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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Insula</i> (building)</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insula_(building)&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_architecture?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a>, an <i><b>insula</b></i> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "island", <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <i><b>insulae</b></i>) was one of two things: either a kind of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apartment_building?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartment building">apartment building</a>, or a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(Roman_city)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Insula (Roman city)">city block</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrete2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Aldrete2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dyson2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Dyson2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iyyer2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-Iyyer2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This article deals with the former definition, that of a type of apartment building.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Insula_Ara_Coeli_-_Rome_(IT62)_-_2021-08-27_-_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Insula_Ara_Coeli_-_Rome_%28IT62%29_-_2021-08-27_-_2.jpg/300px-Insula_Ara_Coeli_-_Rome_%28IT62%29_-_2021-08-27_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Insula_Ara_Coeli_-_Rome_%2528IT62%2529_-_2021-08-27_-_2.jpg/450px-Insula_Ara_Coeli_-_Rome_%2528IT62%2529_-_2021-08-27_-_2.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Insula_Ara_Coeli_-_Rome_%2528IT62%2529_-_2021-08-27_-_2.jpg/600px-Insula_Ara_Coeli_-_Rome_%2528IT62%2529_-_2021-08-27_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></a> <figcaption> Remains of the top floors of an <i>insula</i> near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitolium?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_dell%27Ara_Coeli?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Insula dell'Ara Coeli">Insula dell'Ara Coeli</a> in Rome </figcaption> </figure> <p><i>Insulae</i> housed most of the urban citizen population of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>'s massive population ranging from 800,000 to 1 million inhabitants in the early imperial period.<sup id="cite_ref-A_companion_to_the_city_of_Rome_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-A_companion_to_the_city_of_Rome-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents of an <i>insula</i> included ordinary people of lower- or middle-class status (the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebeians?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Plebeians">plebeians</a></i>) and all but the wealthiest from the upper-middle class (the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equites?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Equites">equites</a></i>).</p> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobiles?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Nobiles">traditional elite</a> and the very wealthy lived in a <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Domus">domus</a></i>, a large single-family residence, but the two kinds of housing were intermingled in the city and not segregated into separate neighbourhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ground-level floor of the <i>insula</i> was used for <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taberna?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Taberna">tabernae</a></i>, shops and businesses, with living spaces above. Like modern apartment buildings, an <i>insula</i> might have a name, usually referring to the owner of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The owners of these buildings were typically wealthy Romans, often <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Senate?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman Senate">senators</a> and those of similar rank.<sup id="cite_ref-A_companion_to_the_city_of_Rome_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-A_companion_to_the_city_of_Rome-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also possible for an <i>insula</i> to be owned by several people, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cicero?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, who owned a one-eighth share of an <i>insula</i> and presumably took in one-eighth of its revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-A_companion_to_the_city_of_Rome_4-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-A_companion_to_the_city_of_Rome-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inhabitants of the <i>insula</i> paid rent to secure their accommodation.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Construction"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Construction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Regulation_and_administration"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Regulation and administration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insula_(building)&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Construction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strabo?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> notes that <i>insulae</i>, like <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Domus">domus</a></i>, had running water and sanitation, but this type of housing was sometimes constructed at minimal expense for speculative purposes, resulting in <i>insulae</i> of poor construction. They were built in timber, brick, and later <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_concrete?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman concrete">Roman concrete</a>, and were prone to fire and collapse, as described by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satires_of_Juvenal?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Satires of Juvenal">Juvenal</a>, the Roman satirist. Among his many business interests, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a> speculated in real estate and owned numerous <i>insulae</i> in the city. When one collapsed from poor construction, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Cicero</a> purportedly stated that he was happy that he could charge higher rents for a new building than the collapsed one.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living quarters were typically the smallest in the building's uppermost floors, with the largest and most expensive apartments being located on the bottom floors.</p> <p>The <i>insulae</i> could be built up to nine storeys, before <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> introduced a height limit of about 70 Roman feet (20.7 m). Later, this was reduced further, to about 60 Roman feet (17.75 m).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notably large <i>Insula Felicles</i> or <i>Felicula</i> was located near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circus_Flaminius?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Circus Flaminius">Circus Flaminius</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14_regions_of_Augustan_Rome?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#IX:_Regio_IX_Circus_Flaminius" title="14 regions of Augustan Rome">Regio IX</a>; the early Christian writer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertullian?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> condemns the hubris of multiple-story buildings by comparing the Felicles to the towering homes of the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is posited that a typical <i>insula</i> would accommodate over 40 people in only 3,600 sq ft (330 m<sup>2</sup>); however, an entire structure could comprise about six to seven apartments, each covering about 1,000 sq ft (93 m<sup>2</sup>) in floor area. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The only surviving <i>insula</i> in Rome is the five-storey <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_dell%27Ara_Coeli?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Insula dell'Ara Coeli">Insula dell'Ara Coeli</a> dating from the 2nd century AD, which is found at the foot of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitoline_Hill?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SouthamptonArchaeologyInsula_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-SouthamptonArchaeologyInsula-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EarlyChristian_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-EarlyChristian-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Because of safety issues and extra flights of stairs, the uppermost floors of <i>insulae</i> were the least desirable, and thus the cheapest to rent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ostia_Antica-strada01-modified.jpg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ostia_Antica-strada01-modified.jpg/220px-Ostia_Antica-strada01-modified.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ostia_Antica-strada01-modified.jpg/220px-Ostia_Antica-strada01-modified.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ostia_Antica-strada01-modified.jpg/330px-Ostia_Antica-strada01-modified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ostia_Antica-strada01-modified.jpg/440px-Ostia_Antica-strada01-modified.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> An <i>insula</i> dating from the early 2nd century AD in the Roman port town of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostia_Antica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Other examples outside of Rome are the <i>insulae</i> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostia_Antica?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a>. They provide an insight into what an <i>insula</i> may have been like during the second and third centuries AD. These particular structures at Ostia are also unique in that they show evidence of luxurious <i>insulae</i>. Due to the rarity of evidence today it is uncertain as to how common these luxury <i>insulae</i> were.<sup id="cite_ref-worldcat.org_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-worldcat.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The floor plan allows us to determine what constitutes one of these luxury <i>insulae</i>. Firstly, there is a rectangular living space called a <i>medianum</i> from which all the other rooms can be accessed. These attached reception rooms were different sizes at either end and were typically partitioned further into two separate rooms but sometimes remained each as one.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large glazed windows allowed light into these rooms. These windows would often overlook a garden, courtyard or the street.<sup id="cite_ref-worldcat.org_14-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-worldcat.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the adjacent sides of the <i>medianum</i> were the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cubiculum?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Cubiculum">cubicula</a></i>, usually two of them.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger <i>insulae</i> at Ostia suggest that the upper floors could have had kitchens, latrines, and even piped water.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further luxurious features seen in Ostia include ornate pilasters or columns decorating exterior doors to staircases leading up to the apartments. The decorations suggest that these particular Insulae probably housed wealthy individuals who lived there on a long-term basis.</p> <p>Simple two to four-roomed apartments are also found in Ostia for the lower classes inhabiting an <i>insula</i>. As seen in the Casa Di Diana, the ground floor contains a narrow corridor with several poorly lit cells that lead to what is believed to be a shared living area. This type of insula can also be found at Capitoline Hill in Rome which may suggest that this particular design could have been a common solution to high housing demand at the time. The latrine and cistern for drinking water also seem to be shared.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shared accommodation type meant for the lower classes was likely rented both by short-term inhabitants and also acted as an inn for short-tenure or itinerant workers.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is merely conjecture as there is no direct evidence to support whether they were shared, nor how many inhabited the space at a given time.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Regulation_and_administration">Regulation and administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insula_(building)&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Regulation and administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> instituted reforms aimed at increasing the safety of buildings in the city of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the dangers of fire and collapse, the height of the <i>insulae</i> were restricted by Augustus to 70 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Length" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman feet</a> called the <i>pes</i> (20.7 m), and again to an unspecified amount<sup id="cite_ref-A_companion_to_the_city_of_Rome_4-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-A_companion_to_the_city_of_Rome-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nero?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Nero">Nero</a> after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Great Fire of Rome">The Great Fire of Rome</a> in 64 AD. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trajan?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Trajan">Emperor Trajan</a> reduced the height to 60 Roman feet (17.75 m).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 4th-century Regionary catalogues, there were about 42,000–46,000 <i>insulae</i> in the city, as compared to about 1,790 <i>domus</i> in the late 3rd century. Data on the number of <i>insulae</i> and to a lesser extent <i>domus</i> are used for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_demography?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Classical demography">classical demography</a>. The city's population in the late 3rd century is thought to have fluctuated between 700,000 and 800,000, down from more than 1 million, based also on figures for the amount of grain required to feed the population in Rome and surrounding areas.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insula_(building)&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Aldrete2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Aldrete2004_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGregory_S._Aldrete2004" class="citation book cs1">Gregory S. Aldrete (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D40AjSfdJXaAC%26pg%3DPA78"><i>Daily Life in the Roman City: Rome, Pompeii and Ostia</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">78–</span>80. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33174-9?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33174-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33174-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Roman+City%3A+Rome%2C+Pompeii+and+Ostia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33174-9&rft.au=Gregory+S.+Aldrete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40AjSfdJXaAC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Dyson2010_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_L._Dyson2010" class="citation book cs1">Stephen L. Dyson (1 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DwfN5dd5wbWgC%26pg%3DPA21"><i>Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City</i></a>. JHU Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">217–</span>219. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0101-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0101-0"><bdi>978-1-4214-0101-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%3A+A+Living+Portrait+of+an+Ancient+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0101-0&rft.au=Stephen+L.+Dyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfN5dd5wbWgC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Iyyer2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-Iyyer2009_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaitanya_Iyyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Chaitanya Iyyer (1 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D1Bls24MgPuMC%26pg%3DPA147"><i>Land Management</i></a>. Global India Publications. p. 147. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80228-48-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80228-48-8"><bdi>978-93-80228-48-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Management&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Global+India+Publications&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft.isbn=978-93-80228-48-8&rft.au=Chaitanya+Iyyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Bls24MgPuMC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-A_companion_to_the_city_of_Rome-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-A_companion_to_the_city_of_Rome_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-A_companion_to_the_city_of_Rome_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-A_companion_to_the_city_of_Rome_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-A_companion_to_the_city_of_Rome_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolleranClaridge2018" class="citation book cs1">Holleran, Claire; Claridge, Amanda (24 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082874027"><i>A companion to the city of Rome</i></a> (1 ed.). Hoboken, NJ. p. 318. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9819-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9819-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-9819-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082874027">1082874027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+the+city+of+Rome&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=318&rft.edition=1&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1082874027&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9819-6&rft.aulast=Holleran&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Claridge%2C+Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1082874027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrete2007" class="citation book cs1">Aldrete, Gregory S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DvL2ntMk7j-4C%26dq%3Dregionary%26pg%3DPA213"><i>Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 213. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801884054?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/9780801884054"><bdi>9780801884054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Floods+of+the+Tiber+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780801884054&rft.aulast=Aldrete&rft.aufirst=Gregory+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvL2ntMk7j-4C%26dq%3Dregionary%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Names known from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epigraphy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a> or literary sources include Bolaniana, Sertoriana, Vitaliana, Eurcapriana, Felicles or Felicula, Cuminiana, and Arriana Polliana. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrouwer1989" class="citation book cs1">Brouwer, Hendrik H. J. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DgMwUAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dinsula%2BFelicula%2BOR%2BFelicles%26pg%3DPA26"><i>Bona Dea: The Sources and a Description of the Cult</i></a>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>27. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004086064?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/9004086064"><bdi>9004086064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bona+Dea%3A+The+Sources+and+a+Description+of+the+Cult&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9004086064&rft.aulast=Brouwer&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgMwUAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dinsula%2BFelicula%2BOR%2BFelicles%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrete, Gregory. <i>The Roman City</i>, p 80</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218112210/http://heritage-key.com/rome/roman-living-inside-insula">"Roman Living: Inside an Insula"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://heritage-key.com/rome/roman-living-inside-insula">the original</a> on December 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Living%3A+Inside+an+Insula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheritage-key.com%2Frome%2Froman-living-inside-insula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.britannica.com/technology/insula">"Insula (Architecture)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insula+%28Architecture%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Finsula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertullian?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <i>Against the Valentinians</i> 7, as cited by John W. Humphrey, John P. Oleson, and Andrew N. Sherwood, <i>Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook</i> (Routledge, 1998), p. 256 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DodBaoe3xbZIC%26pg%3DPA256">online</a>; Lawrence Richardson, <i>A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome</i> (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 209. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerome_Carcopino?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Carcopino">Jerome Carcopino</a> hyperbolically calls it a "sky-scraper" in his classic work <i>Daily Life in Ancient Rome</i>, pp. 26 and 28 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DuDnV4FUgf-MC%26q%3D%2522Insula%2Bof%2BFelicula%2522">online</a> in an unknown edition.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-SouthamptonArchaeologyInsula-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-SouthamptonArchaeologyInsula_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/archaeology/research/projects/insula.page">"Research project: Insula dell'Ara Coeli and the western slopes of the Capitoline"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southampton_University?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Southampton University">Southampton University</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-25</span></span>. <q>The Insula dell'Ara Coeli is a part of an extensive archaeological area situated on the western slopes of the Capitol that was exposed though demolition work carried out between 1929 and 1933.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southampton+University&rft.atitle=Research+project%3A+Insula+dell%27Ara+Coeli+and+the+western+slopes+of+the+Capitoline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.ac.uk%2Farchaeology%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Finsula.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-EarlyChristian-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-EarlyChristian_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Wallace-Hadrill2003" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (2003). David L. Balch; Carolyn Osiek (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DVjMdbpzLhRQC%26dq%3D%2Binsula%26pg%3DPA3"><i>Early Christian Families in Context: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue</i></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing">Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802839862?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/9780802839862"><bdi>9780802839862</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-25</span></span>. <q>Most legible and striking is the fourth floor, which is subdivided by internal corridors into a series of suites of three rooms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Families+in+Context%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Dialogue&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802839862&rft.au=Andrew+Wallace-Hadrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVjMdbpzLhRQC%26dq%3D%2Binsula%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Beard2015" class="citation book cs1">Mary Beard (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://archive.org/details/history-of-ancient-rome-mary-beard-1_202210/page/446/mode/2up"><i>History of Ancient Rome (Mary Beard)</i></a>. p. 447.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+Rome+%28Mary+Beard%29&rft.pages=447&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Mary+Beard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistory-of-ancient-rome-mary-beard-1_202210%2Fpage%2F446%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-worldcat.org-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-worldcat.org_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-worldcat.org_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolleranClaridge2018" class="citation book cs1">Holleran, Claire; Claridge, Amanda (24 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082874027"><i>A companion to the city of Rome</i></a> (1 ed.). Hoboken, NJ. p. 320. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9819-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9819-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-9819-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082874027">1082874027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+the+city+of+Rome&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=320&rft.edition=1&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1082874027&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9819-6&rft.aulast=Holleran&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Claridge%2C+Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1082874027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolleranClaridge2018" class="citation book cs1">Holleran, Claire; Claridge, Amanda (24 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082874027"><i>A companion to the city of Rome</i></a> (1 ed.). Hoboken, NJ. p. 321. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9819-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9819-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-9819-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082874027">1082874027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+the+city+of+Rome&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=321&rft.edition=1&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1082874027&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9819-6&rft.aulast=Holleran&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Claridge%2C+Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1082874027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolleranClaridge2018" class="citation book cs1">Holleran, Claire; Claridge, Amanda (24 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082874027"><i>A companion to the city of Rome</i></a> (1 ed.). Hoboken, NJ. p. 322. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9819-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9819-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-9819-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082874027">1082874027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+the+city+of+Rome&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=322&rft.edition=1&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1082874027&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9819-6&rft.aulast=Holleran&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Claridge%2C+Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1082874027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolleran2018" class="citation book cs1">Holleran, Claire (2018). <i>A Companion to the City of Rome</i>. Hoboken New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 321. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405198196?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/9781405198196"><bdi>9781405198196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+City+of+Rome&rft.place=Hoboken+New+Jersey&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781405198196&rft.aulast=Holleran&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo 5.3.7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.3.7">http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.3.7</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolleranClaridge2018" class="citation book cs1">Holleran, Claire; Claridge, Amanda (24 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082874027"><i>A companion to the city of Rom</i></a> (1 ed.). Hoboken, NJ. p. 318. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9819-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9819-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-9819-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082874027">1082874027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+the+city+of+Rom&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=318&rft.edition=1&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1082874027&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9819-6&rft.aulast=Holleran&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Claridge%2C+Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1082874027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsula+%28building%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Insula_(building)&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_houses" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient Roman houses">Ancient Roman houses</a></span>. </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ara_Coeli_Insula" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ara Coeli Insula">Ara Coeli Insula</a></span>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306024232/http://www.caed.kent.edu/History/Rome/Houses/ostia.jpg">Photo of Insulae in Ostia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825033844/http://classics.furman.edu/~rprior/imgs/RCU5/5-059.jpg">Model of another insula in Ostia </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317032728/http://www.proxima-veritati.auckland.ac.nz/insula9/">Insula 9, an excavation of a Pompeii insula</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034414/http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/romnlife/insulae.htm">Roman apartment building </a></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Инсула – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инсула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula" title="Insula – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Insula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_(budova)" title="Insula (budova) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Insula (budova)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula" title="Insula – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Insula" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulae" title="Insulae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Insulae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula" title="Insula – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Insula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula" title="Insula – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Insula" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259D%25B8%25EC%2588%25A0%25EB%259D%25BC" title="인술라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인술라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_(zgrada)" title="Insula (zgrada) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Insula (zgrada)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula" title="Insula – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Insula" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%25A1%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%2594" title="אינסולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינסולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_(aedes)" title="Insula (aedes) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insula (aedes)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insul%25C4%2597" title="Insulė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Insulė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_(%25C3%25A9p%25C3%25BClet)" title="Insula (épület) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Insula (épület)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Инсула – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инсула" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_(woning)" title="Insula (woning) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Insula (woning)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2583%25A9" title="インスラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インスラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_(bygning)" title="Insula (bygning) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Insula (bygning)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula" title="Insula – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Insula" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Dnsula" title="Ínsula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ínsula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_(cl%25C4%2583dire)" title="Insula (clădire) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insula (clădire)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Инсула – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инсула" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzula_(budova)" title="Inzula (budova) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Inzula (budova)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_(zgradba)" title="Insula (zgradba) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Insula (zgradba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula" title="Insula – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Insula" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula" title="Insula – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Insula" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_(byggnad)" title="Insula (byggnad) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Insula (byggnad)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B0nsula" title="İnsula – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsula" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2586%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Інсула – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інсула" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259B%25A0%25E8%2598%2587%25E6%258B%2589" title="因蘇拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="因蘇拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 31 January 2025, at 23:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> 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