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</ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opto_components_and_circuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opto_components_and_circuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Opto components and circuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opto_components_and_circuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer_electronics_infrared_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_electronics_infrared_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consumer electronics infrared protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_electronics_infrared_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared,_line_of_sight_and_operating_angle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared,_line_of_sight_and_operating_angle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Infrared, line of sight and operating angle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared,_line_of_sight_and_operating_angle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_remote_control_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_remote_control_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Radio remote control systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_remote_control_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_line_remote_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_line_remote_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Power line remote control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_line_remote_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garage_and_gate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garage_and_gate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Garage and gate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garage_and_gate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PC_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PC_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>PC control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PC_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standby_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standby_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Standby power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standby_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Remote control</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF" title="جهاز تحكم عن بعد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاز تحكم عن بعد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandu_a_distancia" title="Mandu a distancia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mandu a distancia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metowepitcikan" title="Metowepitcikan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Metowepitcikan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzaqdan_idar%C9%99" title="Uzaqdan idarə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uzaqdan idarə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="দূরবর্তী নিয়ন্ত্রণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দূরবর্তী নিয়ন্ত্রণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%AB-m%C3%B3%CD%98" title="Lī-mó͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lī-mó͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Пульт дыстанцыйнага кіраваньня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пульт дыстанцыйнага кіраваньня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comandament_a_dist%C3%A0ncia" title="Comandament a distància – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comandament a distància" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1lkov%C3%A9_ovl%C3%A1d%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Dálkové ovládání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dálkové ovládání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjernbetjening" title="Fjernbetjening – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fjernbetjening" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernbedienung" title="Fernbedienung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fernbedienung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_remoto" title="Control remoto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Control remoto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleregilo" title="Teleregilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teleregilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urrutiko_kontrol" title="Urrutiko kontrol – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urrutiko kontrol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کنترل از راه دور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنترل از راه دور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9commande" title="Télécommande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télécommande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%AA%A8%EC%BB%A8" title="리모컨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리모컨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="दूरस्थ नियंत्रण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दूरस्थ नियंत्रण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daljinsko_upravljanje" title="Daljinsko upravljanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Daljinsko upravljanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengendali_jarak_jauh" title="Pengendali jarak jauh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengendali jarak jauh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjarst%C3%BDring" title="Fjarstýring – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjarstýring" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomando" title="Telecomando – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Telecomando" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7" title="שלט רחוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלט רחוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mot" title="Rémot – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rémot" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Пульт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пульт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidhibitimbali" title="Kidhibitimbali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kidhibitimbali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9komann" title="Télékomann – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Télékomann" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BBresaz" title="Dûresaz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dûresaz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleiussibulum" title="Teleiussibulum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Teleiussibulum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1vir%C3%A1ny%C3%ADt%C3%B3" title="Távirányító – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Távirányító" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Далечинец – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Далечинец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BC" title="റിമോട്ട് കൺട്രോളർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിമോട്ട് കൺട്രോളർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="ريموت كونترول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريموت كونترول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alat_kawalan_jauh" title="Alat kawalan jauh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alat kawalan jauh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afstandsbediening" title="Afstandsbediening – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afstandsbediening" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3" title="リモコン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リモコン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjernkontroll" title="Fjernkontroll – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fjernkontroll" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjernkontroll" title="Fjernkontroll – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fjernkontroll" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomanda" title="Telecomanda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Telecomanda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fageettoo" title="Fageettoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Fageettoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_zdalnego_sterowania" title="Pilot zdalnego sterowania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pilot zdalnego sterowania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlo_remoto" title="Controlo remoto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Controlo remoto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пульт дистанционного управления – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пульт дистанционного управления" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecuntrollu" title="Telecuntrollu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Telecuntrollu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomanduesi" title="Telekomanduesi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Telekomanduesi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Remote control" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia%C4%BEkov%C3%BD_ovl%C3%A1da%C4%8D" title="Diaľkový ovládač – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Diaľkový ovládač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%95%DB%86%DA%B5" title="ڕیمۆت کۆنتڕۆڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیمۆت کۆنتڕۆڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Даљински управљач – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Даљински управљач" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daljinski_upravlja%C4%8D" title="Daljinski upravljač – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Daljinski upravljač" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukos%C3%A4%C3%A4din" title="Kaukosäädin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaukosäädin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%A4rrkontroll" title="Fjärrkontroll – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fjärrkontroll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="தொலைக் கட்டுப்படுத்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொலைக் கட்டுப்படுத்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="రిమోట్ కంట్రోల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రిమోట్ కంట్రోల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5" title="รีโมตคอนโทรล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รีโมตคอนโทรล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzaktan_kumanda" title="Uzaktan kumanda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzaktan kumanda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Пульт дистанційного керування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пульт дистанційного керування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%B9_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="ریموٹ کنٹرول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریموٹ کنٹرول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%82ecomando" title="Tełecomando – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tełecomando" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device used to control other devices remotely</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Remote_control_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Remote control (disambiguation)">Remote control (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "Remote", see <a href="/wiki/Remote_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Remote (disambiguation)">Remote (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Teleoperation" title="Teleoperation">Teleoperation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">radio control</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuon-N2000-Remote-Control.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nuon-N2000-Remote-Control.jpg/220px-Nuon-N2000-Remote-Control.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nuon-N2000-Remote-Control.jpg/330px-Nuon-N2000-Remote-Control.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nuon-N2000-Remote-Control.jpg/440px-Nuon-N2000-Remote-Control.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>A Samsung Nuon N2000 television and DVD remote control</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitachi_aircon_remote_control_in_Japan_20140910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hitachi_aircon_remote_control_in_Japan_20140910.jpg/220px-Hitachi_aircon_remote_control_in_Japan_20140910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hitachi_aircon_remote_control_in_Japan_20140910.jpg/330px-Hitachi_aircon_remote_control_in_Japan_20140910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hitachi_aircon_remote_control_in_Japan_20140910.jpg/440px-Hitachi_aircon_remote_control_in_Japan_20140910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption>An air conditioning unit remote control</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, a <b>remote control</b> (also known as a <b>remote</b> or <b>clicker</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an electronic device used to operate another device from a distance, usually <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wirelessly</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a>, a remote control can be used to operate devices such as a <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD player</a> or other digital home media appliance. A remote control can allow operation of devices that are out of convenient reach for direct operation of controls. They function best when used from a short distance. This is primarily a convenience feature for the user. In some cases, remote controls allow a person to operate a device that they otherwise would not be able to reach, as when a <a href="/wiki/Garage_door_opener" title="Garage door opener">garage door opener</a> is triggered from outside. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remote_control_symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Remote_control_symbol.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="74" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="66" data-file-height="74" /></a><figcaption>The standard symbol used to denote that it uses infrared as a way to send the signal to devices</figcaption></figure> <p>Early television remote controls (1956–1977) used <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonics">ultrasonic</a> tones. Present-day remote controls are commonly <a href="/wiki/Consumer_IR" title="Consumer IR">consumer infrared</a> devices which send digitally-coded pulses of infrared radiation. They control functions such as power, volume, channels, playback, track change, energy, fan speed, and various other features. Remote controls for these devices are usually small wireless handheld objects with an array of buttons. They are used to adjust various settings such as <a href="/wiki/Television_channel" title="Television channel">television channel</a>, track number, and <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">volume</a>. The remote control code, and thus the required remote control device, is usually specific to a product line. However, there are <a href="/wiki/Universal_remote" title="Universal remote">universal remotes</a>, which emulate the remote control made for most major brand devices. </p><p>Remote controls in the 2000s include <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> connectivity, <a href="/wiki/Motion_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion sensor">motion sensor</a>-enabled capabilities and <a href="/wiki/Voice_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice control">voice control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remote controls for 2010s onward <a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TVs</a> may feature a standalone keyboard on the rear side to facilitate typing, and be usable as a pointing device.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Radio_control#History" title="Radio control">Radio control § History</a></div> <p>Wired and wireless remote control was developed in the latter half of the 19th century to meet the need to control unmanned vehicles (for the most part military torpedoes).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included a wired version by German engineer <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> in 1870, and radio controlled ones by British engineer Ernest Wilson and C. J. Evans (1897)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a prototype that inventor <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> demonstrated in New York in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903 Spanish engineer <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Torres_Quevedo" title="Leonardo Torres Quevedo">Leonardo Torres Quevedo</a> introduced a radio based control system called the "<i>Telekino</i>" at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Academy of Sciences">Paris Academy of Sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he hoped to use to control a <a href="/wiki/Astra-Torres_airship" title="Astra-Torres airship">dirigible airship</a> of his own design. Unlike previous “on/off” techniques, the <i>Telekino</i> was able to execute a finite but not limited set of different mechanical actions using a single <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">communication channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yuste2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yuste2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1904 to 1906 Torres chose to conduct <i>Telekino</i> testings in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">three-wheeled land vehicle</a> with an effective range of 20 to 30 meters, and guiding a manned electrically powered <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boat</a>, which demonstrated a standoff range of 2 kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first remote-controlled model airplane flew in 1932,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the use of remote control technology for military purposes was worked on intensively during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, one result of this being the German <a href="/wiki/Wasserfall_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasserfall missile">Wasserfall missile</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhilcoMysteryRadioRemoteControl_CBCMuseum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PhilcoMysteryRadioRemoteControl_CBCMuseum.png/220px-PhilcoMysteryRadioRemoteControl_CBCMuseum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PhilcoMysteryRadioRemoteControl_CBCMuseum.png/330px-PhilcoMysteryRadioRemoteControl_CBCMuseum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PhilcoMysteryRadioRemoteControl_CBCMuseum.png/440px-PhilcoMysteryRadioRemoteControl_CBCMuseum.png 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a> Mystery Control (1939)</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 1930s, several radio manufacturers offered remote controls for some of their higher-end models.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these were connected to the set being controlled by wires, but the <a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a> Mystery Control (1939) was a battery-operated low-frequency radio transmitter,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus making it the first wireless remote control for a consumer electronics device. Using pulse-count modulation, this also was the first digital wireless remote control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_remote_controls">Television remote controls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Television remote controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circa_1950%27s_Television_Remote_Control_made_by_Motorola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Circa_1950%27s_Television_Remote_Control_made_by_Motorola.jpg/220px-Circa_1950%27s_Television_Remote_Control_made_by_Motorola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Circa_1950%27s_Television_Remote_Control_made_by_Motorola.jpg/330px-Circa_1950%27s_Television_Remote_Control_made_by_Motorola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Circa_1950%27s_Television_Remote_Control_made_by_Motorola.jpg/440px-Circa_1950%27s_Television_Remote_Control_made_by_Motorola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="2871" /></a><figcaption>1950s TV Remote by <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SABA-corded-TV-remote-left.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of a SABA TV remote with cord attached" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SABA-corded-TV-remote-left.jpg/220px-SABA-corded-TV-remote-left.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SABA-corded-TV-remote-left.jpg/330px-SABA-corded-TV-remote-left.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SABA-corded-TV-remote-left.jpg/440px-SABA-corded-TV-remote-left.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4544" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SABA_(electronics_manufacturer)" title="SABA (electronics manufacturer)">SABA</a> corded TV remote</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the first remote intended to control a television was developed by <a href="/wiki/Zenith_Electronics_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenith Electronics Corporation">Zenith Radio Corporation</a> in 1950. The remote, called Lazy Bones,<sup id="cite_ref-metv.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metv.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> by a wire. A wireless remote control, the <a href="/wiki/Zenith_Flash-matic" title="Zenith Flash-matic">Flash-Matic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-metv.com_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metv.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was developed in 1955 by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Polley" title="Eugene Polley">Eugene Polley</a>. It worked by shining a beam of light onto one of four <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">photoelectric cells</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the cell did not distinguish between light from the remote and light from other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-theregister.co.uk_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theregister.co.uk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Flashmatic also had to be pointed very precisely at one of the sensors in order to work.<sup id="cite_ref-theregister.co.uk_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theregister.co.uk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenith_Space_Commander_600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Zenith_Space_Commander_600.jpg/200px-Zenith_Space_Commander_600.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Zenith_Space_Commander_600.jpg/300px-Zenith_Space_Commander_600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Zenith_Space_Commander_600.jpg/400px-Zenith_Space_Commander_600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Zenith Space Commander Six hundred</i> remote control</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1956, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adler" title="Robert Adler">Robert Adler</a> developed Zenith Space Command, a wireless remote.<sup id="cite_ref-metv.com_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metv.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farhi_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farhi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Verge_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verge-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was mechanical and used ultrasound to change the channel and volume.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Verge_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verge-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the user pushed a button on the remote control, it struck a bar and clicked, hence they were commonly called "clickers", and the mechanics were similar to a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">pluck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verge_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verge-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the four bars emitted a different fundamental frequency with ultrasonic harmonics, and circuits in the television detected these sounds and interpreted them as channel-up, channel-down, sound-on/off, and power-on/off.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the rapid decrease in price of <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> made possible cheaper <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> remotes that contained a <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectric</a> crystal that was fed by an <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">oscillating</a> electric current at a <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> near or above the upper threshold of <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">human hearing</a>, though still audible to <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>. The receiver contained a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> attached to a circuit that was tuned to the same frequency. Some problems with this method were that the receiver could be triggered accidentally by naturally occurring noises or deliberately by metal against glass, for example, and some people could hear the lower ultrasonic harmonics. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCA_RCU403.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RCA_RCU403.jpg/150px-RCA_RCU403.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RCA_RCU403.jpg/225px-RCA_RCU403.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RCA_RCU403.jpg/300px-RCA_RCU403.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1806" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> universal remote</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1970, <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> introduced an all-electronic remote control that uses <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital signals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor_field-effect_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor">metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET) <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">memory</a>. This was widely adopted for <a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">color television</a>, replacing motor-driven tuning controls.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impetus for a more complex type of television remote control came in 1973, with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Ceefax" title="Ceefax">Ceefax</a> <a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">teletext</a> service by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Most commercial remote controls at that time had a limited number of functions, sometimes as few as three: next channel, previous channel, and volume/off. This type of control did not meet the needs of Teletext sets, where pages were identified with three-digit numbers. A remote control that selects Teletext pages would need buttons for each numeral from zero to nine, as well as other control functions, such as switching from text to picture, and the normal television controls of volume, channel, brightness, color intensity, etc. Early Teletext sets used wired remote controls to select pages, but the continuous use of the remote control required for Teletext quickly indicated the need for a wireless device. So BBC engineers began talks with one or two television manufacturers, which led to early prototypes in around 1977–1978 that could control many more functions. <a href="/wiki/ITT_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ITT Corporation">ITT</a> was one of the companies and later gave its name to the ITT protocol of infrared communication.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remote_controls.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Remote_controls.JPG/680px-Remote_controls.JPG" decoding="async" width="680" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Remote_controls.JPG/1020px-Remote_controls.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Remote_controls.JPG/1360px-Remote_controls.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TV" class="mw-redirect" title="TV">TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> Remote controls</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1980, the most popular remote control was the <i>Starcom Cable TV Converter</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Electronics" title="Jerrold Electronics">Jerrold Electronics</a>, a division of <a href="/wiki/General_Instrument" title="General Instrument">General Instrument</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-metv.com_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metv.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which used 40-kHz sound to change channels. Then, a Canadian company, Viewstar, Inc., was formed by engineer Paul Hrivnak and started producing a cable TV <a href="/wiki/Cable_converter_box" title="Cable converter box">converter</a> with an infrared remote control. The product was sold through Philips for approximately $190 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CAD</a>. The Viewstar converter was an immediate success, the millionth converter being sold on March 21, 1985, with 1.6 million sold by 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_remote_controls">Other remote controls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other remote controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Blab-off was a wired remote control created in 1952 that turned a TV's (television) sound on or off so that viewers could avoid hearing commercials.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s <a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> started a company named <a href="/wiki/CL_9" title="CL 9">CL 9</a>. The purpose of this company was to create a remote control that could operate multiple electronic devices. The CORE unit (Controller Of Remote Equipment) was introduced in the fall of 1987. The advantage to this remote controller was that it could "learn" remote signals from different devices. It had the ability to perform specific or multiple functions at various times with its built-in clock. It was the first remote control that could be linked to a computer and loaded with updated software code as needed. The CORE unit never made a huge impact on the market. It was much too cumbersome for the average user to program, but it received rave reviews from those who could.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These obstacles eventually led to the demise of CL 9, but two of its employees continued the business under the name Celadon. This was one of the first computer-controlled learning remote controls on the market.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, cars were increasingly sold with electronic remote control door locks. These remotes transmit a signal to the car which locks or unlocks the door locks or unlocks the trunk. An aftermarket device sold in some countries is the remote starter. This enables a car owner to remotely start their car. This feature is most associated with countries with winter climates, where users may wish to run the car for several minutes before they intend to use it, so that the car heater and defrost systems can remove ice and snow from the windows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proliferation">Proliferation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proliferation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remote_Controls_for_sale_in_Hong_Kong.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Remote_Controls_for_sale_in_Hong_Kong.JPG/300px-Remote_Controls_for_sale_in_Hong_Kong.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Remote_Controls_for_sale_in_Hong_Kong.JPG/450px-Remote_Controls_for_sale_in_Hong_Kong.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Remote_Controls_for_sale_in_Hong_Kong.JPG/600px-Remote_Controls_for_sale_in_Hong_Kong.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Used remote controls for sale in a market in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 2000s, the number of consumer electronic devices in most homes greatly increased, along with the number of remotes to control those devices. According to the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Electronics Association">Consumer Electronics Association</a>, an average US home has four remotes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To operate a <a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">home theater</a> as many as five or six remotes may be required, including one for cable or satellite receiver, <a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCR</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorder</a> (DVR/PVR), <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD player</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio amplifier">audio amplifier</a>. Several of these remotes may need to be used sequentially for some programs or services to work properly. However, as there are no accepted interface guidelines, the process is increasingly cumbersome. One solution used to reduce the number of remotes that have to be used is the <a href="/wiki/Universal_remote" title="Universal remote">universal remote</a>, a remote control that is programmed with the operation codes for most major brands of TVs, DVD players, etc. In the early 2010s, many <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> manufacturers began incorporating infrared emitters into their devices, thereby enabling their use as universal remotes via an included or downloadable <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">app</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main technology used in home remote controls is <a href="/wiki/Infrared_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared communication">infrared</a> (IR) light. The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye but can be seen through a digital camera, video camera or phone camera. The transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset. A transmitter is often a <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a> (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button. The receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opto_components_and_circuits">Opto components and circuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opto components and circuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Control-remote-spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Control-remote-spectrum.png/250px-Control-remote-spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Control-remote-spectrum.png/375px-Control-remote-spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Control-remote-spectrum.png/500px-Control-remote-spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The emission spectrum of a typical sound system remote control is in the near infrared.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_infrared_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Blue_infrared_light.jpg/250px-Blue_infrared_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Blue_infrared_light.jpg/375px-Blue_infrared_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Blue_infrared_light.jpg/500px-Blue_infrared_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The infrared diode modulates at a speed corresponding to a particular function. When seen through a digital camera, the diode appears to be emitting pulses of purple light.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most remote controls for electronic appliances use a near <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">diode</a> to emit a beam of light that reaches the device. A 940 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> wavelength LED is typical.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This infrared light is not visible to the human eye but picked up by sensors on the receiving device. Video cameras see the diode as if it produces visible purple light. With a single channel (single-function, one-button) remote control the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Carrier_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier signal">carrier signal</a> can be used to trigger a function. For multi-channel (normal multi-function) remote controls more sophisticated procedures are necessary: one consists of modulating the carrier with signals of different frequencies. After the receiver demodulates the received signal, it applies the appropriate frequency filters to separate the respective signals. One can often hear the signals being modulated on the infrared carrier by operating a remote control in very close proximity to an <a href="/wiki/AM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="AM radio">AM radio</a> not tuned to a station. Today, IR remote controls almost always use a pulse width modulated code, encoded and decoded by a digital computer: a command from a remote control consists of a short train of pulses of carrier-present and carrier-not-present of varying widths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_electronics_infrared_protocols">Consumer electronics infrared protocols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consumer electronics infrared protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different manufacturers of infrared remote controls use different protocols to transmit the infrared commands. The <a href="/wiki/RC-5" title="RC-5">RC-5</a> <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocol</a> that has its origins within Philips, uses, for instance, a total of 14 bits for each button press. The bit pattern is modulated onto a <a href="/wiki/Carrier_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier frequency">carrier frequency</a> that, again, can be different for different manufacturers and standards, in the case of RC-5, the carrier is 36 kHz. Other consumer infrared protocols include the various versions of SIRCS used by Sony, the RC-6 from Philips, the <a href="/wiki/Ruwido" title="Ruwido">Ruwido</a> R-Step, and the NEC TC101 protocol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared,_line_of_sight_and_operating_angle"><span id="Infrared.2C_line_of_sight_and_operating_angle"></span>Infrared, line of sight and operating angle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Infrared, line of sight and operating angle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since infrared (IR) remote controls use light, they require line of sight to operate the destination device. The signal can, however, be reflected by mirrors, just like any other light source. If operation is required where no line of sight is possible, for instance when controlling equipment in another room or installed in a cabinet, many brands of IR extenders are available for this on the market. Most of these have an IR receiver, picking up the IR signal and relaying it via radio waves to the remote part, which has an IR transmitter mimicking the original IR control. Infrared receivers also tend to have a more or less limited operating angle, which mainly depends on the optical characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Phototransistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototransistor">phototransistor</a>. However, it is easy to increase the operating angle using a matte transparent object in front of the receiver. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_remote_control_systems">Radio remote control systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Radio remote control systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png/250px-Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png/375px-Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Garage-door-opener-remote-control.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>The exterior and interior layout of the remote control for a garage door opener</figcaption></figure> <p>Radio remote control (RF remote control) is used to control distant objects using a variety of radio signals transmitted by the remote control device. As a complementary method to infrared remote controls, the radio remote control is used with electric garage door or gate openers, automatic barrier systems, burglar alarms and industrial automation systems. Standards used for RF remotes are: <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_profile#Audio/Video_Remote_Control_Profile_(AVRCP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth profile">AVRCP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a> (RF4CE), <a href="/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a>. Most remote controls use their own coding, transmitting from 8 to 100 or more pulses, fixed or <a href="/wiki/Rolling_code" title="Rolling code">Rolling code</a>, using <a href="/wiki/On-off_keying" class="mw-redirect" title="On-off keying">OOK</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying" title="Frequency-shift keying">FSK</a> modulation. Also, transmitters or receivers can be <i>universal</i>, meaning they are able to work with many different codings. In this case, the transmitter is normally called a <i>universal remote control duplicator</i> because it is able to copy existing remote controls, while the receiver is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_receiver" title="Universal receiver">universal receiver</a></i> because it works with almost any remote control in the market. </p><p>A radio remote control system commonly has two parts: transmit and receive. The transmitter part is divided into two parts, the RF remote control and the transmitter module. This allows the transmitter module to be used as a component in a larger application. The transmitter module is small, but users must have detailed knowledge to use it; combined with the RF remote control it is much simpler to use. </p><p>The receiver is generally one of two types: a super-regenerative receiver or a <a href="/wiki/Superheterodyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Superheterodyne">superheterodyne</a>. The super-regenerative receiver works like that of an intermittent oscillation detection circuit. The superheterodyne works like the one in a radio receiver. The superheterodyne receiver is used because of its stability, high sensitivity and it has relatively good anti-interference ability, a small package and lower price. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A remote control is used for controlling substations, pump storage power stations and <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">HVDC</a>-plants. For these systems often PLC-systems working in the longwave range are used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_line_remote_control">Power line remote control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Power line remote control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A subset of <a href="/wiki/Power-line_communication" title="Power-line communication">Power-Line communication</a> that sends remote control signals over energized AC power lines. This was used to remotely control home automation before the invention of WIFI connected smart switches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garage_and_gate">Garage and gate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Garage and gate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garage and gate remote controls are very common, especially in some countries such as the US, Australia, and the UK, where garage doors, gates and barriers are widely used. Such a remote is very simple by design, usually only one button, and some with more buttons to control several gates from one control. Such remotes can be divided into two categories by the encoder type used: fixed code and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_code" title="Rolling code">rolling code</a>. If you find dip-switches in the remote, it is likely to be fixed code, an older technology which was widely used. However, fixed codes have been criticized for their (lack of) security, thus rolling code has been more and more widely used in later installations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg/220px-Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg/330px-Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg/440px-Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Brennan_torpedo" title="Brennan torpedo">Brennan torpedo</a>, one of the earliest "guided missiles"</figcaption></figure> <p>Remotely operated torpedoes were demonstrated in the late 19th century in the form of several types of remotely controlled <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a>. The early 1870s saw remotely controlled <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatic</a>), <a href="/wiki/John_Louis_Lay" title="John Louis Lay">John Louis Lay</a> (electric wire guided), and Victor von Scheliha (electric wire guided).<sup id="cite_ref-EdwynGray_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdwynGray-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brennan_torpedo" title="Brennan torpedo">Brennan torpedo</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brennan" title="Louis Brennan">Louis Brennan</a> in 1877 was powered by two contra-rotating propellers that were spun by rapidly pulling out wires from drums wound inside the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a>. Differential speed on the wires connected to the shore station allowed the torpedo to be guided to its target, making it "the world's first <i>practical</i> guided missile".<sup id="cite_ref-gray_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gray-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898 <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> publicly demonstrated a "wireless" radio-controlled <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> that he hoped to sell to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Low" title="Archibald Low">Archibald Low</a> was known as the "father of radio guidance systems" for his pioneering work on guided rockets and planes during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. In 1917, he demonstrated a remote-controlled aircraft to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> and in the same year built the first wire-guided rocket. As head of the secret <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">RFC</a> experimental works at <a href="/wiki/Feltham" title="Feltham">Feltham</a>, A. M. Low was the first person to use radio control successfully on an aircraft, an <a href="/wiki/British_unmanned_aerial_vehicles_of_World_War_I#1917_Aerial_Target" title="British unmanned aerial vehicles of World War I">"Aerial Target"</a>. It was "piloted" from the ground by future world aerial speed record holder <a href="/wiki/Henry_Segrave" title="Henry Segrave">Henry Segrave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low's systems encoded the command transmissions as a countermeasure to prevent enemy intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1918 the secret <a href="/wiki/British_unmanned_aerial_vehicles_of_World_War_I#The_Royal_Navy's_D.C.B._Section" title="British unmanned aerial vehicles of World War I">D.C.B. Section of the Royal Navy's Signals School, Portsmouth</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gascoigne_Robinson" title="Eric Gascoigne Robinson">Eric Robinson V.C.</a> used a variant of the Aerial Target's radio control system to control from ‘mother’ aircraft different types of naval vessels including a submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-adm253_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adm253-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military also developed several early remote control vehicles. In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a> employed <a href="/wiki/FL-boat" title="FL-boat">FL-boats</a> (Fernlenkboote) against coastal shipping. These were driven by <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion">internal combustion</a> engines and controlled remotely from a shore station through several miles of wire wound on a spool on the boat. An aircraft was used to signal directions to the shore station. EMBs carried a high explosive charge in the bow and traveled at speeds of thirty knots.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> used remotely controlled <a href="/wiki/Teletank" title="Teletank">teletanks</a> during the 1930s in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and the early stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. A teletank is controlled by radio from a control tank at a distance of 500 to 1,500 meters, the two constituting a <i>telemechanical group</i>. The Red Army fielded at least two teletank battalions at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Great Patriotic War</a>. There were also remotely controlled cutters and experimental remotely controlled planes in the Red Army. </p><p>Remote controls in military usage employ <a href="/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception" title="Radar jamming and deception">jamming</a> and countermeasures against jamming. Jammers are used to disable or sabotage the enemy's use of remote controls. The distances for military remote controls also tend to be much longer, up to intercontinental distance satellite-linked remote controls used by the U.S. for their <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_airplanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned airplanes">unmanned airplanes</a> (drones) in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan. Remote controls are used by insurgents in Iraq and Afghanistan to attack coalition and government troops with roadside <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a>, and terrorists in Iraq are reported in the media to use modified TV remote controls to detonate bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space">Space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AERCam_Sprint_Columbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/AERCam_Sprint_Columbia.jpg/220px-AERCam_Sprint_Columbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/AERCam_Sprint_Columbia.jpg/330px-AERCam_Sprint_Columbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/AERCam_Sprint_Columbia.jpg/440px-AERCam_Sprint_Columbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption>Remote controlled free-flying television camera <a href="/wiki/AERCam_Sprint" title="AERCam Sprint">AERCam Sprint</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the winter of 1971, the Soviet Union explored the surface of the Moon with the lunar vehicle <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a>, the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another celestial body. Remote control technology is also used in space travel, for instance, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a> vehicles were remote-controlled from the ground. Many <a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">space exploration rovers</a> can be remotely controlled, though vast distance to a vehicle results in a long time delay between transmission and receipt of a command. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PC_control">PC control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: PC control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Existing infrared remote controls can be used to control <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a> applications.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any application that supports shortcut keys can be controlled via infrared remote controls from other home devices (TV, VCR, AC).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is widely used<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with multimedia applications for PC based home theater systems. For this to work, one needs a device that decodes IR remote control data signals and a PC application that communicates to this device connected to PC. A connection can be made via serial port, USB port or motherboard <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">IrDA</a> connector. Such devices are commercially available but can be homemade using low-cost microcontrollers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/LIRC" title="LIRC">LIRC</a> (Linux IR Remote control) and WinLIRC (for Windows) are software packages developed for the purpose of controlling PC using TV remote and can be also used for homebrew remote with lesser modification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CanonRC-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CanonRC-1.JPG/220px-CanonRC-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CanonRC-1.JPG/330px-CanonRC-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CanonRC-1.JPG/440px-CanonRC-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Infrared remote control for the analog <a href="/wiki/SLR_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="SLR camera">SLR camera</a> <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_100" title="Canon EOS 100">Canon EOS 100</a> from 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>Remote controls are used in photography, in particular to take long-exposure shots. Many action cameras such as the GoPros <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as standard DSLRs including Sony's Alpha series <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> incorporate Wi-Fi based remote control systems. These can often be accessed and even controlled via cell-phones and other mobile devices.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wii_Remote_Image.jpg/220px-Wii_Remote_Image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wii_Remote_Image.jpg/330px-Wii_Remote_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wii_Remote_Image.jpg/440px-Wii_Remote_Image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2109" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Video game consoles had not used wireless controllers until recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> mainly because of the difficulty involved in playing the game while keeping the infrared transmitter pointed at the console. Early wireless controllers were cumbersome and when powered on alkaline batteries, lasted only a few hours before they needed replacement. Some wireless controllers were produced by third parties, in most cases using a radio link instead of infrared. Even these were very inconsistent, and in some cases, had transmission delays, making them virtually useless. Some examples include the Double Player for <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">NES</a>, the Master System Remote Control System and the Wireless Dual Shot for the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a>. </p><p>The first official wireless game controller made by a first party manufacturer was the CX-42 for <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">Philips CD-i</a> 400 series also came with a remote control, the <a href="/wiki/WaveBird_Wireless_Controller" title="WaveBird Wireless Controller">WaveBird</a> was also produced for the <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(seventh_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (seventh generation)">seventh generation</a> of gaming consoles, wireless controllers became standard. Some wireless controllers, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>, use <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>. Others, like the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>, use proprietary wireless protocols. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standby_power">Standby power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Standby power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To be turned on by a wireless remote, the controlled appliance must always be partly on, consuming <a href="/wiki/Standby_power" title="Standby power">standby power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hand-<a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">gesture recognition</a> has been researched as an alternative to remote controls for television sets.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/29px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/43px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/57px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> <a href="/wiki/Siri_Remote" title="Siri Remote">Siri Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Control" title="Consumer Electronics Control">Consumer Electronics Control</a> (CEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinect" title="Kinect">Kinect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_Technologies" title="Peel Technologies">Peel Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_controls" class="mw-redirect" title="Media controls">Media controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Move" title="PlayStation Move">PlayStation Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">Radio control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_control_locomotive" title="Remote control locomotive">Remote control locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleoperation" title="Teleoperation">Teleoperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommand" title="Telecommand">Telecommand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2011" class="citation web cs1">Greenfield, Rebecca (April 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/04/tech-etymology-tv-clicker/236965/">"Tech Etymology: TV Clicker"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wireless+Infrared+Remote+Controller+for+Multiple+Home+Appliances&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2014-01%2F2014-03&rft.aulast=Nekajar&rft.aufirst=Santosh+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10500059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+control" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.gopro.com/cameras?device=desktop">"GoPro - Cameras"</a>. <i>shop.gopro.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shop.gopro.com&rft.atitle=GoPro+-+Cameras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.gopro.com%2Fcameras%3Fdevice%3Ddesktop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sony.com/electronics/interchangeable-lens-cameras/ilce-6000-body-kit#product_details_default">"Sony α6000 E-mount camera with APS-C Sensor"</a>. <i>Sony</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sony&rft.atitle=Sony+%CE%B16000+E-mount+camera+with+APS-C+Sensor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.com%2Felectronics%2Finterchangeable-lens-cameras%2Filce-6000-body-kit%23product_details_default&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombardi" class="citation web cs1">Lombardi, Gianluca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1124a/">"By the Light of the Moon"</a>. <i>Picture of the Week</i>. ESO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Picture+of+the+Week&rft.atitle=By+the+Light+of+the+Moon&rft.aulast=Lombardi&rft.aufirst=Gianluca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fpotw1124a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825001908/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/consumer/tips/home_office.html">"Home Office and Home Electronics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.eere.energy.gov/consumer/tips/home_office.html">the original</a> on August 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+Office+and+Home+Electronics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.eere.energy.gov%2Fconsumer%2Ftips%2Fhome_office.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARemote+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman, William; Weissman, Craig (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merl.com/reports/docs/TR1994-024.pdf">"Television control by hand gestures"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114011311/http://www.merl.com/reports/docs/TR1994-024.pdf">Archived</a> November 14, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric_Research_Laboratories" title="Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories">Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_control&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Video_game_controllers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Game_controllers" title="Template:Game controllers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Game_controllers" title="Template talk:Game controllers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Game_controllers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Game controllers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_controllers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Video game controllers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controller types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_controller" title="Arcade controller">Arcade controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_board" title="Balance board">Balance board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_pad" title="Dance pad">Dance pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamepad" title="Gamepad">Gamepad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_keypad" title="Gaming keypad">Gaming keypad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_urinal" title="Interactive urinal">Interactive urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">Joystick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_gun" title="Light gun">Light gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_controller" title="Motion controller">Motion controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_game_accessories" title="Rhythm game accessories">Musical Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_(game_controller)" title="Paddle (game controller)">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulator_pedal" title="Simulator pedal">Pedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim_racing_wheel" title="Sim racing wheel">Wheel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_sim_racing_wheel" title="Direct-drive sim racing wheel">direct drive</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Remote control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">Wired glove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controller parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical buttons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_stick" title="Analog stick">Analog stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_keys" title="Arrow keys">Arrow keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-pad" title="D-pad">D-pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat switch">Hat switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_wheel" title="Scroll wheel">Scroll wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamepad#Features" title="Gamepad">Select button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamepad#Features" title="Gamepad">Start button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_keypad" title="Telephone keypad">Telephone keypad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_(game_controller)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigger (game controller)">Trigger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensitive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">Accelerometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Force feedback">Force feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">Haptic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylus_(computing)" title="Stylus (computing)">Stylus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_pen" title="Digital pen">Digital pen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_controllers" title="List of game controllers">List of game controllers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitap" title="Multitap">Multitap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reset_button" class="mw-redirect" title="Reset button">Reset button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R.O.B." title="R.O.B.">R.O.B.</a></li> <li><a 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