lagoon Swansea Bay</a> project with an offer to invest £200 million; the project would see the world's largest tidal hydro-electricity plant. However, in June 2018, the UK Government refused to back the plan due to it being shown to be not viable by an independent report.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the Welsh government said that more than half the country's energy needs were being met by renewable sources, 2 percent of which was from 363 <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydropower</a> projects.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC210302_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC210302-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Food and drink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_industry_of_Wales" title="Food and drink industry of Wales">Food and drink industry of Wales</a></div> <p>The food and drink sector is classed as a priority economic sector in Wales. It involves 170,000 people that contribute to gross sales of £17.3 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest private sector employer is the Cardiff brewer and pub owner <a href="/wiki/Brains_Brewery" title="Brains Brewery">Brains Brewery</a>, which employs nearly 1,800 people.<sup id="cite_ref-walesonline_co_uk_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walesonline_co_uk-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forestry">Forestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Forestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry in Wales</a></div> <p>Forest and woodland makes up 14% of the land area of Wales and there are 4,000 jobs and in <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forest-based industries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rural_Development_Plan_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_Development_Plan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare in Wales</a></div> <p>Healthcare in Wales is mainly provided by the Welsh public health service, <a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">NHS Wales</a>. NHS Wales provides healthcare to all permanent residents that is free at the point of need and paid for from general taxation. Health is a matter that is <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a>, and considerable differences are now developing between the public healthcare systems in the different countries of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, collectively the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the public system dominates healthcare provision, private health care and a wide variety of alternative and complementary treatments are available for those willing to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing_and_construction">Housing and construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Housing and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction in Wales</a></div> <p>In November 2008, the average price of a house in Wales was £126,181, a fall of 11.7% since the previous year. As of 2022 the average house price in Wales is around £251,000. The average house price in England and Wales as a whole was £161,883.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2008, average house prices in Wales ranged from £109,000 in <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent" title="Blaenau Gwent">Blaenau Gwent</a> to £238,000 in <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Wales" title="Manufacturing in Wales">Manufacturing in Wales</a></div><p>Other manufacturing industries not listed here include oil refining and tool making. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aerospace">Aerospace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Aerospace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today Airbus Broughton employs over 6,500 people, mostly in manufacturing roles. The site is responsible for the wing assembly for all Airbus aircraft, with the exception of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320">A320s</a> (these wings are assembled in China) and the A400M (assembled in Filton). <sup id="cite_ref-Airbus_in_the_UK_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airbus_in_the_UK-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Electric (GE) on Caerphilly Road, Nantgarw in Wales handles the world's largest and most fuel efficient aviation engine, GE9X.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm/219px--Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="219" height="123" data-durationhint="137" data-mwtitle="Trade_&_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm/Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm/Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm/Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm/Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm/Trade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATrade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm&lang=da&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="da" label="dansk ‪(da)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATrade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATrade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATrade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATrade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATrade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATrade_%26_Invest_Wales_-_Aston_Martin_Case_Study.webm&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Aston Martin Lagonda Production & Technology Centre St Athan, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trade_and_Invest_Wales_-_Tech_Sector_%28Eng%29.webm/220px--Trade_and_Invest_Wales_-_Tech_Sector_%28Eng%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Trade_and_Invest_Wales_-_Tech_Sector_(Eng).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Trade_and_Invest_Wales_-_Tech_Sector_(Eng).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Trade_and_Invest_Wales_-_Tech_Sector_%28Eng%29.webm/Trade_and_Invest_Wales_-_Tech_Sector_%28Eng%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Trade_and_Invest_Wales_-_Tech_Sector_%28Eng%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1077" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Trade_and_Invest_Wales_-_Tech_Sector_%28Eng%29.webm/Trade_and_Invest_Wales_-_Tech_Sector_%28Eng%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Trade_and_Invest_Wales_-_Tech_Sector_%28Eng%29.webm/Trade_and_Invest_Wales_-_Tech_Sector_%28Eng%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Trade_and_Invest_Wales_-_Tech_Sector_%28Eng%29.webm/Trade_and_Invest_Wales_-_Tech_Sector_%28Eng%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A short video by the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> on some of the technology companies in Wales</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automotive">Automotive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Automotive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The St Athans Aston Martin plant in South Wales created 750 new jobs in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a series of recruitment events in South Wales that gained over 3,000 applications. The first technicians were recruited to work on the new DB11 at Aston Martin's Gaydon Headquarters, training for the highly-skilled jobs to work in St Athan.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electronics">Electronics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1980s and 1990s, a major growth sector in manufacturing was the <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> industry with over 130 North American and 35 Japanese companies establishing operations in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-EurostatWalesEconomy2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EurostatWalesEconomy2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical">Medical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Medical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Creo Medical, based in Chepstow, is an emerging Medical Technology company is developing medical technologies with the aim of substantially benefiting the medical community and vastly improving the outcomes of a range of medical procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RotoMedical has emerged as a leading Welsh manufacturer of PPE and medical equipment. The company produces specifically industrial gauges, ultrasonic level transmitters, temperature probes and pressure measurement equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metals">Metals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Metals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">Metal ore</a> refining is a long established industry in Wales. As of 2007, <a href="/wiki/Corus_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Corus Group">Corus</a> had manufacturing facilities at <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot" title="Port Talbot">Port Talbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llanwern" title="Llanwern">Llanwern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llanelli" title="Llanelli">Trostre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shotton,_Flintshire" title="Shotton, Flintshire">Shotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammanford" title="Ammanford">Ammanford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontardulais" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontardulais">Pontardulais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent" title="Blaenau Gwent">Tafarnaubach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caerphilly" title="Caerphilly">Caerphilly</a>, although only the <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_Steelworks" title="Port Talbot Steelworks">Port Talbot Steelworks</a> remains as a major integrated steelmaking plant.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pro Steel Engineering is a steel specialist company based in Wales operating internationally. The company has delivered high-profile work, including collaborative projects such as the London Olympic Stadium Transformation and ICC Wales’ 22 tonne steel Welsh dragon.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all the <a href="/wiki/Tinplate" title="Tinplate">tinplate</a> and much of the aluminium produced in the UK are made in Welsh plants.<sup id="cite_ref-EurostatWalesEconomy2_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EurostatWalesEconomy2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/TIMET" class="mw-redirect" title="TIMET">TIMET</a> has a plant in <a href="/wiki/Waunarlwydd" title="Waunarlwydd">Waunarlwydd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, which is one of the world's major suppliers of <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> for jet engine blades and medical applications.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_and_Fisheries">Marine and Fisheries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Marine and Fisheries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing industry in Wales</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marine_and_Fisheries_Division_(Wales)" title="Marine and Fisheries Division (Wales)">Marine and Fisheries Division (Wales)</a></div> <p>The Welsh <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a> is the smallest in the UK, with about 1,000 full-time and 400 part-time fishermen.<sup id="cite_ref-Rural_Development_Plan_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_Development_Plan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial fishing in Wales employs approximately 600 people <a href="/wiki/Full-time_job" title="Full-time job">full-time</a> and is valued at 39,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds sterling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 92% of Welsh fishing vessels are designated small-scale.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minor role that the Welsh industry holds is largely due to its geographical isolation, weak distribution networks and the demise of the Wales distant-water fleet from the 1960s onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Rural_Development_Plan_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_Development_Plan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail">Retail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Retail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The retail sector is the largest private sector employer in Wales. The sector has 114,000 employees which accounts for 6.0% of Welsh <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a> (gross value added). The retail sector in Wales is considered highly valuable by the Welsh government.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Wales" title="Science and technology in Wales">Science and technology in Wales</a></div> <ul><li>From 2010 to 2018, Welsh researchers accounted for 4% of UK publications and 0.3% of global scholarly output.</li> <li>Wales is the most efficient of all its comparators in terms of output per expenditure.</li> <li>Wales' research and development funding now accounts for 62% of total expenditure.</li> <li>Wales's citation impact has risen to 1.8. This is 80% above the global average and 13% above the UK average.</li> <li>Wales' proportion of top 5% of the most cited publications is twice the global average.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services_&_high_value-added_employment"><span id="Services_.26_high_value-added_employment"></span>Services & high value-added employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Services & high value-added employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">service</a> sector in Wales has seen above average growth; however in 2005 its share of GVA was small compared with most other regions of the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-EurostatWalesEconomy2_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EurostatWalesEconomy2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wales does not have a favourable occupational structure, and a relatively high proportion of jobs are in <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to more prosperous parts of the UK, Wales lacks <a href="/wiki/Value-added" class="mw-redirect" title="Value-added">high value added</a> service sector employment in sectors such as <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">finance</a>, business services and <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is partly due to a weaker <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_agglomeration" title="Economies of agglomeration">agglomeration effect</a>, due to the small size of towns and cities in Wales compared to regions within the UK and small countries.<sup id="cite_ref-WAVE_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAVE-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Futures_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futures-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wales like Northern Ireland has relatively few high <a href="/wiki/Value-added" class="mw-redirect" title="Value-added">value-added</a> employment in sectors such as finance and research and development, attributable in part to a comparative lack of 'economic mass' (i.e. population) – Wales lacks a large metropolitan centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Economi_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economi-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of high value-added employment is reflected in lower economic output per head relative to other regions of the UK – in 2002 it stood at 90 per cent of the EU25 average and around 80 per cent of the UK average.<sup id="cite_ref-Economi_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economi-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2008, Wales became the first nation to be awarded <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade certification">Fairtrade Status</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Telecommunications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 November 2006, a trial of a new <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> technology was rolled out in the village of <a href="/wiki/Wick,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Wick, Vale of Glamorgan">Wick</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a>. The new network <a href="/wiki/21CN" class="mw-redirect" title="21CN">BT 21CN</a>, offers broadband <a href="/wiki/Data_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transfer">data transfer</a> speeds of up to 24 Mbit/s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trading">Trading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Trading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Excluding intra UK trade, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the United States constitute the largest markets for Wales's exports. Recently, with the high rates of growth in many emerging economies of southeast Asia and the Middle East such as China, <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a> and Singapore, there has been a drive towards marketing Welsh products and manufactured goods in these countries, with China and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> entering the top ten destinations for Welsh exports in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption><i>Top 10 Welsh export destinations, 2017</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Destination </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>£3.21 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>£2.73 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>£2.29 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>£1.04 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>£0.69 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>£0.56 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>£0.47 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>£0.46 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>£0.36 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>£0.35 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align: left;"><small><b>Source:</b> Welsh exports: Fourth quarter 2015</small><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption><i>Top 10 Welsh export destinations, 2021/22</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Destination </th> <th colspan="2">Rank </th></tr> <tr> <th>2021 </th> <th>2022 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"><small><b>Source:</b> BBC News</small><sup id="cite_ref-:22_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(excludes the rest of UK)</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The total value of international exports from Wales in 2015 was estimated at £12.2 billion (2014: £13.4 billion). The top five exporting industries in 2013 were power generating machinery £4.0 billion (2013: £4.2 billion), petroleum, petroleum products & related materials £2.6 billion (2013: £3.8 billion), Iron & Steel £1.288 billion (2013: £1.3 billion), electric machinery £0.69 billion (2013: £0.7 billion), and professional and scientific services £0.346 billion (2013: £0.353 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-Export_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Export-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism in Wales</a></div> <p>With its mountainous landscape and numerous sandy beaches, Wales attracts significant <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a>. In 2002, nearly 13 million trips of one night or more were made in Wales, generating expenditure of £1.8 billion. Of these trips, 11.9 million were made by UK residents and 0.9 million by overseas visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-EurostatWalesEconomy2_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EurostatWalesEconomy2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardiff is the most popular destination for visitors to Wales, with 11.7 million visitors in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, over 10 million domestic trips of one night or more were made in Wales, generating expenditure of £1.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiff_Bay_WMC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cardiff_Bay_WMC.jpg/337px-Cardiff_Bay_WMC.jpg" decoding="async" width="337" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Cardiff_Bay_WMC.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wales_Millennium_Centre" title="Wales Millennium Centre">Wales Millennium Centre</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Wales' top 10 tourist attractions (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-wales-tourism_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wales-tourism-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Attraction </th> <th>No of Visitors </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wales_Millennium_Centre" title="Wales Millennium Centre">Wales Millennium Centre</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1,082,494 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LC,_Swansea" title="LC, Swansea">The LC</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>796,149 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Snowdon#Summit" title="Snowdon">Snowdon Summit Visitor Centre</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>654,077 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Fagans_National_History_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="St Fagans National History Museum">St Fagans National History Museum</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>553,090 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff" title="National Museum Cardiff">National Museum Cardiff</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>539,550 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Folly_Farm_Adventure_Park_and_Zoo" title="Folly Farm Adventure Park and Zoo">Folly Farm Adventure Park and Zoo</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>480,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pembrey_Country_Park" title="Pembrey Country Park">Pembrey Country Park</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>470,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newborough_Warren" title="Newborough Warren">Newborough National Nature Reserve</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>449,771 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct</a> </td> <td>333,363 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cardiff Visitor Centre </td> <td>322,671 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Castle" title="Cardiff Castle">Cardiff Castle</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>319,131 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align: left;"><small><b>Source:</b> Visits to Tourist Attractions in Wales 2017</small>)<sup id="cite_ref-wales-tourism_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wales-tourism-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During 2020, and well into 2021, the restrictions and lockdowns necessitated by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> affected all sectors of the economy and "tourism and hospitality suffered notable losses from the pandemic" across the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 6 April 2021, visitors from "red list" countries were still not allowed to enter unless they were UK residents. Restrictions will "likely be in place until the summer", one report predicted, with June being the most likely time for tourism from other countries to begin a rebound.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 April 2021, many tourist facilities were still closed in Wales but non-essential travel between Wales and England was finally permitted. Wales also allowed non-essential retail stores to open.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  </p><p>The outdoor areas of restaurants and pubs would reopen on 26 April 2021. Gyms, leisure centres and fitness facilities were to stay closed until 4 May.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg/180px-Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg/270px-Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg/360px-Rail_network_of_Wales_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Railway lines in Wales</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiff_Airport_(Oct_2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cardiff_Airport_%28Oct_2010%29.jpg/180px-Cardiff_Airport_%28Oct_2010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cardiff_Airport_%28Oct_2010%29.jpg/270px-Cardiff_Airport_%28Oct_2010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cardiff_Airport_%28Oct_2010%29.jpg/360px-Cardiff_Airport_%28Oct_2010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Airport" title="Cardiff Airport">Cardiff Airport</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport in Wales</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wales is one of the few countries in the world where you must travel through another country when traveling from the capital to the furthest point of that country, with nearly all line going East to West, rather than north–south. Rail infrastructure is not devolved to Wales; Wales has 11% of the rail network of Wales and England and 5.3% of the population, however the income received from Westminster in 2019–20 was 1.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021 there were no electrified lines in Wales. </p><p>Many major English cities, however, have direct rail connections to Wales. The South Wales coast as far as <a href="/wiki/Swansea_railway_station" title="Swansea railway station">Swansea</a> is served by the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Main_Line" title="South Wales Main Line">South Wales Main Line</a> which passes under the Severn Estuary through the <a href="/wiki/Severn_Tunnel" title="Severn Tunnel">Severn Tunnel</a>; the <a href="/wiki/West_Wales_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="West Wales Line">West Wales Line</a> connects it to the Pembrokeshire ferry ports. The main north–south railway line is the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Marches Line">Welsh Marches Line</a> between <a href="/wiki/Newport_railway_station" title="Newport railway station">Newport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_railway_station" title="Shrewsbury railway station">Shrewsbury</a> enabling direct services between <a href="/wiki/Holyhead_railway_station" title="Holyhead railway station">Holyhead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Central_railway_station" title="Cardiff Central railway station">Cardiff</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Valleys_%26_Cardiff_Local_Routes" title="Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes">urban rail network</a>, serving 81 stations, is focused on the capital, Cardiff. Mid and North Wales (away from the coast) are served by a limited number of branch lines, some of which connect with <a href="/wiki/Great_Little_Trains_of_Wales" title="Great Little Trains of Wales">revived narrow gauge railways</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads">Roads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4 motorway</a>, <a href="/wiki/A449_road" title="A449 road">A449</a>, <a href="/wiki/A465_road" title="A465 road">A465</a>, <a href="/wiki/A48_road" title="A48 road">A48</a>, <a href="/wiki/A40_road" title="A40 road">A40</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A477_road" title="A477 road">A477</a> in the south, the <a href="/wiki/A55_road" title="A55 road">A55</a> and <a href="/wiki/A483_road" title="A483 road">A483</a> plus border links in the north, form part of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Road_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-European Road Network">Trans-European Road Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Transport_Framework_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transport_Framework-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ports">Ports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ports in Wales">List of ports in Wales</a></div> <p>Wales has ten main commercial ports.<sup id="cite_ref-WTS_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Milford_Haven" title="Milford Haven">Milford Haven</a> is the largest Welsh energy port.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Newport_Docks" title="Newport Docks">Newport</a> is the busiest Welsh port for iron and steel and <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_Docks" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Talbot Docks">Port Talbot</a> is the third busiest for ores.<sup id="cite_ref-WTS_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airports">Airports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Airport" title="Cardiff Airport">Cardiff Airport</a> is the only Welsh airport offering international scheduled flights. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Anglesey_Airport" title="Anglesey Airport">Anglesey Airport</a> became a public airport. The UK Government's Treasury has repeatedly refused Welsh Government calls to devolve Air Passenger Duty, as doing so would give Cardiff Airport an advantage over Bristol Airport.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reservoirs_of_Wales" title="Reservoirs of Wales">Reservoirs of Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%B5r_Cymru_Welsh_Water" title="Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water">Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hafren_Dyfrdwy" title="Hafren Dyfrdwy">Hafren Dyfrdwy</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/D%C5%B5r_Cymru_Welsh_Water" title="Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water">Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water</a> is a not-for-profit company which supplies drinking water and <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> services to most of Wales and parts of western England that border Wales. In total, it serves around 1.4 million households and businesses and around three million people - and supplies nearly 830 million litres (180 million gallons) of drinking water per day.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hafren_Dyfrdwy" title="Hafren Dyfrdwy">Hafren Dyfrdwy</a> is a company providing <a href="/wiki/Water_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Water services">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a> services, operating in north east and mid Wales. It provides water only in <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough" title="Wrexham County Borough">Wrexham</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a> and both water and wastewater in northern <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dwr Cymru Welsh Water employs more than 3,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-walesonline_co_uk_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walesonline_co_uk-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_economic_differences">Regional economic differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Regional economic differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earnings">Earnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Earnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Average earnings and employment vary considerably across Wales. They are both generally higher in east Wales, especially in urban areas, but lower in south west Wales and the Valleys, although earnings in <a href="/wiki/Bridgend" title="Bridgend">Bridgend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neath_Port_Talbot" title="Neath Port Talbot">Neath Port Talbot</a>, which are still centres of skilled manufacturing employment, are relatively high. In north and north west Wales, earnings are low but the employment rates are above the Welsh average.<sup id="cite_ref-WAVE_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAVE-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant part of the earnings (and value added per job) variations within Wales are due to structural factors such as economic mass and occupational mix rather than like-for-like lower pay or <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WAVE_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAVE-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardiff, with over 400,000 people, benefits from its size, capital status, a hinterland in south east Wales and good connections to London and the <a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WAVE_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAVE-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardiff is the primary location for service sector activities in Wales, with 26% of Welsh service sector output and 22% of Welsh service sector employment, compared to 19% of all employment in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North east Wales benefits from proximity to <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, Greater Manchester and <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a> and there is significant cross-border <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuting</a>. The Valleys and the western areas of Wales have less economic mass and are more distant from major economic centres. These are some of the poorest regions in Europe and qualify for <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Regional_policy#Objective_One" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Regional policy">Objective One</a> funding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_2">Employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many parts of Wales suffered from a continuous decline in heavy industry over the 20th century, culminating in the virtual disappearance of coal-mining in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demise of '<a href="/wiki/Smokestack" class="mw-redirect" title="Smokestack">smokestack</a>' industries left a legacy of high unemployment, and although unemployment has declined in recent years, unemployment in <a href="/wiki/West_Wales_and_the_Valleys" title="West Wales and the Valleys">West Wales and the Valleys</a> still tends to be higher than the Welsh average and economic inactivity (a form of hidden unemployment) continues to be a major problem in these areas. <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neath_Port_Talbot" title="Neath Port Talbot">Neath Port Talbot</a> have some of the largest proportions of people in the UK not working due to long-term illness or disability, though some believe that in reality many people classified as "unable to work" through sickness are low-skilled workers encouraged to exit the <a href="/wiki/Labour_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour market">labour market</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">benefits system</a> as well as declining demand for their skills.<sup id="cite_ref-WAVE_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAVE-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GDP_in_NUTS3_regions">GDP in NUTS3 regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: GDP in NUTS3 regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The figures below for 2013 come from Eurostat<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are denoted in Euros. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Regions (<a href="/wiki/ITL_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="ITL (UK)">NUTS3</a>)</th> <th>GDP € (2013)</th> <th>GDP per capita € (2013)</th> <th>GDP € (2016)</th> <th>GDP per capita € (2016) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Isle of Anglesey</td> <td>€1.167 bn</td> <td>€16,700</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €1.305 bn</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €18,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gwynedd</td> <td>€2.956 bn</td> <td>€24,200</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €3.224 bn</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €26,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Conwy & Denbighshire</td> <td>€4.246 bn</td> <td>€20,200</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €4.767 bn</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €22,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South West Wales</td> <td>€7.678 bn</td> <td>€20,000</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €8.723 bn</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €22,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central Valleys</td> <td>€5.939 bn</td> <td>€20,100</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>€6.812 bn</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €22,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gwent Valleys</td> <td>€5.962 bn</td> <td>€17,500</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €6.923 bn</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €20,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bridgend & Neath Port Talbot</td> <td>€6.016 bn</td> <td>€21,500</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €7.240 bn</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €25,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Swansea</td> <td>€5.532 bn</td> <td>€23,100</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €6.332 bn</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €25,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monmouthshire & Newport</td> <td>€6.322 bn</td> <td>€26,500</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €7.260 bn</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €30,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cardiff & Vale of Glamorgan</td> <td>€14.361 bn</td> <td>€30,000</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €16.590 bn</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €33,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flintshire & Wrexham</td> <td>€8.346 bn</td> <td>€28,800</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €9.374 bn</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €32,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Powys</td> <td>€2.869 bn</td> <td>€21,600</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €3.134 bn</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> €23,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>TOTAL</b> </td> <td>€<i><b> 71.396 bn</b></i> </td> <td>€<b>23,200</b> </td> <td>€<i><b>81.683 bn</b></i> </td> <td>€<b>26,200</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The GDP per head for Wales was €23,200, which was 84% of the EU average of €26,600, whereas for the UK as a whole this figure was 118%. The NUTS3 region of Wales with the highest GDP per head was Cardiff & Vale of Glamorgan with 114% of the EU average, and the NUTS3 region with the lowest GDP per head was Isle of Anglesey with 57% of the EU average. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economy_in_Wales" title="Regional economy in Wales">Regional economy in Wales</a> (City regions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett_formula" title="Barnett formula">Barnett formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries of the United Kingdom by GDP per capita">Countries of the United Kingdom by GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cardiff" title="Economy of Cardiff">Economy of Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">List of companies of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Wales" title="Renewable energy in Wales">Renewable energy in Wales</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">6 April – 5 April for personal tax</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-labourforce-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-labourforce_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In employment and aged 16 or over (quantity) or aged 16–64 (percent)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-occupations-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-occupations_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Percent is a proportion of all persons in employment aged 16 and over</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unemployment-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unemployment_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unemployed aged 16 and over. Percent is a proportion of economically active.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-averagesalary-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-averagesalary_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Median gross weekly pay for full time employees resident in Wales</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tradegoodsandservices-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tradegoodsandservices_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tradegoodsandservices_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goods and services</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tradeexcludingservices-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tradeexcludingservices_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tradeexcludingservices_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tradeexcludingservices_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tradeexcludingservices_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Excluding services</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Small-scale vessels are ships with a length under 10 metres</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Wales&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i>. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://assets.nationbuilder.com/plaid2016/pages/12081/attachments/original/1664447377/The_Fiscal_Deficit_in_Wales_-_why_it_does_not_represent_an_accurate_picture_of_the_opening_public_finances_of_an_Independent_Wales_by_Prof_John_Doyle_-.pdf?1664447377">"The "Fiscal Deficit" in Wales: why it does not represent an accurate picture of the opening public finances of an Independent Wales"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span 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Navigation: Database by themes|Economy & finance|National accounts (ESA 2010)|Annual national accounts|Regional economic accounts|GDP indicators|GDP at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions. 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Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">List of companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="State-owned enterprises of the United Kingdom">State-owned companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Court" title="Companies Court">Companies Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre"><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_fiscal_balance" title="Welsh fiscal balance">Welsh fiscal balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Wales" title="Taxation in Wales">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_rates_in_Wales" title="Business rates in Wales">Business rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">List of banks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre"><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banc_Cambria" title="Banc Cambria">Banc Cambria</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_Bank_of_Wales" title="Development Bank of Wales">Development Bank of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodge_Bank" title="Hodge Bank">Hodge Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_Building_Society" title="Monmouthshire Building Society">Monmouthshire Building Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_Building_Society" title="Principality Building Society">Principality Building Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Building_Society" title="Swansea Building Society">Swansea Building Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_banks_of_Wales" title="Category:Defunct banks of Wales">Defunct banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK-wide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Other commercial banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK-wide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">UK-wide Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett_formula" title="Barnett formula">Barnett formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">UK Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">Company law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-edged_securities" title="Gilt-edged securities">Gilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_%26_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Revenue & Customs">HM Revenue & Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_Management_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Debt Management Office (United Kingdom)">Debt Management Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment" title="UK Trade & Investment">UK Trade & Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgages_in_English_law" title="Mortgages in English law">Mortgages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_property_law" title="English property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_land_law" title="English land law">Land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_torts_in_English_law" title="Economic torts in English law">Economic torts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ownership_within_England_and_Wales" title="Business ownership within England and Wales">Business ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_devolved_matters_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of devolved matters in Wales">Devolved policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_the_Economy_(Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for the Economy (Wales)">Minister for the Economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Revenue_Authority" title="Welsh Revenue Authority">Welsh Revenue Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Wales" title="Audit Wales">Audit Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_General_for_Wales" title="Auditor General for Wales">Auditor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Development_Agency" title="Welsh Development Agency">Welsh Development Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technium" title="Technium">Technium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Localised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economy_in_Wales" title="Regional economy in Wales">Regional economic deals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Capital_Region" title="Cardiff Capital Region">Cardiff Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Wales#Growth_deal" title="Mid Wales">Mid Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambition_North_Wales" title="Ambition North Wales">North Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Bay_City_Region" title="Swansea Bay City Region">Swansea Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cardiff" title="Economy of Cardiff">Economy of Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Swansea" title="Economy of Swansea">Economy of Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li>Business schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Business_School" title="Cardiff Business School">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Business_School" title="South Wales Business School">South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Business_School" title="Swansea Business School">Swansea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">UK Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">UK equality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">UK Minimum wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">Trades unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_innovations_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Welsh innovations and discoveries">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Wales" title="Energy in Wales">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Wales" title="Renewable energy in Wales">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Wales" title="Mining in Wales">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_industry_of_Wales" title="Food and drink industry of Wales">Food and drink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh beer">Beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatisation_in_England_and_Wales" title="Water privatisation in England and Wales">Water privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming_in_Wales" title="Sheep farming in Wales">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woollen_industry_in_Wales" title="Woollen industry in Wales">Wool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Wales" title="Manufacturing in Wales">Manufacturing</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Forest_for_Wales" title="National Forest for Wales">Re-forestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Wales" title="Mining in Wales">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_the_Nantlle_Valley" title="Slate industry in the Nantlle Valley">Nantlle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_operations_on_the_Welsh_Highland_Railway" title="Slate operations on the Welsh Highland Railway">WHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slate_mines_in_Wales" title="Category:Slate mines in Wales">Mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ironworks_in_Wales" title="List of ironworks in Wales">Ironworks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Wales" title="Science and technology in Wales">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Wales">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Wales" title="Architecture of Wales">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visit_Wales" title="Visit Wales">Visit Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic impacts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">Recessions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Economic autonomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_fiscal_autonomy_for_Scotland_and_Wales" title="Full fiscal autonomy for Scotland and Wales">Full fiscal autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence#Fiscal_balance" title="Welsh independence">Full independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_dividend" title="Union dividend">Union dividend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Wales" title="Category:Economy of Wales">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wales_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wales_topics" title="Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wales_topics" title="Template talk:Wales topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wales_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wales_articles" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wales" title="Outline of Wales">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Welsh_history" title="Timeline of Welsh history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Welsh_history" title="Bibliography of Welsh history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Kingdom of Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Medieval Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas" title="Welsh settlement in the Americas">Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Wales" title="Fauna of Wales">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Wales" title="Flora of Wales">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wales" title="List of lakes of Wales">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">AONBs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wales" title="List of rivers of Wales">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Wales–England border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Wales" title="List of waterfalls in Wales">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wales" title="Elections in Wales">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_Wales" title="Mayors in Wales">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_in_Wales" title="List of rulers in Wales">Local rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Wales" title="List of political parties in Wales">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Wales" title="Unionism in Wales">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Office" title="Wales Office">Wales Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counsel_General_for_Wales" title="Counsel General for Wales">Counsel General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Modern Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces of Wales">Police forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Wales" title="Armed forces in Wales">British Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Wales" title="List of power stations in Wales">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Wales" title="Category:Society of Wales">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_art" title="Welsh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Wales" title="List of castles in Wales">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd_Cymru" title="Gorsedd Cymru">Gorsedd Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Literature in Welsh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Wales" title="List of museums in Wales">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Wales" title="Sport in Wales">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales" title="Theatre of Wales">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people" title="List of Welsh people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Actors" title="List of Welsh people">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Americans" title="List of Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_architects" title="List of Welsh architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_artists" title="List of Welsh artists">Artists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_artists_associated_with_Wales" title="List of women artists associated with Wales">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_musicians" title="List of Welsh musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_poets_(6th_century_to_c._1600)" title="List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Monarchs_and_princes" title="List of Welsh people">Royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_scientists" title="List of Welsh scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women" title="List of Welsh women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_writers" title="List of Welsh writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">in Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women_writers" title="List of Welsh women writers">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Wales" title="Health in Wales">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">Healthcare service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_health_board" title="Local health board">Boards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Wales" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-Christian belief systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Wales" title="Baháʼí Faith in Wales">Bahá'ís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Wales" title="Buddhism in Wales">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Wales" title="Hinduism in Wales">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_flags" title="List of Welsh flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wales" title="Flag of Wales">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers">Prince of Wales's feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Royal Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Europe" title="Template:Economy of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Economy of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andorra" title="Economy of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belarus" title="Economy of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Monaco" title="Economy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_San_Marino" title="Economy of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Serbia" title="Economy of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> 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