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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deputy_Attorney_General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deputy_Attorney_General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Deputy Attorney General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deputy_Attorney_General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Private practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomination_as_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_as_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Nomination as Attorney General of the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_as_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure_as_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure_as_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Tenure as Attorney General of the United States </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tenure_as_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tenure as Attorney General of the United States subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tenure_as_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defending_U.S._drone_strikes_and_raids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defending_U.S._drone_strikes_and_raids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Defending U.S. drone strikes and raids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defending_U.S._drone_strikes_and_raids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorism_prosecutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism_prosecutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Terrorism prosecutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism_prosecutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_cooperation_against_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperation_against_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 International cooperation against terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_cooperation_against_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Civil rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voting_rights_and_redistricting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_rights_and_redistricting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Voting rights and redistricting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting_rights_and_redistricting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arizona_immigration_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arizona_immigration_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Arizona immigration law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arizona_immigration_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-sex_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Same-sex marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_investigations_and_prosecutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_investigations_and_prosecutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Criminal investigations and prosecutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_investigations_and_prosecutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ted_Stevens_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ted_Stevens_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Ted Stevens case </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ted_Stevens_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marijuana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marijuana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Marijuana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marijuana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organized_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organized_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Organized crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organized_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leak_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leak_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Leak investigations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leak_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Department_of_Justice_Smart_on_Crime_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Department_of_Justice_Smart_on_Crime_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Department of Justice Smart on Crime Program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Department_of_Justice_Smart_on_Crime_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asset_seizures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asset_seizures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Asset seizures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asset_seizures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Additional actions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_of_Bush_anti-terrorism_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_of_Bush_anti-terrorism_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Opinion of Bush anti-terrorism policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_of_Bush_anti-terrorism_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Racism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Black_Panther_Party_voter_intimidation_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Black_Panther_Party_voter_intimidation_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.1 New Black Panther Party voter intimidation incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Black_Panther_Party_voter_intimidation_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Fast_and_Furious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Fast_and_Furious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Operation Fast and Furious </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Fast_and_Furious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contempt_of_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contempt_of_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Contempt of Congress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contempt_of_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Choke_Point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Choke_Point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Operation Choke Point </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Choke_Point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refusal_to_prosecute_financial_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refusal_to_prosecute_financial_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Refusal to prosecute financial institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refusal_to_prosecute_financial_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolution_proposing_articles_of_impeachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolution_proposing_articles_of_impeachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 Resolution proposing articles of impeachment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolution_proposing_articles_of_impeachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.14 Resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_private_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_private_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Return to private practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_private_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Eric Holder</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="إريك هولدر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إريك هولدر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="اریک هولدر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اریک هولدر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA_%CE%A7%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Έρικ Χόλντερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έρικ Χόλντερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="اریک هولدر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اریک هولدر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AD_%ED%99%80%EB%8D%94" title="에릭 홀더 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에릭 홀더" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A8" title="אריק הולדר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריק הולדר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92riks_Holders" title="Ēriks Holders – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ēriks Holders" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89)" title="اريك هولدر (محامى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اريك هولدر (محامى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="エリック・ハンプトン・ホルダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリック・ハンプトン・ホルダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Холдер, Эрик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холдер, Эрик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eric Holder" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the American lawyer. For other people, see <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eric Holder (disambiguation)">Eric Holder (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Eric Holder</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Holder_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Eric_Holder_official_portrait.jpg/220px-Eric_Holder_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Eric_Holder_official_portrait.jpg/330px-Eric_Holder_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Eric_Holder_official_portrait.jpg/440px-Eric_Holder_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2009</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">82nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office February 3, 2009 – April 27, 2015</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_W._Ogden" title="David W. Ogden">David W. Ogden</a> <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cole" title="James M. Cole">James M. Cole</a> <a href="/wiki/Sally_Yates" title="Sally Yates">Sally Yates</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Acting January 20, 2001 – February 2, 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">29th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General" title="United States Deputy Attorney General">United States Deputy Attorney General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 13, 1997 – February 2, 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Gorelick" title="Jamie Gorelick">Jamie Gorelick</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Thompson" title="Larry Thompson">Larry Thompson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States Attorney for the District of Columbia">United States Attorney for the District of Columbia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 20, 1993 – June 13, 1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Ramsey_Johnson" title="John Ramsey Johnson">John Ramsey Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Mary Lou Leary</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Superior Court of the District of Columbia">Superior Court of the District of Columbia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1988–1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Virginia Riley</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Bartnoff" title="Judith Bartnoff">Judith Bartnoff</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Eric Himpton Holder Jr.</div> (1951-01-21) January 21, 1951 (age 73) <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Sharon Malone</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1990)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Holder_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eric Holder's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Eric_Holder_signature.jpg/128px-Eric_Holder_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Eric_Holder_signature.jpg/192px-Eric_Holder_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Eric_Holder_signature.jpg/256px-Eric_Holder_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="132" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Attorney_General_Eric_Holder_on_Restrictive_Wisconsin_Voter_ID_Laws.ogg" title="File:Attorney General Eric Holder on Restrictive Wisconsin Voter ID Laws.ogg">Eric Holder's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="230" data-mwtitle="Attorney_General_Eric_Holder_on_Restrictive_Wisconsin_Voter_ID_Laws.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Attorney_General_Eric_Holder_on_Restrictive_Wisconsin_Voter_ID_Laws.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Attorney_General_Eric_Holder_on_Restrictive_Wisconsin_Voter_ID_Laws.ogg/Attorney_General_Eric_Holder_on_Restrictive_Wisconsin_Voter_ID_Laws.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Eric Holder comments on <a href="/wiki/Voter_identification_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Voter identification laws in the United States">voter ID laws in Wisconsin</a> Recorded October 16, 2014</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Eric Himpton Holder Jr. (born January 21, 1951) is an American lawyer who served as the 82nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_attorney_general" class="mw-redirect" title="United States attorney general">United States attorney general</a> from 2009 to 2015. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, Holder was the first African American to hold the position.<a href="#cite_note-WashPost3Feb09-1">[1]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to a middle-class family of <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Bajan</a> origin, Holder graduated from <a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School" title="Stuyvesant High School">Stuyvesant High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College (New York)">Columbia College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>. Following law school, he worked for the <a href="/wiki/Public_Integrity_Section" title="Public Integrity Section">Public Integrity Section</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> for twelve years. He next served as a judge of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Superior Court of the District of Columbia">Superior Court of the District of Columbia</a> before being appointed by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> as <a href="/wiki/U.S._attorney_for_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. attorney for the District of Columbia">U.S. attorney for the District of Columbia</a> and subsequently <a href="/wiki/U.S._deputy_attorney_general" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. deputy attorney general">U.S. deputy attorney general</a>. Holder prosecuted cases involving government corruption.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> While U.S. attorney, he prosecuted congressman <a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">Dan Rostenkowski</a> for corruption charges related to his role in the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Post_Office_scandal" title="Congressional Post Office scandal">Congressional Post Office scandal</a>. Following the Clinton administration, he worked at <a href="/wiki/Covington_%26_Burling" title="Covington & Burling">Covington & Burling</a>, representing the firm's multinational corporate clients in litigation. Holder was senior legal advisor to <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> during <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">his 2008 presidential campaign</a> and one of three members of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_vice-presidential_selection_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama presidential campaign vice-presidential selection process">his vice-presidential selection committee</a>. Holder was a close ally and confidante of Obama's and was selected as his first attorney general. Holder became the first sitting attorney general to be held in <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">contempt of Congress</a> during an investigation of the Operation Fast and Furious <a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">ATF gunwalking scandal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Justice_Department%27s_inspector_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice Department's inspector general">Justice Department's inspector general</a> under Obama refused to prosecute him and later cleared him of the charges. After he was succeeded as attorney general by <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a> in April 2015, Holder returned to Covington & Burling, where he continues to practice corporate litigation, and is also involved with efforts at <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a> reform through the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Eric Himpton Holder Jr. was born in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, New York, to parents with roots in <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-11Dec08-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NationNews_Best_20081116-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Holder's father, Eric Himpton Holder Sr. (October 29, 1903 – February 12, 1998), was born in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph,_Barbados" title="Saint Joseph, Barbados">Saint Joseph, Barbados</a>, and arrived in the United States at the age of 11.<a href="#cite_note-SSDI-EHH-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ObamaBajanSon-7">[7]</a> He later became a real estate broker. His mother, Miriam (January 25, 1924 – August 13, 2010), was born in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, while his maternal grandparents were emigrants from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Philip,_Barbados" title="Saint Philip, Barbados">Saint Philip, Barbados</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ObamaBajanSon-7">[7]</a> Holder grew up in <a href="/wiki/East_Elmhurst" class="mw-redirect" title="East Elmhurst">East Elmhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, and attended public school until the age of 10. When entering the 4th grade he was selected to participate in a program for intellectually gifted Black students.<a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-8">[8]</a> In 1969, he graduated from <a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School" title="Stuyvesant High School">Stuyvesant High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and attended <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, where he played freshman basketball and football, and was a teammate of actor <a href="/wiki/Ed_Harris" title="Ed Harris">Ed Harris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> During that time, he lived in <a href="/wiki/Carman_Hall" title="Carman Hall">Carman Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> He earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> degree in American history in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryMakers_Tucker-Hamilton_20041217-11">[11]</a> Holder received his <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">J.D.</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>, graduating in 1976. He worked for the <a href="/wiki/NAACP_Legal_Defense_and_Educational_Fund" title="NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund">NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund</a> during his first summer and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York">United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York</a> during his second summer.<a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-8">[8]</a> In 1969, while a freshman at Columbia, Holder was one of several dozen students who staged an <a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">occupation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a> office, renaming it as the <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> student center.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> After graduating from Columbia Law School, Holder joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Justice Department</a>'s new <a href="/wiki/Public_Integrity_Section" title="Public Integrity Section">Public Integrity Section</a>, where he worked from 1976 to 1988. During his time there, he assisted in the prosecution of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_Jenrette" title="John Jenrette">John Jenrette</a> for bribery discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Abscam" title="Abscam">Abscam</a> sting operation.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-2Jun94-14">[14]</a> In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">President Reagan</a> appointed Holder to serve as a judge of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Superior Court of the District of Columbia">Superior Court of the District of Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Muckety-15">[15]</a> Holder stepped down from the bench in 1993 to accept an appointment as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States Attorney for the District of Columbia">United States Attorney for the District of Columbia</a> from President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. He was the first Black American U.S. Attorney in that office.<a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-8">[8]</a> At the beginning of his tenure, he oversaw the conclusion of the corruption case against <a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">Dan Rostenkowski</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Post_Office_scandal" title="Congressional Post Office scandal">Congressional Post Office scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-2Jun94-14">[14]</a> He was a U.S. Attorney until his elevation to Deputy Attorney General in 1997. Holder also served on <a href="/wiki/The_George_Washington_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The George Washington University">The George Washington University</a>'s Board of Trustees in 1996 and 1997. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deputy_Attorney_General">Deputy Attorney General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Deputy Attorney General">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png/250px-Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png/375px-Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png/500px-Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Holder opening an Interagency Working Group meeting of the White House Initiative on <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian Americans</a> hosted by the Department of Justice on October 18, 2000.</figcaption></figure> In 1997, after the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Gorelick" title="Jamie Gorelick">Jamie Gorelick</a>, Clinton nominated Holder to be the Deputy Attorney General under <a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a>. Holder was confirmed several months later in the Senate by a unanimous vote.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_19970718-16">[16]</a> During his confirmation hearing, Holder's opposition to the death penalty was questioned, but he pledged his intention to cooperate with the current laws and Reno, saying, "I am not a proponent of the death penalty, but I will enforce the law as this Congress gives it to us."<a href="#cite_note-NYTConfirm-17">[17]</a> Holder was the first African American to serve in that position.<a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-8">[8]</a> As Deputy Attorney General, Holder's primary responsibilities were in the areas of budget and personnel issues; this also included resolving disputes among department heads and briefing reporters on policy initiatives, national security issue, and major investigations,<a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-8">[8]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) investigations into allegations of <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympic_bid_scandal" title="2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal">bribery and corruption in the 2002 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Holder later advised Reno in the matters regarding the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_the_Independent_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Office of the Independent Counsel">Independent Counsel statute</a>. Reno made the decision to permit <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Starr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Starr">Kenneth Starr</a> to expand his investigation into the <a href="/wiki/Lewinsky_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewinsky affair">Lewinsky affair</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Clinton's impeachment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-8">[8]</a> In the wake of the murders of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Shepard" title="Matthew Shepard">Matthew Shepard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_James_Byrd_Jr." title="Murder of James Byrd Jr.">James Byrd Jr.</a>, Holder was a vocal proponent of new <a href="/wiki/Hate_crimes_laws_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate crimes laws in the United States">hate crimes laws in the United States</a>. Holder said that the current laws placed major constraints on the ability of federal investigators and prosecutors to assist in these types of cases.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In his final days with the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton administration">Clinton administration</a>, Holder carried out his duties with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_pardon_controversy" title="Bill Clinton pardon controversy">Clinton's last-minute pardon</a> of fugitive and Democratic contributor <a href="/wiki/Marc_Rich" title="Marc Rich">Marc Rich</a>. Regarding discussions with the White House lawyers on the issue, Holder said he was at first "neutral" on the decision to grant Rich a pardon, but might lean in favor of it if there were national security benefits. Holder said that he was told that Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a> had asked Clinton to grant the pardon. Holder said that, at the time, he did not give the case much thought, because he did not think the pardon would be granted, as no fugitive had ever previously been granted a presidential pardon. He later said he wished that he had looked into it more thoroughly,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and expressed regret over the incident. "I wish that I had ensured that the Department of Justice was more fully informed and involved in this pardon process", he said admitting the mistake.<a href="#cite_note-AP-19Nov08-21">[21]</a> Republicans on the House Government Reform Committee disagreed with Holder's version and alleged that he was a knowing participant, according to a 2003 report. They said Holder failed to fully inform prosecutors of the pending pardon, and they criticized his "neutral leaning favorable" opinion to Clinton.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Cowan_20020313-22">[22]</a> Former FBI director, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Freeh" title="Louis Freeh">Louis Freeh</a>, commented on the matter in 2009, saying that the Clinton White House had "used" Holder and kept both the FBI and the Department of Justice (DOJ) in the dark as to their full activities around the last minute pardons.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HolderEric.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/HolderEric.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>Official photo as Deputy Attorney General, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000</figcaption></figure> Holder briefly served as Acting Attorney General under President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> until the Senate confirmed Bush's nominee <a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBSNews_20010202-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_practice">Private practice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Private practice">edit</a>]</div> From 2001 until he became attorney general, Holder worked as an attorney at <a href="/wiki/Covington_%26_Burling" title="Covington & Burling">Covington & Burling</a> in Washington, D.C., representing clients such as <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-11Dec08-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-8">[8]</a> He represented the NFL during its <a href="/wiki/Bad_Newz_Kennels_dog_fighting_investigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad Newz Kennels dog fighting investigation">dog fighting investigation</a> against <a href="/wiki/Michael_Vick" title="Michael Vick">Michael Vick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10Things-25">[25]</a> In 2004, Holder helped negotiate an agreement with the Justice Department for <a href="/wiki/Chiquita_Brands_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiquita Brands International">Chiquita Brands International</a> in a case that involved Chiquita's payment of "protection money" to the <a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia</a> (AUC), a group on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department_list_of_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations">U.S. government's list of foreign terrorist organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Terrorism-Law-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Banana-War-27">[27]</a> In the agreement, Chiquita's officials pleaded guilty and paid a fine of $25 million. Holder represented Chiquita in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil action</a> that grew out of this criminal case.<a href="#cite_note-Banana-War-27">[27]</a> In March 2004, Holder and Covington & Burling were hired by <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">Illinois Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Rod_Blagojevich" title="Rod Blagojevich">Rod Blagojevich</a> to act as a special investigator to the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Gaming_Board" title="Illinois Gaming Board">Illinois Gaming Board</a>. The investigation was subsequently canceled on May 18, 2004.<a href="#cite_note-17Dec08-28">[28]</a> The firm <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_attorneys" title="Guantanamo Bay attorneys">represented Guantanamo inmates</a> but Holder "never participated directly in the firm's Guantanamo work" and was not expected to recuse himself from matters pertaining to it.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In October 2004, he defended <a href="/wiki/Purdue_Pharma" title="Purdue Pharma">Purdue Pharma</a> in a West Virginia court against accusations of deceptive marketing of their product <a href="/wiki/OxyContin" class="mw-redirect" title="OxyContin">OxyContin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> During his years in private practice, Holder represented the Swiss private bank <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a>. Because of this, he recused himself from participating in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> investigation of UBS's abetting of <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a> by U.S. account-holders and the prosecution of <a href="/wiki/Brad_Birkenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad Birkenfeld">Brad Birkenfeld</a>. (As Attorney General, he also recused himself from the <a href="/wiki/Roger_Clemens" title="Roger Clemens">Roger Clemens</a> <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">contempt of Congress</a> prosecution because the pitcher was once a client of Covington and Burling.)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> While <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Heller" title="District of Columbia v. Heller">District of Columbia v. Heller</a> was being heard by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in 2008, Holder joined the Reno-led <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus</a> brief, which urged the Supreme Court to uphold Washington, D.C.'s handgun ban and said the position of the Department of Justice, from <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> through Clinton, was that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a> does not protect an individual <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">right to keep and bear arms</a> for purposes unrelated to a State's operation of a well-regulated <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ABA_JusticeBrief-33">[33]</a> Holder said that overturning the 1976 law "opens the door to more people having more access to guns and putting guns on the streets."<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost_Nakamura-Barnes_20070310-34">[34]</a> In late 2007, Holder joined then-Senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Barack Obama's presidential campaign</a> as a senior legal advisor. He served on Obama's vice presidential selection committee.<a href="#cite_note-Muckety-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomination_as_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States">Nomination as Attorney General of the United States</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nomination as Attorney General of the United States">edit</a>]</div> On December 1, 2008, President-elect Obama announced that Holder would be his nominee for Attorney General of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2008-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Obama praised his "toughness and independence." Obama went on to say that "[Holder] is deeply familiar with the law enforcement challenges we face: from terrorism to counter-intelligence; from white-collar crime to public corruption." Holder emphasized national security as a priority if confirmed, "We can and we must ensure that the American people remain secure and that the great Constitutional guarantees that define us as a nation are truly valued."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> He was formally nominated on January 20, 2009, and was overwhelmingly approved by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> on January 28 with a bipartisan vote of 17 to 2.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> He was officially confirmed by the entire Senate on February 2, 2009, by a vote of 75 to 21 becoming the nation's first African-American Attorney General.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> His installation took place on March 27, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Lisner_Auditorium" title="Lisner Auditorium">Lisner Auditorium</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenure_as_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States">Tenure as Attorney General of the United States</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tenure as Attorney General of the United States">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorism">Terrorism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Terrorism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defending_U.S._drone_strikes_and_raids">Defending U.S. drone strikes and raids</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Defending U.S. drone strikes and raids">edit</a>]</div> As Attorney General, Holder was a staunch opponent of legal limitations on the executive branch's ability to prosecute the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>. In May 2011, Holder testified before Congress on the legality of the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">operation in which U.S. special forces killed Osama bin Laden</a> earlier that month. Holder testified that the operation to kill bin Laden was legal, stating that international law allows for targeting enemy commanders. To support this point, Holder said that computer evidence seized from the raid demonstrated that bin Laden was still leading <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>. Moreover, Holder said, the <a href="/wiki/SEAL_Team_Six" title="SEAL Team Six">Navy SEAL team</a> that carried out the raid conducted itself in a manner consistent with American values, and that the parameters of the mission included capturing bin Laden.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1201_National_Security_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/1201_National_Security_06.jpg/220px-1201_National_Security_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/1201_National_Security_06.jpg/330px-1201_National_Security_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/1201_National_Security_06.jpg/440px-1201_National_Security_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Holder with Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton on December 2, 2008</figcaption></figure> Holder defended the legality of drone strikes against alleged terrorists. Addressing the death of <a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>, an American citizen who was killed by drone strike without <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">trial</a>, Holder said "The U.S. government's use of lethal force in self-defense against a leader of al-Qaeda or an associated force who presents an imminent threat of violent attack would not be unlawful." He outlined a three-part test to affirm the lawfulness of the strikes: the terrorist poses an imminent threat of violence to the United States, capture is not possible and the operation is conducted in a manner consistent with the principles of the law of war.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> At the time, al-Awlaki was an alleged leader and recruiter for <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a>. Holder later stated that "'<a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">[d]ue process</a>' and 'judicial process' are not one and the same, particularly when it comes to national security. The Constitution guarantees due process, not judicial process."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Some civil liberties advocates have described the incident as "an extrajudicial execution" that breached al-Awlaki's right to due process, including a trial.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terrorism_prosecutions">Terrorism prosecutions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Terrorism prosecutions">edit</a>]</div> A major legacy of Holder's tenure as attorney general was a shifting of terrorism cases to the civilian federal courts.<a href="#cite_note-Apuzzo-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olson-46">[46]</a> Under Holder, the DOJ successfully tried many terrorists in federal court, securing convictions and life sentences against a string of defendants, including <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Abu_Ghaith" title="Sulaiman Abu Ghaith">Sulaiman Abu Ghaith</a> (Osama bin Laden's spokesman); <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ghailani" title="Ahmed Ghailani">Ahmed Ghailani</a> (a conspirator in the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 East Africa bombings</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza" title="Abu Hamza">Abu Hamza</a> (an al-Qaeda operative).<a href="#cite_note-Apuzzo-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olson-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Shahzad" title="Faisal Shahzad">Faisal Shahzad</a> (the <a href="/wiki/2010_Times_Square_car_bombing_attempt" title="2010 Times Square car bombing attempt">attempted Times Square bomber</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Omar_Farouk_Abdulmutallab" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Farouk Abdulmutallab">Omar Farouk Abdulmutallab</a> (the failed "underwear bomber") pleaded guilty in federal court and were sentenced to life imprisonment during Holder's term.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> During Holder's term, other terrorists—including <a href="/wiki/Najibullah_Zazi" title="Najibullah Zazi">Najibullah Zazi</a> (who plotted a <a href="/wiki/2009_New_York_City_Subway_and_United_Kingdom_plot" title="2009 New York City Subway and United Kingdom plot">New York subway attack</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Abdulkadir_Warsame" title="Ahmed Abdulkadir Warsame">Ahmed Abdulkadir Warsame</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabab</a> supporter) pleaded guilty and cooperated with the government.<a href="#cite_note-Olson-46">[46]</a> Matt Olsen, the director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Counterterrorism_Center" title="National Counterterrorism Center">National Counterterrorism Center</a> from 2011 to 2014, wrote in 2015: "Through his persistence, Holder demonstrated the wisdom and value of prosecuting terrorists in civilian courts and cemented this approach for future administrations."<a href="#cite_note-Olson-46">[46]</a> In November 2009, Holder announced that <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attack</a> co-conspirators—<a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramzi_Bin_al-Shibh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramzi Bin al-Shibh">Ramzi Bin al-Shibh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walid_bin_Attash" title="Walid bin Attash">Walid bin Attash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdul_Aziz_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Abdul Aziz Ali">Ali Abdul Aziz Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Ahmed_al-Hawsawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi">Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi</a>—would be tried in New York City on federal charges of conspiracy and murder.<a href="#cite_note-Olson-46">[46]</a> Holder said at the time that the five would "stand trial in our justice system before an impartial jury under long-established rules and procedures."<a href="#cite_note-Olson-46">[46]</a> This plan was frustrated by Congress, however, and "congressional restrictions on transferring Guantánamo detainees to federal court had delayed the case indefinitely."<a href="#cite_note-Olson-46">[46]</a> In April 2011, Holder was forced to drop plans for a federal trial and instead refer the five to <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_military_commission" title="Guantanamo military commission">military commissions</a>; at the time, Holder criticized Congress for interfering in the prosecution, saying: "[Congress has] taken one of the nation's most tested counterterrorism tools off the table and tied our hands in a way that would have serious ramifications."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The military commissions remain "mired in procedural delays, legal uncertainty and continued controversy" today.<a href="#cite_note-Olson-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_cooperation_against_terrorism">International cooperation against terrorism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International cooperation against terrorism">edit</a>]</div> In July 2010, Holder attended a heads of state summit of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, where he told African leaders that the U.S. would continue to support the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">African Union peacekeeping mission in Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delany-50">[50]</a> Holder also vowed to work closer with African officials to stop terrorism, and announced that the FBI would be providing a team of forensic specialists to help assist in the investigation of the <a href="/wiki/July_2010_Kampala_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="July 2010 Kampala attacks">terrorist bombings in Kampala</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Delany-50">[50]</a> In a July 2014 speech to diplomats, academics, and national security officials in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Holder called for international cooperation against terrorism in Syria and Iraq in order to stem the flow of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_rebel_fighters_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War">foreign fighters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Phelps-51">[51]</a> Holder specifically urged other nations to adopt <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (crime)">conspiracy</a> laws; carry out better undercover operations; share traveler information through <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a>; and "seek to stop individuals from becoming <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radicalized</a> in the first place by putting in place strong programs to counter <a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">violent extremism</a> in its earliest stages."<a href="#cite_note-Phelps-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Civil rights">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg/190px-Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg/285px-Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg/380px-Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Holder laying a wreath at the memorial site of the <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a> in South Dakota</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voting_rights_and_redistricting">Voting rights and redistricting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Voting rights and redistricting">edit</a>]</div> Holder is a vocal proponent of defending the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> of 1965, which was reauthorized in 2006 with bipartisan support. Holder has criticized new <a href="/wiki/Voter_ID_laws_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter ID laws in the United States">voter ID laws in Texas, Florida and other states</a>, which he suggests may be politically motivated. In 2011, Holder said, "The reality is that in jurisdictions across the country, both overt and subtle forms of discrimination remain all too common." He went on to criticize Texas redistricting efforts, which were introduced when the state had increased its population by four million; Holder criticized the state for not allocating any new congressional seats to represent Hispanic voters, arguing that the majority of the increased population were Latinos.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Under Holder's tenure, the DOJ sued <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby County, Alabama</a>, for a violation of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act. The small town of <a href="/wiki/Calera,_Alabama" title="Calera, Alabama">Calera</a> had re-drawn the city council districts without receiving pre-clearance from the DOJ, which was required by Section 5 in order to ensure that Southern states do not use such redistricting to weaken political representation for minority communities. For local elections, Calera had divided the African-American part of town, submerging it into two other districts. The DOJ argued that this eliminated the city's sole African-American councilman. Calera responded by arguing that the process of pre-clearance with the DOJ should no longer be required. On September 21, 2011, the federal district court upheld the constitutionality of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, but the decision was overturned by the Supreme Court in <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a>, which effectively struck down Section 5 of the act. Before that decision, Holder had vowed to continue to enforce federal voting rights laws, regardless of how the United States Supreme Court decided in case.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 2022, Holder's book <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Publications">Our Unfinished March</a> explained why the Shelby decision had convinced him to not appear in person before the Supreme Court Justices who rendered that decision, as a silent protest, as the custom had been for an AG to make at least one appearance. He further explained this in a subsequent interview.<a href="#cite_note-2022-07-19_slate-56">[56]</a> In May 2012, with over a dozen states pushing new voter identification laws, Holder stated that he believed these new laws would hamper the ability of the elderly, students and minorities to vote. Regarding voting rights, he said, "for the first time in our [lifetimes], we are failing to live up to one of our most noble ideals." Holder pledged that the DOJ fight these laws "aggressively". He went on to say that "We have to honor the generations that took extraordinary risks" to achieve the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In a speech before the NAACP in July 2012, Holder went on to say that the Texas voter ID laws were a "political pretext to disenfranchise American citizens of their <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">most precious right</a>."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Holder compared the practices of these states to those in the era of Jim Crow segregation. Holder said, "Many of those without IDs would have to travel great distances to get them – and some would struggle to pay for the documents they might need to obtain them. We call those <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll taxes</a>."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arizona_immigration_law">Arizona immigration law</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Arizona immigration law">edit</a>]</div> In May 2010, Holder expressed concerns over reports he had received regarding <a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070</a>, an Arizona immigration law. He said that he feared that the law could lead to <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a>. Holder received criticism on the political right for criticizing the law before he had read it in its entirety.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In July 2010, after the DOJ reviewed the law, Holder filed suit against Arizona on the grounds that the state law is preempted by federal law. Holder was quoted as saying, "I understand, first off, the frustration of the people of Arizona and the concerns that they have with regard to the amount of illegal immigration that occurs, but the solution that the Arizona legislature came up with is inconsistent with our federal Constitution."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> A lawsuit challenging the law was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court, and in June 2012, the Court struck down a majority of the law's provisions in <a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._United_States" title="Arizona v. United States">Arizona v. United States</a>. Holder said that although he was pleased that much of the law had been struck down, he remained concerned over the burden it might place on local law enforcement to enforce federal immigration law and the possibility that it might be used to discriminate against the Latino community. He vowed to continue to monitor the impact of the law.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Holder has also stated that he supports comprehensive immigration reform[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>], adding that it is a "matter of civil rights and human rights".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Same-sex_marriage">Same-sex marriage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Same-sex marriage">edit</a>]</div> In February 2011, Holder announced that the DOJ would no longer defend cases involving the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a> in court. Holder had recommended this course of action to the President, arguing that the Defense of Marriage Act was unconstitutional, as laws that prohibit the marriage of gay couples do not meet the legal principle of <a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a>. Holder cited changing law in support of his action: "Much of the legal landscape has changed in the 15 years since Congress passed DOMA. The Supreme Court has ruled that laws criminalizing homosexual conduct are unconstitutional. Congress has repealed the military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy. Several lower courts have ruled DOMA itself to be unconstitutional." This decision was prompted by legal deadlines in two federal cases in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> and New York, where same-sex married couples argued that DOMA's ban on federal benefits to those in gay marriages approved by the individual states, violates the Constitution's requirement of equal treatment.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In February 2012, Holder reaffirmed his position and stated that the DOJ would not defend DOMA in a legal challenge brought by members of the U.S. military, who were seeking benefits for their same-sex spouses, including: medical insurance, visitation rights in military hospitals and survivor benefits.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Holder has also advocated for the interests of the 36,000 same-sex partnerships where Americans are in relationships with non-U.S. citizens. In May 2011, Holder set aside the decision to deport Paul Dorman, an Irish man who was in a same-sex partnership with a New Jersey citizen. Holder then asked immigration officials to reconsider their decision in order to determine whether Dorman can be considered a spouse under New Jersey law and whether Dorman would be considered a spouse under immigration law were it not for the Defense of Marriage Act. This action prompted some other immigration judges to halt the deportation proceeds of other foreigners in same-sex couples.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_investigations_and_prosecutions">Criminal investigations and prosecutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criminal investigations and prosecutions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ted_Stevens_case">Ted Stevens case</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ted Stevens case">edit</a>]</div> In 2009, Holder decided to drop the <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens#Trial,_conviction,_and_reversal" title="Ted Stevens">corruption case</a> against former Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Ted Stevens</a> of Alaska after evidence of <a href="/wiki/Prosecutorial_misconduct" title="Prosecutorial misconduct">prosecutorial misconduct</a> (specifically, the withholding of <a href="/wiki/Exculpatory_evidence" title="Exculpatory evidence">exculpatory evidence</a>) emerged.<a href="#cite_note-TedStevens-70">[70]</a> Holder was reportedly "horrified by the failure of prosecutors to turn over all relevant materials to the defense" and was alarmed at rebukes of federal prosecutors by Judge <a href="/wiki/Emmet_G._Sullivan" title="Emmet G. Sullivan">Emmet Sullivan</a>, a friend and former colleague of Holder.<a href="#cite_note-TedStevens-70">[70]</a> The DOJ formally moved to dismiss the indictment against Stevens (who had been convicted the previous year on seven counts, but had never been sentenced) on April 1, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-TedStevens-70">[70]</a> Holder issued a statement reading: "After careful review, I have concluded that certain information should have been provided to the defense for use at trial. In light of this conclusion, and in consideration of the totality of the circumstances of this particular case, I have determined that it is in the interest of justice to dismiss the indictment and not proceed with a new trial."<a href="#cite_note-TedStevens-70">[70]</a> Judge Emmet Sullivan threw out the case several days later, issuing an order stating: "There was never a judgment of conviction in this case. The jury's verdict is being set aside and has no legal effect."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Holder ordered a review of the case by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Professional_Responsibility" title="Office of Professional Responsibility">Office of Professional Responsibility</a> of DOJ.<a href="#cite_note-TedStevens-70">[70]</a> Judge Sullivan conducted an inquiry of his own, appointed two attorneys to conduct an investigation which resulted in "a blistering 514-page report" (released in May 2012) detailing what went wrong in the prosecution, and criticizing three specific federal prosecutors (one of whom committed suicide in 2010) for concealing evidence.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Holder was praised for his efforts to repair the damage caused by the affair, which was seen as "a profound embarrassment for the Justice Department."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marijuana">Marijuana</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Marijuana">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, in the run up to the referendum on <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_19" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 19">California Proposition 19</a>, which would have legalized <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">marijuana</a> use for personal recreation, Holder stated that the DOJ would continue to prosecute individuals on the federal level for possession of marijuana even if voters approved a ballot measure.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> However, in the run up to the successful marijuana legalization referendums on <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Amendment_64" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Amendment 64">Colorado Amendment 64</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Initiative_502" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Initiative 502">Washington Initiative 502</a> in 2012, Holder and the Department of Justice remained silent on how they would respond if the ballot measures were enacted by voters. On November 6, 2012, Colorado Amendment 64 and Washington Initiative 502 were passed with 55.3% and 55.7% of the votes respectively. This would lead to a new memo released by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General" title="United States Deputy Attorney General">Deputy Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cole" title="James M. Cole">James M. Cole</a> on August 29, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The memo instructed all <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorneys</a> to not focus limited prosecutorial resources on state-authorized marijuana related activities, provided they follow eight priorities laid out by the Department of Justice.<a href="#cite_note-AD091713-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organized_crime">Organized crime</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Organized crime">edit</a>]</div> On January 20, 2011, the FBI arrested 127 members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">La Cosa Nostra</a> in New York City, including members of all <a href="/wiki/Five_Families" title="Five Families">Five Families</a> of New York City and the <a href="/wiki/DeCavalcante_family" class="mw-redirect" title="DeCavalcante family">DeCavalcante family</a> of New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-LCN_speech-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pilkington-78">[78]</a> Holder spoke at a press conference afterwards, celebrating the largest single-day operation against the Mafia in United States history.<a href="#cite_note-LCN_speech-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pilkington-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leak_investigations">Leak investigations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Leak investigations">edit</a>]</div> Under Holder's leadership, the Department of Justice brought six leak-related prosecutions against current or former U.S. government employees, while all previous presidential administrations combined had tried a total of three such cases. Holder was reportedly "surprised" by news reports pointing out this statistic, and was said to have told associates that he did not wish to have leak prosecutions be his legacy.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Several prominent leak prosecutions under Holder involved communications between criminal defendants and journalists, and the pervasive use of traceable electronic communications between journalists and their sources provided the prosecution with a tool to determine the potential origin of published information.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Under Holder, the Justice Department argued that <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection of sources">journalists had no legal protection to maintain the confidentiality of their sources</a>, and can be compelled by the government to reveal them, or potentially face criminal contempt charges.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> On September 17, 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation" title="Freedom of the Press Foundation">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a> obtained documents regarding the use of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">FISA courts</a> to spy on journalists.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> On May 13, 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> announced that the telephone records for 20 of their reporters during a two-month period in 2012 had been seized by the Justice Department as part of the <a href="/wiki/2013_Department_of_Justice_investigations_of_reporters" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Department of Justice investigations of reporters">2013 Department of Justice investigations of reporters</a>. The AP described these acts as a "massive and unprecedented intrusion" into their news-gathering operation.<a href="#cite_note-TTSanchez-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-TG130513-86">[86]</a> Holder testified under oath to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> that he had recused himself from these leak investigations to avoid any appearance of a conflict of interest. Holder said his Deputy Attorney General, James Cole was in charge of the AP investigation and would've ordered the subpoenas.<a href="#cite_note-nbcpolitics-87">[87]</a> When questioning turned to the possibility of journalists being charged under the Espionage Act for reporting classified material, Holder stated: "With regard to the potential prosecution of the press for the disclosure of material, that is not something that I've ever been involved in, heard of or would think would be a wise policy."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> It was later reported that the DOJ monitored Fox News reporter <a href="/wiki/James_Rosen_(journalist)" title="James Rosen (journalist)">James Rosen's</a> activities by tracking his visits to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> through phone traces, timing of calls and his personal emails.<a href="#cite_note-probe-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> confirmed with the Justice Department that Holder had personally signed off on the Rosen subpoenas. The DOJ defended their decision and spoke about a balance between protecting national secrets and the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1st Amendment</a>, stating: "After extensive deliberations, and after following all applicable laws, regulations and policies, the Department sought an appropriately tailored search warrant under the Privacy Protection Act."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The revelation brought into question whether Holder had been intentionally misleading during his previous testimony. House Committee members sent an open letter to Holder, saying: "It is imperative that the committee, the Congress, and the American people be provided a full and accurate account of your involvement."<a href="#cite_note-fnchouse-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Department_of_Justice_Smart_on_Crime_Program">Department of Justice Smart on Crime Program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Department of Justice Smart on Crime Program">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg/220px-Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg/330px-Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg/440px-Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Barack Obama signing the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Sentencing_Act" title="Fair Sentencing Act">Fair Sentencing Act</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> On August 12, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>'s House of Delegates meeting, Holder announced the "Smart on Crime" program, which is "a sweeping initiative by the Justice Department that in effect renounces several decades of tough-on-crime anti-drug legislation and policies."<a href="#cite_note-ABA_meeting_Aug_12_2013-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reforming_The_Criminal_Justice_System_Aug_12_2013-93">[93]</a> Holder said the program "will encourage U.S. attorneys to charge defendants only with crimes "for which the accompanying sentences are better suited to their individual conduct, rather than excessive prison terms more appropriate for violent criminals or drug kingpins…"<a href="#cite_note-ABA_meeting_Aug_12_2013-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reforming_The_Criminal_Justice_System_Aug_12_2013-93">[93]</a> Running through Holder's statements, the increasing economic burden of over-incarceration was stressed.<a href="#cite_note-ABA_meeting_Aug_12_2013-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reforming_The_Criminal_Justice_System_Aug_12_2013-93">[93]</a> As of August 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Smart on Crime program is not a legislative initiative but an effort "limited to the DOJ's policy parameters."<a href="#cite_note-ABA_meeting_Aug_12_2013-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reforming_The_Criminal_Justice_System_Aug_12_2013-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asset_seizures">Asset seizures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Asset seizures">edit</a>]</div> During Holder's tenure as attorney general, he prohibited the Justice Department from working with local law enforcement in <a href="/wiki/Asset_forfeiture" title="Asset forfeiture">asset forfeitures</a> (confiscation of assets by law enforcement in cases where criminal wrongdoing has not been alleged) in cases that did not involve joint federal-local investigations and gun and child-porn crimes. As a consequence, asset forfeitures declined sharply in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_actions">Additional actions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Additional actions">edit</a>]</div> In 2009, Holder announced and oversaw the federal government spending of $1 billion in grants to law enforcement agencies in every state to pay for the hiring of police officers. The money comes from the stimulus bill the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act</a> of 2009 and covered the salaries of 4,699 law enforcement officers for three years.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> When questioned about weapons regulations during a news conference to announce the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican drug cartel">Mexican drug cartel</a> members, Holder stated that the Obama administration would seek to re-institute the expired <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a>, which he strongly supports.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> After the U.S. government <a href="/wiki/UBS_AG#U.S._tax_fraud_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="UBS AG">filed suit</a> against the Swiss bank <a href="/wiki/UBS_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="UBS AG">UBS AG</a>, whom Holder had represented during his time in private practice, the attorney general recused himself from all legal matters concerning the bank, which stands accused of conspiracy in U.S. <a href="/wiki/Tax_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax fraud">tax fraud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Holder presented friend and predecessor <a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a>, Attorney General under the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton administration">Clinton administration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Judicature_Society" title="American Judicature Society">American Judicature Society</a>'s (AJS) Justice Award on April 17, 2009. The award is the highest given by the AJS, and recognizes significant contributions toward improvements in the administration of justice within the United States.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">United States diplomatic cables leak</a> in December 2010, Holder said that "We have an active, ongoing, criminal investigation with regard to this matter. We are not in a position as yet to announce the result of that investigation, but the investigation is—is ongoing. To the extent that we can find anybody who was involved in the breaking of American law and who has put at risk the assets and the people that I have described, they will be held responsible," Holder said. "They will be held accountable." Holder's comments leave open a crucial question, which is whether the investigators are looking at how WikiLeaks obtained the documents (not unlike probing a news organization's source), or if they're looking at whether WikiLeaks staffers violated criminal law and should be the ones indicted.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In May 2016, more than a year after leaving office, Holder told <a href="/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Axelrod (political consultant)">David Axelrod</a> in an interview he thought <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> had "performed a public service by raising the debate that we engaged in and by the changes that we made", adding "I would say that doing what he did—and the way he did it—was inappropriate and illegal".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Republican Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> "lash[ed] out" at Holder, calling him "one of the worst attorneys general we've ever had" on <a href="/wiki/Fox_%26_Friends" title="Fox & Friends">Fox & Friends</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> On December 8, 2014, Holder unveiled a new policy banning profiling on the basis of religion, gender, national origin, sexual orientation, and gender identity by federal law enforcement agencies.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> However, the new policy will not apply to screenings at border and airport, as well as in intelligence operations.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_of_Bush_anti-terrorism_policies">Opinion of Bush anti-terrorism policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Opinion of Bush anti-terrorism policies">edit</a>]</div> Holder has been critical of "<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a>" and the <a href="/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance">NSA warrantless surveillance</a> program, accusing the Bush administration of a "disrespect for the rule of law... [that is] not only wrong, it is destructive in our struggle against terrorism."<a href="#cite_note-BostonGlobe_Tuohey_20081118-107">[107]</a> During his confirmation hearings, he deemed <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a> a form of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and therefore illegal.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In response, some Republican senators questioned him whether he would prosecute those who took part in waterboarding and delayed the confirmation vote on Holder.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Holder has stated that he favors closing the <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay_detention_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantánamo Bay detention camp">Guantánamo Bay detention camp</a>; in 2002 he said that the detainees are not technically entitled to <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a> protections.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In March 2011, Holder left open the possibility that the Guantánamo Bay detention camp might remain open beyond President Obama's first term. Asked in a congressional hearing whether the prison would be closed by November 2012, Holder said: "I don't know." He said the Justice Department has established a task force to look at each of the 172 detainees being held at the Guantánamo prison to address how they should be dealt with. Holder's comments come just weeks after CIA Director <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> told a Senate panel that Osama bin Laden would probably be shipped to and held at the Guantánamo Bay facility if he were captured.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Holder is opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>'s implementation of the <a href="/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">Patriot Act</a>, saying it is "bad ultimately for law enforcement and will cost us the support of the American people."<a href="#cite_note-CNN_Woodruff_20040219-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salon_Greenwald_20081119-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racism">Racism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Racism">edit</a>]</div> Holder gave a speech on <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a> on February 18, 2009, during <a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a>. "Though this nation has proudly thought of itself as an ethnic melting pot in things racial, we have always been, and we, I believe, continue to be, in too many ways, essentially a nation of cowards," said Holder. "Though race-related issues continue to occupy a significant portion of our political discussion, and though there remain many unresolved racial issues in this nation, we, average Americans, simply do not talk enough with each other about things racial," he said.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The speech stirred some controversy, with some reacting favorably to Holder's comments and others sharply criticizing them.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Obama later clarified Holder's comments, saying that "I think it's fair to say that if I had been advising my attorney general, we would have used different language... I think the point that he was making is that we're oftentimes uncomfortable with talking about race until there's some sort of racial flare-up or conflict, and that we could probably be more constructive in facing up to the painful legacy of slavery and Jim Crow and discrimination."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Black_Panther_Party_voter_intimidation_incident">New Black Panther Party voter intimidation incident</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: New Black Panther Party voter intimidation incident">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Black_Panther_Party_voter_intimidation_case" title="New Black Panther Party voter intimidation case">New Black Panther Party voter intimidation case</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png/220px-Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png/330px-Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png/440px-Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Alleged instance of voter intimidation in Philadelphia during the 2008 US presidential election.</figcaption></figure> In May 2009, Holder's Department of Justice completed a civil suit originally brought by <a href="/wiki/J._Christian_Adams" title="J. Christian Adams">J. Christian Adams</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush Justice Department</a> against the <a href="/wiki/New_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Black Panther Party">New Black Panther Party</a>, its chairman, and two of its members for <a href="/wiki/Voter_intimidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter intimidation">voter intimidation</a> due to their conduct during the 2008 election. Two members of the Party had stood outside a polling station during the election in paramilitary uniforms, one carrying a nightstick. Claiming a lack of evidence, the Department of Justice dropped charges against the party, its chairman, and one of the two members who had stood outside the polling station. With the evidence presented, the Department of Justice successfully obtained a narrow injunction against the other. Former lawyers who had served under the Bush administration have stated that the current DOJ under Holder is unwilling to prosecute minorities for civil rights violations. Three other Justice Department lawyers, in recent interviews,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] gave the same description of the department's culture, which department officials strongly deny. In the months after the case ended, tensions persisted. Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Coates" title="Christopher Coates">Christopher Coates</a> (of the Justice's Civil Rights Division) acknowledged telling attorneys at a September 2009 lunch that the Obama administration was interested in filing cases – under a key voting rights section – only on behalf of minorities.<a href="#cite_note-WP1-120">[120]</a> During a meeting with a House subcommittee, Holder argued that the behavior of the New Black Panther Party was not comparable to historical voter intimidation against minorities, which often involved acts of violence and murder. Holder said, "When you compare what people endured in the South in the '60s to try to get the right to vote for African Americans, to compare what people subjected to that with what happened in Philadelphia… I think does a great disservice to people who put their lives on the line for my people."<a href="#cite_note-gersteinpanther-121">[121]</a> Critics have interpreted this comment as evidence of racial bias on Holder's part, with conservative <a href="/wiki/James_Taranto" title="James Taranto">James Taranto</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> arguing that "If he [Holder] approaches the job with the attitude that any group smaller than all Americans is 'my people', he is the wrong man for the position."<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Claiming the issue was politicized from the start,<a href="#cite_note-WP1-120">[120]</a> Democrats have argued that those on the political right, particularly Adams, used this incident for purely political gain.<a href="#cite_note-gersteinpanther-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Fast_and_Furious">Operation Fast and Furious</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Operation Fast and Furious">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fast_and_Furious" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fast and Furious">Operation Fast and Furious</a></div> In May 2011, House Oversight Committee chairman, California Republican Rep. <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Issa" title="Darrell Issa">Darrell Issa</a> and Iowa Republican Sen. <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a> sent Attorney General Holder a letter requesting details about <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fast_and_Furious" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fast and Furious">Operation Fast and Furious</a>, which had been a failed federal firearms sting operation that allegedly allowed some 2,000 weapons to reach Mexican drug gangs.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Grassley and Issa urged Holder to cooperate and turn over subpoenaed records that would reveal the scope of the alleged government coverup.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contempt_of_Congress">Contempt of Congress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Contempt of Congress">edit</a>]</div> In October 2011, the Justice Department released 7,600 pages of documents on Operation Fast and Furious. Republicans claimed some of those documents indicated that Holder had been sent early memos about Fast and Furious and therefore must have known about it before early 2011, which is when he had testified that he had learned about it to the House Judiciary Committee;<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> a later report from the Justice Department's independent inspector general found that Holder had "no prior knowledge" of the operation before early 2011.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In April 2012, Issa announced that his committee was drafting a <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">Contempt of Congress</a> resolution against Holder in response to the committee allegedly being "stonewalled by the Justice Department" on additional documents.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> On June 19, 2012, Holder met with Issa in person to discuss the requested documents. Holder said he offered to provide the documents to Issa on the condition that Issa provided his assurance that doing so would satisfy the committee subpoenas and resolve the dispute. Issa rejected the offer. Holder then told reporters "They rejected what I thought was an extraordinary offer on our part."<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> On June 20, 2012, the Oversight Committee voted 23–17 along party lines to hold Holder in contempt of Congress for not releasing the additional documents the committee had requested.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> A memo from Holder's office said of the vote: "It's an election-year tactic intended to distract attention."<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Although the vote was not directly relevant to gun legislation, the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a> announced that it would be scoring the contempt vote, due to Holder's previous stances on gun control legislation, placing political pressure on Democrats that wished to avoid repercussions from the gun lobby.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> On June 20—the same date as the Oversight Committee vote—President Obama asserted executive privilege over the remaining documents requested by the committee.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> While Democrats argued that Holder was carrying out his constitutional role by honoring the executive privilege claim, on June 28, 2012, House Speaker <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> scheduled a vote on the contempt resolution anyway. Holder became the first U.S. attorney general in history to be held in both criminal<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and civil<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> contempt. He was held in contempt by the House of Representatives in a 255–67 vote, with 17 Democrats voting for the measure, 2 Republicans voting against the measure.<a href="#cite_note-Week06292012-141">[141]</a> The remaining Democrats refused to vote and marched out of the House, led by Nancy Pelosi, as a means of protesting the actions of Republicans. Holder responded to the vote, describing it as "the regrettable culmination of what became a misguided and politically motivated investigation in an election year."<a href="#cite_note-House_contempt-142">[142]</a> The congressional action evoked reactions from across the political spectrum. Texas governor and Republican presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> called on Holder to resign, stating "America simply cannot tolerate an attorney general who arms the very criminals he is supposed to protect us from".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Republican Sen. <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a>, ranking member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Immigration,_Refugees_and_Border_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security">Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security</a> also called on Holder to resign.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Among those opposing the contempt citation, Democratic Rep. <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Elijah Cummings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform</a> said, "Holder has acted honorably; he's done everything he could to allow us to do our job, which is to investigate this matter."<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The Justice Department declined to prosecute the attorney general on the contempt charge, citing the fact that President Obama had asserted <a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In September 2012, after a nineteen-month review, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Office_of_the_Inspector_General" title="United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General">United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General</a> cleared the Attorney General of any wrongdoing with regard to Fast and Furious, stating that there was "no evidence" that Holder knew about the operation before early 2011. The report did cite fourteen lower ranking officials for possible disciplinary action.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Holder responded to the internal investigation, saying "It is unfortunate that some were so quick to make baseless accusations before they possessed the facts about these operations – accusations that turned out to be without foundation and that have caused a great deal of unnecessary harm and confusion."<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In retrospect, <a href="/wiki/David_Weigel" title="David Weigel">David Weigel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a> called the contempt of Congress vote "both popular and stunningly ineffective, enraging Holder and turning him into a more outspoken and implacable foe of Republican policies on voting rights and policing."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In August 2014, federal judge <a href="/wiki/Amy_Berman_Jackson" title="Amy Berman Jackson">Amy Berman Jackson</a> ordered the Justice Department to provide Congress with a list of the previously withheld documents.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In October 2014, Jackson rejected a House bid to hold Holder in contempt of court, stating that it was "entirely unnecessary."<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In January 2016, Jackson tossed out Obama's executive privilege claims but stressed that her ruling wasn't based on the merits of the claim, but instead on the fact that many of the documents had by then become public as part of the 2012 inspector general's report.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Choke_Point">Operation Choke Point</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Operation Choke Point">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Choke_Point" title="Operation Choke Point">Operation Choke Point</a></div> Operation Choke Point was an ongoing initiative of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> that was announced in 2013<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and investigated banks in the United States and the business they did with <a href="/wiki/Payment_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="Payment processors">payment processors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Payday_lenders" class="mw-redirect" title="Payday lenders">payday lenders</a>, and other companies believed to be at higher risk for fraud, money laundering, and terrorist financing. This operation, first disclosed in an August 2013 Wall Street Journal story<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> was controversial for the potential threat to due process, as the government was pressuring financial institutions to cut off a company's access to banking services without first having shown that the targeted companies were in fact violating the law.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refusal_to_prosecute_financial_institutions">Refusal to prosecute financial institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Refusal to prosecute financial institutions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Coatrack plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may relate to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COATRACK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COATRACK">a different subject</a> or has <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">undue weight</a> on an aspect of the subject. Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">relocate relevant information</a> and remove irrelevant content. (September 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">Too big to fail</a></div> On March 6, 2013, Holder testified to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> that the size of large financial institutions has made it difficult for the Justice Department to bring criminal charges when they are suspected of crimes, because such charges can threaten the existence of a bank and therefore their interconnectedness may endanger the national or global economy. (See <a href="/wiki/Financial_contagion" title="Financial contagion">financial contagion</a>). "Some of these institutions have become too large," Holder told the committee, "It has an inhibiting impact on our ability to bring resolutions that I think would be more appropriate."<a href="#cite_note-Mattingly-159">[159]</a> In a January 29, 2013 letter to Holder, Senators <a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Sherrod Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grassley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Grassley">Charles Grassley</a> had criticized this Justice Department policy citing "important questions about the Justice Department's prosecutorial philosophy."<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> After receipt of a DOJ response letter, Brown and Grassley issued a statement saying, "The Justice Department's response is aggressively evasive. It does not answer our questions. We want to know how and why the Justice Department has determined that certain financial institutions are 'too big to jail' and that prosecuting those institutions would damage the financial system."<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Prosecution rates against crimes by large financial institutions are at 20-year lows.<a href="#cite_note-Boyer-163">[163]</a> Holder has also endorsed the notion that prosecutors, when deciding to pursue white-collar crimes, should give special consideration to "collateral consequences" of bringing charges against large corporate institutions, as outlined in a 1999 memorandum by Holder. Nearly a decade later Holder, as head of the Department of Justice, put this into practice and has demonstrated the weight "collateral consequences" has by repeatedly sought and reached deferred prosecution and non-prosecution agreements and settlements with large financial institutions such as J.P. Morgan Chase, HSBC, Countrywide Mortgage, Wells Fargo, Goldman Sachs, and others where the institution pays a fine or penalty but faces no criminal charges and admits no wrongdoing.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Whereas in the previous decade the Bush administration's Department of Justice often sought criminal charges against individuals of large institutions regardless of "collateral consequences" such as cases involving <a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelphia_Communications_Corporation" title="Adelphia Communications Corporation">Adelphia Communications Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyco_International" title="Tyco International">Tyco International</a>, and others. In September 2014, he described the department's rationale in a speech at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Responsibility remains so diffuse, and top executives so insulated," Holder said, "that any misconduct could again be considered more a symptom of the institution's culture than a result of the willful actions of any single individual."<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></blockquote> According to a 2016 report prepared by Republican staff of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" title="United States House Committee on Financial Services">House Committee on Financial Services</a>, Holder and other Justice Department officials had overruled the recommendation of prosecutors to pursue criminal charges against <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> for its alleged role in money-laundering, instead settling with the bank for the then-record amount of $1.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolution_proposing_articles_of_impeachment">Resolution proposing articles of impeachment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Resolution proposing articles of impeachment">edit</a>]</div> On November 14, 2013, Representative Pete Olson (R-TX), along with 19 Republicans, introduced a resolution proposing articles of impeachment against Holder. The articles cited Holder for his alleged role in <a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">Operation Fast and Furious</a>, refusal to defend the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a> in court, failing to prosecute anyone involved in the <a href="/wiki/IRS_targeting_controversy" title="IRS targeting controversy">IRS targeting</a> of groups based on name and political theme, and for allegedly perjuring himself by stating that he had no knowledge of any potential prosecution of members of the media for disclosure of classified material.<a href="#cite_note-hr411-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> There were 29 co-sponsors to the bill. The bill was referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary on November 14, 2013, but no further action was taken.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation">Resignation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Resignation">edit</a>]</div> Holder announced his resignation on September 25, 2014, citing personal reasons. He remained in office until the Senate confirmed his successor, <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilber-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_private_practice">Return to private practice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Return to private practice">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_(27994325123).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_%2827994325123%29.jpg/220px-Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_%2827994325123%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_%2827994325123%29.jpg/330px-Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_%2827994325123%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_%2827994325123%29.jpg/440px-Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_%2827994325123%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1497" /></a><figcaption>Holder at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 Democratic National Convention</a></figcaption></figure> In July 2015, Holder rejoined <a href="/wiki/Covington_%26_Burling" title="Covington & Burling">Covington & Burling</a>, the law firm at which he worked before becoming attorney general. The law firm's clients have included many of the large banks Holder declined to prosecute for their alleged role in the financial crisis. <a href="/wiki/Matt_Taibbi" title="Matt Taibbi">Matt Taibbi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> opined about the move, "I think this is probably the single biggest example of the <a href="/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">revolving door</a> that we've ever had."<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In early 2016, Holder was hired by the <a href="/wiki/MTN_Group" title="MTN Group">MTN Group</a>, a South Africa-based telecommunications company as a part of its efforts to combat a $3.9 billion fine handed to the MTN Group by the government of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Rather than attempt to negotiate with the regulatory body that issued the fine, the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Communications_Commission" title="Nigerian Communications Commission">Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC)</a>, Holder worked with the Nigerian Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Malami" title="Abubakar Malami">Abubakar Malami</a> to reach a compromise. While the NCC initially rejected a proposal from Malami for a reduced fine, it later decided to reduce the fine by more than half. The MTN Group paid the reduced amount, which totaled around $1.7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> In October 2016, Holder announced that he would chair the newly incorporated <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a>, a group aiming to support Democratic candidates in state races ahead of the redistricting that will follow the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In February 2017, <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a> hired Holder to help lead an investigation into claims of sexual harassment and discrimination made public by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Fowler">Susan Fowler</a>, a former employee.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In June, Holder delivered a 13-page document outlining his recommendations for Uber.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> This led to Uber firing over 20 employees.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emil_Michael" title="Emil Michael">Emil Michael</a>, who was CEO <a href="/wiki/Travis_Kalanick" title="Travis Kalanick">Travis Kalanick</a>'s right-hand man, also left the company.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Kalanick himself was forced into taking an indefinite leave of absence, and a week later, under pressure from investors, resigned as the CEO.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> During 2018, Holder suggested on several occasions that he might run for the presidency in 2020. In July, he told CNN he thought a presidential candidate needed five qualities—the ability to inspire others, a vision for the job, the ability to meet both the physical and mental strains of the job, and appropriate experience. Holder added that he believed he possessed those five qualities, but noted that his wife would be involved in his decision.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> In October 2018, Holder was one of multiple individuals targeted by <a href="/wiki/October_2018_United_States_mail_bombing_attempts" title="October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts">mailed pipe-bombs sent to Democratic lawmakers and officials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_bomb-186">[186]</a> On March 4, 2019, Holder announced that he would not seek the White House in 2020 but would continue his work with the National Democratic Redistricting Committee to help elect a Democratic candidate who had the five qualities he thought were necessary.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In 2023, Holder was one of the lawyers representing Tennessee politicians <a href="/wiki/Justin_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Justin Jones (Tennessee politician)">Justin Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justin_J._Pearson" title="Justin J. Pearson">Justin J. Pearson</a>, who were expelled from the Tennessee House of Representatives for leading a protest in favor of gun control on the House floor.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In July 2024, after Joe Biden <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election">withdrew</a> from the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 United States presidential election</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> launched her <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">presidential campaign</a>, Holder and his law firm Covington & Burling were hired to <a href="/wiki/Vetting" title="Vetting">vet</a> <a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2024 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">vice presidential nominees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> On August 5, Harris chose Minnesota governor <a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a> as her running mate.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Sharon_Malone_Holder,_wife_of_Attorney_General_Eric_Holder,_Jr.,_in_a_family_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dr._Sharon_Malone_Holder%2C_wife_of_Attorney_General_Eric_Holder%2C_Jr.%2C_in_a_family_portrait.jpg/220px-Dr._Sharon_Malone_Holder%2C_wife_of_Attorney_General_Eric_Holder%2C_Jr.%2C_in_a_family_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dr._Sharon_Malone_Holder%2C_wife_of_Attorney_General_Eric_Holder%2C_Jr.%2C_in_a_family_portrait.jpg/330px-Dr._Sharon_Malone_Holder%2C_wife_of_Attorney_General_Eric_Holder%2C_Jr.%2C_in_a_family_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dr._Sharon_Malone_Holder%2C_wife_of_Attorney_General_Eric_Holder%2C_Jr.%2C_in_a_family_portrait.jpg/440px-Dr._Sharon_Malone_Holder%2C_wife_of_Attorney_General_Eric_Holder%2C_Jr.%2C_in_a_family_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Holder with his wife and three children in 1999</figcaption></figure> Holder is married to Sharon Malone, an <a href="/wiki/Obstetrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrician">obstetrician</a> and author. The couple has three children.<a href="#cite_note-CovingtonBurlington_bio_20080615-192">[192]</a> Malone's sister was <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone Jones</a>, famous for her part in the <a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a>, which led to integration at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost_Holley_20051014-193">[193]</a> Holder has been involved with various mentoring programs for inner-city youth. He is also an avid basketball fan<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> and the uncle of former NBA All-Star <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Malone" title="Jeff Malone">Jeff Malone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10Things-25">[25]</a> Holder and his wife live in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> In May 2008, while he was still in private practice, <a href="/wiki/Legal_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Times">Legal Times</a> magazine named Holder as one of the "Greatest Washington Lawyers of the Past 30 Years," describing him as one of the "Visionaries."<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Also in that year, Holder was named by <a href="/wiki/The_National_Law_Journal" title="The National Law Journal">The National Law Journal</a> as one of "the 50 Most Influential Minority Lawyers in America."<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The National Law Journal commended Holder's practice in the areas of civil litigation and white-collar defense, as well as his work as a national co-chair for Obama's campaign.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> On May 16, 2010, Holder delivered the commencement address at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, for both the all-university ceremony and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_University_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston University Law School">School of Law</a>. In addition, he was presented with an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> degree.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> On May 22, 2011, Holder delivered the commencement address at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">University of Virginia School of Law</a>. Holder encouraged the graduates to emulate Virginia Law alumnus <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>'s legacy of service.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> On May 19, 2009, Holder was chosen by his alma mater, Columbia College, to be its Class Day Speaker.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In May 2009, Holder visited Barbados and met with government representatives from across the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. The government renamed the Tamarind Hall municipal building located at Tamarind Hall, Blackmans, St. Joseph after Holder. Now known as the Eric Holder Jr. Municipal Complex,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> this centre was constructed by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Barbados" title="Government of Barbados">Government of Barbados</a> to house a Magistrate's Court, a police station, a branch of the public library, in addition to the St. Joseph district Post Office. The centre was officially opened on May 22, 2009, by the U.S. attorney general, Mr. Eric Holder Jr. while on a visit. In June 2009, the Government of Barbados announced that it would begin a project to determine the first 100 Great Barbadians, who would be selected by the public of Barbados. At the announcement of the project it was announced that Holder was the first candidate nominated for the final list.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In 2012, Holder received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> In August 2012, the <a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a> named Holder as a recipient of their "Living Legend" award, along with singer <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> In April 2013, Holder acknowledged having the position of the President's 'wing-man' and being there as the President's 'boy' during a radio interview with Tom Joyner.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> These awards and recognition are noteworthy because they contradict Holder's own public position that there should be "...a distance between [an Attorney General] and the president."<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Holder delivered the commencement address at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in May 2012,<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> the <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law" title="UC Berkeley School of Law">UC Berkeley School of Law</a> in May 2013,<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UCLA_School_of_Law" title="UCLA School of Law">UCLA School of Law</a> in June 2020.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Holder received an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> from his alma mater, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, in May 2017.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHolderSam_Koppelman2022" class="citation book cs1">Holder, Eric; Sam Koppelman (2022). Our Unfinished March: The Violent Past and Imperiled Future of the Vote—a History, a Crisis and a Plan. New York: One World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780593445747" title="Special:BookSources/9780593445747"><bdi>9780593445747</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1312918124">1312918124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Unfinished+March%3A+The+Violent+Past+and+Imperiled+Future+of+the+Vote%E2%80%94a+History%2C+a+Crisis+and+a+Plan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=One+World&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1312918124&rft.isbn=9780593445747&rft.aulast=Holder&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Sam+Koppelman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates">Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">List of African-American United States Cabinet members</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WashPost3Feb09-1"><a href="#cite_ref-WashPost3Feb09_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Carrie (February 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/02/eric-holder-confirmed-as-_n_163319.html">"Holder Confirmed As the First Black Attorney General: Nominee Overcame Objections in GOP"</a>. 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Phelps, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-holder-syria-terrorism-20140707-story.html">Eric Holder urges international cooperation on terrorism in Syria</a>, Los Angeles Times (July 8, 2014). </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-holder-urges-international-effort-confront-threat-syrian-foreign-fighters">Attorney General Holder Urges International Effort to Confront Threat of Syrian Foreign Fighters</a> (July 8, 2014). </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstrin2011" class="citation news cs1">Estrin, Elana (December 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/elana-estrin/eric-holder-voting-rights_b_1149462.html">"Holder Delivers Voting Rights Speech"</a>. Huffington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Holder+Delivers+Voting+Rights+Speech&rft.date=2011-12-14&rft.aulast=Estrin&rft.aufirst=Elana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Felana-estrin%2Feric-holder-voting-rights_b_1149462.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/04/justice/holder-voting-rights-act/">"Eric Holder: Supreme Court decision won't stop voting rights enforcement"</a>. CNN. April 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Eric+Holder%3A+Supreme+Court+decision+won%27t+stop+voting+rights+enforcement&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F04%2F04%2Fjustice%2Fholder-voting-rights-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly2013" class="citation news cs1">Reilly, Ryan J. (April 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/04/eric-holder-martin-luther-king_n_3017258.html">"Eric Holder: Martin Luther King Jr. 'Would Not Yet Be Satisfied' With Voting Rights"</a>. 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Seeks To Void Stevens' Conviction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 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Retrieved December 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Eric+Holder%3A+%27I%27m+still+the+president%27s+wingman%27&rft.aulast=Gerstein&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fpolitico44%2F2013%2F04%2Feric-holder-im-still-the-presidents-wingman-160861.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128392138">"Obama, Holder Catch Heat For Close Ties"</a>. NPR. 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May 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University+News&rft.atitle=Columbia%27s+2017+Commencement+Week+Events+Take+Place+from+May+13+to+18&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.columbia.edu%2Fcontent%2F2017-commencement-press-release&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7sDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10">"Black U.S. Attorney Brings an Indictment Against Powerful House Committee Chairman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a>. June 20, 1994. Retrieved April 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Black+U.S.+Attorney+Brings+an+Indictment+Against+Powerful+House+Committee+Chairman&rft.date=1994-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI7sDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrabtree1997" class="citation news cs1">Crabtree, Susan (April 28, 1997). "A New Sheriff at Justice". Insight on the News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insight+on+the+News&rft.atitle=A+New+Sheriff+at+Justice&rft.date=1997-04-28&rft.aulast=Crabtree&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywood1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Haywood, Richette L. (September 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJiNKNMktOQC&pg=PA134">"First Black U.S. Attorney in D.C."</a> <a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a>. Retrieved April 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ebony&rft.atitle=First+Black+U.S.+Attorney+in+D.C.&rft.date=1994-09&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=Richette+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJiNKNMktOQC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongstreth2008" class="citation journal cs1">Longstreth, Andrew (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221164157/http://www.law.com/jsp/tal/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202421743636">"Making History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Lawyer" title="The American Lawyer">The American Lawyer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.com/jsp/tal/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202421743636">the original</a> on December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Lawyer&rft.atitle=Making+History&rft.date=2008-06&rft.aulast=Longstreth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.com%2Fjsp%2Ftal%2FPubArticleTAL.jsp%3Fid%3D1202421743636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandolph1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Randolph, Laura B. (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zSm1p1I30-0C&pg=PA35">"Power Couples"</a>. Ebony. p. 35. Retrieved April 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ebony&rft.atitle=Power+Couples&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1999-01&rft.aulast=Randolph&rft.aufirst=Laura+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzSm1p1I30-0C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtblauDavid_Johnston2008" class="citation news cs1">Lichtblau, Eric; David Johnston (December 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/us/politics/02holder.html">"Pardon Is Back in Focus for the Justice Nominee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved December 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pardon+Is+Back+in+Focus+for+the+Justice+Nominee&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.aulast=Lichtblau&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=David+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F12%2F02%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F02holder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Eric Holder at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eric_Holder" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Eric Holder">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Eric_Holder" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Eric Holder">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" class="extiw" title="q:Eric Holder">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312644" class="extiw" title="d:Q312644">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/ag/bio/attorney-general-eric-h-holder-jr">Profile</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?33924">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/eric_h_holder_jr/index.html">Eric Holder</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.usdoj.gov/dag/dagbio.htm">Justice Department Bio of Holder as Deputy Attorney General</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archive index)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/eric-h-holder-jr">Contemporary Black Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080808111527/http://www.cov.com/eholder">Covington & Burling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814012857/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/biography.asp?bioindex=954&category=LawMakers&occupation=Attorney&name=Eric%20Holder">The History Makers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204121234/http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/steering/e_holder_bio.htm">Homeland Security Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106014213/http://newsmeat.com/washington_political_donations/Eric_Holder.php">Eric Holder's federal campaign contribution report</a> at NewsMeat</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ericholderdojaahistory.htm">Authenticated text, audio, video of Eric Holder Speech at the Department of Justice African American History Month Program</a> AmericanRhetoric.com</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Gorelick" title="Jamie Gorelick">Jamie Gorelick</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General" title="United States Deputy Attorney General">United States Deputy Attorney General</a> 1997–2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mueller" title="Robert Mueller">Robert Mueller</a> Acting</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> Acting 2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> 2009–2015 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a></div>as Former US Cabinet Member </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> as Former US Cabinet Member </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Solis" title="Hilda Solis">Hilda Solis</a></div>as Former US Cabinet Member </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USAttGen" title="Template:USAttGen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USAttGen" title="Template talk:USAttGen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USAttGen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USAttGen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_attorneys_general" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States attorneys general</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">Wirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">Berrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Gilpin" title="Henry D. Gilpin">Gilpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Legar%C3%A9" title="Hugh S. Legaré">Legaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_(lawyer)" title="John Nelson (lawyer)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Toucey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Stanbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_R._Hoar" title="Ebenezer R. Hoar">Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_T._Akerman" title="Amos T. Akerman">Akerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Williams" title="George Henry Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Pierrepont" title="Edwards Pierrepont">Pierrepont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Devens" title="Charles Devens">Devens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_MacVeagh" title="Wayne MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_H._Brewster" title="Benjamin H. Brewster">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_H._Garland" title="Augustus H. Garland">A. Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._H._Miller" title="William H. H. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Griggs" title="John W. Griggs">Griggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Wickersham" title="George W. Wickersham">Wickersham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watt_Gregory" title="Thomas Watt Gregory">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Daugherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Sargent" title="John G. Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Mitchell" title="William D. Mitchell">W. D. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">T. C. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._McGranery" title="James P. McGranery">McGranery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Katzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">R. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">J. N. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Kleindienst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">Saxbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Levi" title="Edward H. Levi">Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Civiletti" title="Benjamin Civiletti">Civiletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_French_Smith" title="William French Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Thornburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Mukasey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">M. Garland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of Justice"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of Justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/100px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/200px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1739" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (2009–2013) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2009–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> (2011–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a> (2013–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Ash Carter</a> (2015–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eric Holder</a> (2009–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a> (2015–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Jewell" title="Sally Jewell">Sally Jewell</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> (2009–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Gary Locke</a> (2009–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bryson" title="John Bryson">John Bryson</a> (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Penny Pritzker</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Solis" title="Hilda Solis">Hilda Solis</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Tom Perez</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius" title="Kathleen Sebelius">Kathleen Sebelius</a> (2009–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2014–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a> (2009–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a> (2014–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_LaHood" title="Ray LaHood">Ray LaHood</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Foxx" title="Anthony Foxx">Anthony Foxx</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Ernest Moniz</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Duncan" title="Arne Duncan">Arne Duncan</a> (2009–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_King_Jr." title="John King Jr.">John King Jr.</a> (2016–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Eric Shinseki</a> (2009–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonald_(businessman)" title="Bob McDonald (businessman)">Bob McDonald</a> (2014–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeh_Johnson" title="Jeh Johnson">Jeh Johnson</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa P. Jackson</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_McCarthy" title="Gina McCarthy">Gina McCarthy</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/100px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/150px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/200px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="58" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Orszag" title="Peter R. Orszag">Peter R. Orszag</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2010–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a> (2014–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Kirk" title="Ron Kirk">Ron Kirk</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Froman" title="Michael Froman">Michael Froman</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Susan Rice</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Austan Goolsbee</a> (2010–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Krueger" title="Alan Krueger">Alan Krueger</a> (2011–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Small_Business_Administration" title="Administrator of the Small Business Administration">Administrator of the Small Business Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Mills" title="Karen Mills">Karen Mills</a> (2012–2013)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Contreras-Sweet" title="Maria Contreras-Sweet">Maria Contreras-Sweet</a> (2014–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William M. Daley</a> (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* took office in 2009, raised to cabinet-rank in 2012 <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet">Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriot_Act" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriot_Act" title="Template talk:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriot_Act" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Titles <a href="/wiki/Title_I_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title I of the Patriot Act">I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_II_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title II of the Patriot Act">II</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_III_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title III of the Patriot Act">III</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IV_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IV of the Patriot Act">IV</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_V_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title V of the Patriot Act">V</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VI_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VI of the Patriot Act">VI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VII of the Patriot Act">VII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VIII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VIII of the Patriot Act">VIII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IX_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IX of the Patriot Act">IX</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_X_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title X of the Patriot Act">X</a> · <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_D._Dinh" title="Viet D. Dinh">Viet D. Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eric Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Mike Oxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Huvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter">Butch Otter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-government organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Humanitarian Law Project">Humanitarian Law Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Chairman&#039;s_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="Template:NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="Template talk:NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Chairman&#039;s_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award">NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown_(U.S._Secretary_of_Commerce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Brown (U.S. Secretary of Commerce)">Ron Brown</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> and Joseph Madison (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_McGruder" title="Aaron McGruder">Aaron McGruder</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band" title="Dave Matthews Band">The Dave Matthews Band</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Neville_Brothers" title="The Neville Brothers">The Neville Brothers</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Hughes" title="Cathy Hughes">Cathy Hughes</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle Howard</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Whitaker" title="Forest Whitaker">Forest Whitaker</a> (2013)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eric Holder</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bree_Newsome" title="Bree Newsome">Brittany "Bree" Newsome</a> / Justice League NYC / Concerned Student 1950 Collective at the University of Missouri / The University of Mississippi NAACP College Chapter / Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Otis_Moss_III" title="Otis Moss III">Otis Moss III</a> / Rev. Dr. Howard-John Wesley / Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Harrison_Bryant" title="Jamal Harrison Bryant">Jamal Harrison Bryant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jussie_Smollett" title="Jussie Smollett">Jussie Smollett</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ogletree" title="Charles Ogletree">Charles Ogletree</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lucy_(labor_leader)" title="William Lucy (labor leader)">William Lucy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">Rev. James Lawson</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennie_Thompson" title="Bennie Thompson">Bennie Thompson</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Gorman" title="Amanda Gorman">Amanda Gorman</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/21px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/42px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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