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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze_IIB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze_IIB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Middle Bronze IIB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze_IIB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Late Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Iron Age I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_IIC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_IIC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Iron Age IIC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_IIC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chronological_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronological_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chronological development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronological_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronological_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronological_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chronological chart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronological_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Middle Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Late Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_I_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_I_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Iron Age I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_I_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Iron Age II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_to_Islamic_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_to_Islamic_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Roman to Islamic periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_to_Islamic_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="عقرون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقرون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecron" title="Ecron – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ecron" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Miqne" title="Tel Miqne – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tel Miqne" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ekron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ekron" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Ακκαρών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακκαρών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecr%C3%B3n" title="Ecrón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecrón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekron" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekron" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89qron" title="Éqron – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éqron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EA%B7%B8%EB%A1%A0" title="에그론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에그론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ekron" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="עקרון (עיר מקראית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עקרון (עיר מקראית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ekron" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ekron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="エクロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エクロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ekron" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecrom" title="Ecrom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ecrom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ekron" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Экрон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экрон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ekron" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ekron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Екрон (Ханаан) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екрон (Ханаан)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="عقرون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عقرون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E9%9D%A9%E4%BC%A6" title="以革伦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="以革伦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ekron</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">עקרון</span>‎<br />عقرون</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_5617_phillistine_street_in_revadim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PikiWiki_Israel_5617_phillistine_street_in_revadim.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_5617_phillistine_street_in_revadim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PikiWiki_Israel_5617_phillistine_street_in_revadim.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_5617_phillistine_street_in_revadim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PikiWiki_Israel_5617_phillistine_street_in_revadim.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_5617_phillistine_street_in_revadim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:220px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:220px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ekron is located in Israel"><img alt="Ekron is located in Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/220px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/330px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/440px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.979%;left:44.228%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ekron"><img alt="Ekron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Israel</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Tel Miqne/Mikne (Hebrew), Khirbet el-Muqanna (Arabic)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">Israel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">Israeli coastal plain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ekron&params=31.77889_N_34.8499203_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">34°51′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.778890°N 34.8499203°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.778890; 34.8499203</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data">Chalcolithic - Iron Age</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philistine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philistine">Philistine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelite</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data">Trude Dothan and Seymour Gitin</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ekron</b> (<a href="/wiki/Philistine_language" title="Philistine language">Philistine</a>: 𐤏𐤒𐤓𐤍 <i>*ʿAqārān</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֶקְרוֹן</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʿEqrōn</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عقرون</span>), in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Palestine" title="Hellenistic Palestine">Hellenistic</a> period known as <b>Accaron</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ακκαρων</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Akkarōn</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was at first a <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a>, and later more famously a <a href="/wiki/Philistine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philistine">Philistine</a> city, one of the five cities of the <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistine Pentapolis</a>, located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. </p><p>In 1957, Ekron was first identified with the mound of <b>Khirbet el-Muqanna</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>) or <b>Tel Miqne</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>), near the depopulated <a href="/wiki/Palestinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian">Palestinian</a> village of <a href="/wiki/%27Aqir" class="mw-redirect" title="'Aqir">'Aqir</a>, on the basis of the large size of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> archaeological remains;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the judgement was strengthened by the discovery in 1996 of the <a href="/wiki/Ekron_Royal_Dedicatory_Inscription" title="Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription">Ekron inscription</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DoNa97_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoNa97-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a> lies 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and 18 kilometres (11 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Tel_es-Safi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel es-Safi">Tel es-Safi</a>, the almost certain site of the Philistine city of <a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a>, on the grounds of Kibbutz <a href="/wiki/Revadim" title="Revadim">Revadim</a> on the eastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">Israeli coastal plain</a>. The other main cities of the Philistine Pentapolis beyond Ekron and Gath were <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ashkelon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Bible">In the Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In the Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, Ekron is mentioned initially in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0613.htm#2">Joshua 13:2–3</a>: </p> <dl><dd><i>This is the land that still remains: all the regions of the Philistines and all those of the Geshurites from Shihor, which is east of Egypt, northward to the boundary of Ekron.</i></dd></dl> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0613.htm#13">Joshua 13:13</a> counts it the border city of the Philistines and seat of one of the five Philistine city lords, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0615.htm#11">Joshua 15:11</a> mentions Ekron's satellite towns and villages. The city was reassigned afterwards to the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Dan" title="Tribe of Dan">tribe of Dan</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0619.htm#43">Joshua 19:43</a>), but came again into the full possession of the Philistines. It was the last place to which the Philistines carried the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> before they <a href="/wiki/Philistine_captivity_of_the_Ark" title="Philistine captivity of the Ark">sent it back</a> to Israel (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a05.htm#10">1 Samuel 5:10</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a06.htm#1">1 Samuel 6:1–8</a>), and the city lords returned here once they had seen that the Ark reached the Israelites in <a href="/wiki/Beth_Shemesh" title="Beth Shemesh">Beth Shemesh</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a06.htm#16">1 Samuel 6:16</a>). </p><p>There was a noted sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> at Ekron. The Baal who was worshipped was called Baal Zebub, which some scholars connect with <i><a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a></i>, known from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b01.htm#2">2 Kings 1:2</a>: </p> <dl><dd><i>[King] <a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel" title="Ahaziah of Israel">Ahaziah</a> fell through the lattice in his upper chamber at <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> and was injured. So he sent messengers whom he instructed: "Go inquire of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron, whether I shall recover from this injury."</i> (JPS translation)</dd></dl> <p>The prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> repeatedly condemned Ahaziah for turning to Baal-zebub for assurance: </p> <dl><dd><i>Is it because there is no God in Israel that you are sending to inquire of Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you shall not come down from the bed to which you have gone up, but you shall surely die.</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Ekron's destruction is prophesied in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2102.htm#4">Zephaniah 2:4</a>: </p> <dl><dd><i>Ekron shall be rooted up.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> wrote that Ekron was to the east of <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Azotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Iamnia</a> (consistent with the modern interpretation), however he also mentioned that some equated the city with <a href="/wiki/Straton%27s_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Straton's Tower">Straton's Tower</a> at <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>. This may be a reference to Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abbahu" title="Abbahu">Abbahu</a>'s identification of Ekron with Caesarea in <a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson</a> first identified the Arab village of <a href="/wiki/Aqir" title="Aqir">Aqir</a> as the site of Ekron in 1838,<sup id="cite_ref-SWPII_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWPII-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Albright22_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albright22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this was accepted until it was contested by <a href="/wiki/R._A._Stewart_Macalister" title="R. A. Stewart Macalister">Macalister</a> in 1913, who suggested <a href="/wiki/Zikrin" title="Zikrin">Khirbet Dikerin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">Albright</a> in 1922, who suggested <a href="/wiki/Qatra" title="Qatra">Qatra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Albright22_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albright22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identification of Ekron as Tel Miqneh was suggested by Naveh and Kallai in 1957–1958,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a theory now widely accepted in light of the <a href="/wiki/Ekron_Royal_Dedicatory_Inscription" title="Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription">Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription</a> found during the 1996 excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-DoNa97_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoNa97-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site of Tel Miqne was lightly occupied beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period and up to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Bronze_IIB">Middle Bronze IIB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Bronze IIB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a 400-year gap when only the upper tel was occupied, the city underwent a major expansion <i>c.</i>1600 BCE, under the Canaanites. </p><p>In Stratum XI (MB IIB) both the Upper City and Lower City was occupied. Later, the occupation would retreat to the Upper City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze">Late Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Canaanite city had shrunk in the years before its main public building burned in the 13th century BCE, during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a>, a period of general devastation associated with the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iron_Age_I">Iron Age I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iron Age I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was re-established by Philistines at the beginning of the Iron Age, <i>c.</i>12th century BCE. During the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, Ekron was a border city on the frontier contested between <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">kingdom of Judah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iron_Age_IIC">Iron Age IIC</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iron Age IIC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekron005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ekron005.jpg/220px-Ekron005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ekron005.jpg/330px-Ekron005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ekron005.jpg/440px-Ekron005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Olive oil press found in Tel Miqne</figcaption></figure><p>Records of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> also refer to Ekron, as <i>Amqarrūna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The siege of Ekron in <a href="/wiki/712_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="712 BCE">712 BCE</a> is depicted on one of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>'s wall reliefs in his palace at <a href="/wiki/Khorsabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorsabad">Khorsabad</a>, which names the city. Ekron revolted against <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> and expelled Padi, his governor, who was sent to <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, King of Judah, for safe-keeping in Jerusalem. Sennacherib marched against Ekron and the Ekronites called upon the aid of the king of Mutsri from northwest Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sennacherib turned aside to defeat this army, which he did at <a href="/wiki/Eltekeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Eltekeh">Eltekeh</a>, and then returned and took the city by storm, put to death the leaders of the revolt and carried their adherents into captivity. This campaign led to the famous attack of Sennacherib on Hezekiah and Jerusalem, in which Sennacherib compelled Hezekiah to restore Padi, who was reinstated as governor at Ekron. The Philistine city of Ekron is specifically named in the Aramaic stele (<a href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_Annals" title="Sennacherib's Annals">Oriental Institute Prism</a>) detailing Sennacherib's exploits in the land of Judah: </p><blockquote><p>The cities of his (i.e. Hezekiah's), which I had despoiled, I cut off from his land and to <a href="/wiki/Mitinti" title="Mitinti">Mitinti</a>, king of Ashdod, [and to] Padi, king of Ekron, [and to] Silli-bel, king of Gaza, I gave. And (thus) I diminished his land.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a> and Ekron survived to become powerful city-states dominated by the Assyrians in the 7th century BCE. The city was later destroyed by the Neo-Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> in 604 BCE, and although it is mentioned, as "Accaron", as late as <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> 10:89 (2nd century BCE), it was never resettled on a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An olive oil production center dating from the seventh century BCE discovered at Ekron has over one hundred large olive oil presses, and is the most complete olive oil production center from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient times">ancient times</a> to be discovered. The discovery indicates that olive oil production was highly developed in the Levant and that it was a major producer of olive oil for its residents as well as for other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OB_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OB-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MD_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekron1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ekron1939.jpg/220px-Ekron1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ekron1939.jpg/330px-Ekron1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ekron1939.jpg/440px-Ekron1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1711" /></a><figcaption>1939 map showing surrounding region</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tel Miqne excavations were conducted for 14 seasons between 1981 and 1996, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Albright_Institute_of_Archaeological_Research" title="Albright Institute of Archaeological Research">Albright Institute of Archaeological Research</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Trude_Dothan" title="Trude Dothan">Trude Dothan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Gitin" title="Seymour Gitin">Seymour Gitin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary research focus was an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary</a> investigation of the interactions between the Philistines, <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> during the Late Bronze Age II, Iron Age I and II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronological_development">Chronological development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chronological development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ceramic evidence indicates a presence at the site in the Chalcolithic period and Early Bronze Age. A continuous stratigraphic profile, however, was found only in the upper city on the Northeast Acropolis (Field I), beginning in Stratum XI of the MB IIB and extending through the end of Stratum I of the Iron IIC. In the lower city (Fields II, III, IV, V, X), a 400-year occupational gap followed Stratum XI of the 17th–first half of the 16th century BCE until its resettlement in Stratum VII at the beginning of the Iron I, ca. 1175 BCE. Another occupational gap of ca. 270 years followed the end of Iron I Stratum IV, ca. 975 BCE, in the lower city (Fields II, III, IV, V, X), until it was again resettled in Stratum I of the 7th century BCE. The cities at Ekron were well planned in both the Iron I and Iron II, with four distinct zones of occupation: fortifications, industrial, domestic, and elite. The final Iron II occupation in the 7th/6th centuries BCE was represented by a single architectural unit in Field III in the lower city. A presence in the Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic periods was attested in Fields IV Upper and V.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronological_chart">Chronological chart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chronological chart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ekron" title="Special:EditPage/Ekron">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ekron%22">"Ekron"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ekron%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ekron%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ekron%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ekron%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ekron%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Bronze_Age">Middle Bronze Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Middle Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tel was apparently shaped by fortifications that encompassed both the upper and lower cities in the Middle Bronze Age. Monumental platforms, part of the fortification ramparts, were excavated in Fields III and X. MB II ceramic evidence was found throughout the tel, as were fragmentary architectural remains and three infant jar burials excavated in Field IV Lower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Bronze_Age">Late Bronze Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Late Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unfortified Strata X–VIII settlement was found only in the upper city in Field I on the Northeast Acropolis. It yielded Cypriot and Mycenaean imported pottery and Anatolian Grey burnished ware, attesting to international maritime trade. Egyptian influences are also evident, inter alia, in the burial containing a 19th Dynasty seal and scarab and in the 14th century BCE scarab bearing the name of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep III and dedicated to the "Lady of the Sycamore Tree," usually associated with the foundations of Egyptian shrines, an heirloom found in a later Iron I phase. The last Canaanite city of Stratum VIII was destroyed in a violent conflagration, dramatically illustrated on the Summit by a severely-burnt storeroom complex that yielded jars containing carbonized grains, lentils, and figs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iron_Age_I_2">Iron Age I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Iron Age I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stratum VII is characterized by a new material culture with <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Cyprus" title="Ancient history of Cyprus">Cypriot</a> affinities introduced by the Philistines, one of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> featuring the locally-made Philistine 1 (previously designated Mycenaean IIIC:1) pottery. Such pottery is known as <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Bichrome_ware" title="Cypriot Bichrome ware">Cypriot Bichrome ware</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philistine_Bichrome_ware" title="Philistine Bichrome ware">Philistine Bichrome ware</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philistine_pottery_Drinking_bowl.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Philistine_pottery_Drinking_bowl.JPG/220px-Philistine_pottery_Drinking_bowl.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Philistine_pottery_Drinking_bowl.JPG/330px-Philistine_pottery_Drinking_bowl.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Philistine_pottery_Drinking_bowl.JPG/440px-Philistine_pottery_Drinking_bowl.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>Philistine drinking bowl found in Tel Miqne</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Strata VI–V Philistine 2 (Bichrome) pottery with red and black decoration on white slip is a major part of the ceramic assemblage. The material culture of Stratum IV is characterized by Philistine 3 (debased) pottery and the influence of a ceramic tradition of predominantly red-slipped and burnished ware. </p><p>In the upper city features in Stratum VII, include a mudbrick city wall, <a href="/wiki/Megaron" title="Megaron">megaron-type</a> buildings, hearths, a limestone bathtub, and an industrial kiln area. In Strata VI–V, a major feature was the mudbrick glacis, a cultic room with an incised scapula similar to those found in the 12th and 11th century BCE shrines at Enkomi and Kition on Cyprus. </p><p>In the lower city, along the ridge of the southern slope of the tel, behind the Iron I mudbrick city wall of Stratum VI, were a number of architectural units and finds, which included a bull-shaped zoomorphic vessel, an incised ivory tube, and a bronze pin and needle. Stratum V monumental building was constructed on a similar scale as the one in the elite zone. The artifacts, many representing a continuation of Aegean traditions, include a rectangular bone plaque painted in blue and incised with the depiction of the rear of a horse, a Mycenaean-type female figurine, a gold spiral hair-ring, a conical stamp seal depicting two prancing gazelles, an iron knife with an ivory handle, two small pebbled hearths, and two goat skulls. </p><p>The domestic buildings continued in use in Stratum IV with no substantial change, and special finds included an incised scapula, similar to those found in the upper city. </p><p>Also in the lower city, in the elite zone, Stratum VII was represented by a number of installations, including rectangular hearths. In Stratum VI circular hearths were found in a large public structure, which also produced a round ivory pyxis lid decorated with scenes of animals in battle. In Stratum V, a <a href="/wiki/Megaron" title="Megaron">megaron-type</a> building contained superimposed pebbled hearths, three rooms with benches and bamot, and a monumental entrance hall with two mushroom-shaped stone pillar bases.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One room yielded 20 spherical loom weights in the Aegean tradition. This building also produced three miniature bronze wheels from a cultic stand of a type known from Cyprus and reminiscent of the biblical description of the mechonot (laver stands) and a bronze Janus-faced linchpin from a chariot wheel. Another special find was an iron knife with a pierced spool-shaped ivory handle attached with three bronze nails. In Strata VI and V, the building complex contained a large stone bath, a monolith, two stone pillar bases, and several hearths. In Stratum IV the plan of the building complex was reused and its cultic function continued, as attested by the finds, including a cache of ivory, faience, and stone objects, among them decorated earplugs and a ring depicting the Egyptian goddess Sekhmet. The destruction and abandonment of the Stratum IV lower city during the first quarter of the 10th century marked the end of both the early Philistine city and of the Iron I in general at Ekron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iron_Age_II">Iron Age II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Iron Age II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JRSLM_300116_Ekron_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/JRSLM_300116_Ekron_inscription.jpg/220px-JRSLM_300116_Ekron_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/JRSLM_300116_Ekron_inscription.jpg/330px-JRSLM_300116_Ekron_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/JRSLM_300116_Ekron_inscription.jpg/440px-JRSLM_300116_Ekron_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ekron_Royal_Dedicatory_Inscription" title="Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription">Ekron Royal Dedicatory inscription</a></figcaption></figure><p>Following the destruction of the Iron I Stratum IV city during the first quarter of the 10th century, the lower city was abandoned. Only the upper city was occupied in Strata III–II fortified with a mudbrick city wall and a 7 m wide mudbrick tower faced with Phoenician –type ashlar masonry in header-and-stretcher construction.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stratum III was continued in the monumental architecture of Stratum IIA–B, with the addition of a series of rooms, probably shops or market stalls, that opened onto the re-paved street, to which a stone-lined central drainage system was added in Stratum IIB. </p><p>Both the lower city and the upper city were reoccupied. In the lower city, new fortifications included a city wall and a three-entryway gate protected by a gatehouse, similar to those excavated at Timnah (Tel Batash), Gezer, Lachish, and Ashdod. To the east of the gate, an 80 m long row of stables or storehouses associated with a large public building was built between the city wall and an outer screening wall. The outstanding feature was the olive oil industrial zone, laid out in a belt extending throughout the lower city along the inner face of the city wall. Special finds include a cache of seven well-preserved large iron agricultural tools and nine four-horned limestone altars. </p><p>The 115 oil presses found at Ekron have a production capacity of 500–1,000 tons, making it the largest ancient industrial center for the production of olive oil thus far excavated. In Stratum IB of the last third of the 7th century, the diminution in olive oil production is associated with the end of Assyrian domination in Stratum IC and the expansion of the Egyptian sphere of influence to Philistia ca. 630 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Master suggests the answer is to be found in the rediscovery of an old trade route and the entrance of a new player in the olive oil and wine market, the Ionians. The southern trunk route that connected Egypt by sea to the West lay in disuse for five hundred years, while the northern trunk route functioned as the only major route. Ships that made use of the northern route passed by Ashkelon on their journey to and from Egypt, which of course placed Philistia in an advantageous position viz-a-viz trade with Egypt. However, sometime during the latter part of the 7th century the southern route was rediscovered and the Ionians re-established direct trade connections with Egypt. They soon started to undercut the Philistine oil and wine trade.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lower trade volumes meant lower profit margins and so we see some olive oil presses being decommissioned in the latter part of the 7th century. Ashkelon and Ekron’s full productive capacities were no longer needed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the elite zone of the lower city, in Stratum I, the <a href="/wiki/Ekron_Royal_Dedicatory_Inscription" title="Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription">Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription</a>, one of the most important finds of the 20th century in Israel, was found in the holy of holies, or cella, a room in the sanctuary of the Temple Complex 650. The inscription mentions Ekron, thus confirming the identification of the site, as well as five of its rulers, including Ikausu (Achish), son of Padi, who built the sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sanctuary reflects a Phoenician design, paralleled in Astarte Temple 1 at Kition on Cyprus. The Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription incised on a rectangular-shaped limestone block has five-lines and mentions Ekron, thus confirming the identification of the site, as well as five of its rulers, including Ikausu (Achish), son of Padi, who built the sanctuary to Ptgyh, his lady. Padi and Ikausu are known as kings of Ekron from the 7th century Neo-Assyrian Royal Annals. The language and form of writing of the Ekron inscription show a significant Phoenician influence, and the name Ikausu is understood as "the Achaean" or "the Greek" and Ptgyh has been interpreted as a Greek goddess. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anagni_ekron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Anagni_ekron.jpg/170px-Anagni_ekron.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Anagni_ekron.jpg/255px-Anagni_ekron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Anagni_ekron.jpg/339px-Anagni_ekron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption>Ekron imagined in a medieval <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> illustrating <a href="/wiki/Philistine_captivity_of_the_Ark" title="Philistine captivity of the Ark">1 Samuel 5-6</a> (Cathedral crypt, <a href="/wiki/Anagni" title="Anagni">Anagni</a>, Italy, ca. 1255)</figcaption></figure> <p>Other special finds come from the side-rooms of the sanctuary, which yielded a treasure trove of gold, silver, and bronze objects, including a gold cobra (a <a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">uraeus</a>), and a unique assemblage of ivories with cultic connotations. The ivories include a depiction of a woman, perhaps a royal personage; a knob bearing the cartouche of the 12th century Pharaoh Ramses VIII; a large head, probably from the top of a harp; and a large object with a male figure on the front, the image of a royal female personage on the side, and a cartouche of the 13th century Pharaoh Merneptah on the back. </p><p>The buildings of the elite zone also produced 16 short inscriptions including kdš l’šrt ("dedicated to [the goddess] Asherat"), lmqm ("for the shrine"), and the letter tet with three horizontal lines below it (probably indicating 30 units of produce set aside for tithing), and silver hoards. </p><p>The entire Iron II city was destroyed in a violent conflagration during the 604 BCE campaign of the Neo-Babylonian King <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, after which the site was only partially and briefly resettled in the first quarter of the 6th century. A well-preserved Assyrian courtyard-type building was the only remaining architectural evidence for Stratum IA. Thereafter, Ekron was abandoned until the Roman period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_to_Islamic_periods">Roman to Islamic periods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Roman to Islamic periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekron next appears in the documentary record in 147 BCE, during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Palestine" title="Hellenistic Palestine">Hellenistic period</a> when the region was under <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid rule</a>. At that point <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a>, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, gave Ekron to <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a>. Ekron is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Onomasticon_(Eusebius)" title="Onomasticon (Eusebius)">Onomasticon</a></i>, a 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Gazetteer" title="Gazetteer">gazetteer</a>, in which it was described as a village.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is but fragmentary evidence from the Roman, Byzantine and Islamic periods found only in Fields IV Upper and V.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the ancient Near East">Cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achish" title="Achish">Achish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAhituv,_Shmuel2008" class="citation book cs1">Ahituv, Shmuel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ma9HwAACAAJ"><i>Echoes from the Past: Hebrew and Cognate Inscriptions from the Biblical Period</i></a>. Carta. pp. <span class="nowrap">338–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-220-708-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-220-708-1"><bdi>978-965-220-708-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes+from+the+Past%3A+Hebrew+and+Cognate+Inscriptions+from+the+Biblical+Period&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E338-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Carta&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-965-220-708-1&rft.au=Ahituv%2C+Shmuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ma9HwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2010:89&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 10:89</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/accaron/"><i>Accaron</i>, at Bible Study Tools</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaveh1958" class="citation journal cs1">Naveh, J. (1958). "Khirbat al-Muqanna'—Ekron: An Archaeological Survey". <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27924729">27924729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=Khirbat+al-Muqanna%27%E2%80%94Ekron%3A+An+Archaeological+Survey&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27924729%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Naveh&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNAVEH1958" class="citation journal cs1">NAVEH, J. (1958). "Khirbat al-Muqanna'—Ekron: An Archaeological Survey". <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">165–</span>170. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27924741">27924741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=Khirbat+al-Muqanna%27%E2%80%94Ekron%3A+An+Archaeological+Survey&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27924741%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=NAVEH&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoNa97-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DoNa97_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DoNa97_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitinDothanNaveh1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gitin, Seymour; Dothan, Trude; Naveh, Joseph (1997). "A Royal Dedicatory Inscription from Ekron". <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. <b>47</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926455">27926455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Royal+Dedicatory+Inscription+from+Ekron&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27926455%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gitin&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rft.au=Dothan%2C+Trude&rft.au=Naveh%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b01.htm#6">2 Kings 1:6, 16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWPII-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SWPII_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._R._Conder_and_H._H._Kitchener1882" class="citation book cs1">C. R. Conder and H. H. Kitchener (1882). <i>The Survey of Western Palestine</i>. Vol. II. London: The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 408.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survey+of+Western+Palestine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=The+Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1882&rft.au=C.+R.+Conder+and+H.+H.+Kitchener&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albright22-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albright22_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albright22_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1921" class="citation journal cs1">Albright, William F. (1921). "Contributions to the Historical Geography of Palestine". <i>The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research in Jerusalem</i>. <b>2/3</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3768450">10.2307/3768450</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3768450">3768450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research+in+Jerusalem&rft.atitle=Contributions+to+the+Historical+Geography+of+Palestine&rft.volume=2%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3768450&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3768450%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour_Gitin_and_Trude_Dothan1987" class="citation journal cs1">Seymour Gitin and Trude Dothan (1987). "The Rise and Fall of Ekron of the Philistines: Recent Excavations at an Urban Border Site". <i>The Biblical Archaeologist</i>. <b>50</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">197–</span>222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210048">10.2307/3210048</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210048">3210048</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165410578">165410578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Ekron+of+the+Philistines%3A+Recent+Excavations+at+an+Urban+Border+Site&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165410578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3210048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3210048&rft.au=Seymour+Gitin+and+Trude+Dothan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour_Gitin1989" class="citation book cs1">Seymour Gitin (1989). "Tel Miqne-Ekron: A type-site for the inner coastal plain in the Iron Age II period". In Seymour Gitin and William Dever (ed.). <i>Recent Excavations in Israel: Studies in Iron Age Archaeology</i>. Eisenbrauns. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89757-049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89757-049-7"><bdi>978-0-89757-049-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tel+Miqne-Ekron%3A+A+type-site+for+the+inner+coastal+plain+in+the+Iron+Age+II+period&rft.btitle=Recent+Excavations+in+Israel%3A+Studies+in+Iron+Age+Archaeology&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-89757-049-7&rft.au=Seymour+Gitin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seymour Gitin, 'Philistines in the Book of Kings,' in <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lemaire" title="André Lemaire">André Lemaire</a>, Baruch Halpern, Matthew Joel Adams (eds.)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1SXbIFYu-ZAC&pg=PA312"><i>The Books of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception,</i></a> BRILL, 2010 pp.301–363, for the Neo-Assyrian sources p.312: The four city-states of the late Philistine period (Iron Age II) are <i>Amqarrūna</i> (Ekron), <i>Asdūdu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a>), <i>Hāzat</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>), and <i>Isqalūna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a>), with the former fifth capital, <a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a>, having been abandoned at this late phase.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/E/ekron-ekronite.html">"Ekron; Ekronite in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ekron%3B+Ekronite+in+the+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalstandardbible.com%2FE%2Fekron-ekronite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuckenbill1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_David_Luckenbill" title="Daniel David Luckenbill">Luckenbill, D.D.</a> (1924). James Henry Breasted (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isac.uchicago.edu/research/publications/oip/oip-2-annals-sennacherib"><i>The Annals of Sennacherib</i></a>. Vol. 2. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/610530695">610530695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+Sennacherib&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F610530695&rft.aulast=Luckenbill&rft.aufirst=D.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisac.uchicago.edu%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Foip%2Foip-2-annals-sennacherib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span> (Reprint 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1985" class="citation journal cs1">James, Peter (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centuries.co.uk/ekron2.pdf">"Dating Late Iron Age Ekron (Tel Miqne)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Exploration Quarterly">Palestine Exploration Quarterly</a></i>. <b>138</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Dating+Late+Iron+Age+Ekron+%28Tel+Miqne%29&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centuries.co.uk%2Fekron2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OB-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OB_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorowski2003" class="citation book cs1">Borowski, Oded (2003). <i>Daily Life in Biblical Times</i>. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-042-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-042-4"><bdi>978-1-58983-042-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Biblical+Times&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-042-4&rft.aulast=Borowski&rft.aufirst=Oded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MD-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MD_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2008" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Nathan (2008). <a href="/wiki/What_Did_the_Ancient_Israelites_Eat%3F" title="What Did the Ancient Israelites Eat?"><i>What Did the Ancient Israelites Eat? Diet in Biblical Times</i></a>. W. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6298-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6298-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-6298-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Did+the+Ancient+Israelites+Eat%3F+Diet+in+Biblical+Times&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=W.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6298-3&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Dothan and S. Gitin, Tel Miqne (Ekron) Excavations, Spring 1981, Field INE, Iron Age 1-1, Ekron Limited Edition Series 1, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Dothan and S. Gitin, Tel Miqne (Ekron) Excavations, Spring 1982, Field INE, Iron Age 1-1, ELES 2, 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. M. Gittlen, Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations, 1984, Field IIISE, ELES 3, 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. E. Killebrew, Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations, 1984, Field INE, ELES 4, 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.B. MacKay, Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations, 1994 Spring Season, Field IISW: The Olive Oil Industrial Zone of the Late Iron Age II, ELES 5, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.E. Killebrew, Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations, 1986-1987, Field INE, Areas 5,6, 7-The Late Bronze and Iron Ages, ELES 6, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Bierling, Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations, 1995-1996, Field XNW, Areas 77, 78, 79, 89, 90, 101, 102: Iron Age I, ELES 7, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDothanGitin" class="citation web cs1">Dothan, Trude; Gitin, Seymour. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150601140715/http://www.aiar.org/docs/EkronSummary.pdf">"Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavation and Publications Project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiar.org/docs/ekronsummary.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tel+Miqne-Ekron+Excavation+and+Publications+Project&rft.aulast=Dothan&rft.aufirst=Trude&rft.au=Gitin%2C+Seymour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiar.org%2Fdocs%2Fekronsummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150601140715/http://www.aiar.org/docs/EkronSummary.pdf">"TEL MIQNE-EKRON Summary of Fourteen Seasons of Excavation 1981–1996 and Bibliography 1982–2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiar.org/docs/ekronsummary.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TEL+MIQNE-EKRON+Summary+of+Fourteen+Seasons+of+Excavation+1981%E2%80%931996+and+Bibliography+1982%E2%80%932012&rft.pub=W.F.+Albright+Institute+of+Archaeological+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiar.org%2Fdocs%2Fekronsummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ussishkin, David. “The Fortifications of Philistine Ekron.” Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 55, no. 1, 2005, pp. 35–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eitam, D. 1996. The Olive Oil Industry at Tel Miqne–Ekron in the Late Iron Age. In: Eitam, D. and Heltzer, M. (eds.) Olive Oil in Antiquity, Israel and Neighboring Countries, from the Neolithic to the Early Arab Period. Studies VII, Sargon srl: 166-196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Master, Daniel M. “Nebuchadnezzar at Ashkelon.” Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel (HeBAI) 7, no. 1 (2018): 87-88. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1628/hebai-2018-0006">https://doi.org/10.1628/hebai-2018-0006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Master, Daniel M. “Nebuchadnezzar at Ashkelon.” Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel (HeBAI) 7, no. 1 (2018): 89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1628/hebai-2018-0006">https://doi.org/10.1628/hebai-2018-0006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitin2003" class="citation cs2">Gitin, Seymour (2003-07-21), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1bxh1vp.23">"Israelite and Philistine Cult and the Archaeological Record in Iron Age II"</a>, <i>Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past</i>, Penn State University Press, p. 287, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fj.ctv1bxh1vp.23">10.5325/j.ctv1bxh1vp.23</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-545-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-545-8"><bdi>978-1-57506-545-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-02</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symbiosis%2C+Symbolism%2C+and+the+Power+of+the+Past&rft.atitle=Israelite+and+Philistine+Cult+and+the+Archaeological+Record+in+Iron+Age+II&rft.pages=287&rft.date=2003-07-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fj.ctv1bxh1vp.23&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-545-8&rft.aulast=Gitin&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5325%2Fj.ctv1bxh1vp.23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFדותןגיטיןDothanGitin1994" class="citation journal cs1">דותן, טרודה; גיטין, סימור; Dothan, T.; Gitin, S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23681310">"Tel Miqne/Ekron — The Rise and Fall of a Philistine City / תל מקנה/עקרון — עלייתה ונפילתה של עיר פלשתית"</a>. <i>Qadmoniot: A Journal for the Antiquities of Eretz-Israel and Bible Lands / קדמוניות: כתב-עת לעתיקות ארץ-ישראל וארצות המקרא</i>. <b>כז</b> (1/2 (105/106)): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-4839">0033-4839</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23681310">23681310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qadmoniot%3A+A+Journal+for+the+Antiquities+of+Eretz-Israel+and+Bible+Lands+%2F+%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA%3A+%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91-%D7%A2%D7%AA+%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90&rft.atitle=Tel+Miqne%2FEkron+%E2%80%94+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Philistine+City+%2F+%D7%AA%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%94%2F%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F+%E2%80%94+%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%94+%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8+%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA&rft.volume=%D7%9B%D7%96&rft.issue=1%2F2+%28105%2F106%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23681310%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0033-4839&rft.aulast=%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9F&rft.aufirst=%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94&rft.au=%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F%2C+%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8&rft.au=Dothan%2C+T.&rft.au=Gitin%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23681310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>21. Eitam, D. 1996. The Olive Oil Industry at Tel Miqne–Ekron in the Late Iron Age. In: Eitam, D. and Heltzer, M. (eds.) Olive Oil in Antiquity, Israel and Neighboring Countries, from the Neolithic to the Early Arab Period. Studies VII, Sargon srl: 166-196. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" class="extiw" title="he:אהרן דמסקי">Demsky, Aaron</a>. "The Name of the Goddess of Ekron: A New Reading," <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Society" title="Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society">Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society</a></i> vol. 25 (1997) pp. 1–5</li> <li>Susan Heuck Allen, Trojan Grey Ware at Tel Miqne-Ekron, <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research">Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</a></i>, no. 293, pp. 39–51, 1994</li> <li>Baruch Brandl, Two Engraved Tridacna Shells from Tel Miqne-Ekron, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 323, pp. 49–62, 2001</li> <li>Jan Gunneweg <i>et al.</i>, On the Origin of Pottery from Tel Miqne-Ekron, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 264, pp. 3–16, 1986</li> <li>Brian Hesse, Animal Use at Tel Miqne-Ekron in the Bronze Age and Iron Age, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 264, pp. 17–27, 1986</li> <li>Eitam D. 1990. Textile and Olive Oil Production in Ancient Israel during the Iron Age', Pigments and Colorants Colloque Colloque International du CNRS: 283-290.</li> <li>M.W. Meehl, T. Dothan and S. Gitin, Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations, 1995–1996, Field INE, East Slope: Iron Age I (Early Philistine Period), Final Field Reports 8, 2006</li> <li>S.M. Ortiz, S. Gitin and T. Dothan, Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations, 1994–1996, Fields IVNE/NW (Upper) and VSE/SW: The Iron Age /I Late Philistine Temple Complex 650, Final Field Reports 9, 2006</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._M._Thomson2004" class="citation book cs1">W. M. Thomson (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hB9qLSSMowQC&q=ekron+akir+palestinian&pg=PA534"><i>The Land And The Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn From The Manners</i></a>. Gorgias Press LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-130-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-130-6"><bdi>978-1-59333-130-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+And+The+Book%3A+Or%2C+Biblical+Illustrations+Drawn+From+The+Manners&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press+LLC&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-130-6&rft.au=W.+M.+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhB9qLSSMowQC%26q%3Dekron%2Bakir%2Bpalestinian%26pg%3DPA534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEkron" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson, Edward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eli_Smith" title="Eli Smith">Eli Smith</a> (1841): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft">Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838a</a></i>, Published by Crocker & Brewster, Item notes: <b>v. 3</b> (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft">p. 22</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekron&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0g700">History of Ekron through archaeology of the Tel Mikne site.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/westsem/ekron.html">The Ekron inscription</a></li> <li>Trude Dothan and Seymour Gitin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090521204350/http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Ekron_of_the_Philistines%2C_Trude_Dothan_and_Seymour_Gitin%2C_BAR_16%3A01%2C_Jan/Feb_1990.">Ekron of the Philistines</a> BAR 16:01, Jan/Feb 1990</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiar.org/miqne-ekron/">Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavation and Publication Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030084359/http://www.aiar.org/miqne-ekron/">Archived</a> 2019-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Ḫana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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