CINXE.COM

Leon Africanul - Wikipedia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ro" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Leon Africanul - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )rowikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","ianuarie","februarie","martie","aprilie","mai","iunie","iulie","august","septembrie","octombrie","noiembrie","decembrie"],"wgRequestId":"e95a5908-7c4b-4636-b4dd-3c797359e415","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Leon_Africanul","wgTitle":"Leon Africanul","wgCurRevisionId":16236654,"wgRevisionId":16236654,"wgArticleId":2321286,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articole cu surse în limba neerlandeză (nl)","Pagini cu note flexibile de dimensiune implicită","Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută","Nașteri în anii 1490","Decese în anii 1550","Scriitori berberi","Geografi ai secolului al XVI-lea","Oameni din Granada"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ro","wgPageContentLanguage":"ro","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Leon_Africanul","wgRelevantArticleId":2321286,"wgTempUserName":null, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ro","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ro"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q332790","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.2"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ro&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ro&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ro&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg/1200px-Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1630"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg/800px-Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1087"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg/640px-Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="869"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Leon Africanul - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ro.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Africanul"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modificare" href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ro)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ro.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Africanul"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Abonare Atom" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Schimb%C4%83ri_recente&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Leon_Africanul rootpage-Leon_Africanul skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Sari la conținut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Meniul principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Meniul principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Meniul principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83" title="Vedeți pagina principală [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principală</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Schimb%C4%83ri_recente" title="Lista ultimelor schimbări realizate în acest wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Schimbări recente</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cafenea" title="Informații despre evenimentele curente"><span>Cafenea</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Aleatoriu" title="Afișează o pagină aleatoare [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Articol aleatoriu</span></a></li><li id="n-Facebook" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/WikipediaRomana" rel="nofollow"><span>Facebook</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Participare" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Participare" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Participare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Cum-încep-pe-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Bun_venit"><span>Cum încep pe Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Cuprins" title="Locul în care găsiți ajutor"><span>Ajutor</span></a></li><li id="n-Portals" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:R%C4%83sfoire"><span>Portaluri tematice</span></a></li><li id="n-Articole-cerute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articole_cerute"><span>Articole cerute</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="enciclopedia liberă" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ro.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:C%C4%83utare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Căutare în Wikipedia [c]" accesskey="c"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Căutare</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Căutare în Wikipedia" aria-label="Căutare în Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Căutare în Wikipedia [c]" accesskey="c" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Căutare"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Căutare</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Unelte personale"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aspect" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspect</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ro.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ro" class=""><span>Donații</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%C3%8Enregistrare&amp;returnto=Leon+Africanul" title="Vă încurajăm să vă creați un cont și să vă autentificați; totuși, nu este obligatoriu" class=""><span>Creare cont</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Autentificare&amp;returnto=Leon+Africanul" title="Sunteți încurajat să vă autentificați, deși acest lucru nu este obligatoriu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Autentificare</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte personale" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte personale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Meniul de utilizator" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ro.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ro"><span>Donații</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%C3%8Enregistrare&amp;returnto=Leon+Africanul" title="Vă încurajăm să vă creați un cont și să vă autentificați; totuși, nu este obligatoriu"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creare cont</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Autentificare&amp;returnto=Leon+Africanul" title="Sunteți încurajat să vă autentificați, deși acest lucru nu este obligatoriu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Autentificare</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eascunde\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"ro\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"plainlinks\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ddd; margin: 0 0 3px;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"nomobile\" style=\"float:right\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Concurs_de_scriere\" title=\"Wikipedia:Concurs de scriere\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Concurs_de_scriere.png/126px-Concurs_de_scriere.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"126\" height=\"95\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Concurs_de_scriere.png/189px-Concurs_de_scriere.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Concurs_de_scriere.png/251px-Concurs_de_scriere.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"506\" data-file-height=\"383\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"color: grey; max-width:1280px; margin: 12px auto; font-family: Tahoma, \u0026#39;DejaVu Sans Condensed\u0026#39;, sans-serif; text-align: center; font-size: 12pt; position: relative;\"\u003EA început o nouă ediție a concursului de scriere! Sunteți cu drag invitați să participați la ediția cu numărul 22, cu articole scrise sau dezvoltate considerabil între 1 aprilie și 30 noiembrie 2024. Pentru înscriere de articole la concurs (nominalizări), condiții de eligibilitate, punctare și alte detalii, vă rugăm să accesați \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Concurs_de_scriere\" title=\"Wikipedia:Concurs de scriere\"\u003Epagina\u0026#160;concursului\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E.\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"clear: both;\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cuprins" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biografie subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Istoricitatea_călătoriei_în_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoricitatea_călătoriei_în_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Istoricitatea călătoriei în Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istoricitatea_călătoriei_în_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Numele</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lucrări" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lucrări"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lucrări</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lucrări-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe_în_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe_în_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referințe în media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe_în_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Surse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lecturi_suplimentare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lecturi_suplimentare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lecturi suplimentare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lecturi_suplimentare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leon Africanul</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 42 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="ليون الإفريقي – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليون الإفريقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لحسن لوزان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لحسن لوزان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Afrikik" title="Leon Afrikik – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Leon Afrikik" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikal%C4%B1_Lev" title="Afrikalı Lev – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Afrikalı Lev" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Леў Афрыканскі – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леў Афрыканскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Лъв Африкански – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лъв Африкански" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lle%C3%B3_l%27Afric%C3%A0" title="Lleó l&#039;Africà – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lleó l&#039;Africà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BF_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Λέων ο Αφρικανός – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λέων ο Αφρικανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_el_Africano" title="León el Africano – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="León el Africano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Afrikarra" title="Leon Afrikarra – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leon Afrikarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لئو آفریکانوس – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئو آفریکانوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_l%27Africain" title="Léon l&#039;Africain – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Léon l&#039;Africain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_o_Africano" title="León o Africano – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="León o Africano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ליאו אפריקנוס – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליאו אפריקנוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leone_l%27Africano" title="Leone l&#039;Africano – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leone l&#039;Africano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9" title="レオ・アフリカヌス – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオ・アフリカヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4_%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4" title="레오 아프리카누스 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레오 아프리카누스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonas_Afrikietis" title="Leonas Afrikietis – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leonas Afrikietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الحسن ابن محمد الوزان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الحسن ابن محمد الوزان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%A3o,_o_Africano" title="Leão, o Africano – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leão, o Africano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лев Африканский – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лев Африканский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuni_l%27Africanu" title="Liuni l&#039;Africanu – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Liuni l&#039;Africanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Afrikanac" title="Leon Afrikanac – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leon Afrikanac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Leo Africanus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лев Африканський – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лев Африканський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الحسن ابن محمد الوزان – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الحسن ابن محمد الوزان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyon_l%27_Afrikin" title="Leyon l&#039; Afrikin – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Leyon l&#039; Afrikin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%A0%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="利奥·阿非利加努斯 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利奥·阿非利加努斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q332790#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Africanul" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Leon_Africanul" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Africanul"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Africanul"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Leon_Africanul" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Leon_Africanul" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;oldid=16236654" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&amp;page=Leon_Africanul&amp;id=16236654&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLeon_Africanul"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLeon_Africanul"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Leon+Africanul"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joannes_Leo_Africanus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q332790" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet biografii" style="background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Leon Africanul</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg/220px-Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg/330px-Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg/440px-Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7316" data-file-height="9937" /></a></span><br /><div style="margin-top: 3px"></div><span>Portret al unui umanist, c. 1520. Identitatea subiectului este necunoscută dar s-a sugerat că ar fi Leon Africanul<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERauchenberger199978-79_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauchenberger199978-79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Date personale</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Nume la naștere</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan</td></tr><tr><th style=";">Născut</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">c. 1494<br /><a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coroana_Castiliei" title="Coroana Castiliei">Coroana Castiliei</a><sup id="cite_ref-4e507658464a8fc7c8ac4cbc9d360713_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4e507658464a8fc7c8ac4cbc9d360713-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><sup id="cite_ref-1702133ba951295c7ca83bdd69068ae4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1702133ba951295c7ca83bdd69068ae4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332790#P19" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Decedat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">c. 1554(?)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332790#P20" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Religie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catolicism" title="Catolicism">catolicism</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332790#P140" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Ocupație</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">Diplomat, geograf, călător</td></tr><tr><th style=";">Locul desfășurării activității</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-70d5d9ac0ab54b4c1942995f5ac6929d_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70d5d9ac0ab54b4c1942995f5ac6929d-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332790#P937" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Limbi vorbite</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Limba_arab%C4%83" title="Limba arabă">limba arabă</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Limba_ebraic%C4%83" title="Limba ebraică">limba ebraică</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Limba_italian%C4%83" title="Limba italiană">limba italiană</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Limba_spaniol%C4%83" title="Limba spaniolă">limba spaniolă</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332790#P1412" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Activitate</th></tr><tr><th style=";"><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></i></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Al-Qarawiyyin" title="Universitatea Al-Qarawiyyin">Universitatea Al-Qarawiyyin</a>&#160; <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332790#P69" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Lucrări remarcabile</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><i>Descrittione dell’Africa</i></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##F5F5DC solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332790" class="extiw" title="d:Q332790">date</a> /&#32;<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0">text</a></span>&#160;<span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Biografie" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16573438">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <p><b>Joannes Leo Africanus</b> (n. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coroana_Castiliei" title="Coroana Castiliei">Coroana Castiliei</a>&#160;– d. secolul al XVI-lea, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>; născut&#160;<b>al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan <a href="/wiki/Fes" title="Fes">al-Fasi</a></b>, în&#160;arabă: حسن ابن محمد الوزان الفاسي) a fost un diplomat și autor&#160;<a href="/wiki/Berberi" title="Berberi">Berber</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERauchenberger199927–28_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauchenberger199927–28-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#160;originar din <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, cunoscut pentru cartea sa,&#160;<i>Descrittione dell’Africa</i>&#160;(„Descrierea Africii”), despre geografia Magrebului și Văii Nilului.&#160;Această carte a fost considerată de către cercetătorii europeni drept cea mai sigură descriere a continentului african dinainte de perioada colonizării europene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Biografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Al-Qarawiyyin_University,_Fes,_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg/300px-Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg/450px-Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg/600px-Al-Qarawiyyin_University%2C_Fes%2C_Morocco_-_Var_132.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Curtea&#160;<a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Al-Qarawiyyin" title="Universitatea Al-Qarawiyyin">Universității al-Qarawiyyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fes" title="Fes">Fez, Maroc</a>, unde a studiat al-Hasan (viitorul Leon Africanul).</figcaption></figure> <p>Cea mai mare parte a informațiilor despre viața lui Leon Africanul provine din note autobiografice din scrierile sale. S-a născut în preajma anului 1494 la Granada<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#160;și a primit numele al-Hasan, fiu al lui Muhammad. Data nașterii sale a fost estimată pornind de la vârsta declarată de acesta la momentul diverselor evenimente istorice<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Familia lui s-a mutat la Fez la puțin timp după nașterea sa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERauchenberger199926_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauchenberger199926-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. La Fez a studiat la Universitatea din al-Qarawiyyin (sau al-Karaouine, în altă ortografiere). Tânăr fiind, l-a însoțit pe unchiul său într-o misiune diplomatică, ajungând până la Timbuctu (c. 1510), care pe atunci era parte a Imperiului Songhai. În 1517, pe când se întorcea dintr-o misiune diplomatică la Constantinopole ca reprezentant al sultanului din Fez, Muhammad II, s-a aflat în portul Rosetta în timpul cuceririi Egiptului de către otomani. Și-a continuat călătoria prin <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> și Asuan, străbătând <a href="/wiki/Marea_Ro%C8%99ie" title="Marea Roșie">Marea Roșie</a> pentru a ajunge în Peninsula Arabă, unde ar fi îndeplinit pelerinajul la Mecca. </p><p>Pe drumul de întoarcere spre Tunis, în 1518, a fost capturat de corsari spanioli, fie lângă insula <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>, fie, mai probabil, lângă Creta. A fost dus la Roma și, apoi, a fost închis în sediul Cavalerilor Ioaniți din <a href="/wiki/Rodos" title="Rodos">Rodos</a>. În această perioadă, captivii musulmani cărora nu li se plătea o răscumpărare munceau ca sclavi în galerele creștinilor, dar când răpitorii săi și-au dat seama de inteligența și importanța sa, a fost mutat la <a href="/wiki/Castelul_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castelul Sant&#39;Angelo">Castelul Sant'Angelo</a> din Roma și apoi a fost prezentat&#160;<a href="/wiki/Papa_Leon_al_X-lea" title="Papa Leon al X-lea">Papei Leon X</a>. A fost eliberat după puțină vreme și i s-a oferit o pensie pentru a-l convinge să rămână la Roma. În 1520, a fost&#160;<a href="/wiki/Botez" title="Botez">botezat</a> în <a href="/wiki/Bazilica_Sf%C3%A2ntul_Petru_din_Roma" title="Bazilica Sfântul Petru din Roma">Bazilica Sfântul Petru</a>, luând numele&#160;<i>Johannes Leo de Medicis</i> (<i>Giovanni Leone</i> în italiană). În limba arabă, el a preferat să traducă acest nume ca <i>Yuhanna al-Asad al-Gharnati</i> („Ioan Leul din Granada”). Este probabil că Leon Africanul a fost primit la curtea papală fiindcă Papa se temea de o posibilă invazie a Siciliei și Italiei de Sud de către turci, astfel că avea nevoie de un colaborator care să furnizeze informații de preț asupra Nordului Africii.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Leone_X_coi_cardinali_Giulio_de%27_Medici_e_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Leone_X_coi_cardinali_Giulio_de%27_Medici_e_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Leone_X_coi_cardinali_Giulio_de%27_Medici_e_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Leone_X_coi_cardinali_Giulio_de%27_Medici_e_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Leone_X_coi_cardinali_Giulio_de%27_Medici_e_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Leone_X_coi_cardinali_Giulio_de%27_Medici_e_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Ritratto_di_Leone_X_coi_cardinali_Giulio_de%27_Medici_e_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papa_Leon_al_X-lea" title="Papa Leon al X-lea">Papa Leon X</a> (<i>centru</i>) a fost sponsorul inițial al lui Leon la Roma. Vărul său, Giulio de' Medici (<i>stânga</i>) a devenit mai târziu <a href="/wiki/Papa_Clement_al_VII-lea" title="Papa Clement al VII-lea">Papa Clement al VII-lea</a> și a continuat patronajul papal al lui Leon.</figcaption></figure> <p>Leon Africanul a părăsit Roma după moartea Papei Leon X în 1521 și a petrecut următorii trei sau patru ani călătorind prin Italia, probabil de teama suspiciunilor venite dinspre noul <a href="/wiki/Pap%C4%83" title="Papă">papă</a>, Adrian VI.&#160;În timp ce locuia la Bologna, a scris un vocabular medical arab-ebraic-latin, din care s-a păstrat doar partea arabă, și o gramatică a limbii arabe, din care s-a păstrat doar un fragment de opt pagini. S-a întors la Roma în 1526, sub protecția noului papă Clement VII, vărul lui Leon X. Potrivit lui Leon Africanul, în același an și-a terminat lucrarea despre geografia Africii, care a fost publicată în italiană sub numele <i>Della descrittione dell’Africa et delle cose notabili che iui sono, per Giovan Lioni Africano</i>&#160;în 1550 de către editorul venețian Giovanni Battista Ramusio. Cartea s-a bucurat de un succes deosebit și a fost retipărită de cinci ori. De asemenea, a fost tradusă în alte limbi - versiuni în franceză și latină au fost publicate în 1556, iar o versiune englezească a fost publicată în 1600.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Varianta în latină, care conținea numeroase erori de traducere și nu numai, a fost baza traducerii în limba engleză. </p><p>Despre ultima parte a vieții sale există mai multe teorii incerte. Potrivit uneia, a trăit la Roma până la moartea sa în jurul anului 1550, anul în care a fost publicată <i>Descrierea Africii</i>. Această teorie se bazează pe o aluzie indirectă dintr-o prefață mai târzie a cărții. Altă teorie susține că a plecat de la Roma cu puțin timp înainte de jaful orașului de către trupele lui Carol Quintul, în 1527. S-ar fi întors în Nordul Africii și ar fi trăit la Tunis până la moartea sa, după 1550. Această teorie se bazează pe scrierile orientalistului german Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter, care a sosit în Italia vrând, dar nereușind, să-l călătorească la Tunis pentru a-l cunoaște pe Leon, care s-ar fi convertit înapoi la islam. Este posibil și ca Leon să fi părăsit Tunisul, după ce acesta a fost capturat de Carol Quintul în 1535, și să fi revenit în Maroc, unde încă avea rude, fiind a doua patrie a sa după Granada. Această variantă pornește de la presupunerea că Leon, după ce a plecat din Granada, nu ar mai fi vrut să trăiască sub stăpânire spaniolă, și de la dorința sa, consemnată în „Descrierea Africii” de a se întoarce în țara sa „cu ajutorul lui Dumnezeu”.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Istoricitatea_călătoriei_în_Africa"><span id="Istoricitatea_c.C4.83l.C4.83toriei_.C3.AEn_Africa"></span>Istoricitatea călătoriei în Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoricitatea călătoriei în Africa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Istoricitatea călătoriei în Africa"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Este puțin probabil ca Leon să fi vizitat toate locurile pe care le descrie, astfel că o parte din informațiile pe care le transmite ar fi provenit de la alți călători. În special este dubitabil că ar fi vizitat ținuturile Hausa și Bornu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1978_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1978-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>; se poate chiar să nu fi traversat Sahara niciodată, bazându-se în schimb pe informații de la călătorii pe care i-a întâlnit în Maroc. Istoricul Pekka Masonen a susținut că erorile cercetătorilor moderni, care au interpretat cartea lui Leon drept un itinerariu, au perpetuat ideea&#160;că acesta a vizitat toate locurile descrise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leon a vizitat Timbuctu în perioada în care era un oraș islamic înfloritor și un centru de învățare faimos, găzduind numeroși scriitori și învățați și având, de asemenea, o mare moschee, cu o bibliotecă de renume. Numele orașului urma să ajungă proverbial în Europa, ca metaforă pentru un oraș inaccesibil. Prosperitatea sa venea din comerțul cu produse africane, aur, bumbac și sclavi, precum și cărți islamice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numele">Numele</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Numele" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Numele"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unul din manuscrisele lui Leon care s-au păstrat, un fragment din dicționarul medical arab-ebraic-latin pe care l-a scris pentru medicul evreu Jacob Mantino, conține un autograf arab al autorului - <i>Yuhanna al-Asad al-Gharnati </i>(„Ioan Leul diin Granada”), o traducere a numelui său de botez, Ioan-Leon, <i>Johannes Leo </i>(în latină) sau<i>&#160;Giovanni Leone </i>(în italiană). A primit și numele de familie Medici, cel al sponsorului său, Papa Leon X. &#160;În același manuscris apare și numele său original, al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Fasi, Muhammad al-Wazzan fiind numele tatălui său, iar al-Fasi desemnând orașul de proveniență.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lucrări"><span id="Lucr.C4.83ri"></span>Lucrări</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lucrări" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Lucrări"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:LeoAfricanus-JohnPory-GeoHistorieAfrica-1600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/LeoAfricanus-JohnPory-GeoHistorieAfrica-1600.jpg/220px-LeoAfricanus-JohnPory-GeoHistorieAfrica-1600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/LeoAfricanus-JohnPory-GeoHistorieAfrica-1600.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Pagina de titlu a ediției din 1600 în limba engleză a lucrării lui Leon Africanul despre Africa.</figcaption></figure> <p>„Descrierea Africii”, publicată în 1550 de Giovanni Battista Ramusio, este cea mai cunoscută operă a lui Leon. </p><p>De asemenea, a scris un vocabular medical arab-ebraic-latin pentru medicul evreu Jacob Mantino. A scris și o traducere în arabă a Epistolelor Sf. Pavel, datată ianuarie 1521, al cărei manuscris se află actualmente la Biblioteca Estense din Modena. Altă lucrare care s-a păstrat este o enciclopedie a 25 de autori islamici majori și 5 autori evrei. A fost elaborată la Roma înainte ca Leon să plece în 1527 și a fost publicată pentru prima oara în latină de Johann Heinrich Hottinger in 1664. Spre deosebire de „Descrierea Africii”, această lucrare biografică nu a fost popularizată în Europa. Conține și informații eronate, probabil pentru că Leon nu a avut acces la sursele relevante pe când locuia în Italia și s-a bazat exclusiv pe memorie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În „Descrierea Africii”, el și-a exprimat intenția de a scrie alte cărți - o descriere a locurilor importante din Orientul Mijlociu și alta a locurilor importante din Europa. Intenționa să scrie și o prezentare a credinței islamice și o istorie a Africii de Nord. Niciuna dintre aceste cărți nu s-a păstrat, însă, și nici măcar nu există vreo dovadă că le-a finalizat. Este posibil ca munca sa să fi fost întreruptă de întoarcerea în Africa de Nord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe_în_media"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be_.C3.AEn_media"></span>Referințe în media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe în media" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Referințe în media"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O relatare fictivă a vieții sale este romanul „Leon Africanul”, de scriitorul francez de origine libaneză Amin Maalouf, care umple lacunele din biografia lui Leon și îl plasează pe acesta în mijlocul evenimentelor de seamă ale vremii.<i>&#160;</i> </p><p>BBC a produs în 2011 un film documentar despre viața lui numit „Leo Africanus: A Man Between Worlds”. A fost prezentat de Badr Sayegh și regizat de Jeremy Jeffs. Filmul urmează traseul lui Leon, de la Granada, prin Fez și Timbuctu, până la Roma. </p><p>S-a sugerat că Leon Africanul ar putea fi sursa de inspirație a lui William Shakespeare pentru crearea personajului Othello.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerde2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerde2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERauchenberger199978-79-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERauchenberger199978-79_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRauchenberger1999">Rauchenberger 1999</a>, pp.&#160;78-79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4e507658464a8fc7c8ac4cbc9d360713-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4e507658464a8fc7c8ac4cbc9d360713_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/"><i>Autoritatea BnF</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2020-12-14">14 decembrie 2020</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Autoritatea+BnF&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.bnf.fr%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Africanul" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1702133ba951295c7ca83bdd69068ae4-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1702133ba951295c7ca83bdd69068ae4_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118866052">„Leon Africanul”</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2020-12-14">14 decembrie 2020</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Leon+Africanul&amp;rft.btitle=Gemeinsame+Normdatei&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2Fgnd%2F118866052&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Africanul" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70d5d9ac0ab54b4c1942995f5ac6929d-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70d5d9ac0ab54b4c1942995f5ac6929d_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Africanus" class="citation">Leo Africanus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/849822"><i>Boek</i></a> (în neerlandeză)<span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2020-02-28">28 februarie 2020</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Boek&amp;rft.au=Leo+Africanus&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F20.500.11840%2F849822&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Africanul" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERauchenberger199927–28-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERauchenberger199927–28_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRauchenberger1999">Rauchenberger 1999</a>, pp.&#160;27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonen2001_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasonen2001">Masonen 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeo_Africanus1896">Leo Africanus 1896</a>, Vol. 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/worksissuedbyha01unkngoog#page/n18/mode/1up">p. v</a>. . Avea 12 ani când portughezii au captural portul Safi pe coasta marocană în 1507 și 16 ani când a vizitat Timbuctu în 1509-1510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERauchenberger199926-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERauchenberger199926_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRauchenberger1999">Rauchenberger 1999</a>, p.&#160;26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeo_Africanus1600">Leo Africanus 1600</a>.&#160;; <a href="#CITEREFLeo_Africanus1896">Leo Africanus 1896</a>. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1978-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1978_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisher1978">Fisher 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerde2008-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerde2008_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerde2008">Verde 2008</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surse">Surse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Surse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Surse"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12727094">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFFisher1978" class="citation journal">Fisher, Humphrey J. (<time datetime="1978">1978</time>). „Leo Africanus and the Songhay conquest of Hausaland”. <i>International Journal of African Historical Studies</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_University_African_Studies_Center&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boston University African Studies Center — pagină inexistentă">Boston University African Studies Center</a>. <b>11</b> (1): 86–112. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F217055">10.2307/217055</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/217055">217055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Leo+Africanus+and+the+Songhay+conquest+of+Hausaland&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=86-112&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F217055&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F217055&amp;rft.aulast=Fisher&amp;rft.aufirst=Humphrey+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Africanul" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMasonen2001" class="citation journal">Masonen, Pekka (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110045931/https://revistas.uca.es/index.php/aam/article/download/852/719%20">„Leo Africanus: the man with many names”</a>. <i>Al-Andalus Magreb</i>. <b>8–9</b>: 115–143. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.uca.es/index.php/aam/article/download/852/719">original</a> la <time datetime="2019-01-10">10 ianuarie 2019</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2018-05-22">22 mai 2018</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Al-Andalus+Magreb&amp;rft.atitle=Leo+Africanus%3A+the+man+with+many+names&amp;rft.volume=8-9&amp;rft.pages=115-143&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.aulast=Masonen&amp;rft.aufirst=Pekka&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.uca.es%2Findex.php%2Faam%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F852%2F719&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Africanul" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> Text also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leoafricanus.com/pictures/bibliography/Masonen/Masonen.pdf">here</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRauchenberger1999" class="citation book">Rauchenberger, Dietrich (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). <i>Johannes Leo der Afrikaner: seine Beschreibung des Raumes zwischen Nil und Niger nach dem Urtext</i> (în German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3-447-04172-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/3-447-04172-2">3-447-04172-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Johannes+Leo+der+Afrikaner%3A+seine+Beschreibung+des+Raumes+zwischen+Nil+und+Niger+nach+dem+Urtext&amp;rft.place=Wiesbaden&amp;rft.pub=Harrassowitz&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=3-447-04172-2&amp;rft.aulast=Rauchenberger&amp;rft.aufirst=Dietrich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Africanul" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Limb%C4%83_nerecunoscut%C4%83" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Africanus1600" class="citation book">Leo Africanus (<time datetime="1600">1600</time>). <i>A Geographical Historie of Africa, written in Arabicke and Italian. Before which is prefixed a generall description of Africa, and a particular treatise of all the lands undescribed. Translated and collected by John Pory</i>. London: G. Bishop.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Geographical+Historie+of+Africa%2C+written+in+Arabicke+and+Italian.+Before+which+is+prefixed+a+generall+description+of+Africa%2C+and+a+particular+treatise+of+all+the+lands+undescribed.+Translated+and+collected+by+John+Pory&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=G.+Bishop&amp;rft.date=1600&amp;rft.au=Leo+Africanus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Africanul" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> The first translation into English.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Africanus1896" class="citation book">Leo Africanus (<time datetime="1896">1896</time>). <i>The History and Description of Africa (3 Vols)</i>. Brown, Robert, editor. London: Hakluyt Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+and+Description+of+Africa+%283+Vols%29&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&amp;rft.date=1896&amp;rft.au=Leo+Africanus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Africanul" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> Internet Archive: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksissuedbyha01unkngoog">Volume 1</a> (pp.&#160;1–224), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyanddescr01unkngoog">Volume 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyanddescr02porygoog">Volume 3</a> (pp.&#160;669–1119); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyanddescr02porygoog#page/n388/mode/2up">Geographical index</a>. The original text of Pory's 1600 English translation together with an introduction and notes by the editor.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVerde2008" class="citation journal">Verde, Tom (<time datetime="2008">2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113142141/http://saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200801/a.man.of.two.worlds.htm">„A man of two worlds”</a>. <i>Saudi Aramco World</i> (January/February 2008): 2–9. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200801/a.man.of.two.worlds.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2010-01-13">13 ianuarie 2010</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2018-05-22">22 mai 2018</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&amp;rft.atitle=A+man+of+two+worlds&amp;rft.issue=January%2FFebruary+2008&amp;rft.pages=2-9&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Verde&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F200801%2Fa.man.of.two.worlds.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Africanul" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lecturi_suplimentare">Lecturi suplimentare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lecturi suplimentare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Lecturi suplimentare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r12727094"><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis" title="Natalie Zemon Davis">Davis, Natalie Zemon</a> (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <i>Trickster Travels: a sixteenth-century Muslim between worlds</i>. New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-8090-9435-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-8090-9435-5">0-8090-9435-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Trickster+Travels%3A+a+sixteenth-century+Muslim+between+worlds&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=0-8090-9435-5&amp;rft.aulast=Davis&amp;rft.aufirst=Natalie+Zemon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Africanul" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Jean-Léon l'Africain (<time datetime="1956">1956</time>). <i>Description de l'Afrique: Nouvelle édition traduite de l'italien par Alexis Épaulard et annotée par Alexis Épaulard, Théodore Monod, Henri Lhote et Raymond Mauny (2 Vols)</i>. Paris: Maisonneuve.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Description+de+l%27Afrique%3A+Nouvelle+%C3%A9dition+traduite+de+l%27italien+par+Alexis+%C3%89paulard+et+annot%C3%A9e+par+Alexis+%C3%89paulard%2C+Th%C3%A9odore+Monod%2C+Henri+Lhote+et+Raymond+Mauny+%282+Vols%29&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Maisonneuve&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft.au=Jean-L%C3%A9on+l%27Africain&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Africanul" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> A scholarly translation into French with extensive notes.</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hunwick&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hunwick — pagină inexistentă">Hunwick, John O.</a> (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). <i>Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/90-04-11207-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/90-04-11207-3">90-04-11207-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Timbuktu+and+the+Songhay+Empire%3A+Al-Sadi%27s+Tarikh+al-Sudan+down+to+1613+and+other+contemporary+documents&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=90-04-11207-3&amp;rft.aulast=Hunwick&amp;rft.aufirst=John+O.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Africanul" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> pages 272–291 contain a translation into English of Leo Africanus's descriptions of the Middle Niger, Hausaland and Bornu. Corresponds to Épaulard 1956 Vol II pages 463–481.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Masonen, Pekka (<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). <i>The Negroland revisited: Discovery and invention of the Sudanese middle ages</i>. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. pp.&#160;167–207. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/951-41-0886-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/951-41-0886-8">951-41-0886-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Negroland+revisited%3A+Discovery+and+invention+of+the+Sudanese+middle+ages&amp;rft.place=Helsinki&amp;rft.pages=167-207&amp;rft.pub=Finnish+Academy+of+Science+and+Letters&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=951-41-0886-8&amp;rft.aulast=Masonen&amp;rft.aufirst=Pekka&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALeon+Africanul" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear:right;border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0 0 1em 1em;font-size:90%;background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9f9);color:color:var(--color-base, #000);width:230px;padding:2px;spacing:2px;text-align:center;float:right"><div style="float:left;vertical-align:middle"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left:35px;line-height:normal;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> conține materiale multimedia legate de <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joannes_Leo_Africanus?uselang=ro">Leon Africanul</a></b></span></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxMbTbndGrA">Leo Africanus; A Man Between Worlds – BBC </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102071140/http://www.said-hajji.com/en/book-leo.html">Hassan Al Wazzan aka Leo Africanus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leoafricanus.com">Site devoted to Leo Africanus</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/Leoafricanus">Interactive map of Leo Africanus' travels in Sub-Saharan Africa created in the Harvard Worldmap platform</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/650">"Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa: Containing a Description of the Several Nations for the Space of Six Hundred Miles up the River Gambia"</a> features an English translation of work by Africanus, dating from 1738</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐84d8f4b96‐fpn5n Cached time: 20241116015252 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.727 seconds Real time usage: 1.094 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1540/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 32911/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 631/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 35067/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.604/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5635367/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1036.948 1 -total 82.23% 852.662 1 Format:Infocaseta_Biografie 5.39% 55.880 1 Format:Date_biografice 4.13% 42.863 7 Format:Cite_book 3.89% 40.318 10 Format:Listă_de_la_Wikidata 2.82% 29.213 15 Format:Sfn 2.41% 25.030 3 Format:Cite_journal 2.01% 20.793 1 Format:Reflist 1.18% 12.285 1 Format:Valoare_unică_de_la_Wikidata 1.01% 10.494 2 Format:Refbegin --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key rowiki:pcache:idhash:2321286-0!canonical and timestamp 20241116015252 and revision id 16236654. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;oldid=16236654">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;oldid=16236654</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Na%C8%99teri_%C3%AEn_anii_1490" title="Categorie:Nașteri în anii 1490">Nașteri în anii 1490</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Decese_%C3%AEn_anii_1550" title="Categorie:Decese în anii 1550">Decese în anii 1550</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Scriitori_berberi" title="Categorie:Scriitori berberi">Scriitori berberi</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categorie:Geografi_ai_secolului_al_XVI-lea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Categorie:Geografi ai secolului al XVI-lea — pagină inexistentă">Geografi ai secolului al XVI-lea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Oameni_din_Granada" title="Categorie:Oameni din Granada">Oameni din Granada</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorii ascunse: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_cu_surse_%C3%AEn_limba_neerlandez%C4%83_(nl)" title="Categorie:Articole cu surse în limba neerlandeză (nl)">Articole cu surse în limba neerlandeză (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_cu_note_flexibile_de_dimensiune_implicit%C4%83" title="Categorie:Pagini cu note flexibile de dimensiune implicită">Pagini cu note flexibile de dimensiune implicită</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Limb%C4%83_nerecunoscut%C4%83" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută">Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 6 mai 2024, ora 05:42.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. Vedeți detalii la <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Termenii de utilizare</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Politica de confidențialitate</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Despre">Despre Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Termeni">Termeni</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Cod de conduită</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Dezvoltatori</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ro.wikipedia.org">Statistici</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declarație cookie</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ro.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Africanul&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versiune mobilă</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-7hlq2","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.727","walltime":"1.094","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1540,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":32911,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":631,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":35067,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1036.948 1 -total"," 82.23% 852.662 1 Format:Infocaseta_Biografie"," 5.39% 55.880 1 Format:Date_biografice"," 4.13% 42.863 7 Format:Cite_book"," 3.89% 40.318 10 Format:Listă_de_la_Wikidata"," 2.82% 29.213 15 Format:Sfn"," 2.41% 25.030 3 Format:Cite_journal"," 2.01% 20.793 1 Format:Reflist"," 1.18% 12.285 1 Format:Valoare_unică_de_la_Wikidata"," 1.01% 10.494 2 Format:Refbegin"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.604","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5635367,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84d8f4b96-fpn5n","timestamp":"20241116015252","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Leon Africanul","url":"https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leon_Africanul","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q332790","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q332790","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2018-05-22T18:03:27Z","dateModified":"2024-05-06T03:42:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e4\/Sebastiano_del_Piombo_Portrait_of_a_Humanist.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10