CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135d9714a559cb9',cH: 'SV3l06x.DC5iLOvAOEiqNi2ngOUiefAlWX_cXCIWdV4-1739796062-1.2.1.1-eOyddAnJUbiuMnWp.P.HgJ27Os4WdvRlnAOTmoi92IsNBdHVuJR92S0JUft73_LZ',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=effectiveness%20of%20trends&__cf_chl_tk=SKUguQq56Sd6PCC8L6vOKkI6x8irLIHfnK9dok9gPDQ-1739796062-1.0.1.1-7I2W4ngtuudN9I_a_xzFXOi1_vFdR9JY1CxW5Jtw0h4",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739796062',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=effectiveness%20of%20trends&__cf_chl_f_tk=SKUguQq56Sd6PCC8L6vOKkI6x8irLIHfnK9dok9gPDQ-1739796062-1.0.1.1-7I2W4ngtuudN9I_a_xzFXOi1_vFdR9JY1CxW5Jtw0h4",md: "Fdij0jwxkOO5QNQpWw_Wc3ApCz.BRbr6LYWEDkkieHA-1739796062-1.2.1.1-ivnDDriIrUutbP1dgHBDd8yJR2K.3l1l0eSDXp996z3GB0Q5Uq0oUy.MuoCYxn28WS5yfXCrxGzhX995_XErWBPeuWm9eREvwGK4c9tB9mYrxK6jOTgvan0sMb5n8EJ8v61bYqcvuWRfTSOrnRn.4NNT8sdkrNApB9OVKLe99QzOWHpAXV8v8CnQszxOI0RYhuaS1PbEzJmz3pDnEhNr18a.Yha1yF7.jT3SsCjNksAQohW_jd3USxNtg2CRo0avspCqOVgjSOyOJ1_ofdU4KXrgVuNFVw_0dySDn2.iJ2gue0GbrbtfJVAPX5o3OIAJwprtZ2l0cE.Bmm6lGLgwcOL8RD1LspqXLqvHdS7N7a_DlzB9KJrdmKjzS0YsBknpBNgc8VrrSDtYa06vxZ5dOfdtDL3kxi4jaz4MbLpsdNTUqT0.0ZfHdXhvqpiTI0Hct2CwNrGbDg81k1razqiETbE.sQNw3.k2b7RLAd3a.eAo1l6WwM4umVEAWkkkH2bMcTzPV08MBqYdYNi_o2ZjEG1bj6LvBea0hlUwgFHalALC5LRZtu9lSU1mQ7uJ.lICxizeSeN_LyjJPAF31JlCcTDFE98NTSVr9AVpn3YMDaV10Kf5KXP7m1oH7OL8I0BC2zAAUOwzyho2dyhS1bKCzACHsEm_pxJvFMtO2ny1oxmDx9GPIetywPjzUND1sXXZwt1obEoIk4kBOn5m.9tWcKyg9bYzTJ.bxagg.GB9q_QoqJmi5wVtPByhSznWkhqCEVr8ERTnD.JqrNgQHJF.BxJ6svw9pRWte3AmToZ5GgHi2Wkq._ePFxeYGYZ6o5mjMG7k4vccyYOvKMhWrmcrdm6.gYQ2gwr.zY_s.wkcrgzgY9KXgb_u5QmNiskXCZB9LQzx6nj.oDhF2jYTDzRDxJBlWVEisWLHZf4VzOgnjd.UN1kWlwTU0hX4E2VxewZiabF6Dwf9Ydi9wz.UZjCs5i_MfCgDiFwbQ0h2Hqcokgw3dzrs.B40WuCp_oVZE01AgpSKXvPt6z2x6Yz_tT8lG1f_88TKoqP0jyxbhzURADNkufNudmV99ApozPckt68hy6_IT80fARUfMlbYHcWUBG0QZZBp59hzx9ZXtwmtWC.uutrpOs8uiPuQ6igz1OTJ1Q74V3AThjB2r3Ad266mZdV2Yx75a5bkFw.mNjh2_bYSR8eE.0F7yIOR9Q1PMx30.6uZy0HsqJ2AhhBU_.WOtyH8ghQUHqflASHCrPKPGaWsVSv1VzsiJ0pj1YD7nI45JhslAjNFeJOPxIxQZKzrmeKKiQWoNf4le5d_0soRV1dLURBTwPveNW_d7A3N7NXDJK_j.2.Ksd0lHS3atZGwt8F6nQrjsTf0SpnvKk8zAP.8gixjOYC8U80iFhKjrERnihSWvbP.vik4GaIR7o9PXSA1E9w8ByCDQBTzdT_ks8TFYJH21H4sqkpU3gUpJZeT3G7mEcbw1AH7zD6keSrNDk5OqvcjD7jnkjLW2ys_ElrzItXiV0H2BnQmFFnrqSm_IUTi8vePC.M4zcPJse6xjX5nyILdH05U6Wu_zoHz5KWWPuv0wifa3oLOE2A95CU1RXBao_BPojlZ7CYlemOXIumqjgRYj4o8VwimqPZa20jshSAnPI7nViOUg_6yM01UpCw4nPpshyiTVMp_jrrwoaxecE9MdfNWHZB5ZR6I8J0ZcRBT1t64XEnNKc5oTFUWxki_GTRyKn9i4f.JaNojL.MX4Z4Y.pcj_XIqUbDNKTQiWPuMzr_bZO3QsqQcx9iJJYPh0KRC9UgxbQpY4QQyi0sNj4W6_4he9uzob0B.zc86NTqYWVIreNxKObxKNerh8nbs_d4GNL2bQGucOtsnSWdmWUacKea5hW3NKin_Hj9Uy76ekXharSPd0Ct_QpLHJ1jWaQHkPAC37OAc81Z0.23wBf5walx6bTCgotGg5HYViLs2IXTa.P7CQlohvaYm",mdrd: "kNXWZ9fBfXEMSFt7QLUULMIHdm3QStqsz9X7zu1SFsI-1739796062-1.2.1.1-wlC9fdua_o_gcD4TfW1Nnh01yjIqbnWAhKS7buDW_50Ch9hXLkM0ANLagVDEoJKRpHSfmGBpSCNRAxIu0l2ktmAH0F9Hy_MTxRn327GvEwAAYiLrj3ZShSHZrswIJSR4.to48OE5Wkmg0UFP8JWM0g9ZJcT0IC1YP.EiGiNIKzm4B_MBNu5n7r9P1q6wyG66OhSK4WtJn0sG59G1TwrdEfX1E_5oWWWLZUGCyyLZmKdHOeIXe70DQIHy_9FZkcpupArdZ8kujEdiT54rNVkyedNh.OgGBQyDtrJLlWbUmEw7RPKvNwlAUJn.bY2Tw0LwNm93G1O70KAhvXuVHQNov5ZT7PtYA678IDS9zygSd233Px2LKM3uEE7pVHb8g_Jr616UF4HkGiYRPk4GN2MoJOkmmRPC3jnYXKPYc5_4hR8UedIUT8SaYPgTavblmlPklPIW2Spe9Ljmm6ESKWFTQLHxAUrsTYg89xTm5lWwTlirsi6C8jPzK0yN3FYIKwI_PTGMwEoX8PpcCwtLEQdVSpxVOhfB44lhtHWbYdpMF8Ms4HHQbi6JcLL7OmYLuUiSX1QjZ5C44u9OyLslmsIKjiHFhNp4m2QfvCz1DRIxC_ltiV9VPakUUqqAaYTPsj5QdNddy85vTGGBXBTPtXCxky1Psz5aocolHXBsUyup0NU6.uZXUXXRx2cfmJcrjMt8.sQu0kmiPX3ydmJT0G69tv.fYn8rsFhqc18hwfkacDXjYr.iQFEQqYsLno7AoVbyBsvIFVtH5JXpvXdAGMI_qHX6cqYHVul65KbHIfwmBwCaHE_1gGMW64Rwq.YfK.eSGeMCQvlkZnhzd1O83QJ1Q.Y_FBqE26Cdqs73wN5MX4RrccLrf9T7YFFj3fhhbFvVC80W9CaXa1Igk_gy4rYFjWWcKMDYcDc0Ar0QymTmmBgKii50B5vLL6SKsHu_kyhACubmX2PfrijWxtwkZs_VH5aU4GnFXok7ubVSGwSGKpKmRUbg0gioe5A3GREUQWrYhPDJB3CFHsJpfmQae9Q5u0hU8aMB5PbIC.loTqkvDUhao9xvI1LYmo.uj1p6UjCt7OmrkIVY_tIwC0e8d7QhW3zkLv8Bco8SwpvlzuCudBaX20YjI_gwzqyZzyxWUifcZQ.WVTI.SfI1CN7_0PPUVZl._uM_6L79hjsXyoYDedWK5m2eyrC4JO9byzbqa5XHxtHJ0Bns0szGcnKJlVu9OfipZGr696jYyl6Bo6.afv5DR5LALsRdH8H2RsgdHiRyERxr2XjMdysIm1i.LHNR6drpiZWoEyLlHauf8M7r5Syea7xgG4_O4UTB4oaGFZgrwUHkLAZvHTHp0RIlDFXj2GlKHzkhrLxK7BNyCtGpFgZ_3rF4KWRmopuTWly4X79oh8KtYPPJ0FmvQwaguuRezph8o.n4x1_GvAKZPSVz5.YasNovcT9ci9IGdFWmeMOXchZ9EgkQgf0HT9jZ2ub1bYd_cCajDt0MtxK8xQiWQkspoRUioslQrfiE5BYIFr0mAx18yZnKsH581cQjUCacHAdk2Hhg8KY2A6YTW8cygCRuUsAi7CZSlGH6Hz4iRqpynzRgneecbINZmLsNgOqHBgsKZ13v0TuLrlFEXLPBq2d47NKBnAVAYF5mvCZgXTovTYWZOcjDCptZd0XilpzRtHYhVLJXZyHJpNsZVpdeoRSA.Di0jg20zEc2t2koVOJC93hlwM7sZVMdIPLeqWQJCESsxKmfc4cl_bAGftUmARifei0612juqBe06BrPge90QZmM3YS9ofC.XVoGO0ZY9elv3TL0iemSnqEpx_JZiaR7hBdEp136fXoDMmPwmXif21DCdd3Tdl_GLHAsACkkGVL0T9wuasOog4no6mcdOb_e0waE0BZ.qizJNEpBtrxWDQBo9hZ0FBn6laA5T99Gcqk5._1Jtn7BtQ7c5kcvhfL2qhjZ97jveGU9OSsI.8mf"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135d9714a559cb9';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=effectiveness%20of%20trends&__cf_chl_rt_tk=SKUguQq56Sd6PCC8L6vOKkI6x8irLIHfnK9dok9gPDQ-1739796062-1.0.1.1-7I2W4ngtuudN9I_a_xzFXOi1_vFdR9JY1CxW5Jtw0h4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>