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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Viool" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Viool" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Viool" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stemming_en_klank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stemming_en_klank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stemming en klank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stemming_en_klank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vioolbouw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vioolbouw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vioolbouw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vioolbouw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_ontwikkelingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_ontwikkelingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Moderne ontwikkelingen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Moderne_ontwikkelingen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Moderne ontwikkelingen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Moderne_ontwikkelingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authenticatie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authenticatie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Authenticatie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authenticatie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektrische_viool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektrische_viool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Elektrische viool</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektrische_viool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vijfsnarige_viool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vijfsnarige_viool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vijfsnarige viool</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vijfsnarige_viool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zessnarige_viool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zessnarige_viool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Zessnarige viool</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zessnarige_viool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zevensnarige_viool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zevensnarige_viool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Zevensnarige viool</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zevensnarige_viool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achtsnarige_viool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achtsnarige_viool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Achtsnarige viool</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achtsnarige_viool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onderwijsmethode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onderwijsmethode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Onderwijsmethode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onderwijsmethode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_kattendarmlegende" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_kattendarmlegende"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>De kattendarmlegende</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_kattendarmlegende-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Maten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_de_volksmuziek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_de_volksmuziek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In de volksmuziek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_de_volksmuziek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gehoorschade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gehoorschade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gehoorschade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gehoorschade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_link"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Externe link</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_link-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viool</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 141 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">141 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viool" title="Viool – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Viool" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geige" title="Geige – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Geige" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vriol%C3%ADn" title="Vriolín – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vriolín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiolene" title="Fiolene – Oudengels" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fiolene" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Oudengels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin" title="Violin – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Violin" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كمان – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87" title="كمنجه – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كمنجه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="বেহেলা – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেহেলা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol%C3%ADn" title="Violín – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Violín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skripka" title="Skripka – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Skripka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="ویولون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویولون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Скрипка – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Скрипка" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrip%C4%ABtis" title="Skripītis – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Skripītis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biula" title="Biula – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Biula" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Скрыпка – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скрыпка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Скрыпка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Скрыпка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piul" title="Piul – Bataviaans" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Piul" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Bataviaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Цигулка – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цигулка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="বেহালা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেহালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨོག་ལེན། – Tibetaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨོག་ལེན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolin" title="Biolin – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Biolin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violina" title="Violina – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Violina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol%C3%AD" title="Violí – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Violí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolin" title="Biyolin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Biyolin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%9F%E1%8F%B0%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏟᏰᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏟᏰᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ڤایۆلین – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤایۆلین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housle" title="Housle – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Housle" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrz%C3%ABpice" title="Skrzëpice – Kasjoebisch" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Skrzëpice" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kasjoebisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%C4%83%D1%81" title="Сĕрмекупăс – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сĕрмекупăс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffidil" title="Ffidil – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffidil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin" title="Violin – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Violin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violine" title="Violine – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Violine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF" title="Βιολί – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιολί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin" title="Violin – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Violin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violono" title="Violono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Violono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol%C3%ADn" title="Violín – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Violín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viiul" title="Viiul – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viiul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolin" title="Biolin – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biolin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="ویولن – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویولن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viulu" title="Viulu – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viulu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viiol" title="Viiol – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Viiol" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin" title="Violin – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Violin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violon" title="Violon – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Violon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijool" title="Fijool – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fijool" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin" title="Violin – Friulisch" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Violin" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fioele" title="Fioele – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fioele" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veidhl%C3%ADn" title="Veidhlín – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Veidhlín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACdheall" title="Fìdheall – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fìdheall" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol%C3%ADn" title="Violín – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Violín" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravel" title="Ravel – Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ravel" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9u-th%C3%AC-kh%C3%ACm" title="Séu-thì-khìm – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Séu-thì-khìm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8" title="כינור – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כינור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="वायलिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वायलिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin" title="Violin – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Violin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violina" title="Violina – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Violina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heged%C5%B1" title="Hegedű – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hegedű" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ջութակ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջութակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ջութակ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ջութակ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violino" title="Violino – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Violino" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biola" title="Biola – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violino" title="Violino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Violino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%B0la" title="Fiðla – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fiðla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violino" title="Violino – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Violino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ヴァイオリン – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァイオリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyul" title="Piyul – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Piyul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="ვიოლინო – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიოლინო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiyool%C9%94%C9%94" title="Fiyoolɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fiyoolɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Скрипка – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Скрипка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84" title="វីយោឡុង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វីយោឡុង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಪಿಟೀಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಿಟೀಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%B0" title="바이올린 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이올린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keman" title="Keman – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Скрипка – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Скрипка" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violina" title="Violina – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Violina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gei" title="Gei – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjoeal" title="Fjoeal – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fjoeal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin" title="Violin – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Violin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viulin" title="Viulin – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Viulin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuikas" title="Smuikas – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Smuikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijole" title="Vijole – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vijole" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Скрипке – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Скрипке" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Виолина – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виолина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="വയലിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വയലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Хийл – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хийл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="व्हायोलिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हायोलिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biola" title="Biola – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="တယော – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တယော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="ویالون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویالون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin" title="Violin – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Violin" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigelien" title="Vigelien – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vigelien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fioul" title="Fioul – Nederduits" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fioul" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="बेला – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बेला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiolin" title="Fiolin – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fiolin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiolin" title="Fiolin – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fiolin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violon" title="Violon – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Violon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਾਇਲਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਇਲਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrzypce" title="Skrzypce – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skrzypce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%86" title="وائلن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وائلن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violino" title="Violino – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Violino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiyulin" title="Wiyulin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wiyulin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violina" title="Violina – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Violina" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vioar%C4%83" title="Vioară – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vioară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avyiulii" title="Avyiulii – Aroemeens" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Avyiulii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aroemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Скрипка – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скрипка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%97" title="Гуслї – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гуслї" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violina" title="Violina – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Violina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="වයලීනය – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වයලීනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin" title="Violin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Violin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husle" title="Husle – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Husle" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violina" title="Violina – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Violina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violina" title="Violina – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Violina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Виолина – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виолина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjoole" title="Fjoole – Saterfries" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fjoole" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biola" title="Biola – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Biola" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin" title="Violin – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Violin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidla" title="Fidla – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fidla" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வயலின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வயலின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="వయొలిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వయొలిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Скрипка – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Скрипка" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ไวโอลิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไวโอลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyulin" title="Biyulin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyulin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keman" title="Keman – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Keman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Скрипка – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Скрипка" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Скрипка – Toevaans" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Скрипка" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Toevaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%BE%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ئىسكىرىپكا – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسكىرىپكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Скрипка – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скрипка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="بیلا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیلا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skripka" title="Skripka – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Skripka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vio%C5%82in" title="Viołin – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Viołin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violine" title="Violine – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Violine" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Wepsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9_c%E1%BA%A7m" title="Vĩ cầm – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vĩ cầm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viole" title="Viole – West-Vlaams" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Viole" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West-Vlaams" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violon" title="Violon – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Violon" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolin" title="Biyolin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Biyolin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%8F%90%E7%90%B4" title="小提琴 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="小提琴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="ვიოლინო – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიოლინო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9C" title="פידל – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פידל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%8F%90%E7%90%B4" title="小提琴 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="小提琴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E5%A9%80%E7%8E%B2" title="梵婀玲 – Klassiek Chinees" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="梵婀玲" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassiek Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%BA-kh%C3%AEm" title="Chhiú-khîm – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiú-khîm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%8F%90%E7%90%B4" title="小提琴 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="小提琴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8355#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div style="font-size:87%;" title="Klik op de startbutton om de geluidsopname van het artikel te starten"><span style="cursor:help; border-bottom: 1px dotted #555555;" title="Door op de afspeelknop te klikken kunt u dit artikel beluisteren. Na het opnemen kan het artikel gewijzigd zijn, waardoor de tekst van de opname wellicht verouderd is.">Beluister</span> <span class="gesproken_wiki_player" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="80" style="width:80px;" data-durationhint="653" data-mwtitle="Nl-Viool-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Nl-Viool-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Nl-Viool-article.ogg/Nl-Viool-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></span> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nl-Viool-article.ogg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Nl-Viool-article.ogg">info</a>)</div> </div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-woordenboek" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="tpl_Woordenboek"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/viool" title="Zoek dit woord op in WikiWoordenboek"><img alt="Zoek dit woord op in WikiWoordenboek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><div id="sjabloon_zie" class="hatnote" style="padding:0.5em; margin-bottom:0.5em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span style="padding-right:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Disambig-dark.svg/25px-Disambig-dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Disambig-dark.svg/38px-Disambig-dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Disambig-dark.svg/50px-Disambig-dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="340" /></span></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Viool_(doorverwijspagina)" class="mw-disambig" title="Viool (doorverwijspagina)">Viool (doorverwijspagina)</a> voor andere betekenissen van Viool.</i> </div> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DEB887; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Viool </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Violin_VL100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="voor- en zijaanzicht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Violin_VL100.jpg/266px-Violin_VL100.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Violin_VL100.jpg/399px-Violin_VL100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Violin_VL100.jpg/532px-Violin_VL100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">voor- en zijaanzicht</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DEB887; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sachs-Hornbostel" title="Sachs-Hornbostel">Classificatie</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snaarinstrument" title="Snaarinstrument">Snaarinstrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strijkinstrument" title="Strijkinstrument">Strijkinstrument</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DEB887; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Bereik </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Range_violin.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bereik"><img alt="Bereik" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Range_violin.png/140px-Range_violin.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Range_violin.png/210px-Range_violin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Range_violin.png/280px-Range_violin.png 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="508" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DEB887; color:inherit;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Muziekinstrument" title="Muziekinstrument">Gerelateerde instrumenten</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Vedel" title="Vedel">vedel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altviool" title="Altviool">altviool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contrabas" title="Contrabas">contrabas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebec" title="Rebec">rebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola_d%27amore" title="Viola d'amore">viola d'amore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardangerviool" title="Hardangerviool">Hardangerviool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">Nyckelharpa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DEB887; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Fabrikanten </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stradivarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Stradivarius">Stradivarius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amati" title="Amati">Amati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Stainer" title="Jacobus Stainer">Stainer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DEB887; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Meer artikelen </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Vioolbouwer" title="Vioolbouwer">vioolbouwer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strijkstokkenmaker" title="Strijkstokkenmaker">strijkstokkenmaker</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:#DEB887; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Muziek" title="Portaal:Muziek">Muziek</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67045932">.mw-parser-output .gesproken_wiki_player .vjs-subs-caps-button{display:none}</style> <p>De <b>viool</b> is een strijkinstrument met vier <a href="/wiki/Snaar_(muziek)" title="Snaar (muziek)">snaren</a>. Het is het kleinste lid van de <a href="/wiki/Vioolfamilie" class="mw-redirect" title="Vioolfamilie">vioolfamilie</a>, en heeft het hoogste bereik. De klank wordt voortgebracht door de snaren in trilling te brengen met een <a href="/wiki/Strijkstok" title="Strijkstok">strijkstok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arco_(muziekterm)" title="Arco (muziekterm)">arco</a>), of door te tokkelen met de vingers (<a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">pizzicato</a>). De <a href="/wiki/Hout" title="Hout">houten</a> <a href="/wiki/Klankkast" title="Klankkast">klankkast</a> dient om het <a href="/wiki/Geluid" title="Geluid">geluid</a> van de trillende snaren te versterken. De viool wordt doorgaans bespeeld door het <a href="/wiki/Muziekinstrument" title="Muziekinstrument">instrument</a> tussen kin en schouder te klemmen en met de vingers van de linkerhand de snaren tegen de <a href="/wiki/Ebben" title="Ebben">ebbenhouten</a> <a href="/wiki/Toets_(strijk-_en_tokkelinstrument)" title="Toets (strijk- en tokkelinstrument)">toets</a> te drukken om zodoende de <a href="/wiki/Snaar_(muziek)" title="Snaar (muziek)">snaar</a> te verkorten (en dus hoger te doen klinken). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wie de eerste viool heeft gemaakt, is onbekend. Algemeen wordt aangenomen dat de viool rond 1550 in Italië ontstond in de vioolbouwcentra <a href="/wiki/Brescia_(stad)" title="Brescia (stad)">Brescia</a> en <a href="/wiki/Cremona_(stad)" title="Cremona (stad)">Cremona</a>. In de middeleeuwen bestonden er veel verschillende snaarinstrumenten. Sommige werden getokkeld, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Luit" title="Luit">luit</a>, andere werden gestreken, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Vedel" title="Vedel">vedel</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Rebec" title="Rebec">rebec</a>, een smal peervormig instrument. Ook de elegante <a href="/wiki/Lira_da_braccio" title="Lira da braccio">lira da braccio</a>, die al de vorm van de huidige viool had, kan als een voorloper worden beschouwd. De directe voorloper van de huidige viool is de zogenaamde <a href="/wiki/Barokviool" title="Barokviool">barokviool</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stemming_en_klank">Stemming en klank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Stemming en klank" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Stemming en klank"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Violin_peg_strings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Violin_peg_strings.jpg/150px-Violin_peg_strings.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Violin_peg_strings.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption>Krul en stemsleutels met juiste toonhoogten</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Violin_first_position_fingering_chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Violin_first_position_fingering_chart.png/150px-Violin_first_position_fingering_chart.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Violin_first_position_fingering_chart.png/225px-Violin_first_position_fingering_chart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Violin_first_position_fingering_chart.png/300px-Violin_first_position_fingering_chart.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption>Vingerzetting voor viool voor de eerste positie</figcaption></figure> <p>De vier snaren zijn normaliter <a href="/wiki/Stemming_(muziek)" title="Stemming (muziek)">gestemd</a> in reine <a href="/wiki/Kwint" title="Kwint">kwinten</a>, van laag naar hoog: G (g), D (d'), A (a'), E (e"). </p><p>In sommige gevallen wordt door de <a href="/wiki/Componist" title="Componist">componist</a> een afwijkende stemming (ofwel '<a href="/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura">scordatura</a>') voorgeschreven. Ook zal een <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_violisten" title="Lijst van violisten">violist(e)</a> bij samenspel met een anders gestemd instrument, de stemming van de snaren aanpassen. </p><p>De G-, D- en A-snaar zijn meestal van <a href="/wiki/Kunststof" title="Kunststof">kunststof</a>, omwikkeld met metaalfolie en titanium, en slechts zelden is er sprake van een stalen snaar. Ook komen snaren voor die vervaardigd zijn uit <a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">schapendarm</a>. De E-snaar is doorgaans van massief metaal. Vroeger werd alleen schapendarm gebruikt. Door de gebrekkige technologie waren snaren moeilijk homogeen te maken, hetgeen de klank negatief beïnvloedde. De tegenwoordige darmsnaren hebben dit nadeel niet meer. Darmsnaren zijn wel gevoeliger voor vocht, zodat de viool sneller ontstemd raakt. </p><p>De klank van de viool kan worden verzacht door een <a href="/wiki/Sordino" title="Sordino">sordino</a> (houten of kunststof <a href="/wiki/Demper_(muziek)" title="Demper (muziek)">demper</a>) op de kam te zetten. Voor studiedoeleinden kan men de viool heel zacht laten klinken met een zware metalen demper, ook wel hoteldemper genoemd. </p><p>Meestal wordt de viool met de <a href="/wiki/Strijkstok" title="Strijkstok">strijkstok</a> bespeeld. Naast de strijktechniek (<i><a href="/wiki/Arco_(muziekterm)" title="Arco (muziekterm)">arco</a></i>) wordt de viool soms ook <i><a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">pizzicato</a></i> bespeeld (door met een vinger te tokkelen - meestal met de stok in de hand). Een enkele keer wordt <i><a href="/wiki/Col_legno" title="Col legno">col legno</a></i> gespeeld door met het hout van de strijkstok op de snaren te 'slaan'. </p><p>In orkestwerken zijn meestal twee vioolpartijen aanwezig, de eerste en de tweede viool. Slechts af en toe is een derde vioolpartij aanwezig. De instrumenten zijn identiek, maar de eerste violen krijgen melodieuzere (en vaak wat moeilijkere) partijen te spelen. De <a href="/wiki/Altviool" title="Altviool">altviool</a> is een <a href="/wiki/Kwint" title="Kwint">kwint</a> lager gestemd en heeft meestal een ondersteunende rol. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Violin_case.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Violin_case.jpg/260px-Violin_case.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Violin_case.jpg/390px-Violin_case.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Violin_case.jpg/520px-Violin_case.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Viool met strijkstok in een koffer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Violin-Viola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Violin-Viola.jpg/260px-Violin-Viola.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Violin-Viola.jpg/390px-Violin-Viola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Violin-Viola.jpg/520px-Violin-Viola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>Viool en altviool</figcaption></figure> <p>De leden van de moderne vioolfamilie zijn, van klein naar groot: </p> <ul><li>viool</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altviool" title="Altviool">altviool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strijkinstrument#violone" title="Strijkinstrument">violone</a></li></ul> <p>De violone, het grootste instrument in de reeks met de laagste klank, is uiterst zeldzaam. In plaats daarvan wordt vrijwel altijd de <a href="/wiki/Contrabas" title="Contrabas">contrabas</a> gebruikt, die niet tot de vioolfamilie behoort, maar een grotere versie is van de <a href="/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba">viola da gamba</a> en daarmee een oudere fase in de ontwikkeling vertegenwoordigt. </p><p>Oudere viooltypen zijn: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viola_d%27amore" title="Viola d'amore">viola d'amore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viola_da_braccio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viola da braccio (de pagina bestaat niet)">viola da braccio</a> – "armviool"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba">viola da gamba</a> – "beenviool"</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violoncello_da_Spalla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Violoncello da Spalla (de pagina bestaat niet)">violoncello da Spalla</a></li></ul> <p>De viool bestaat uit verschillende onderdelen, zoals: </p> <ul><li>De klankkast, het belangrijkste onderdeel, om de klank van de snaren goed te laten uitkomen.</li> <li>De hals, het deel waarop de zwarte <a href="/wiki/Toets_(klavierinstrument)" title="Toets (klavierinstrument)">toets</a> zit, waarop de violist zijn vingers plaatst.</li> <li>De krul, het woord zegt het al, een krulvormig stuk aan het uiteinde van de hals. Zij heeft eigenlijk geen waarde voor de klank, maar is een afwerking van de viool voor het oog. De vorm is vrijwel altijd een krul, andere vormen zijn zeer zeldzaam.</li> <li>In de krul zitten, in conisch geboorde gaten, de stemschroeven, een voor elke snaar.</li> <li>Het kinstuk, het onderdeel waar de speler haar of zijn kin op laat rusten. Het kan van kunststof en van hout zijn, ook zijn er verschillen in vorm en plaatsing, het ene zit meer aan de zijkant, het andere zit meer in het midden, dit hangt af van de keuze van de bespeler.</li> <li>Het staartstuk, dit loopt onder het kinstuk door en zit vast via een draad om een knop in de opstaande zijkant van de viool. In het brede deel van het staartstuk zitten openingen om de uiteinden van de snaren te bevestigen. Daarin kunnen fijnstemmers geplaatst worden; deze worden dan gebruikt na het "ruw" stemmen met de <a href="/wiki/Stemschroef" title="Stemschroef">stemschroeven</a>.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Kam_(muziekinstrument)" title="Kam (muziekinstrument)">kam</a>, hier lopen de snaren overheen en er staat behoorlijk wat spanning op. De kam brengt de trillingen van de snaren over op het bovenblad van de klankkast. Staat de kam scheef dan heeft dat vervelende gevolgen voor de klank. Ook luistert de afstand tot de stapel eronder heel nauw.</li> <li>De klankgaten, deze zijn f-vormig en zitten aan beide kanten in het bovenblad van de klankkast. Hierdoor kunnen de tonen in de klankkast galmen (resonantie).</li> <li>De toets, het zwarte deel op de hals waar de snaren overheen lopen naar de stemknoppen toe. De violist drukt de snaren op de toets om de tonen te verhogen.</li> <li>Het achterblad, dit is de achterkant van de klankkast. Het bestaat uit een of twee delen.</li> <li>De stapel, ook wel de ziel genoemd, het stokje in de viool onder het linkervoetje van de kam dat zorgt voor de overdracht van de trillingen naar het achterblad. De combinatie van de trillingen van boven- en onderblad bepaalt de klank van de viool.</li> <li>De snaren.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Violin_-_open_strings_notes.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Violin_-_open_strings_notes.PNG/260px-Violin_-_open_strings_notes.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Violin_-_open_strings_notes.PNG/390px-Violin_-_open_strings_notes.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Violin_-_open_strings_notes.PNG 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption>De toonhoogten van de losse snaren van een viool. <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/05\/Violin_open_strings.mid\/Violin_open_strings.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Afspelen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"nl","wikibase":"","file":"Violin open strings.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Violin_open_strings.mid/Violin_open_strings.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Geluid afspelen" title="Geluid afspelen" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Afspelen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Violin_open_strings.mid" title="Bestand:Violin open strings.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Spectrumgstring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Spectrumgstring.jpg/260px-Spectrumgstring.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Spectrumgstring.jpg/390px-Spectrumgstring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Spectrumgstring.jpg/520px-Spectrumgstring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>3D <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Boventonen" class="mw-redirect" title="Boventonen">boventonen</a> van een viool G-snaar (196 Hz, de piek bij 200 Hz). X-as: de frequentie in hertz, y-as: geluidssterkte in <a href="/wiki/Decibel_(eenheid)" title="Decibel (eenheid)">dB</a> en Z-as: tijdsduur. Om de pieken heen achtergrondgeluid. Gemaakt met het programma OscilloMeter.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/MHVC-KyokoYonemoto-PaganiniCaprice24.ogv/260px--MHVC-KyokoYonemoto-PaganiniCaprice24.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="195" data-durationhint="292" data-mwtitle="MHVC-KyokoYonemoto-PaganiniCaprice24.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Bestand:MHVC-KyokoYonemoto-PaganiniCaprice24.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/MHVC-KyokoYonemoto-PaganiniCaprice24.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/MHVC-KyokoYonemoto-PaganiniCaprice24.ogv/MHVC-KyokoYonemoto-PaganiniCaprice24.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/MHVC-KyokoYonemoto-PaganiniCaprice24.ogv/MHVC-KyokoYonemoto-PaganiniCaprice24.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/MHVC-KyokoYonemoto-PaganiniCaprice24.ogv/MHVC-KyokoYonemoto-PaganiniCaprice24.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Kyoko Yonemoto speelt <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/24_Capriccio%27s_voor_viool" title="24 Capriccio's voor viool">Capriccio No. 24</a> op een viool. Onder anderen <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Rachmaninov">Sergei Rachmaninov</a> en <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a> gebruikten deze muziek voor variaties.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vioolbouw">Vioolbouw</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vioolbouw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vioolbouw"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het <i>bouwen</i> van een viool vereist veel vakmanschap. Doordat een viool haar mooiste klank vaak pas na lang bespelen verkrijgt, zijn vooral de violen van een aantal oudere <a href="/wiki/Vioolbouwer" title="Vioolbouwer">vioolbouwers</a> beroemd, onder wie <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Stradivari" title="Antonio Stradivari">Antonio Stradivari</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Amati" title="Amati">Amati</a>'s, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bergonzi_(vioolbouwer)" title="Carlo Bergonzi (vioolbouwer)">Carlo Bergonzi</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Guarneri" title="Guarneri">Guarneri</a>'s, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Gagliano" title="Alessandro Gagliano">Alessandro Gagliano</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Ruggieri" title="Ruggieri">Ruggieri</a>'s, <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Stainer" title="Jacobus Stainer">Jacobus Stainer</a> en <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Panormo" title="Vincenzo Panormo">Vincenzo Panormo</a> & zonen. Maar bij vergelijkende luisterproeven scoren moderne violen soms even goed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moderne_ontwikkelingen">Moderne ontwikkelingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Moderne ontwikkelingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Moderne ontwikkelingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alhoewel de viool een traditioneel instrument lijkt, heeft ze mettertijd veel veranderingen ondergaan. Vele vioolbouwers experimenteerden met eigen ontwerpen met het doel de akoestische eigenschappen van het instrument te ontrafelen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authenticatie">Authenticatie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Authenticatie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Authenticatie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Onderzoek met behulp van <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronologie" title="Dendrochronologie">dendrochronologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaschromatografie" title="Gaschromatografie">gaschromatografie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Massaspectrometrie" title="Massaspectrometrie">massaspectrometrie</a> laat toe een oud instrument te dateren. Tevens kan men de herkomst en exacte leeftijd van het hout bepalen. Veel violen zijn binnenin voorzien van vervalste etiketten met de naam van een beroemde vioolbouwer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektrische_viool">Elektrische viool</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Elektrische viool" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Elektrische viool"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de jaren '70 speelde <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Verhey" title="Emmy Verhey">Emmy Verhey</a> op de <i>ijzeren viool</i>, een elektrische viool. Dat was een in die tijd experimenteel instrument, gebaseerd op de klassieke viool. </p><p>Werking van de <i>elektrische viool</i>. Voor versterking wordt ook vaak gebruikgemaakt van een <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%ABzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Piëzo">piëzo</a>-element. Dit heeft als voordeel dat het zeer eenvoudig op de kam van de viool aangebracht kan worden. Het past op iedere willekeurige viool en het richt geen schade aan. Een van de nadelen is dat je niet stil kunt oefenen, omdat de klankkast nog altijd ongewijzigd blijft. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fender_(merk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender (merk)">Fender</a> introduceerde in de jaren vijftig de solid body elektrische viool, maar deze werd na enige jaren weer uit de handel genomen wegens gebrek aan populariteit. In de jaren negentig werden er weer elektrische violen geproduceerd door andere fabrikanten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vijfsnarige_viool">Vijfsnarige viool</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vijfsnarige viool" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vijfsnarige viool"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Quinton_(muziekinstrument)" title="Quinton (muziekinstrument)">Quinton (muziekinstrument)</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Men ziet soms ook vijfsnarige violen, al dan niet elektrisch; deze hebben dan, boven op de vier gebruikelijke snaren in G-D-A-E, een dikkere snaar in C zoals bij de altviool. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zessnarige_viool">Zessnarige viool</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zessnarige viool" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zessnarige viool"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dit type viool wordt slechts door weinigen bespeeld. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zevensnarige_viool">Zevensnarige viool</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zevensnarige viool" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zevensnarige viool"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De zevensnarige viool werd speciaal gebouwd voor de Klassiek- en Jazzviolist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yannick_Hiwat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yannick Hiwat (de pagina bestaat niet)">Yannick Hiwat</a>. Hij is anno 2017 de enige die op dit instrument speelt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achtsnarige_viool">Achtsnarige viool</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Achtsnarige viool" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Achtsnarige viool"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Viocta" title="Viocta">Viocta</a> is een achtsnarige viool, vier vioolsnaren en vier altsnaren, van orkestmusicus <a href="/wiki/Willem_Wolthuis" title="Willem Wolthuis">Willem Wolthuis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onderwijsmethode">Onderwijsmethode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Onderwijsmethode" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Onderwijsmethode"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het bespelen van de viool kan al op zeer jonge leeftijd geleerd worden, meestal door het volgen van vioollessen bij een lokale muziekschool, waarbij de leerling ook noten leert lezen. Een bijzondere lesmethode is de <a href="/wiki/Suzukimethode" title="Suzukimethode">Suzukimethode</a>, die inhoudt dat de leerling leert spelen zoals een moedertaal wordt aangeleerd. Daarbij wordt eerst spreken (spelen) geleerd en pas later (noten) lezen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_kattendarmlegende">De kattendarmlegende</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De kattendarmlegende" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De kattendarmlegende"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Men gebruikt voor de fabricage van moderne vioolsnaren schapendarm, teflon, nylon, perlon, titanium, staal, carbon, zilver, goud of natuurzijde. Veel mensen denken dat vioolsnaren uitsluitend gemaakt zijn van kattendarm. Dat komt door de Engelse vertaling van het woord schapendarm: <i>catgut</i>. 'Cat' is een verkorting van het Engelse woord 'cattle' dat in het Nederlands vertaald 'vee' betekent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maten">Maten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Maten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Maten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0.5em 0 0 1em;"> <caption>Afmetingen van viool </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>viooltype</th> <th>maat in cm </th></tr> <tr> <td>4/4</td> <td>58,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3/4</td> <td>55,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/2</td> <td>50,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/4</td> <td>47,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/8</td> <td>41,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/16</td> <td>35,6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Violen (en met name de studieviolen) worden in een aantal maten gebouwd. De <i>hele</i> viool (4/4) is de meest gangbare, kwartviolen en kleiner worden heel weinig gemaakt. De geschikte maat viool voor kinderen kan gevonden worden uit de lengte van de arm: de viool is niet te groot als de volle hand om de krul geslagen kan worden terwijl de viool onder de kin gehouden wordt. </p><p>Voor het onderwijs aan kinderen worden speciale kleinere violen (en cello's) gebouwd. Men spreekt van 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 violen als deze kleinere maten worden bedoeld. In de <a href="/wiki/Suzukimethode" title="Suzukimethode">Suzukimethode</a> worden deze kleine violen veelvuldig gebruikt, omdat de kinderhand nog geen grote grepen kan uitvoeren. Bij deze kleinere violen worden ook kortere strijkstokken gebruikt. </p> <div style="clear:right;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_de_volksmuziek">In de volksmuziek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Bewerk dit kopje: In de volksmuziek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: In de volksmuziek"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De viool speelt een belangrijke rol in veel muzikale tradities; vooral in <a href="/wiki/Europa_(werelddeel)" title="Europa (werelddeel)">Europa</a>, weliswaar minder in Italië, Spanje en Portugal. Ook in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Verenigde Staten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mexico_(land)" title="Mexico (land)">Mexico</a> is de viool erg populair. Sommige tradities kennen zelfs eigen varianten op de viool, zoals de Noorse <a href="/wiki/Hardangerviool" title="Hardangerviool">Hardangerviool</a> en de Zweedse <a href="/wiki/Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">Nyckelharpa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gehoorschade">Gehoorschade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Gehoorschade" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=15" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Gehoorschade"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017 bleek uit onderzoek van de Nederlandse <a href="/wiki/Akoestiek" title="Akoestiek">akoesticus</a> Remy Wenmaekers van <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universiteit_Eindhoven" title="Technische Universiteit Eindhoven">Technische Universiteit Eindhoven</a> dat het geluid van een viool en altviool ruim boven de 90 <a href="/wiki/Decibel_(eenheid)" title="Decibel (eenheid)">decibel</a> uit kan komen, hetgeen vergelijkbaar is met een <a href="/wiki/Rock" title="Rock">rock</a><a href="/wiki/Concert_(uitvoering)" title="Concert (uitvoering)">concert</a>. Bij meer dan 85 decibel kan men <a href="/wiki/Gehoorschade" title="Gehoorschade">gehoorschade</a> oplopen; daarom heeft de <a href="/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Europese Unie">Europese Unie</a> vastgelegd dat gehoorbescherming op de werkvloer verplicht is vanaf 85 dB(A). Wenmaekers adviseerde dan ook voor violisten en andere musici om zowel bij concerten als oefeningen thuis <a href="/wiki/Oordop" class="mw-redirect" title="Oordop">oordopjes</a> te dragen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=16" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_moderne_bekende_vioolbouwers" title="Lijst van moderne bekende vioolbouwers">Lijst van moderne bekende vioolbouwers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_violisten" title="Lijst van violisten">Lijst van violisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vioolmuseum" title="Vioolmuseum">Vioolmuseum</a> in Cremona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barokviool" title="Barokviool">Barokviool</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_link">Externe link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe link" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viool&action=edit&section=17" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe link"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoeken.beeldengeluid.nl/program/urn:vme:default:program:2101608050034737831">Bouw van een viool door A. Faanhof</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2024/08/22/hubert-de-launay-zet-rembrandts-van-de-viool-weer-op-de-kaart-a4863458">Hubert de Launay zet ‘Rembrandts van de viool’ weer op de kaart</a>, NRC.nl, 22 augustus 2024. Re: vioolbouwers in Nederland.</li></ul> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Violin" class="extiw" title="commons:Violin">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Violin" class="extiw" title="commons:Violin">Violin</a></b></i> op <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</div> </div> <div class="interProject wiktionary mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/viool" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/viool">WikiWoordenboek</a></div><div class="interProjectTemplate"></div> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0708/roncone-0708.html">The Science of Sound: Examining the Role of Materials in Musical Instruments</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kathleen Huys</span>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl.permalink.1511344724088/">Een stukje viool spelen? Vergeet je oordoppen niet!</a>", <i>VRT Nieuws</i>, <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2017-11-22">22 november 2017</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2018-01-21">21 januari 2018</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viool&oldid=68054528">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viool&oldid=68054528</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Viool" title="Categorie:Viool">Viool</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorieën: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina%27s_die_Phonos_gebruiken" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina's die Phonos gebruiken">Wikipedia:Pagina's die Phonos gebruiken</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Gesproken_Wikipedia" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Gesproken Wikipedia">Wikipedia:Gesproken Wikipedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 1 sep 2024 om 19:58.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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