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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adrien Arcand" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adrien Arcand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adrien Arcand" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adrien Arcand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%B5_%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EC%BA%89" title="아드리앵 아르캉 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아드리앵 아르캉" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adrien Arcand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adrien Arcand" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ادريان اركاند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادريان اركاند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adrien Arcand" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian fascist (1899–1967)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Adrien Arcand</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrienarcand_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Adrien Arcand in 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Adrienarcand_1933.jpg/250px-Adrienarcand_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Adrienarcand_1933.jpg/330px-Adrienarcand_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Adrienarcand_1933.jpg/500px-Adrienarcand_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1626" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Arcand in 1933</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1899-10-03</span>)</span>October 3, 1899<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1, 1967<span style="display:none">(1967-08-01)</span> (aged 67)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Montreal, Quebec, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Canadian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li>College de St. Jean d'Iberville</li> <li>Collège Saint-Stanislas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Collège de Montréal">Collège de Montréal</a></li></ul> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">National Unity Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Canadian fascist movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Arcand" title="Denys Arcand">Denys Arcand</a> (great-nephew)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Adrien Arcand</b> (October 3, 1899 – August 1, 1967) was a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> politician, writer, and journalist.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded and led the far-right <a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">National Unity Party of Canada</a> from 1934 until his death in 1967. During his political career, he proclaimed himself as the "Canadian <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a>". </p><p>Arcand was detained by the federal government for the duration of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Canada_Regulations" title="Defence of Canada Regulations">Defence of Canada Regulations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrien_Arcand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arcand was the son of Narcisse-Joseph-Philias Arcand, who was a carpenter and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> official, and Marie-Anne (Mathieu).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also the great uncle of the movie director, <a href="/wiki/Denys_Arcand" title="Denys Arcand">Denys Arcand</a>. Arcand was born into a family of 12 children and grew up in a house on Laurier street in Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201122_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201122-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narcisse Arcand was active in the <a href="/wiki/Labour_candidates_and_parties_in_Canada#In_Quebec" title="Labour candidates and parties in Canada">Labour Party</a> that advocated free education, <a href="/wiki/Old_age_pensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Old age pensions">old age pensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialized_medicine" title="Socialized medicine">health insurance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201122–23_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201122–23-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appeal of the Labour Party in Quebec was resisted by the Catholic Church, which was powerful at the time in Quebec, as priests instructed their congregations not to vote for the Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201125_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201125-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the Labour Party stated it was open to all, the party's rules explicitly banned Asians from joining, and the party's policies advocated the "absolute prohibition of Chinese immigration" to Canada, as Asians were considered as economic competitors of the Caucasian working class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201126_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201126-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the number of Chinese immigrants to Quebec was small—- the 1901 census showed there were 1,648,898 people living in Quebec of whom only 1,037 were Chinese immigrants—- their presence was sufficient to cause the formation of an "Anti-Yellow Peril League" many of whose members were also members of the Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201126_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201126-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narcisse Arcand was very active in lobbying against Asian immigration, testifying in 1909 before the Royal Commission on Education, as long as Asian immigration continued, it would be impossible for the white working class to advance economically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201127_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201127-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From advocating a ban of Asian immigration to advocating a ban of all immigration was not a great difference, and soon Arcand was arguing for the cessation of all immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201127–28_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201127–28-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arcand's son inherited his father's belief that immigration was a threat. However, Montreal at the time had a large English-speaking minority, and Adrien Arcand recalled later that he "was raised in an atmosphere not conducive to separatist and Anglophobic sentiments" as he knew many English-speakers as he was growing up and came to speak English fluently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201136_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201136-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Narcisse Arcand was often at odds with the Catholic Church, all of his children were educated in Catholic schools (Quebec did not have a public education system until 1964 and all schools prior to 1964 were managed by churches).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201129_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201129-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adrien Arcand was educated at the College de St. Jean d'Iberville, Collège Saint-Stanislas and <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Collège de Montréal">Collège de Montréal</a> in Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201129_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201129-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received the standard 8-year <i><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Collège classique">collège classique</a></i> education emphasizing French, Latin, Greek, religion, mathematics, classic literature, and French history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201129–30_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201129–30-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arcand considered studying to be a priest, but changed his mind as "weakness" made a life of celibacy unappealing to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201129_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201129-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Collège de Montréal was managed by the <a href="/wiki/Sulpician" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulpician">Sulpician</a> monks, who had been active in Quebec since the 17th century, and most of the Sulpicians at the college were from France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201130_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201130-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Quebecois thought of themselves at the time as the last remnant of the Catholic <i><a href="/wiki/Old_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Old regime">ancien-regime</a></i> France that had been ended by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and Arcand's education at the Catholic schools emphasised <a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">royalist</a> and Catholic values.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201129_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201129-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sulpicians from France tended to be hostile to French republicanism and many had relocated to Quebec, a society dominated by the Catholic Church, because it was considerably closer to their idealized version of <i>ancien-régime</i> France than the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> was.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201129_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201129-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journalism_and_rise_to_prominence">Journalism and rise to prominence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrien_Arcand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Journalism and rise to prominence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By Arcand's own account, his education by the Sulpicians at the Collège de Montréal was "decisive" in shaping his opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201130_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201130-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, he studied science as a part-time student at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, but the great "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_influenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish influenza">Spanish influenza</a>" pandemic of 1918–1919 resulted in the closure of public places after the disease arrived during October 1918<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201131_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201131-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including all theaters, cinemas, concert halls, libraries, schools, meeting halls and hockey arenas in Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201131_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201131-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the closures, Arcand wrote to help ease his boredom. Several articles he submitted to newspapers were published, beginning his interest in journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201132_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201132-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, he was hired by the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/La_Patrie_(Canadian_newspaper)" title="La Patrie (Canadian newspaper)">La Patrie</a></i> and in 1920 he began to write a weekly column dealing with labour issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201132_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201132-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, he began work for the <i><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Star" title="Montreal Star">Montreal Star</a></i>, reporting the news in English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201132_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201132-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that he began work for <i><a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(Montreal)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Presse (Montreal)">La Presse</a></i>, the largest newspaper in Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201132_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201132-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A keen amateur violin player, Arcand worked as a music critic for <i>La Presse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201133_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201133-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Montreal was the largest and wealthiest city in Canada at the time, many famous musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Paderewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignacy Paderewski">Ignacy Paderewski</a> often played at concerts in Montreal, and Arcand was there to interview him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201132_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201132-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to Paderewski, Arcand's work as a reporter for <i>La Presse</i> allowed him to interview many famous people during the 1920s when they visited Montreal such as the Canadian prime minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavlova" title="Anna Pavlova">Anna Pavlova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">Vincent d'Indy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_de_Pachmann" title="Vladimir de Pachmann">Vladimir de Pachmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cortot" title="Alfred Cortot">Alfred Cortot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Sorel" title="Cécile Sorel">Cécile Sorel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Isadora Duncan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Chamlee" title="Mario Chamlee">Mario Chamlee</a>, Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Romania" title="Marie of Romania">Marie of Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Thibaud" title="Jacques Thibaud">Jacques Thibaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Fritz Kreisler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_F%C3%A9raudy" title="Maurice de Féraudy">Maurice de Féraudy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mix" title="Tom Mix">Tom Mix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efrem_Zimbalist" title="Efrem Zimbalist">Efrem Zimbalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead">Lord Birkenhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201134_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201134-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, he joined a militia unit named the Châteauguay Regiment (whose traditions are continued by the 4th Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_22nd_Regiment" title="Royal 22nd Regiment">Royal 22nd Regiment</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201135_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201135-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 April 1925, he married Yvonne Giguère.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201137_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201137-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 1920s, he became active in organizing for Catholic trade unions and became president of the first union local at <i>La Presse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201137–38_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201137–38-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His trade unionism caused him to be dismissed in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201138_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201138-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arcand later recalled that his dismissal came as "a surprise, cruel and hard, with the result that my wife and my young babies suffered the effects of painful, abject poverty".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201138–39_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201138–39-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a time, the water and electricity to his home was terminated due to his inability to pay the bills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201139_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201139-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arcand's dismissal gave a lifelong grudge against his former employer, <a href="/wiki/Pamphile_R%C3%A9al_Du_Tremblay" title="Pamphile Réal Du Tremblay">Pamphile Réal Du Tremblay</a>, and caused him to found a new newspaper, <i>Le Goglu</i>, in August 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201139–40_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201139–40-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sudden transition from the respectable lower middle-class to poverty radicalized him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201139_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201139-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arcand was assisted in founding <i>Le Goglu</i> by a printer, Joseph Ménard, who wanted to begin his own newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201141_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201141-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>joual</i> (Quebec French), <i>goglu</i> is slang for someone who is jovial and who loves to laugh, and <i>Le Goglu</i> belonged to a type of satirical newspaper that was popular in Quebec at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201142_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201142-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Le Goglu</i> was an eight-page-long broadsheet full of cartoons that mocked various prominent people, for instance, showing Mackenzie King as a clueless ape staring vacantly into space.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201143_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201143-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newspaper was based in a lower class part of Montreal, described by Arcand as an area "where are found Chinese gambling dens, Negro shacks, Greeks, cutthroat Slavs, Bulgarian ruffians, Oriental grocers, nauseating Palestinian restaurants, European ex-convict scum, diamond importers from Chicago, and dives of every kind, where officers of the Canadian militia will get it on for 50 cents".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201141–42_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201141–42-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major target of <i>Le Goglu'</i>s humour was what Arcand termed "the clique that is stifling the province", by which he mainly meant his former employer, du Tremblay, whom he was relentless in attacking as an exploitative boss and a hypocrite who failed to practice the Catholic social teachings in which he professed to believe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201145_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201145-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Le Goglu</i> was a successful newspaper, and by 1929 for the Christmas special edition, Arcand could afford to print his paper in colour for 12 pages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201148_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201148-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cartoons that mocked the ministers of the cabinet of Premier <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Taschereau" title="Louis-Alexandre Taschereau">Louis-Alexandre Taschereau</a> as corrupt resulted in several libel suits, which increased the paper's circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201148–49_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201148–49-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major advertisers for <i>Le Goglu</i> were at first the famous <a href="/wiki/Bronfman_family" title="Bronfman family">Bronfman family</a> of Montreal who published advertisements promoting their brands of alcohol, but ceased their advertising after <i>Le Goglu</i> began publishing anti-Semitic statements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201141_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201141-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1929, Arcand started publishing in <i>Le Goglu</i> a serialization of a novel he was writing, <i>Popeline</i>, chronicling the story of the eponymous heroine, an 18-year-old beauty "who had drunk long and deep from the cup of woe which gave her a heady feminine aura".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201144_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201144-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Popeline</i> was notable as one of the first novels written in the <i>joual</i> (local vernacular French), instead of Parisian French which had been the standard in Quebec until then.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201144_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201144-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During November 1929, Arcand initiated his own political philosophy, the <i>Ordre Patriotique des Goglus</i> for the "general purification, on preserving our Latin character, our customs and our habits, on protecting our rights and our privileges".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201149_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201149-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1929, Arcand began a companion newspaper for <i>Le Goglu</i>, the Sunday weekly <i>Le Miroir</i>, which was more serious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201143_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201143-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1930, Arcand initiated a third newspaper <i>Le Chameau</i> that soon failed during 1931 as it was unprofitable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201144_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201144-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published and edited several newspapers during this period, most notably <i>Le Goglu</i>, <i>Le Miroir</i>, <i>Le Chameau</i>, <i>Le Patriote</i>, <i>Le Fasciste Canadien</i> and <i>Le Combat National</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_life">Political life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrien_Arcand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1963, there was not any public school system in Quebec but rather two religious school systems, one operated by the Catholic Church and the other by the Protestant churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201165_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201165-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the late 19th century, as an uncomfortable arrangement, Jewish children had been educated by the Protestant school system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201166_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201166-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During late 1929, the Taschereau government agreed to establish a separate Jewish school system in Montreal, an agreement that caused an intense reaction by the Catholic Church, which was stoutly opposed to Jewish schools, generating so much popular opposition that by 1931 Taschereau abandoned the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201166_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201166-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arcand used the pages of <i>Le Goglu</i> to attack the plans for Jewish schools, and in May 1930 he published his antisemitic editorial, "Why Semitism Is a Danger".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201166_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201166-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed up by several antisemitic editorials during the spring and summer of 1930 such as "How Does Semitism Advance?", "The Word of God and the Jews", and "Semitism: Persecuted and Persecutor".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201166_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201166-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the summer of 1930, <i>Le Goglu</i> had been transformed from a populist, humorous newspaper into a largely antisemitic journal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201166_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201166-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arcand credited much of his antisemitism to be a result of reading the pamphlet <i>The Jewish World Problem</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Sydenham_of_Combe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Sydenham of Combe">Lord Sydenham of Combe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201167_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201167-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arcand shared the idea widely accepted in French-Canada that the Confederation of 1867 was a "pact" between two "nations" that agreed to work together for their common betterment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201186-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arcand argued that Canada existed only for the "two founding nations" and to accept the claim by any other group to "nationhood" would by necessity reduce the living standards of the "two founding nations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201168_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201168-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this manner, Arcand argued that "to recognize the Jewish race as an official entity would violate the Confederation pact, eliminate our rights, and force us to officially recognize as national entities all the other groups, such as Polish, Greek, Syrian, Russian, Serbian, German who may request it later".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201167_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201167-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arcand's antisemitism was motivated at least partly by the fact that the majority of <i>Ashkenazim</i> (Yiddish-speaking Jews) immigrants from Eastern Europe usually arrived in Montreal, where a great many chose to settle. Arcand saw the Jews as economic competitors, contrasting his idealized, rural French-Canadian Catholic small grocer who was honest and hard-working with the stereotype of the greedy and unscrupulous big city Jewish immigrant capitalist who only succeeded because of "his dishonesty, not his skill or ability".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201169-70_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201169-70-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many other French-Canadian intellectuals at the time, Arcand had considerable hatred for "godless" France, considered as having abandoned Roman Catholicism, leaving Quebec as the last remnant of the "true" France that ended in 1789. Arcand also profoundly disliked the egalitarianism of French republicanism, writing with disgust how <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker">Josephine Baker</a>, the "richest and most famous Negress" in France, became a millionaire "after showing her derrière at the Folies Bérgères".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011262_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011262-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Arcand, it was unacceptable for someone like Baker to become rich at a time when Caucasians were suffering from the Great Depression, which for him represented a distorted social order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011262_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011262-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1930, Arcand met with the millionaire Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a> to ask him for his financial assistance in exchange for which Arcand would campaign against the Liberals in the coming election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201186-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French-Canadians tended to vote as a bloc for the Liberals at the time, and the fact that the Liberals usually won the majority of the seats in Quebec gave them an advantage in elections. The perception that the Conservatives, identified as the party of "imperialism" (i.e. advocacy for the British empire), were anti-French and anti-Catholic made it difficult for the Conservatives to win seats in Quebec since the late 19th century. The fact that the Liberal politician <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> was a protege of Sir Wilfrid Laurier and had campaigned as an anti-conscription Liberal in the 1917 election gave him the reputation as a friend of Quebec despite the fact that he did not speak French. In a letter to Bennett dated 22 May 1930, Arcand asked for some $15,000 in exchange for which he would manage what he called a "smear campaign" against Mackenzie King, a request that Bennett agreed to.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201186-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arcand received covert funds from the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Conservative Party</a> to operate his newspapers and campaign for Bennett in the <a href="/wiki/1930_Canadian_federal_election" title="1930 Canadian federal election">1930 federal election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201186-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an editorial in <i>Le Goglu</i>, Arcand referred to Mackenzie King and Premier Taschereau "two notorious stinkers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201186-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another editorial, Arcand referred to Mackenzie King as "the enemy of the people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201186-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main theme of Arcand's attacks was that Mackenzie King was a man who did not care about the suffering caused by the Great Depression, and criticizing King's well-known "continentalism" (i.e. establishing a better relationship with the United States), Arcand described him as a friend of American billionaires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201186-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the election of 28 July 1930, the Conservatives won a majority of 134 seats, 24 of which were in Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201186-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that the Conservatives had much difficulty winning seats in French-Canada, the 24 seats won in Quebec were an impressive achievement and Arcand was quick to take the credit in his letters to Bennett, arguing that the Conservatives would not have won any seats in Quebec as they usually did without him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201186-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations became increasingly bad afterwards as Bennett had little use for Arcand after the election. Despite demands from Arcand and his followers to get more money to compensate for their expenses, the subsidy they received from the Tories was sporadic and insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetcherman197510–11_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetcherman197510–11-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1932, Arcand first made contact with the German <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> when its representative, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_L%C3%BCdecke" title="Kurt Lüdecke">Kurt Lüdecke</a>, visited Montreal, and told Arcand that the two philosophies had much in common and should cooperate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011160_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011160-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his report to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> about his visit, Lüdecke described Arcand as a "man of lively intelligence" whose philosophy was becoming increasingly popular and whom was very close to Prime Minister Bennett.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011160_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011160-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arcand promised to schedule a meeting between Lüdecke and Bennett, and though he did send a letter to Bennett requesting that he meet Lüdecke, the proposed meeting never occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011160_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011160-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arcand was always a staunch federalist and an <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">anglophile</a>. He received secret funds from <a href="/wiki/Lord_Sydenham_of_Combe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Sydenham of Combe">Lord Sydenham of Combe</a>, former governor of <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and a prominent fascist sympathizer in the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">British Conservative Party</a> after he translated into French Sydenham's pamphlet "The Jewish World Problem".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201163_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201163-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also maintained correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Spencer_Leese" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Spencer Leese">Arnold Spencer Leese</a>, chief of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a>. Arcand was influenced most strongly by British fascism as he maintained an active correspondence with various British fascists such as Lord Sydenham, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hamilton_Beamish" title="Henry Hamilton Beamish">Henry Hamilton Beamish</a> and Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Barry_Domvile" title="Barry Domvile">Barry Domvile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201186-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the idea of forming a fascist leadership for the British empire, Arcand started a correspondence that continued until his death with Sir <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> (BUF).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011170_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011170-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the articles that appeared in <i>Le Fasciste Canadien</i> were translations of articles from <i>Action</i> and <i>Blackshirt</i>, the two journals of the BUF.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011170_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011170-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, Arcand established the <a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti National Social Chrétien</a> (Christian National Social Party), which advocated <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> and the banishment of Canadian <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> area. The latter idea was inspired by his friend, noted British <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesian</a> fascist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hamilton_Beamish" title="Henry Hamilton Beamish">Henry Hamilton Beamish</a>, who suggested <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">sending Jews to Madagascar</a>. In 1935 the desperate Bennett ministry again turned to Arcand, who was appointed at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hormisdas_Rainville" title="Joseph Hormisdas Rainville">Senator Rainville</a> to the post of Tory publicity director in Quebec. However, many of Arcand's friends were more sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Party">Reconstruction Party</a>, so <i>Le Patriote</i> supported <a href="/wiki/H._H._Stevens" class="mw-redirect" title="H. H. Stevens">H. H. Stevens</a> while its editor was campaigning for Bennett.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetcherman197543_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetcherman197543-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett secretly hired Arcand as his chief electoral organizer in Quebec for the <a href="/wiki/1935_Canadian_federal_election" title="1935 Canadian federal election">1935 federal election</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In November 1936, Arcand was returning from a rally when he got into a car accident. Arcand was survived without any serious injuries, but a fellow fascist accompanying him, 25-year-old Émile Vallée, was killed. Arcand had been serving as a mentor to Vallée. A group of Canadian fascists in their uniforms attended his funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011102_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011102-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, Arcand was chosen as the director of the fascist National Unity Party of Canada, resulting from the fusion of his Parti National Social Chrétien with the Prairie provinces' <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Nationalist_Party_(1933)" title="Canadian Nationalist Party (1933)">Canadian Nationalist Party</a> led by William Whittaker and the CNP's Ontario wing, led by Joseph Farr, which had grown out of the Toronto Swastika Clubs of the early 1930s. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_clef_du_nouveau_Canada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/La_clef_du_nouveau_Canada.png/220px-La_clef_du_nouveau_Canada.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/La_clef_du_nouveau_Canada.png/330px-La_clef_du_nouveau_Canada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/La_clef_du_nouveau_Canada.png/440px-La_clef_du_nouveau_Canada.png 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Postcard used by Arcand's devotees.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arcand's party statutes advocated the following oath to be taken at the beginning of every party meeting: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Moved by the unshakable faith in God, a profound love for Canada, ardent sentiments of patriotism and nationalism, a complete loyalty and devotion toward our Gracious Sovereign who forms the recognized principle of active authority, a complete respect for the British North America Act, for the maintenance of order, for national prosperity, for national unity, for national honour, for the progress and the happiness of a greater Canada, I pledge solemnly and explicitly to serve my party. I pledge myself to propagate the principles of its program. I pledge myself to follow its regulation. I pledge myself to obey my leaders. Hail the party! Hail our Leader!<sup id="cite_ref-fascism-in-canada_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fascism-in-canada-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Arcand was always opposed to <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a>. He wanted to build a powerful centralized Canadian Fascist state within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Empire</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... Arcand insists that his organisation has no sympathy with the extreme French nationalist movement represented by the group which split from Premier <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Duplessis</a> after he was returned to power because he would not go all the way they wished. "We were the first in Quebec to fight Separatism," Arcand declared, "and we are carrying on that fight very satisfactorily, swallowing many ex-members of that failing movement." Frankly, the National Social Christian Party was aiming for Dominion power, Arcand admitted, describing Dominion power as the real key to the vital problems of this country.<sup id="cite_ref-fascism-in-canada_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fascism-in-canada-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On May 30, 1940, he was arrested in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> for "plotting to overthrow the state" and interned for the duration of the war as a security threat. His party, then termed the National Unity Party, was banned. In the <a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">internment camp</a>, he sat on a throne built by other prisoners and spoke of how he would rule Canada when Hitler conquered it. Arcand was released from custody on July 5, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arcand would later argue that he was interned on the orders of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_Congress" title="Canadian Jewish Congress">Canadian Jewish Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_war">After the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrien_Arcand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arcand campaigned for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> on two occasions. Despite being shunned by mainstream Quebecers during the post-war years, he managed to come second with 29 percent of the vote when he campaigned as a National Unity candidate in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">riding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Richelieu%E2%80%94Verch%C3%A8res_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Richelieu—Verchères (federal electoral district)">Richelieu—Verchères</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1949_Canadian_federal_election" title="1949 Canadian federal election">1949 federal election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came second again with 39 percent of the vote when he campaigned as a "Nationalist" in <a href="/wiki/Berthier%E2%80%94Maskinong%C3%A9%E2%80%94Delanaudi%C3%A8re" title="Berthier—Maskinongé—Delanaudière">Berthier—Maskinongé—Delanaudière</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1953_Canadian_federal_election" title="1953 Canadian federal election">1953 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 February 1952, the British fascist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Huxley-Blythe" title="Peter Huxley-Blythe">Peter Huxley-Blythe</a> wrote to Arcand asking for permission to publish in German his anti-Semitic pamphlet "La Clé du mystère", writing: "I'm anxious to obtain two hundred (200) copies of your excellent work, <i>The Key to the Mystery</i> as soon as possible to fulfill an order I have received from Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThéorêt201535_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThéorêt201535-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Permission was granted, and on 27 February 1952 he wrote to Arcand for permission to print 300 more copies of <i>La Clé du mystère</i> for sale in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThéorêt201535-36_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThéorêt201535-36-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, he campaigned for Progressive Conservative candidate and future Quebec cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Remi_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Remi Paul">Remi Paul</a>. </p><p>Arcand never wavered in his endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, and, during the 1960s, was a <a href="/wiki/Mentor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentor">mentor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Ernst Zündel</a>, who became a prominent <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> propagandist during the latter part of the 20th century. Arcand often corresponded with <a href="/wiki/America_y_Oriente" title="America y Oriente">Issa Nakhleh</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christian</a> who served as the chief of the Palestine Arab Delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011351_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011351-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On November 14, 1965, he gave a speech before a crowd of 650 partisans from all over Canada at the Centre Paul-Sauvé in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> which was draped in the blue banners and insignia of the National Unity Party. As reported in <i><a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(Canadian_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Presse (Canadian newspaper)">La Presse</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Devoir" title="Le Devoir">Le Devoir</a></i>, he took the occasion to thank the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_(federal_electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Royal (federal electoral district)">Mount Royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historic)">Conservative</a> politician <a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">George Drew</a>, for speaking in his defence when he was interned. However, Trudeau and Drew denied that they had ever defended Arcand or his opinions, and insisted that they had in fact been defending the principle of free speech even for fascists.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"Among the rare bits of support Arcand received was an astonishing one from a young law student in London. This young man was Pierre Elliott Trudeau. From the British capital on February 4, 1948, he wrote a rich and dense article of the type that would soon contribute to his renown in a new magazine called Cite Libre. In its issue of February 14, 1948, Notre Temps gave a prominent place to the item by this young contributor who protested against the use of the War Measures Act. Of course, he could not have been aware that he would apply this same law himself in October 1970."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011250_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011250-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Among those present at the rally were Jean Jodoin, a Progressive Conservative candidate in the 1965 federal election and <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Caouette" title="Gilles Caouette">Gilles Caouette</a>, future <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a> Member of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrien_Arcand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an interview with David Martin published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>, Arcand said his party stood for “God, family, private property and personal initiative…. We believe that the Jews are responsible for all the evils of the world today. Through the two Internationals that they control, the <a href="/wiki/Third_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Third International">proletarian</a> and the financial, they provoke economic crises and revolutions with a view to taking world power.” He stated that once the National Unity Party won an election, it would ban all other political parties and claim <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> was "an instrument of world Jewry". When asked whether he intended to kill the Jews off, he said he would "<a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">send them to Madagascar</a>" and joked he was “The greatest <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> in the world!”<sup id="cite_ref-wentzell_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wentzell-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrien_Arcand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arcand is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Haley_Joel_Osment" title="Haley Joel Osment">Haley Joel Osment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Smith" title="Kevin Smith">Kevin Smith</a>'s 2016 <a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">comedy horror</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Hosers" title="Yoga Hosers">Yoga Hosers</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrien_Arcand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/adrian-arcand">"Adrien Arcand"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Adrien+Arcand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fadrian-arcand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Betcherman, Lita-Rose <i>The Swastika and the Maple Leaf</i> (1978) p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/arcand_narcisse_15F.html">"Biography – ARCAND, NARCISSE – Volume XV (1921-1930) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+ARCAND%2C+NARCISSE+%E2%80%93+Volume+XV+%281921-1930%29+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Farcand_narcisse_15F.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201122-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201122_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201122–23-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201122–23_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201125-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201125_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201126-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201126_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201126_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201127-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201127_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201127–28-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201127–28_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201136-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201136_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201129-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201129_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201129_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201129_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201129_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201129_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201129–30-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201129–30_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201130-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201130_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201130_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201131-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201131_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201131_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201132-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201132_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201132_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201132_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201132_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201132_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201133-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201133_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201134-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201134_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201135-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201135_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201137-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201137_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201137–38-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201137–38_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201138-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201138_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201138–39-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201138–39_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201139-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201139_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201139_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201139–40-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201139–40_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201141-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201141_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201141_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201142-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201142_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201143-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201143_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201143_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201141–42-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201141–42_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201145-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201145_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201148-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201148_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201148–49-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201148–49_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201144-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201144_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201144_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201144_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201149-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201149_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201165-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201165_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201166-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201166_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201166_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201166_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201166_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201166_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201167-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201167_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201167_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201186-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201186_37-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201168-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201168_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201169-70-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201169-70_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 69-70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011262-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011262_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011262_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetcherman197510–11-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetcherman197510–11_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBetcherman1975">Betcherman 1975</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011160-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011160_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011160_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011160_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201163-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201163_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011170-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011170_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011170_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetcherman197543-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetcherman197543_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBetcherman1975">Betcherman 1975</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011102-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011102_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fascism-in-canada-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fascism-in-canada_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fascism-in-canada_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick EDWARDS. « Fascism in Canada », Maclean's Magazine, 15 April 1938, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This story is told in <i>Dangerous Patriots: Canada's Unknown Prisoners of War</i>, by William Repka and Kathleen Repka, New Star Books, Vancouver, 1982 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919573-06-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-919573-06-1">0-919573-06-1</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919573-07-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-919573-07-X">0-919573-07-X</a>), in the section by Charlie Murray, who was imprisoned with him for being a <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union</a> organizer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/archive/adrien-arcane-canadian-fascist-leader-dies-was-interned-during-war">"Adrien Arcane, Canadian Fascist Leader Dies; Was Interned During War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></i>. 1967-08-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113180637/https://www.jta.org/archive/adrien-arcane-canadian-fascist-leader-dies-was-interned-during-war">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=Adrien+Arcane%2C+Canadian+Fascist+Leader+Dies%3B+Was+Interned+During+War&rft.date=1967-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2Farchive%2Fadrien-arcane-canadian-fascist-leader-dies-was-interned-during-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101002259/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E">"History of Federal Ridings since 1867"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=608">the original</a> on 2011-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Federal+Ridings+since+1867&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.parl.gc.ca%2FSites%2FLOP%2FHFER%2Fhfer.asp%3FLanguage%3DE%26Search%3DDet%26Include%3DY%26rid%3D608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130101021845/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=49">House of Commons website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThéorêt201535-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThéorêt201535_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThéorêt2015">Théorêt 2015</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThéorêt201535-36-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThéorêt201535-36_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThéorêt2015">Théorêt 2015</a>, p. 35-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011351-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011351_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadafiles.com/articles/pierre-trudeaus-vichy-france-social-circles">"Pierre Trudeau's Vichy France social circles"</a>. <i>The Canada Files</i>. 2023-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canada+Files&rft.atitle=Pierre+Trudeau%27s+Vichy+France+social+circles&rft.date=2023-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadafiles.com%2Farticles%2Fpierre-trudeaus-vichy-france-social-circles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau2011250-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau2011250_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadeau2011">Nadeau 2011</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fascist Steps Out Of Past For Banquet", <i>Globe and Mail</i>, November 15, 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wentzell-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wentzell_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWentzell2023" class="citation journal cs1">Wentzell, Taylor (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cjs.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cjs/article/view/40316">"Scenes of Berlin: Fascism and Anti-Fascism in Toronto during the Summer of 1938"</a>. <i>Canadian Jewish Studies / Études juives canadiennes</i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">23–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25071%2F1916-0925.40316">10.25071/1916-0925.40316</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Jewish+Studies+%2F+%C3%89tudes+juives+canadiennes&rft.atitle=Scenes+of+Berlin%3A+Fascism+and+Anti-Fascism+in+Toronto+during+the+Summer+of+1938&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25071%2F1916-0925.40316&rft.aulast=Wentzell&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcjs.journals.yorku.ca%2Findex.php%2Fcjs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F40316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSung2014" class="citation web cs1">Sung, Carolyn (2014-09-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2014/09/11/showbiz/movies/haley-joel-osment-yoga-hosers/index.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sixth Sense' star Haley Joel Osment sports surprising new look"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=%27Sixth+Sense%27+star+Haley+Joel+Osment+sports+surprising+new+look&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.aulast=Sung&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F09%2F11%2Fshowbiz%2Fmovies%2Fhaley-joel-osment-yoga-hosers%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandell" class="citation web cs1">Mandell, Andrea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2014/09/17/haley-joel-osmont-all-grown-up-and-playing-a-nazi/77353730/">"Haley Joel Osment: All grown up and playing a...Nazi?"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Haley+Joel+Osment%3A+All+grown+up+and+playing+a...Nazi%3F&rft.aulast=Mandell&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Fentertainthis%2F2014%2F09%2F17%2Fhaley-joel-osmont-all-grown-up-and-playing-a-nazi%2F77353730%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrien_Arcand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBetcherman1975" class="citation book cs1">Betcherman, Lita-Rose (1975). <i>The swastika and the maple leaf: Fascist movements in Canada in the thirties</i>. Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780889020221" title="Special:BookSources/9780889020221"><bdi>9780889020221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+swastika+and+the+maple+leaf%3A+Fascist+movements+in+Canada+in+the+thirties&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Fitzhenry+%26+Whiteside&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780889020221&rft.aulast=Betcherman&rft.aufirst=Lita-Rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNadeau2011" class="citation book cs1">Nadeau, Jean-Francois (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D630umvXNKoC&pg=PA351"><i>The Canadian Fuhrer: The Life of Adrien Arcand</i></a>. James Lorimer & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55277-904-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55277-904-0"><bdi>978-1-55277-904-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Fuhrer%3A+The+Life+of+Adrien+Arcand&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55277-904-0&rft.aulast=Nadeau&rft.aufirst=Jean-Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD630umvXNKoC%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRepkaRepka1982" class="citation book cs1">Repka, William; Repka, Kathleen (1982). <i>Dangerous Patriots: Canada's Unknown Prisoners of War</i>. Vancouver: New Star Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919573-06-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-919573-06-1"><bdi>0-919573-06-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Patriots%3A+Canada%27s+Unknown+Prisoners+of+War&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=New+Star+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-919573-06-1&rft.aulast=Repka&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Repka%2C+Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobin1992" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Martin (1992). <i>Shades of Right: Nativist and Fascist Politics in Canada, 1920-1940</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-5962-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-5962-7"><bdi>0-8020-5962-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shades+of+Right%3A+Nativist+and+Fascist+Politics+in+Canada%2C+1920-1940&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8020-5962-7&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrömsdörfer2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strömsdörfer, Hans (2009). "Arcand, Adrien". In Benz, Wolfgang (ed.). <i>Handbuch des Antisemitismus: Judenfeindschaft in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i> (in German). Vol. Band 2/1 Personen A-K). 1. Auflage. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-24072-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-598-24072-0"><bdi>978-3-598-24072-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arcand%2C+Adrien&rft.btitle=Handbuch+des+Antisemitismus%3A+Judenfeindschaft+in+Geschichte+und+Gegenwart&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-598-24072-0&rft.aulast=Str%C3%B6msd%C3%B6rfer&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThéorêt2015" class="citation journal cs1">Théorêt, Hugues (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1037876ar">"Influence et rayonnement international d'Adrien Arcand"</a>. <i>Globe Revue internationale d'études québécoises</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1037876ar">10.7202/1037876ar</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globe+Revue+internationale+d%27%C3%A9tudes+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coises&rft.atitle=Influence+et+rayonnement+international+d%27Adrien+Arcand&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1037876ar&rft.aulast=Th%C3%A9or%C3%AAt&rft.aufirst=Hugues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.erudit.org%2Fiderudit%2F1037876ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRajotte2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rajotte, David (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1046920ar">"L'État canadien contre le Parti de l'unité nationale et Adrien Arcand"</a>. <i>Bulletin d'histoire politique</i>. <b>26</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1046920ar">10.7202/1046920ar</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+d%27histoire+politique&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%89tat+canadien+contre+le+Parti+de+l%27unit%C3%A9+nationale+et+Adrien+Arcand&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1046920ar&rft.aulast=Rajotte&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fid.erudit.org%2Fiderudit%2F1046920ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelarosbil2019" class="citation journal cs1">Delarosbil, Simon (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42775235">"<i>"L'évolution des lexiques révisionniste et négationniste d'Adrien Arcand entre 1933 et 1966 : une analyse textométrique"</i>"</a>. <i>Laïus. La revue étudiante en lettres et en histoire de l'UQAR</i>. <b>12</b>: <span class="nowrap">65–</span>83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La%C3%AFus.+La+revue+%C3%A9tudiante+en+lettres+et+en+histoire+de+l%27UQAR&rft.atitle=%22L%27%C3%A9volution+des+lexiques+r%C3%A9visionniste+et+n%C3%A9gationniste+d%27Adrien+Arcand+entre+1933+et+1966+%3A+une+analyse+textom%C3%A9trique%22&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Delarosbil&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F42775235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdrien+Arcand" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrien_Arcand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adrien_Arcand" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Adrien Arcand">Adrien Arcand</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Jean-François Nadeau, <i>Adrien Arcand, führer Canadien</i>, Montréal, <a href="/wiki/Lux_%C3%89diteur" title="Lux Éditeur">Lux Éditeur</a>, 2010.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Canadian_Nationalist_Party_(1933)" title="Canadian Nationalist Party (1933)">Canadian Nationalist Party (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Nationalist_Party_(2017)" title="Canadian Nationalist Party (2017)">Canadian Nationalist Party (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Nazi_Party" title="Canadian Nazi Party">Canadian Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement#In_North_America" title="Identitarian movement">Generation Identity Canada / IDCanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_in_Canada" title="Ku Klux Klan in Canada">Ku Klux Klan in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Meute" title="La Meute">La Meute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Citizens_Alliance" title="National Citizens Alliance">National Citizens Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">National Unity Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Canada" title="Nationalist Party of Canada">Nationalist Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Order">Northern Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_Identitaire" title="Québec Identitaire">Québec Identitaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_News" title="Rebel News">Rebel News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Alliance" title="Storm Alliance">Storm Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-City_Skins" title="Tri-City Skins">Tri-City Skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Guard_Party" title="Western Guard Party">Western Guard Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hate crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_massacre" title="École Polytechnique massacre">École Polytechnique massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_mosque_shooting" title="Quebec City mosque shooting">Quebec City mosque shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws combatting hateful rhetoric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime#Canada" title="Hate crime">Hate crime laws in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_Canada" title="Hate speech laws in Canada">Hate speech laws in Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Keegstra" title="R v Keegstra">R v Keegstra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Andrews" title="R v Andrews">R v Andrews</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_103" title="Motion 103">Motion 103</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action" title="Anti-Racist Action">Anti-Racist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Old_Market_Square" title="Battle at Old Market Square">Battle at Old Market Square</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-racism_Education_and_Research_Society" title="Canadian Anti-racism Education and Research Society">Canadian Anti-racism Education and Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arab_Federation" title="Canadian Arab Federation">Canadian Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Race_Relations_Foundation" title="Canadian Race Relations Foundation">Canadian Race Relations Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christie_Pits_riot" title="Christie Pits riot">Christie Pits riot</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Antisemitism_Together" title="Fighting Antisemitism Together">FAST – Fighting Antisemitism Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizkor_Project" title="Nizkor Project">Nizkor Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOWAR-PAIX" title="NOWAR-PAIX">NOWAR-PAIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Rape_Crisis_Centre" title="Ottawa Rape Crisis Centre">Ottawa Rape Crisis Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Krehm#Anti-fascist_activism_in_Canada" title="William Krehm">Provisional Anti-Fascist Committee</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_and_Anarchist_Skinheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Red and Anarchist Skinheads">RASH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Resistance" title="Roots of Resistance">Roots of Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinheads_Against_Racial_Prejudice" title="Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice">SHARP</a></li></ul> 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012278940X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42865043">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1911584/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfWV4kHCxJVCDMXFG78md">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/127625429">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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