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<li id="toc-Arndale_Property_Trust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arndale_Property_Trust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Arndale Property Trust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arndale_Property_Trust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redevelopment_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redevelopment_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Redevelopment plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redevelopment_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retail_centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail_centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Retail centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail_centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plan_of_1965" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan_of_1965"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Plan of 1965</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan_of_1965-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Town_&_City_Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Town_&_City_Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Town & City Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Town_&_City_Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-1971_streets_and_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1971_streets_and_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Pre-1971 streets and buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1971_streets_and_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Design and construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Early days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refurbishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refurbishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Refurbishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refurbishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996_IRA_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996_IRA_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>1996 IRA bombing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996_IRA_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redevelopment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redevelopment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Redevelopment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redevelopment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Recent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Food court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manchester_Arndale&params=53_29_00_N_2_14_29_W_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°29′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°14′29″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.48333°N 2.24139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.48333; -2.24139</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Shopping centre in Manchester, England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Manchester Arndale</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Arndale_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Manchester_Arndale_Centre.jpg/250px-Manchester_Arndale_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Manchester_Arndale_Centre.jpg/375px-Manchester_Arndale_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Manchester_Arndale_Centre.jpg/500px-Manchester_Arndale_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Main entrance</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester, England">Manchester, England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manchester_Arndale&params=53_29_00_N_2_14_29_W_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°29′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°14′29″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.48333°N 2.24139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.48333; -2.24139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opening date</th><td class="infobox-data">1975<span class="noprint">; 50 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1975</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developer</th><td class="infobox-data">Arndale Property Trust</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M%26G_Real_Estate" title="M&G Real Estate">M&G Real Estate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">No. of stores and services</th><td class="infobox-data note">210</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">No. of <a href="/wiki/Anchor_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor store">anchor tenants</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_leasable_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross leasable area">Total retail floor area</a></th><td class="infobox-data note">1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">No. of floors</th><td class="infobox-data">3 (21 in Office Tower)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parking</th><td class="infobox-data">1450 spaces, NCP (Manchester) Limited.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manchesterarndale.com">manchesterarndale<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Manchester Arndale</b> is a large <a href="/wiki/Shopping_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping centre">shopping centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was constructed in phases between 1972 and 1979, at a cost of £100 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Frame_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frame-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester Arndale is the largest of the chain of <a href="/wiki/Arndale_Centre" title="Arndale Centre">Arndale Centres</a> built across the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. It was redeveloped after the <a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">1996 Manchester bombing</a>. </p><p>The centre has a retail floorspace of just under 1,400,000 sq ft (130,000 m<sup>2</sup>) (not including <a href="/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Marks and Spencer">Marks and Spencer</a> department stores to which it is connected via a link bridge), making it Europe's third largest city-centre shopping mall.<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester_Arndale,_The_Mall_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester_Arndale,_The_Mall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_shopping_centres_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_size" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the largest shopping centres in the United Kingdom by size">largest shopping centres in the UK</a>, with 41 million visitors annually,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Centre" title="Trafford Centre">Trafford Centre</a>, which attracts 35 million.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Arndale_from_Corporation_Street_in_Exchange_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Manchester_Arndale_from_Corporation_Street_in_Exchange_Square.jpg/220px-Manchester_Arndale_from_Corporation_Street_in_Exchange_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Manchester_Arndale_from_Corporation_Street_in_Exchange_Square.jpg/330px-Manchester_Arndale_from_Corporation_Street_in_Exchange_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Manchester_Arndale_from_Corporation_Street_in_Exchange_Square.jpg/440px-Manchester_Arndale_from_Corporation_Street_in_Exchange_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The Arndale from Exchange Square</figcaption></figure> <p>The Manchester Arndale was built between 1971 and 1979 on <a href="/wiki/Market_Street,_Manchester" title="Market Street, Manchester">Market Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester_city_centre" title="Manchester city centre">Manchester city centre</a> by developers Town & City Properties, the successors to the Arndale Property Trust, with financial backing from the <a href="/wiki/Prudential_Assurance_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Prudential Assurance Company">Prudential Assurance Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Corporation">Manchester Corporation</a>. The first phase opened in 1975. It was the largest Arndale Centre in the United Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arndale_Property_Trust">Arndale Property Trust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arndale Property Trust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arndale Property Trust, formed in the early 1950s, took its name from its founders, Arnold Hagenbach and Sam Chippindale. Hagenbach, a <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshireman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> extraction, owned a chain of baker's shops and had invested in retail premises from 1939. Chippindale was an <a href="/wiki/Estate_agent" title="Estate agent">estate agent</a> and former civil servant from <a href="/wiki/Otley" title="Otley">Otley</a>. Arndale was unusual, though not unique, amongst property companies in being based outside London and specialising in retail property. Hagenbach invested more and was the quieter partner. Chippindale was blunt and outspoken but was able to persuade sceptical <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern</a> councils to accept the company's proposals, where London-based developers could not. Arndale bought property north of Market Street in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redevelopment_plans">Redevelopment plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Redevelopment plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city council recognised before the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> that the area around Market Street was in need of redevelopment, and a plan was drawn up between 1942 and 1945 but no progress was made. The City Surveyor stated in 1962: "Manchester [is] crystallised in its Victorian setting ... A new look for the city has been long overdue. ... Its unsightly areas of mixed industrial, commercial and residential development need to be systematically unravelled and redeveloped on comprehensive lines. Only in this way can a city assume its proper place as a regional centre." The corporation used <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_purchase" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory purchase">compulsory purchase</a> orders to speed redevelopment at the bomb-damaged Market Place (between the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Corn Exchange, Manchester">Corn Exchange</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Royal Exchange, Manchester">Royal Exchange</a>—the development has since been demolished), at the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Tower" title="CIS Tower">CIS buildings</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/City_Tower,_Manchester" title="City Tower, Manchester">Piccadilly</a>. In the view of the surveyor, "These schemes have greatly improved the appearance of the central area of the City". The corporation's preferred development was a tower above a two or three-storey <a href="/wiki/Podium" title="Podium">podium</a>, the form used in all three developments, and later that of the Arndale.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corporation planners added the land and buildings they owned to those acquired by Arndale to increase the size of the available plot.<sup id="cite_ref-BE3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BE3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail_centre">Retail centre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Retail centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manchester was traditionally the dominant retail centre of the conurbation and region, and Market Street was the main shopping street from about 1850. Manchester's position weakened during the 1960s as the range of goods available elsewhere increased. <a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a> had concentrated its three main retail areas into one, with the aim of eliminating the need for residents to travel to Manchester to shop. <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a> town centre had been cleared of cotton mills to improve its appearance, and a major through route had been closed to build the <a href="/wiki/Merseyway_Shopping_Centre" title="Merseyway Shopping Centre">Merseyway Shopping Centre</a>, which doubled local retail spend. In quantitative terms, while in 1961 Manchester's retail spend was 3.7 times that of the next biggest shopping area in the conurbation, by 1971 this had fallen to 2.8 times.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Law_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s, the desire to provide modern shopping facilities was prevalent among most councils in major cities, where the Victorian buildings could not accommodate the needs of modern retailers. Other examples from the period include the <a href="/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham" title="Bull Ring, Birmingham">Bull Ring, Birmingham</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Centre,_Leeds" title="Merrion Centre, Leeds">Merrion Centre</a>, Leeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan_of_1965">Plan of 1965</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plan of 1965"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 1965 version of the scheme, costed at £15 million and bounded by Market Street, <a href="/wiki/Corporation_Street,_Manchester" title="Corporation Street, Manchester">Corporation Street</a>, Withy Grove and High Street, was intended to be the UK's biggest single shopping centre.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only change to the boundaries (as of 2009) was in 1973 (i.e. before opening) onto the site of the former <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a></i> offices on the opposite side of Market Street. <a href="/wiki/Boots_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Boots Group">Boots</a> took the 110,000 sq ft (10,000 m<sup>2</sup>) (gross) extension in its entirety, their biggest store at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Town_&_City_Properties"><span id="Town_.26_City_Properties"></span>Town & City Properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Town & City Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arndale Property Trust was acquired by Town & City Properties in April 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A public enquiry into the development started on 18 June 1968, with a submission that the existing street pattern, while historic, was "hopelessly inadequate for modern requirements". The city planning officer gave evidence that "the development would be comparable with the best carried out in North America and Scandinavia".<sup id="cite_ref-G031169_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G031169-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scheme was to include seven public houses and a 200-bed hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-G100769_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G100769-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An economist gave evidence that spending in central Manchester would double by 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enquiry finished on 8 July 1968<sup id="cite_ref-G100769_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G100769-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reported in early November 1969. The inspector approved the scheme, noting that the region north of Market Street needed redeveloping, and it was sensible to redevelop the frontage.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester corporation compulsorily purchased a further 8 acres (3 ha) of property in 1970<sup id="cite_ref-G251170_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G251170-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using money raised by selling land outside the city bought for <a href="/wiki/Overspill_estate" title="Overspill estate">overspill housing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1971_streets_and_buildings">Pre-1971 streets and buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pre-1971 streets and buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_Street_Manchester_old_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Market_Street_Manchester_old_postcard.jpg/220px-Market_Street_Manchester_old_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Market_Street_Manchester_old_postcard.jpg/330px-Market_Street_Manchester_old_postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Market_Street_Manchester_old_postcard.jpg/440px-Market_Street_Manchester_old_postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Market Street, looking west (date unknown)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Withy_Grove_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Withy_Grove_1967.jpg/220px-Withy_Grove_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Withy_Grove_1967.jpg/330px-Withy_Grove_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Withy_Grove_1967.jpg/440px-Withy_Grove_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Withy Grove, looking west in 1967 before redevelopment</figcaption></figure> <p>The area was a patchwork of mostly Victorian buildings on a 17th and 18th century layout of streets, alleys, and courts.<sup id="cite_ref-G031169_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G031169-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A map used for the 1961 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/British_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association">British Association</a> shows shops fronting Market Street and Cross Street, with warehousing or office buildings behind.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neither Stewart's <i>The Stones of Manchester</i> (1956) nor Sharp et al.'s survey <i>Manchester Buildings</i> (1966) describe the area or any buildings in particular. Stewart is generally strong on Victorian architecture, and none of its 60 "principal buildings" were within the redevelopment area. Sharp et al. covered older and new buildings; of the many described over fifty are in the city centre but none were in the cleared area.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner</a>, writing in 1969 when clearance was imminent, found nothing of note.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">H. W. D. Sculthorpe,</span> the town clerk, described the buildings as obsolescent in evidence to the public enquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-G251170_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G251170-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shop Property</i> predicted in 1971 that as "new buildings replace the existing dilapidated ones" the city centre would lose its <i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Street" title="Coronation Street">Coronation Street</a></i> image, and become "very attractive" to retailers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Guardian</i>, which had offices in Cross Street, wrote in 1976 that Market Street had been "depressing and decaying" for 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-RW1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RW1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later descriptions are more complimentary. Spring (in 1979) wrote of "monstrosities that have ousted the city's grand heritage of nineteenth century commercial and industrial architecture—if the recently completed mammoth and distinctly lavatorial Arndale Centre is anything to go by".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton (in 2001) wrote that the area reflected Manchester's wealth and leadership in the middle of the 19th century, with buildings designed by leading UK architects.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moran (in 2006) called it a "maze of characterful streets".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1960s, the area had several establishments that made Manchester, in <a href="/wiki/CP_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="CP Lee">Lee's</a> description, a rival to <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> as the "fun city of Europe". Unlicensed <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">coffee bars</a> where people listened to live and recorded music and which did not serve <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a> were effectively outside police control. A 1965 police report by <a href="/wiki/Undercover" class="mw-redirect" title="Undercover">plain-clothes</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_cadets_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police cadets in the United Kingdom">cadets</a> known as the "mod squad" described them as unsanitary, dimly-lit <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">drug dens</a>, run by "men of colour", where young men were fleeced of their money and young women trapped into <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>. The Manchester Corporation Act 1965 was passed after the report and closed most of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cinephone Cinema was the first in Manchester to show 'continental' X-rated films, mostly erotica.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second-hand bookstalls and what Lee described as "Manchester's very own <a href="/wiki/Carnaby_Street" title="Carnaby Street">Carnaby Street</a>" had opened by the early 1970s. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Stars,_Manchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seven Stars, Manchester (page does not exist)">Seven Stars</a> on Withy Grove was one of Manchester's oldest pubs, with a licence dating back to 1356; Redford claimed it to be "oldest licensed house in Great Britain", though this was probably not the case.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_and_construction">Design and construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arndale_clearance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Arndale_clearance.svg/220px-Arndale_clearance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Arndale_clearance.svg/330px-Arndale_clearance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Arndale_clearance.svg/440px-Arndale_clearance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>The area before development</figcaption></figure> <p>The architects were Hugh Wilson and <a href="/wiki/J._L._Womersley" title="J. L. Womersley">J. L. Womersley</a>. Their work together included <a href="/wiki/Hulme#Post_Second_World_War" title="Hulme">Hulme Crescents</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Manchester Education Precinct</a>. Womersley, as <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> City Architect, was responsible for the post-war redevelopment of Sheffield in the 1950s and 1960s including the city centre as well as extensive residential estates, notably <a href="/wiki/Park_Hill,_Sheffield" title="Park Hill, Sheffield">Park Hill</a>. </p><p>The developers and the corporation did not allow the architects a free hand. The developers demanded a closed building with little natural light and rejected a more open, roof-lit design. The corporation insisted on a bus station, market, car parking, an underground railway station, and provision for <a href="/wiki/Deck_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Deck access">deck access</a> to subsequent developments. Cannon Street was to be kept open with no shop frontages. Corporation Street and High Street were allowed shop fronts on the returns to Market Street. Market Street, a busy thoroughfare, had shop fronts as pedestrianisation was proposed, though this did not happen until 1981. Display windows were forbidden on most of the external walls of the centre and were instead inside. The architects, developers, and city council did not communicate well. The architects realised that "the brief [as] given ... would produce a very introverted building. And we said this would not be attractive".<sup id="cite_ref-G161078_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G161078-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Construction started in 1972 and the centre opened in stages, with the Arndale Tower and 60 shops opening in September 1976, followed by Knightsbridge Mall (the bridge over Market Street) in May 1977, the northern mall in October 1977, the market hall, Boots, and the bridge to the <a href="/wiki/Shambles_Square,_Manchester" title="Shambles Square, Manchester">Shambles</a> (over Corporation Street) in 1978, and the bus station off Cannon Street and anchor stores <a href="/wiki/Littlewoods" title="Littlewoods">Littlewoods</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Home_Stores" title="British Home Stores">British Home Stores</a> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On opening, the centre contained 210 shops and over 200 market stalls.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cost, estimated at £11½ million in the public enquiry in 1968, rose to £26 million by 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-RW1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RW1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to £30 million by 1974, forcing the formation of Manchester Mortgage Corporation, a partnership of Town & City, the Prudential Assurance Company, and Manchester Corporation. The joint company, run by Manchester Corporation, raised £5 million on the stock market<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a first for a company formed by a local authority), after the Prudential admitted it could not fully fund the project.<sup id="cite_ref-BE3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BE3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Town & City came close to bankruptcy, forcing them into a reverse takeover of <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sterling,_Baron_Sterling_of_Plaistow" title="Jeffrey Sterling, Baron Sterling of Plaistow">Jeffrey Sterling</a>'s Sterling Guarantee Trust in April 1974<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a £25 million rights issue in 1975–6.<sup id="cite_ref-RW1_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RW1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MH1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MH1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Costs reached £46 million by 1976, of which £13 million came from the council.<sup id="cite_ref-MH1_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MH1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final cost, described as "enormous" by Parkinson-Bailey, was £100 million, made up of £11.5 million for land, £44.5 million for the building, and £44 million for fitting out.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_days">Early days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Arndale_Centre_(geograph_2120789).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Arndale_Centre_%28geograph_2120789%29.jpg/220px-The_Arndale_Centre_%28geograph_2120789%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Arndale_Centre_%28geograph_2120789%29.jpg/330px-The_Arndale_Centre_%28geograph_2120789%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Arndale_Centre_%28geograph_2120789%29.jpg/440px-The_Arndale_Centre_%28geograph_2120789%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i>Totem</i> sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Franta_Belsky" title="Franta Belsky">Franta Belsky</a> in the Arndale Centre (1977)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Arndale_in_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Manchester_Arndale_in_1977.jpg/220px-Manchester_Arndale_in_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Manchester_Arndale_in_1977.jpg/330px-Manchester_Arndale_in_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Manchester_Arndale_in_1977.jpg/440px-Manchester_Arndale_in_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>A 1977 photo of the interior of the Arndale</figcaption></figure> <p>The centre was divided by Market Street and Cannon Street. South of Market Street, on the site of the old <i>Guardian</i> buildings, was a branch of Boots. Market Street was bridged by a mall, Knightsbridge and later Voyager Bridge. The part between Market Street and Cannon Street was mostly two-storey and contained most of the anchor stores and access to the office block. Ground-level entrances were at the upper level from High Street and at the lower level from Corporation Street, taking advantage of a slope of about 24 feet (7 m). A centrally-placed entrance from Market Street entered via a <a href="/wiki/Mezzanine_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzanine (architecture)">mezzanine</a> into Hallé Square, a full-height open space. These areas remained fundamentally unchanged in 2009. North of Cannon Street, the lower floor was occupied by the bus station, with the upper floor shops, and 60 <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">flats</a> above them. At the High Street end was a two-floor market area. Cannon Street was bridged by a mall at the Corporation Street end and underpassed by a tunnel at the High Street end. There was a continuous pathway around the centre, but not at a single level. At the High Street end a <a href="/wiki/Multi-storey_car_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-storey car park">multi-storey car park</a> was sited above the market centre and Cannon Street. In all there were 1,360 yards (1,240 m) of mall. Underneath the centre was a full-circuit full-height service road, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mile (800 metres) in length, with access from Withy Grove. By taking advantage of the change in height, the architects hoped to solve the problem of persuading shoppers to use the upper shopping area. While the northern part had no anchor stores, the car park and bus station meant that foot traffic passed through the area, avoiding quiet spots.<sup id="cite_ref-WW1972_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW1972-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interior of the centre originally featured a 9.45-metre-high (31 ft 0 in) sculpture by the Czech artist <a href="/wiki/Franta_Belsky" title="Franta Belsky">Franta Belsky</a> entitled <i>Totem</i>. Installed in 1977, it stood on a polished <a href="/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">terrazzo</a> <a href="/wiki/Plinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinth">plinth</a> in the middle of a fountain. It symbolised the economic history of Manchester and included a representation of a <a href="/wiki/Capstan_(nautical)" title="Capstan (nautical)">capstan</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a>. Belsky originally intended it to function as a <a href="/wiki/Water_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sculpture">water sculpture</a> but this idea was abandoned by the developers. <i>Totem</i> was awarded the Medal of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_British_Society_of_Sculptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal British Society of Sculptors">Royal British Society of Sculptors</a> for 1976. The sculpture was later removed in 1987/88 during refurbishment works and discarded.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final building was considered excessively large. <i>The Guardian</i> described it in 1978 as "an awful warning against thinking too big in Britain's cities" and "so castle-like in its outer strength that any passing medieval army would automatically besiege it rather than shop in it".<sup id="cite_ref-G161078_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G161078-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underground railway scheme was abandoned by 1976<sup id="cite_ref-RW1_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RW1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the only deck access was across Corporation Street to another Town & City development in the Shambles.<sup id="cite_ref-G161078_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G161078-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the official opening, one of its champions, <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ollerenshaw" title="Kathleen Ollerenshaw">Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw</a>, Mayor of Manchester, commented, "I didn't think it would look like that when I saw the balsa wood models".<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "unrepentant" architects responded that they had provided what they had been asked to provide.<sup id="cite_ref-G161078_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G161078-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kenneth Stone said in 1978, "We're not responsible for everything in there, but we're not sorry about the decisions we took as opposed to those which were forced upon us." The critics' opinion did not mellow with time, and the centre was described in 1991 as "aggressive externally".<sup id="cite_ref-Beddington_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beddington-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Economist</i> noted in 1996 that it had "long been regarded as one of Europe's ugliest shopping centres. ... the epitome of lousy modern architecture ... [the outside] was hated".<sup id="cite_ref-E341_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E341-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> in 1997 called it "outstandingly ugly"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2000 "one of Britain's least-loved buildings".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main cause of its poor reception was its external appearance. Most of the centre was covered by pre-cast concrete panels faced with ceramic tiles.<sup id="cite_ref-WW1972_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW1972-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tiles, made by Shaw Hathernware,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a deep buff, variously described as "bile yellow",<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobson1999_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson1999-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "putty and chocolate" (some parts were brown)<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "vomit-coloured".<sup id="cite_ref-E341_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E341-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They inspired the epithet "the longest lavatory wall in Europe" and variations.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>The Guardian</i>, the description was coined by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Shrapnel" title="Norman Shrapnel">Norman Shrapnel</a>, the paper's political columnist.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences">Consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"If there is some street or old shop in the market square, dock factory or warehouse, barn or garden wall which you have passed often and take for granted, do not expect to see it there next week. Because it is not listed, because it is of 'no historical interest' the bulldozers will be in and part of your background will be gone forever" </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a> in <i>The Rape of Britain</i><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arndale_house_view_manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arndale_house_view_manchester.jpg/220px-Arndale_house_view_manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arndale_house_view_manchester.jpg/330px-Arndale_house_view_manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arndale_house_view_manchester.jpg/440px-Arndale_house_view_manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The original yellow Arndale Tower, which remains part of the new Arndale complex</figcaption></figure> <p>A backlash against comprehensive development was underway before the centre opened. Amery and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Cruickshank" title="Dan Cruickshank">Dan Cruickshank</a>'s <i>The Rape of Britain</i>, with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a>, was published to mark European Architectural Heritage Year in 1975. The book describes the redevelopment of about 20 towns under the heading "scenes of rape" and uses the Arndale as an example of "brutal obliteration" undertaken by "the mind that seriously believes that the centre of Manchester should look like a futuristic vision or a barbaric new city borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>". In the same year the pressure group <a href="/wiki/Save_Britain%27s_Heritage" title="Save Britain's Heritage">Save Britain's Heritage</a> was formed, in part to discourage the wholesale demolition of unremarkable industrial buildings in the north of England.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several factors, including the property slump of 1974–6, changes to local government in 1974, and changes in the law after the <a href="/wiki/Poulson_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Poulson affair">Poulson affair</a>, in which developers corrupted politicians to expedite schemes against the wider public interest, acted against further developments of the size and type of the Arndale.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Built Environment</i> commented that while Arndales are "an asset to any town", this scheme "smacks of opportunism beyond the general interest of the city as a whole".<sup id="cite_ref-BE3_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BE3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of over one million square feet (90,000 square metres) of retail space distorted shopping patterns in Manchester city centre and many established retailers and retail districts struggled to adapt.<sup id="cite_ref-Stocks_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stocks-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oldham_Street" title="Oldham Street">Oldham Street</a> lost large stores from their long-term sites and it was clear the area would suffer.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closures of shops and former textile warehouses comparable to those cleared for the Arndale meant the area quickly became run-down and in Bennison et al.'s eyes "almost fossilised".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area remained run down until it was revitalised as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Quarter_(Manchester)" title="Northern Quarter (Manchester)">Northern Quarter</a> in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Gardens#Piccadilly_Plaza" title="Piccadilly Gardens">Piccadilly Plaza</a>, completed in 1966, lost trade when the Arndale opened and was put up for sale for £10 m in the middle of 1979; as a shopping centre, it never recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stocks argues that these factors lay behind the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_County_Council" title="Greater Manchester County Council">Greater Manchester County Council</a>'s strategic view that the county had too much retail capacity. From 1977 onwards the GMC consistently opposed further development, and would not support any before 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Stocks_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stocks-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade increased in the early 1980s, though GMC policy against development and for retaining the relative importance of the retail centres remained. By the mid-1980s, the trend in retailing had moved from city centres to out-of-town.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The GMC was abolished in 1986 and, in Stocks' terms, "applications for major shopping schemes began to slop over the unmanned dam". A consequence of pent-up applications was that the adjacent newly created authorities of Salford and <a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Trafford</a> found themselves in a "<a href="/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma" title="Prisoner's dilemma">prisoner's dilemma</a>" over competing out-of-town schemes, at <a href="/wiki/Barton-upon-Irwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Barton-upon-Irwell">Barton Locks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dumplington" title="Dumplington">Dumplington</a>, broadly similar in size to the Arndale. By 1989, planning applications for almost five million square feet (460,000 square metres) of retail space in Greater Manchester were unresolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Stocks_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stocks-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A public enquiry (followed by action in the appeal court, and a case in the House of Lords) approved the Dumplington proposal (the <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Centre" title="Trafford Centre">Trafford Centre</a>). Construction began in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refurbishment">Refurbishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Refurbishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Arndale_High_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Manchester_Arndale_High_Street.jpg/220px-Manchester_Arndale_High_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Manchester_Arndale_High_Street.jpg/330px-Manchester_Arndale_High_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Manchester_Arndale_High_Street.jpg/440px-Manchester_Arndale_High_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The High Street in 2009. The original yellow tiles remain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The typical life span of a shopping centre is about 10–20 years, at which point the owners may do nothing, refurbish or demolish.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Arndale, refurbishment began about six years after opening. Artificial lighting and undistinguishable malls, with multiple dead ends and no obvious circular route, meant that shoppers were, in Morris's words, "bewildered by its maze-like intensity". Parkinson-Bailey described the centre as "never the pleasantest place to shop in ... hot and stuffy".<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticisms were addressed in a half-million pound upgrade<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which <a href="/wiki/Skylight_(window)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skylight (window)">roof lights</a> were inserted to allow in daylight and pot-plants introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To improve navigation and to tone down the appearance, the flooring of each area was given a distinct colour scheme, decorative ironwork was installed, and a fountain was placed at one corner and a double-floor height <a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">aviary</a> placed at another. The Arndale's own radio station, Centre Sound, was installed. Hallé Square housed a <a href="/wiki/Food_court" title="Food court">food court</a> by day and could be used as a concert area by night if required. Beddington describes the results as "workmanlike but unromantic".<sup id="cite_ref-Beddington_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beddington-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Town & City changed its name to Sterling Guarantee Trust in 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in February 1985 merged with the <a href="/wiki/P%26O_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="P&O (company)">Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company</a> (known as <span class="nowrap">P & O</span>), also run by Jeffrey Sterling.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">P & O</span> decided to refurbish Knightsbridge (the bridge over Market Street) and double the rents. Work took place in 1990–1, and the most visible change was a £9 m food court (Voyagers) in an area not previously open to the public. The refurbishment was a success and increased the centre's popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other refurbishments took place in 1991–3, despite opposition from traders who objected to changes that might take the centre 'up-market'.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern part of the centre saw little investment for years, and the market hall was seen as ripe for improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bus station became Manchester's busiest, handling 30,000 passengers and 1,500 bus movements per day by 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Beddington_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beddington-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was unpopular with travellers, especially women. Described as "dirty and horrible", its poorly lit interior was identified by Taylor as inherently threatening and a "landscape of fear".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Behold the ingenuities of civic pride: ugly we may be, but our ugly's bigger than yours. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Howard_Jacobson" title="Howard Jacobson">Howard Jacobson</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jacobson1999_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson1999-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div><p>As a shopping centre Manchester Arndale was outstandingly successful, and the critics' opinions were not universally held – especially by its owners.<sup id="cite_ref-W127_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W127-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1996 the Arndale was fully let, raised £20 m a year in rents,<sup id="cite_ref-W172_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W172-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the seventh busiest shopping area in the UK in terms of sales,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was visited by 750,000 people a week.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poet <a href="/wiki/Lemn_Sissay" title="Lemn Sissay">Lemn Sissay</a> wrote </p><blockquote><p>The Arndale Centre was always just the Arndale Centre. A palace of Perspex and people. A light extravaganza. ... a shopper's heaven on earth. In all its gargantuan glory I love it. Whether it is ugly or not is a purely subjective opinion. It is wonderful inside."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1996_IRA_bombing">1996 IRA bombing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1996 IRA bombing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">1996 Manchester bombing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg/220px-BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg/330px-BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/87/BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>The Corporation Street frontage of the Arndale after the 1996 bomb. The van was parked just beyond the footbridge, on the left side of the road.</figcaption></figure> <p>The centre became a target for terrorists. Arson attacks in April 1991 were followed by firebombs in December 1991 which caused extensive damage to four stores. The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) was blamed for the incidents, in which the devices were placed in soft furnishings during shopping hours.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the second attack, Christmas shopping continued much as normal the following day in the unaffected stores. An unnamed fireman noted, "What bugs me is if there's a big one planted there's a lot of glass around here, and a lot of people will be killed".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At about 09:20 on Saturday morning, 15 June 1996, two men parked a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-long-ton (7.6-tonne) lorry containing a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bomb on Corporation Street between <a href="/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a> and the Arndale. At about 09:45, a coded warning was received by <a href="/wiki/Granada_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada Television">Granada TV</a>. The usual weekend population of shoppers was supplemented by football fans in town for the <a href="/wiki/Russia_national_football_team" title="Russia national football team">Russia</a> v <a href="/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">Germany</a> match of <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1996" title="UEFA Euro 1996">UEFA Euro 1996</a>, due to be staged on Sunday at <a href="/wiki/Old_Trafford" title="Old Trafford">Old Trafford</a>. About 80,000 people were cleared from the area by police and store staff using procedures developed after an IRA bombing incident in 1992, assisted by outside staff experienced in crowd control drafted in to help with the football fans. The bomb exploded at 11:17, shortly after the army <a href="/wiki/Ammunition_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammunition Technician">bomb squad</a> arrived from <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and began making it safe. Nobody was killed, but over 200 people were injured, some seriously, mostly by flying glass, though one pregnant shopper was thrown in the air by the blast.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In all 1200 properties on 43 streets were affected. Marks and Spencer's and the adjacent Longridge House were condemned as unsafe within days, and were demolished. The Arndale's frontage on Corporation Street and the footbridge were structurally damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams86_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams86-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance">reinsurance</a> company <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Re" title="Swiss Re">Swiss Re</a> estimated that the final insurance payout was over £400 m, making it at the time the most expensive man-made disaster ever.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams86_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams86-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Redevelopment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arndale_Bridge_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arndale_Bridge_interior.jpg/170px-Arndale_Bridge_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arndale_Bridge_interior.jpg/255px-Arndale_Bridge_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arndale_Bridge_interior.jpg/340px-Arndale_Bridge_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the footbridge linking the Arndale to Marks & Spencer across Corporation Street</figcaption></figure> <p>In the immediate aftermath of the bombing, the southern half of the centre was repaired and refurbished. The northern half was patched up, with buses originally stopping on Cannon Street itself before the bus station was eventually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Shudehill_Interchange" title="Shudehill Interchange">Shudehill Interchange</a> in January 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marks and Spencer, which was particularly badly damaged in the explosion, reopened in a separate building, linked to the main mall on the first floor by a glass <a href="/wiki/Footbridge" title="Footbridge">footbridge</a> which was designed by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hodder" title="Stephen Hodder">Stephen Hodder</a>. Shortly after opening the large branch, the building was split into two independent shops. Half remained a branch of Marks and Spencer while the side facing <a href="/wiki/Corn_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Corn Exchange, Manchester">The Triangle</a> became a branch of <a href="/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges</a>. </p><p>In Autumn 2003, as the final stage of rebuilding the city centre after the bombing, the whole of the half of the centre north of Cannon Street was closed and demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next two to three years, the northern half of the centre was completely rebuilt and extended. The first phase of the "northern extension", known as 'Exchange Court', opened on 20 October 2005. Exchange Court features Britain's flagship and the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Next_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Next (clothing)">Next</a> store.<sup id="cite_ref-Frame_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frame-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by the second phase, known as 'New Cannon Street', which opened on 6 April 2006. Stores in this phase include a new flagship branch of <a href="/wiki/TopShop" class="mw-redirect" title="TopShop">TopShop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topman" title="Topman">Topman</a>. </p><p>On 7 September 2006, the third and final phase of the northern extension opened. The new Winter Garden features stores such as a new <a href="/wiki/Superdry" title="Superdry">Superdry</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/HMV" title="HMV">HMV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zavvi_Entertainment_Group_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Zavvi Entertainment Group Ltd">Zavvi</a> & <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Waterstone%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterstone's">Waterstone's</a> bookshop, and a new single-level unit for the Arndale Market. The completed mall provides a link from <a href="/wiki/Exchange_Square_(Manchester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange Square (Manchester)">Exchange Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corn_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Corn Exchange, Manchester">The Triangle</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Quarter_(Manchester)" title="Northern Quarter (Manchester)">Northern Quarter</a>, and from Market Street to <a href="/wiki/The_Printworks_(Manchester)" title="The Printworks (Manchester)">The Printworks</a>. </p><p>The southern half of the centre was also refurbished. Halle Square was modernised, including new skylights,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is still a major difference in levels of natural light between the original malls and the northern extension, where the designers sought to maximise it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Cannon_Street_Mall_Manchester_Arndale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/New_Cannon_Street_Mall_Manchester_Arndale.jpg/220px-New_Cannon_Street_Mall_Manchester_Arndale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/New_Cannon_Street_Mall_Manchester_Arndale.jpg/330px-New_Cannon_Street_Mall_Manchester_Arndale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/New_Cannon_Street_Mall_Manchester_Arndale.jpg/440px-New_Cannon_Street_Mall_Manchester_Arndale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The most recent extension to the Arndale, which opened in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 1990s, the centre was no longer owned by the Arndale Property Trust. In the early 21st century the centre was jointly owned by <a href="/wiki/M%26G_Real_Estate" title="M&G Real Estate">M&G Real Estate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intu" title="Intu">Intu Group</a> until June 2020, when the bankrupt Intu went into <a href="/wiki/Administration_(law)" title="Administration (law)">administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the large-scale redevelopment of the centre since the 1996 bombing, it has a retail floorspace of 1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m<sup>2</sup>), making it Europe's largest city-centre shopping mall,<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester_Arndale,_The_Mall_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester_Arndale,_The_Mall-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a record it has held continuously since construction apart from a brief spell during the northern redevelopment when the title was held by the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Bullring" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Bullring">Birmingham Bullring</a>. </p><p>As part of the renovation, most of the tiles have been removed and replaced by sandstone and glass cladding.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-1_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester Arndale houses the largest Next store, with the largest glass store frontage in the UK, and also the largest Office Shoe store outside London as of April 2010. </p><p>In August 2015 the Arndale announced the launch of its first-ever Charity Star initiative, with the centre fundraising for a chosen charity for one whole year.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In around 2021, the last part of the original Arndale and the adjacent Aleef News, was refurbished, to make way for two tenants, <a href="/wiki/Sports_Direct" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports Direct">Sports Direct</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hortons" title="Tim Hortons">Tim Hortons</a>. The yellow tiles remain untouched.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Arndale_transport.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manchester_Arndale_transport.png/220px-Manchester_Arndale_transport.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manchester_Arndale_transport.png/330px-Manchester_Arndale_transport.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manchester_Arndale_transport.png/440px-Manchester_Arndale_transport.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Map of Metrolink tram stops near the Manchester Arndale</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_court">Food court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Food court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many large shopping malls, Manchester Arndale has a <a href="/wiki/Food_court" title="Food court">food court</a>. The Food-Chain, opened as Voyagers in 1991, is an 800-seat food court situated on the second floor above the far south-west tip of the centre. It can be reached by an escalator encased in glass from Market Street, by a lift accessed from the outside of Boots, and from the first floor at the south-western tip of the centre close to <a href="/wiki/Argos_(retailer)" title="Argos (retailer)">Argos</a> and the first-floor entrance to Boots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, plans to construct an underground railway station appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Picc-Vic_tunnel" title="Picc-Vic tunnel">Picc-Vic tunnel</a> scheme. Royal Exchange station was planned to be built underneath Cross Street to serve both the Arndale and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Royal Exchange, Manchester">Royal Exchange</a>. The scheme was cancelled but a subterranean void was constructed beneath the centre to enable the future addition of an underground station.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today the Manchester Arndale is served by three stations on the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a> tram system, <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_tram_stop" title="Market Street tram stop">Market Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exchange_Square_tram_stop" title="Exchange Square tram stop">Exchange Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shudehill_Interchange" title="Shudehill Interchange">Shudehill Interchange</a>, which is also a bus station.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_shopping_malls" title="Lists of shopping malls">Lists of shopping malls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford_Centre" title="Trafford Centre">Trafford Centre</a> — Manchester's <a href="/wiki/Out-of-town_shopping_centres_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Out-of-town shopping centres in the United Kingdom">out of town shopping centre</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Urmston" title="Urmston">Urmston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Trafford</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217152102/http://www.manchesterarndale.com/getting_here.htm">"Getting here"</a>. <i>Manchester Arndale web pages</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchesterarndale.com/getting_here.htm">the original</a> on 17 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Arndale+web+pages&rft.atitle=Getting+here&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesterarndale.com%2Fgetting_here.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NCP (Manchester) Limited is a joint venture between <a href="/wiki/National_Car_Parks" title="National Car Parks">National Car Parks</a> (NCP) and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a>, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207075011/http://www.ncp.co.uk/manchester/nmlaboutus.html">"About us"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncp.co.uk/manchester/nmlaboutus.html">the original</a> on 7 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncp.co.uk%2Fmanchester%2Fnmlaboutus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Middleton2001" class="citation news cs1">Christopher Middleton (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2001/apr/04/communities.guardiansocietysupplement">"Centre shifts"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Centre+shifts&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Christopher+Middleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2001%2Fapr%2F04%2Fcommunities.guardiansocietysupplement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frame-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frame_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frame_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrame2005" class="citation news cs1">Frame, Don (20 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/178/178622_revealed_the_new_arndale.html">"Revealed: The new Arndale"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a></i>. M.E.N media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+The+new+Arndale&rft.date=2005-10-20&rft.aulast=Frame&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fs%2F178%2F178622_revealed_the_new_arndale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manchester_Arndale,_The_Mall-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester_Arndale,_The_Mall_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester_Arndale,_The_Mall_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006185342/http://www.capital-shopping-centres.co.uk/shoppingcentres/arndale/pdf/brochure.pdf">"Manchester Arndale, The Mall"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capital-shopping-centres.co.uk/shoppingcentres/arndale/pdf/brochure.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Arndale%2C+The+Mall&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capital-shopping-centres.co.uk%2Fshoppingcentres%2Farndale%2Fpdf%2Fbrochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1597280_busiest-year-ever-for-manchester-arndale-centre-as-41-million-pass-through-doors-in-2012/">"Busiest year ever for Manchester Arndale Centre as 41 million pass through doors in 2012"</a>. <i>Manchester Evening News</i>. 3 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Busiest+year+ever+for+Manchester+Arndale+Centre+as+41+million+pass+through+doors+in+2012&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmenmedia.co.uk%2Fmanchestereveningnews%2Fnews%2Fs%2F1597280_busiest-year-ever-for-manchester-arndale-centre-as-41-million-pass-through-doors-in-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBounds2010" class="citation news cs1">Bounds, Andrew (28 December 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/00102cbc-12ae-11e0-b4c8-00144feabdc0">"Tills ring at Trafford Centre"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/DRkXy">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Tills+ring+at+Trafford+Centre&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft.aulast=Bounds&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F00102cbc-12ae-11e0-b4c8-00144feabdc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwright,_Martin1990" class="citation news cs1">Wainwright, Martin (20 January 1990). "Arndale heritage: Obituary of Sam Chippindale". <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Arndale+heritage%3A+Obituary+of+Sam+Chippindale&rft.date=1990-01-20&rft.au=Wainwright%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Arnold Hagenbach: Entrepreneur whose Arndale shopping centres brought US-style modernity to postwar Britain's high streets". <i>The Times</i>. 8 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Arnold+Hagenbach%3A+Entrepreneur+whose+Arndale+shopping+centres+brought+US-style+modernity+to+postwar+Britain%27s+high+streets&rft.date=2005-04-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarriott,_Oliver1967" class="citation book cs1">Marriott, Oliver (1967). <i>The property boom</i>. Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-91325-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-91325-3"><bdi>978-0-241-91325-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+property+boom&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-241-91325-3&rft.au=Marriott%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.propertyweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=38&storycode=2008702">"Arndale Action"</a>. <i>Property Week</i>. 6 August 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Property+Week&rft.atitle=Arndale+Action&rft.date=1999-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.propertyweek.com%2Fstory.asp%3Fsectioncode%3D38%26storycode%3D2008702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins,_PhilipPaul_Daniels1987" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Philip; Paul Daniels (1987). <i>Guide across Manchester: a tour of the city centre, including the principal streets and their buildings</i>. Manchester: North West Civic Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901347-38-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901347-38-1"><bdi>978-0-901347-38-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+across+Manchester%3A+a+tour+of+the+city+centre%2C+including+the+principal+streets+and+their+buildings&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=North+West+Civic+Trust&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-901347-38-1&rft.au=Atkins%2C+Philip&rft.au=Paul+Daniels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas, R: "Planning the city of the future", in Carter (1962) pp. 254–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BE3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BE3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BE3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BE3_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Arndale in Manchester". <i>Built Environment</i>. <b>3</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">138–</span>42. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Built+Environment&rft.atitle=Arndale+in+Manchester&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkinson-Bailey (2000), p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgers,_Brian1988" class="citation journal cs1">Rodgers, Brian (1988). "The face of central Manchester: architecture in a Victorian city". <i>Manchester Geographer</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Geographer&rft.atitle=The+face+of+central+Manchester%3A+architecture+in+a+Victorian+city&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Memories of Stockport: wonderfully nostalgic local pictures from the 1940s, 50s and 60s</i>. Halifax: True North Books. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900463-55-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900463-55-3"><bdi>978-1-900463-55-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories+of+Stockport%3A+wonderfully+nostalgic+local+pictures+from+the+1940s%2C+50s+and+60s&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pub=True+North+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-900463-55-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"A big gamble for revival". <i>The Times</i>. 2 November 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=A+big+gamble+for+revival&rft.date=1984-11-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport,_Peter1984" class="citation news cs1">Davenport, Peter (2 November 1984). 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"The entrepreneurial city: the role of local government and city-centre redevelopment in post-war industrial English cities". <i>Twentieth Century British History</i>. <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwq049">10.1093/tcbh/hwq049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+British+History&rft.atitle=The+entrepreneurial+city%3A+the+role+of+local+government+and+city-centre+redevelopment+in+post-war+industrial+English+cities&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhwq049&rft.aulast=Shapely&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RW1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RW1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RW1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RW1_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RW1_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterhouse,_Robert1976" class="citation news cs1">Waterhouse, Robert (14 January 1976). 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"The secrets of indoor shopping: the mall is back in town. No longer relegated to the suburbs, it is setting up shop again in our urban centres—the frontline in the great retail fightback against online". <i>New Statesman</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+secrets+of+indoor+shopping%3A+the+mall+is+back+in+town.+No+longer+relegated+to+the+suburbs%2C+it+is+setting+up+shop+again+in+our+urban+centres%E2%80%94the+frontline+in+the+great+retail+fightback+against+online&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft.au=Moran%2C+Joe&rft.au=Lucy+Knight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee,_C._P.2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/CP_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="CP Lee">Lee, C. 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Ottery St. Mary: Hardinge Simpole. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84382-048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84382-048-2"><bdi>978-1-84382-048-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+axe+falls&rft.btitle=Shake%2C+Rattle+and+Rain%3A+popular+music+making+in+Manchester%2C+1950-1995&rft.place=Ottery+St.+Mary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=Hardinge+Simpole&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84382-048-2&rft.au=Lee%2C+C.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Evans, & Fraser (1996), pp. 124, 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkinson-Bailey (2000), p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedford,_Arthur1939" class="citation book cs1">Redford, Arthur (1939). <i>The history of local government in Manchester</i>. 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Liverpool University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853235675" title="Special:BookSources/9780853235675"><bdi>9780853235675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Sculpture+of+Greater+Manchester&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780853235675&rft.aulast=Wyke&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Cocks%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmFOhWSH9B6wC%26q%3DFranta%2520Belsky%2520arndale%2520centre%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywood,_Russell1998" class="citation journal cs1">Haywood, Russell (1998). "Mind the gap: Town planning and Manchester's local railway network: 1947–1996". <i>European Planning Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">187–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09654319808720454">10.1080/09654319808720454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Planning+Studies&rft.atitle=Mind+the+gap%3A+Town+planning+and+Manchester%27s+local+railway+network%3A+1947%E2%80%931996&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09654319808720454&rft.au=Haywood%2C+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkinson-Bailey (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beddington-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beddington_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beddington_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beddington_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beddington (1991), pp. 39, 40, 46–7, 163–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E341-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E341_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E341_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Silver lining". <i>The Economist</i>. Vol. 341, no. 7989. 1996. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Silver+lining&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=7989&rft.pages=69&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffe,_Richard1997" class="citation news cs1">Wolffe, Richard (10 March 1997). "Radical remake in a tale of two cities". <i>Financial Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Radical+remake+in+a+tale+of+two+cities&rft.date=1997-03-10&rft.au=Wolffe%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_Sheila2000" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Sheila (3 August 2000). "Least-loved mall to be redeveloped". <i>Financial Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Least-loved+mall+to+be+redeveloped&rft.date=2000-08-03&rft.au=Jones%2C+Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratton,_Michael1996" class="citation book cs1">Stratton, Michael (1996). <i>Structure and style: conserving 20th century buildings</i>. London: E. & F. N. Spon. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-419-21740-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-419-21740-4"><bdi>978-0-419-21740-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structure+and+style%3A+conserving+20th+century+buildings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=E.+%26+F.+N.+Spon&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-419-21740-4&rft.au=Stratton%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobson1999-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobson1999_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobson1999_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson,_Howard1999" class="citation news cs1">Jacobson, Howard (3 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025175015/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/my-manchester-744091.html">"My Manchester"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/my-manchester-744091.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=My+Manchester&rft.date=1999-12-03&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fmy-manchester-744091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartres,_John1976" class="citation news cs1">Chartres, John (16 August 1976). "Twelve pleasurable ways of getting to know 'England's second city' from a first-floor perspective". <i>The Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Twelve+pleasurable+ways+of+getting+to+know+%27England%27s+second+city%27+from+a+first-floor+perspective&rft.date=1976-08-16&rft.au=Chartres%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson,_Bill1993" class="citation book cs1">Bryson, Bill (1993). <i>Notes from a small island</i>. London: Doubleday. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-60073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-60073-6"><bdi>978-0-385-60073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+from+a+small+island&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-385-60073-6&rft.au=Bryson%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"A complex city of many centres with echoes of the Crystal Palace and the public lavatory". <i>The Guardian</i>. 10 November 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+complex+city+of+many+centres+with+echoes+of+the+Crystal+Palace+and+the+public+lavatory&rft.date=1981-11-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">Betjeman, John</a>: in Amery & Cruickshank (1975), p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amery and Cruickshank (1975) pp. 12, 14; Parkinson-Bailey (2000) pp. 204–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy (1994), pp. 83–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stocks-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stocks_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stocks_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stocks_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStocks,_Nigel1989" class="citation journal cs1">Stocks, Nigel (1989). 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A case study of strategic retail planning". <i>Journal of Property Research</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02640828908723973">10.1080/02640828908723973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Property+Research&rft.atitle=The+Greater+Manchester+shopping+inquiry.+A+case+study+of+strategic+retail+planning&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02640828908723973&rft.au=Stocks%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard,_David1978" class="citation news cs1">Ward, David (16 October 1978). "Sales pitch". <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sales+pitch&rft.date=1978-10-16&rft.au=Ward%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman,_Marion1980" class="citation news cs1">Bowman, Marion (12 December 1980). "The high street that dropped out". <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+high+street+that+dropped+out&rft.date=1980-12-12&rft.au=Bowman%2C+Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_Michael1983" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Michael (8 August 1983). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Place+North+West&rft.atitle=Place+North+West+%7C+Intu+appoints+administrators&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.placenorthwest.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fintu-appoints-administrators%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dial2donate.org/manchester-arndale-charity-star-initiative/">"Manchester charities: do YOU want a full year of fundraising from Manchester Arndale?"</a>. Dial2Donate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+charities%3A+do+YOU+want+a+full+year+of+fundraising+from+Manchester+Arndale%3F&rft.pub=Dial2Donate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdial2donate.org%2Fmanchester-arndale-charity-star-initiative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookDodge2012" class="citation book cs1">Brook, Richard; Dodge, Martin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/Infra_MANC_catalogue.pdf"><i>Infra_MANC</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. CUBE Gallery. p. 134<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infra_MANC&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=CUBE+Gallery&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Dodge%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonalpages.manchester.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fm.dodge%2FInfra_MANC_catalogue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitmanchester.com/shopping/manchester-arndale-p2651">"Manchester Arndale - Manchester"</a>. <i>Visit Manchester</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Manchester&rft.atitle=Manchester+Arndale+-+Manchester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitmanchester.com%2Fshopping%2Fmanchester-arndale-p2651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmery,_ColinDan_Cruickshank1975" class="citation book cs1">Amery, Colin; Dan Cruickshank (1975). <i>The rape of Britain</i>. London: Elek. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-236-30943-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-236-30943-6"><bdi>978-0-236-30943-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rape+of+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Elek&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-236-30943-6&rft.au=Amery%2C+Colin&rft.au=Dan+Cruickshank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeddington,_Nadine1991" class="citation book cs1">Beddington, Nadine (1991). <i>Shopping centres: retail development, design and management</i>. London: Butterworth Architecture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-1213-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-1213-5"><bdi>978-0-7506-1213-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shopping+centres%3A+retail+development%2C+design+and+management&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Butterworth+Architecture&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-1213-5&rft.au=Beddington%2C+Nadine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter,_Charles_Frederick1962" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Charles Frederick, ed. (1962). <i>Manchester and its region: a survey prepared for the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Manchester August 29 to September 5, 1962</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester+and+its+region%3A+a+survey+prepared+for+the+meeting+of+the+British+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science+held+in+Manchester+August+29+to+September+5%2C+1962&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy,_Clifford_M1994" class="citation book cs1">Guy, Clifford M (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/retaildevelopmen0000guyc"><i>The retail development process: location, property, and planning</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07504-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07504-6"><bdi>978-0-415-07504-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+retail+development+process%3A+location%2C+property%2C+and+planning&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07504-6&rft.au=Guy%2C+Clifford+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fretaildevelopmen0000guyc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellie,_Euan2010" class="citation book cs1">Kellie, Euan (2010). <i>Rebuilding Manchester</i>. Derby: Derby Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-786-3"><bdi>978-1-85983-786-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebuilding+Manchester&rft.place=Derby&rft.pub=Derby+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85983-786-3&rft.au=Kellie%2C+Euan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing,_Ray2006" class="citation book cs1">King, Ray (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/detonationrebirt0000king"><i>Detonation: rebirth of a city</i></a></span>. Clear Publications Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9552621-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9552621-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9552621-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Detonation%3A+rebirth+of+a+city&rft.pub=Clear+Publications+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9552621-0-4&rft.au=King%2C+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdetonationrebirt0000king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester,_SarahSteve_Panter_(eds)2006" class="citation book cs1">Lester, Sarah; Steve Panter (eds) (2006). <i>The Manchester bomb</i>. Manchester: Manchester Evening News. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9549042-7-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9549042-7-2"><bdi>978-0-9549042-7-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manchester+bomb&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9549042-7-2&rft.au=Lester%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Steve+Panter+%28eds%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson-Bailey,_John_J2000" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson-Bailey, John J (2000). <i>Manchester: an architectural history</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5606-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-5606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+an+architectural+history&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5606-2&rft.au=Parkinson-Bailey%2C+John+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck,_JamieKevin_Ward_(eds)2002" class="citation book cs1">Peck, Jamie; Kevin Ward (eds) (2002). <i>City of revolution: restructuring Manchester</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5888-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5888-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-5888-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+revolution%3A+restructuring+Manchester&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5888-2&rft.au=Peck%2C+Jamie&rft.au=Kevin+Ward+%28eds%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_IanKaren_Evans_and_Penny_Fraser1996" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Ian; Karen Evans and Penny Fraser (1996). <i>A tale of two cities: a study in Manchester and Sheffield</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13829-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13829-1"><bdi>978-0-415-13829-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+tale+of+two+cities%3A+a+study+in+Manchester+and+Sheffield&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13829-1&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Ian&rft.au=Karen+Evans+and+Penny+Fraser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_SimonJulian_Holder2008" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Simon; Julian Holder (2008). <i>Manchester's Northern Quarter</i>. Swindon: English Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873592-84-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873592-84-7"><bdi>978-1-873592-84-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%27s+Northern+Quarter&rft.place=Swindon&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-873592-84-7&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Simon&rft.au=Julian+Holder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Gwyndaf2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Gwyndaf (2003). <i>The enterprising city centre: Manchester's development challenge</i>. London: Spon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25262-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25262-1"><bdi>978-0-415-25262-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+enterprising+city+centre%3A+Manchester%27s+development+challenge&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Spon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25262-1&rft.au=Williams%2C+Gwyndaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Manchester: shaping the city</i>. London: RIBA Enterprises. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85946-157-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85946-157-0"><bdi>978-1-85946-157-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+shaping+the+city&rft.place=London&rft.pub=RIBA+Enterprises&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85946-157-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester+Arndale" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Arndale&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820011752/http://www.capital-shopping-centres.co.uk/shopping_centres/csc/manchester_arndale/">Capital Shopping Centres (CSC) - Manchester Arndale</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester,_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buildings and structures in Manchester, England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester,_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buildings and structures in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Manchester">Skyscrapers (over 100 metres)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deansgate_Square" title="Deansgate Square">Deansgate Square South Tower</a> (201m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetham_Tower,_Manchester" title="Beetham Tower, Manchester">Beetham Tower</a> (169m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deansgate_Square" title="Deansgate Square">Deansgate Square East Tower</a> (158m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blade,_Manchester" title="The Blade, Manchester">The Blade</a> (154m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three60,_Manchester" title="Three60, Manchester">Three60</a> (154m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tower,_Manchester" title="Elizabeth Tower, Manchester">Elizabeth Tower</a> (153m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deansgate_Square" title="Deansgate Square">Deansgate Square West Tower</a> (141m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Gardens" title="Square Gardens">Square Gardens</a> (139m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viadux" title="Viadux">Viadux</a> (139m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deansgate_Square" title="Deansgate Square">Deansgate Square North Tower</a> (122m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Riverside" title="Victoria Riverside">Crown View</a> (119m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_Tower" title="CIS Tower">CIS Tower</a> (118m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_Living_Circle_Square" title="Affinity Living Circle Square">Affinity Living Circle Square</a> (116m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union,_Manchester" title="Union, Manchester">Union Tower 1</a> (112m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_Towers" title="Oxygen Towers">Oxygen Towers</a> (110m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Gardens" title="Angel Gardens">Angel Gardens</a> (108m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Tower,_Manchester" title="City Tower, Manchester">City Tower</a> (107m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_New_Wakefield_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="17 New Wakefield Street">Bridgewater Heights</a> (106m)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_Port_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="One Port Street (page does not exist)">One Port Street</a> (100m)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/120px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/180px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/240px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1095" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg/120px-Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg/180px-Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg/240px-Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="511" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Express_Building_Manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/120px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/180px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/240px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="545" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg/120px-Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg/180px-Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg/240px-Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_Square,_front_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Angel_Square%2C_front_facade.jpg/120px-Angel_Square%2C_front_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Angel_Square%2C_front_facade.jpg/180px-Angel_Square%2C_front_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Angel_Square%2C_front_facade.jpg/240px-Angel_Square%2C_front_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="1941" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High-rises (over 50 metres)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union,_Manchester" title="Union, Manchester">Union Tower 2</a> (98m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artisan_Heights" title="Artisan Heights">Artisan Heights</a> (95m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Tower">Axis Tower</a> (93m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Spinningfields" title="1 Spinningfields">1 Spinningfields</a> (92m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Street_Tower" title="River Street Tower">River Street Tower</a> (92m)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arndale House</a> (90m)</li> <li><i>New Victoria Tower 1</i> (89m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall Clock Tower</a> (87m)</li> <li><i>Cambridge Street Block A</i> (83m)</li> <li><i>One Regent</i> (82m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre" title="Manchester Civil Justice Centre">Civil Justice Centre</a> (81m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_One" title="Manchester One">Manchester One</a> (80m)</li> <li><i>1 Circle Square</i> (76m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Hardman_Street" title="3 Hardman Street">3 Hardman Street</a> (75m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Tower" title="Great Northern Tower">Great Northern Tower</a> (72m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Angel_Square" title="One Angel Square">One Angel Square</a> (72m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_St_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="3 St Peter's Square">3 St Peter's Square</a> (72m)</li> <li><i>The Gate, Angel Meadow</i> (68m)</li> <li><i>The Light House</i> (67m)</li> <li><i>Victoria Residence</i> (67m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principal_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="The Principal Manchester">The Principal Manchester</a> (66m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Mill" title="Victoria Mill">Victoria Mill</a> (65m)</li> <li><i>Albert Bridge House</i> (64m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/111_Piccadilly" title="111 Piccadilly">111 Piccadilly</a> (64m)</li> <li><i>Islington Wharf</i> (64m)</li> <li><i>The Slate Yard Flint Building</i> (64m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Properties" title="West Properties">Skyline Central</a> (63m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Building" title="Peninsula Building">The Peninsula</a> (63m)</li> <li><i>Cambridge Street Block B</i> (63m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._1_Deansgate" title="No. 1 Deansgate">No. 1 Deansgate</a> (62m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_Park" title="Owens Park">Owens Park Tower</a> (61m)</li> <li><i>Brooklyn Hotel</i> (61m)</li> <li><i>One Castle Wharf</i> (61m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Business_School#Buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Business School">Manchester Business School Hotel</a> (60m)</li> <li><i>St James's Buildings</i> (60m)</li> <li><i>2 Leftbank Apartments</i> (60m)</li> <li><i>3 Leftbank Apartments</i> (60m)</li> <li><i>3 Piccadilly Place</i> (60m)</li> <li><i>Chancery Place</i> (60m)</li> <li><i>The Lume</i> (60m)</li> <li><i>Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 2</i> (60m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_St_Peter%27s_Square" title="One St Peter's Square">One St Peter's Square</a> (59m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_St_Peter%27s_Square" title="Two St Peter's Square">Two St Peter's Square</a> (59m)</li> <li><i>Landmark, St. Peter's Square</i> (59m)</li> <li><i>2 Circle Square</i> (59m)</li> <li><i>Hotel and MSCP, Circle Square</i> (59m)</li> <li><i>Lowry House</i> (58m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Police_Courts,_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="City Police Courts, Manchester">Minshull Street Courts</a> (57m)</li> <li><i>UNITE Tower</i> (57m)</li> <li><i>Cornbrook Works Tower 1</i> (57m)</li> <li><i>Ramada Renaissance Hotel</i> (56m)</li> <li><i>Parkway Gate Block 1</i> (56m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Exchange Theatre">Royal Exchange Theatre</a> (55m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_New_York_Street" title="1 New York Street">1 New York Street</a> (55m)</li> <li><i>St James's House</i> (55m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Chambers" title="Bank Chambers">Bank Chambers</a> (55m)</li> <li><i>Vita Circle Square Tower 1</i> (54m)</li> <li><i>Kampus Tower 1</i> (54m)</li> <li><i>Kampus Tower 2</i> (54m)</li> <li><i>Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 3</i> (54m)</li> <li><i>No. 1 Marsden Street</i> (53m)</li> <li><i>The Stile, Angel Meadow</i> (53m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Street,_Manchester" title="King Street, Manchester">82 King Street</a> (52m)</li> <li><i>Oxygen Tower 2</i> (52m)</li> <li><i>Vox Tower 1</i> (51m)</li> <li><i>Kampus Tower 3</i> (51m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_House" title="New Century House">New Century House</a> (50m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagon_Tower" title="Hexagon Tower">Hexagon Tower</a> (50m)</li> <li><i>Parkway Gate Block 2</i> (50m)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable low-rises<br />(<a href="/wiki/Manchester_city_centre" title="Manchester city centre">city centre</a> or Grade II* listed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_The_Avenue" title="1 The Avenue">1 The Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_National_Westminster_Bank,_Spring_Gardens,_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Former National Westminster Bank, Spring Gardens, Manchester">1–3 York Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_St_Ann_Street" title="25 St Ann Street">25 St Ann Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38_and_42_Mosley_Street" title="38 and 42 Mosley Street">38 and 42 Mosley Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46%E2%80%9348_Brown_Street" title="46–48 Brown Street">46–48 Brown Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_Newton_Street" title="50 Newton Street">50 Newton Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53_King_Street" title="53 King Street">53 King Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/84_Plymouth_Grove" title="84 Plymouth Grove">84 Plymouth Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_King_Street" title="100 King Street">100 King Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afflecks" title="Afflecks">Afflecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing_Building" title="Alan Turing Building">Alan Turing Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hall,_Manchester" title="Albert Hall, Manchester">Albert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancoats_Hospital" title="Ancoats Hospital">Ancoats Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkwright_House,_Manchester" title="Arkwright House, Manchester">Arkwright House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Athenaeum" title="Manchester Athenaeum">Athenaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baguley_Hall" title="Baguley Hall">Baguley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Chambers" title="Bank Chambers">Bank Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlow_Hall" title="Barlow Hall">Barlow Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Arcade" title="Barton Arcade">Barton Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_Library" title="Manchester Central Library">Central Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetham%27s_Library" title="Chetham's Library">Chetham's Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chips,_Manchester" title="Chips, Manchester">Chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Hall" title="Clayton Hall">Clayton Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Corn Exchange, Manchester">Corn Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Court,_Manchester" title="County Court, Manchester">County Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express_Building,_Manchester" title="Daily Express Building, Manchester">Daily Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton-Ellis_Hall" title="Dalton-Ellis Hall">Dalton-Ellis Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didsbury_Campus" title="Didsbury Campus">Didsbury Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_Exchange" title="Estate Exchange">Estate Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Bank_of_England,_Manchester" title="Former Bank of England, Manchester">Former Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Hall" title="Free Trade Hall">Free Trade Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_House,_Manchester" title="Gateway House, Manchester">Gateway House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_Studios" title="Granada Studios">Old Granada Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Building" title="The Green Building">The Green Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_House,_Manchester" title="Grove House, Manchester">Grove House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ha%C3%A7ienda" title="The Haçienda">The Haçienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Building" title="Hanover Building">Hanover Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaton_Park" title="Heaton Park">Heaton Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoake_House" title="Holyoake House">Holyoake House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hough_End_Hall" title="Hough End Hall">Hough End Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulme_Hall,_Manchester" title="Hulme Hall, Manchester">Hulme Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulme_Hippodrome" title="Hulme Hippodrome">Hulme Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Institute_of_Biotechnology" title="Manchester Institute of Biotechnology">Institute of Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rylands_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rylands Library">John Rylands Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Library" title="University of Manchester Library">John Rylands University Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendals" title="Kendals">Kendals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Buildings" title="Lawrence Buildings">Lawrence Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Law_Library" title="Manchester Law Library">Law Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_House,_Manchester" title="Lincoln House, Manchester">Lincoln House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Road_Fire_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Road Fire Station">London Road Fire Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Art_Gallery" title="Manchester Art Gallery">Manchester Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Museum" title="Manchester Museum">Manchester Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institute,_Manchester" title="Mechanics' Institute, Manchester">Mechanics' Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hall,_Manchester" title="Memorial Hall, Manchester">Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_Hotel,_Manchester" title="Midland Hotel, Manchester">Midland Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Police_Courts,_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="City Police Courts, Manchester">Minshull Street Crown Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Industry_Museum" title="Science and Industry Museum">Science and Industry Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Graphene_Institute" title="National Graphene Institute">National Graphene Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Wilkinson_High_School" title="Ellen Wilkinson High School">Nicholls Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon_Cinema,_Manchester" title="Odeon Cinema, Manchester">Odeon Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Wellington_Inn" title="The Old Wellington Inn">Old Wellington Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Piccadilly_Gardens" title="One Piccadilly Gardens">One Piccadilly Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_History_Museum" title="People's History Museum">People's History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police_Museum" title="Greater Manchester Police Museum">Police Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Portico_Library" title="The Portico Library">Portico Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playhouse_Theatre,_Manchester" title="Playhouse Theatre, Manchester">Playhouse Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfern_Building" title="Redfern Building">Redfern Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Reform_Club" title="Manchester Reform Club">Reform Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Hill,_Northenden" title="Rose Hill, Northenden">Rose Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Royal_Eye_Hospital" title="Manchester Royal Eye Hospital">Royal Eye Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rylands_Building" title="Rylands Building">Rylands Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackville_Street_Building" title="Sackville Street Building">Sackville Street Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharston_Hall" title="Sharston Hall">Sharston Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_Canal_House" title="Ship Canal House">Ship Canal House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slade_Hall" title="Slade Hall">Slade Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield_Market_Hall" title="Smithfield Market Hall">Smithfield Market Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Anselm_Hall" title="St Anselm Hall">St Anselm Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_Hospital,_Manchester" title="Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester">Saint Mary's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s,_Manchester" title="St Michael's, Manchester">St Michael's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Manchester" title="HM Prison Manchester">Strangeways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight_House" title="Sunlight House">Sunlight House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Manchester" title="Theatre Royal, Manchester">Theatre Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_Rack_(building)" title="Toast Rack (building)">Toast Rack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Towers_(Manchester)" title="The Towers (Manchester)">The Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Transport,_Greater_Manchester" title="Museum of Transport, Greater Manchester">Transport Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbis" title="Urbis">Urbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttley_House" title="Uttley House">Uttley House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Baths" title="Victoria Baths">Victoria Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitworth_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitworth Art Gallery">Whitworth Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitworth_Building" title="Whitworth Building">Whitworth Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wythenshawe_Bus_Garage" title="Wythenshawe Bus Garage">Wythenshawe Bus Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wythenshawe_Hall" title="Wythenshawe Hall">Wythenshawe Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Manchester" title="List of mills in Manchester">Mills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_cotton_warehouses" title="Manchester cotton warehouses">warehouses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/107_Piccadilly" title="107 Piccadilly">107 Piccadilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_warehouse,_Liverpool_Road_railway_station" title="1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road railway station">1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Mill,_Ancoats" title="Albion Mill, Ancoats">Albion Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_House,_Manchester" title="Asia House, Manchester">Asia House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beehive_Mill" title="Beehive Mill">Beehive Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_House,_Manchester" title="Bridgewater House, Manchester">Bridgewater House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsfield_Mill" title="Brownsfield Mill">Brownsfield Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Mill,_Ancoats" title="Brunswick Mill, Ancoats">Brunswick Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_House,_Manchester" title="Canada House, Manchester">Canada House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorlton_New_Mills" title="Chorlton New Mills">Chorlton New Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tootal,_Broadhurst_and_Lee_Building,_Manchester" title="Tootal, Broadhurst and Lee Building, Manchester">Churchgate House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Street_Warehouse" title="Dale Street Warehouse">Dale Street Warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelock_Mills" title="Havelock Mills">Havelock Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House,_Manchester" title="India House, Manchester">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Warehouse" title="Jackson's Warehouse">Jackson's Warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House,_Manchester" title="Lancaster House, Manchester">Lancaster House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McConnel_%26_Kennedy_Mills" title="McConnel & Kennedy Mills">McConnel & Kennedy Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrays%27_Mills" title="Murrays' Mills">Murrays' Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mill,_Manchester" title="Old Mill, Manchester">Old Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Mill" title="Piccadilly Mill">Piccadilly Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mill" title="Royal Mill">Royal Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudehill_Mill" title="Shudehill Mill">Shudehill Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts_Warehouse" title="Watts Warehouse">Watts Warehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />(Grade I or II* listed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Muslim_Heritage_Centre" title="British Muslim Heritage Centre">British Muslim Heritage Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Unitarian_Church" title="Brookfield Unitarian Church">Brookfield Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlefield_Congregational_Chapel" title="Castlefield Congregational Chapel">Castlefield Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Moss_Side,_Manchester" title="Christ Church, Moss Side, Manchester">Christ Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Street_Chapel" title="Cross Street Chapel">Cross Street Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus,_Manchester" title="Church of the Holy Name of Jesus, Manchester">Holy Name of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wood_Centre" title="Edgar Wood Centre">Edgar Wood Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorton_Monastery" title="Gorton Monastery">Gorton Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Platt_Church" title="Holy Trinity Platt Church">Holy Trinity Platt Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Gem" title="The Hidden Gem">The Hidden Gem</a> (Church of St Mary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Jewish_Museum" title="Manchester Jewish Museum">Jewish Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Reform_Synagogue" title="Manchester Reform Synagogue">Manchester Reform Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ann%27s_Church,_Manchester" title="St Ann's Church, Manchester">St Ann's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Chrysostom%27s_Church,_Victoria_Park" title="St Chrysostom's Church, Victoria Park">St Chrysostom's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Cross,_Clayton" title="Church of St Cross, Clayton">Church of St Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_George,_Chester_Road,_Hulme" title="Church of St George, Chester Road, Hulme">St George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_James,_Didsbury" title="Church of St James, Didsbury">St James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_John_the_Evangelist,_Cheetham_Hill" title="Church of St John the Evangelist, Cheetham Hill">St John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Hulme" title="Church of St Mary, Hulme">St Mary</a> (Hulme)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Michael_and_All_Angels,_Northenden" title="Church of St Michael and All Angels, Northenden">Church of St Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Nicholas,_Burnage" title="Church of St Nicholas, Burnage">St Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter,_Blackley" title="Church of St Peter, Blackley">St Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Brook_Street_Chapel,_Manchester" title="Upper Brook Street Chapel, Manchester">Upper Brook Street Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Wilfrid,_Northenden" title="Church of St Wilfrid, Northenden">St Wilfrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Airport railway station">Airport station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deansgate_railway_station" title="Deansgate railway station">Deansgate station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Piccadilly station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Victoria_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Victoria railway station">Victoria station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Oxford_Road_railway_station" title="Manchester Oxford Road railway station">Oxford Road station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_Gardens_bus_station" title="Manchester Piccadilly Gardens bus station">Piccadilly bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudehill_Interchange" title="Shudehill Interchange">Shudehill Interchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O2_Apollo_Manchester" title="O2 Apollo Manchester">O<sub>2</sub> Apollo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arndale Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Hall" title="Bridgewater Hall">Bridgewater Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlefield_Bowl" title="Castlefield Bowl">Castlefield Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_Convention_Complex" title="Manchester Central Convention Complex">Central</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Co-op_Live" title="Co-op Live">Co-op Live</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_Theatre" title="Contact Theatre">Contact Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerhouse" title="Cornerhouse">Cornerhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Factory_(Manchester)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Factory (Manchester)">The Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Warehouse" title="Great Northern Warehouse">Great Northern Warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOME_(Manchester)" title="HOME (Manchester)">HOME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Manchester" title="Palace Theatre, Manchester">Palace Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrs_Wood" title="Parrs Wood">Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Opera_House" title="Manchester Opera House">Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Printworks_(Manchester)" title="The Printworks (Manchester)">The Printworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena" title="Manchester Arena">Manchester Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Academy" title="Manchester Academy">Manchester Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritz_(Manchester)" title="The Ritz (Manchester)">O<sub>2</sub> Ritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Royal Exchange, Manchester">Royal Exchange Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O2_Victoria_Warehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="O2 Victoria Warehouse">Victoria Warehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Aquatics_Centre" title="Manchester Aquatics Centre">Aquatics Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Vue_Stadium" title="Belle Vue Stadium">Belle Vue Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadhurst_Park" title="Broadhurst Park">Broadhurst Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cycling_Centre" title="National Cycling Centre">National Cycling Centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Indoor_BMX_Arena" title="National Indoor BMX Arena">BMX Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Velodrome" title="Manchester Velodrome">Velodrome</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etihad_Campus" title="Etihad Campus">Etihad Campus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium" title="City of Manchester Stadium">City of Manchester Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Stadium" title="Academy Stadium">Manchester City Academy Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Regional_Arena" title="Manchester Regional Arena">Manchester Regional Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speedway_Stadium" title="National Speedway Stadium">National Speedway Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Squash_Centre" title="National Squash Centre">National Squash Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials and sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing_Memorial" title="Alan Turing Memorial">Alan Turing Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester#The_Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Square, Manchester">Albert Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_of_the_Bang" title="B of the Bang">B of the Bang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glade_of_Light" title="The Glade of Light">The Glade of Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cenotaph" title="Manchester Cenotaph">Cenotaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)"><i>Rise up, Women</i> (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_Mausoleum" title="Peacock Mausoleum">Peacock Mausoleum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_Over_Blindness" title="Victory Over Blindness">Victory Over Blindness</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bridge,_Manchester" title="Albert Bridge, Manchester">Albert Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge,_Manchester" title="Blackfriars Bridge, Manchester">Blackfriars Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_Street_Bridge" title="Corporation Street Bridge">Corporation Street Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulme_Arch_Bridge" title="Hulme Arch Bridge">Hulme Arch Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Irwell_Railway_Bridge" title="River Irwell Railway Bridge">Irwell Railway bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_Bridge,_Salford" title="Palatine Bridge, Salford">Palatine Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_Street_Aqueduct" title="Store Street Aqueduct">Store Street Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Bridge,_Greater_Manchester" title="Trinity Bridge, Greater Manchester">Trinity Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Bridge,_Manchester" title="Victoria Bridge, Manchester">Victoria Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Manchester" title="Architecture of Manchester">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of castles in Greater Manchester">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Greater_Manchester#Manchester" title="List of churches in Greater Manchester">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade I listed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester#Manchester" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade II* listed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II_listed_buildings_in_Manchester" title="Grade II listed buildings in Manchester">Grade II listed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Manchester" title="List of mills in Manchester">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Greater_Manchester#Manchester" title="Scheduled monuments in Greater Manchester">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Manchester">Tallest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_cotton_warehouses" title="Manchester cotton warehouses">Warehouses</a></li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Italics</i> denote building under construction</span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shopping_centres_in_North_West_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shopping_centres_in_Northwest_England" title="Template:Shopping centres in Northwest England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shopping_centres_in_Northwest_England" title="Template talk:Shopping centres in Northwest England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shopping_centres_in_Northwest_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shopping centres in Northwest England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shopping_centres_in_North_West_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_centres_in_the_United_Kingdom#North_West" title="List of shopping centres in the United Kingdom">Shopping centres</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Oaks_Designer_Outlet" title="Cheshire Oaks Designer Outlet">Cheshire Oaks Designer Outlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Shopping_Centre" title="Grosvenor Shopping Centre">Grosvenor Shopping Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Shopping_City" title="Runcorn Shopping City">Runcorn Shopping City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunmail_Park" title="Dunmail Park">Dunmail Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Walk_Shopping_Centre" title="Portland Walk Shopping Centre">Portland Walk Shopping Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater<br />Manchester</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afflecks" title="Afflecks">Afflecks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manchester Arndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Arcade" title="Barton Arcade">Barton Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Fort" title="Manchester Fort">Manchester Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Royal Exchange, Manchester">Royal Exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashton_Arcades" title="Ashton Arcades">Ashton Arcades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Square_Shopping_Centre" title="Clarendon Square Shopping Centre">Clarendon Square Shopping Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Galleries_(Wigan)" title="The Galleries (Wigan)">The Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Arcade_(Wigan)" title="Grand Arcade (Wigan)">Grand Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merseyway_Shopping_Centre" title="Merseyway Shopping Centre">Merseyway Shopping Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlebrook,_Greater_Manchester" title="Middlebrook, Greater Manchester">Middlebrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Peel_Centre,_Stockport" title="The Peel Centre, Stockport">Peel Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salford_Shopping_Centre" title="Salford Shopping Centre">Salford Shopping Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinton_Square" title="Swinton Square">Swinton Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford_Centre" title="Trafford Centre">Trafford Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_Lancashire" title="Affinity Lancashire">Affinity Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishergate_Shopping_Centre" title="Fishergate Shopping Centre">Fishergate Shopping Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houndshill_Shopping_Centre" title="Houndshill Shopping Centre">Houndshill Shopping Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mall_Blackburn" title="The Mall Blackburn">The Mall Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Shopping_Centre_(Preston)" title="St George's Shopping Centre (Preston)">St George's Shopping Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Court_Shopping_Arcade" title="Swan Court Shopping Arcade">Swan Court Shopping Arcade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Square_Shopping_Centre" title="Clayton Square Shopping Centre">Clayton Square Shopping Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_One" title="Liverpool One">Liverpool One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Shopping_Park" title="Liverpool Shopping Park">Liverpool Shopping Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metquarter" title="Metquarter">Metquarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mersey_Shopping_Park" title="New Mersey Shopping Park">New Mersey Shopping Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Shopping_Centre,_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="St John's Shopping Centre, Liverpool">St Johns Shopping Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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