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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Astrobiologie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 89 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobioloch%C3%ADa" title="Astrobiolochía – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Astrobiolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A" title="علم الأحياء الفلكي – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأحياء الفلكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="استروبيولوجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="استروبيولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiolox%C3%ADa" title="Astrobioloxía – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astrobioloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologiya" title="Astrobiologiya – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Astrobiologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobioluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Astrobioluogėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Astrobioluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астрабіялогія – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астрабіялогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астрабіялёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Астрабіялёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астробиология – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астробиология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জ্যোতির্জীববিজ্ঞান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জ্যোতির্জীববিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologija" title="Astrobiologija – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Astrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologia" title="Astrobiologia – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%95ng-%C3%B9ng_S%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk-h%C5%8Fk" title="Tiĕng-ùng Sĕng-ŭk-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tiĕng-ùng Sĕng-ŭk-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ستێرژینناسی – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ستێرژینناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologie" title="Astrobiologie – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Astrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofioleg" title="Astrofioleg – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Astrofioleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Astrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologie" title="Astrobiologie – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βιοαστρονομία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιοαστρονομία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Astrobiology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologio" title="Astrobiologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Astrobiologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiolog%C3%ADa" title="Astrobiología – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astrobiología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobioloogia" title="Astrobioloogia – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astrobioloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologia" title="Astrobiologia – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اخترزیست‌شناسی – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخترزیست‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologia" title="Astrobiologia – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Astrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologie" title="Astrobiologie – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisibhitheola%C3%ADocht" title="Eisibhitheolaíocht – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eisibhitheolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiolox%C3%ADa" title="Astrobioloxía – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astrobioloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="אסטרוביולוגיה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטרוביולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="खगोलजीव विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खगोलजीव विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologija" title="Astrobiologija – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asztrobiol%C3%B3gia" title="Asztrobiológia – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asztrobiológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աստղակենսաբանություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղակենսաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աստղակենսաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աստղակենսաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Astrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Astrobiology" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologio" title="Astrobiologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Astrobiologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B6rnul%C3%ADffr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stjörnulíffræði – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjörnulíffræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologia" title="Astrobiologia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="宇宙生物学 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙生物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ასტრობიოლოგია – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასტრობიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экзобиология – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экзобиология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF" title="ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೋಬಯಾಲಾಜಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೋಬಯಾಲಾಜಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="우주생물학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주생물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астробиология – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Астробиология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologia" title="Astrobiologia – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Astrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologie" title="Astrobiologie – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Astrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia_estrateral" title="Biolojia estrateral – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Biolojia estrateral" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologija" title="Astrobiologija – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiolo%C4%A3ija" title="Astrobioloģija – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Astrobioloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Astrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Астробиологија – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Астробиологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജ്യോതിർജീവശാസ്ത്രം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജ്യോതിർജീവശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Астробиологи – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Астробиологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Astrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="खगोलजीव विज्ञान – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खगोलजीव विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologie" title="Astrobiologie – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Astrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Astrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologia" title="Astrobiologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Astrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astiroobaayoloojii" title="Astiroobaayoloojii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Astiroobaayoloojii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologia" title="Astrobiologia – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ستورو ژونپوهنه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ستورو ژونپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologia" title="Astrobiologia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologie" title="Astrobiologie – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астробиология – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астробиология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Astrobiology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologija" title="Astrobiologija – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Astrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="අභ්‍යාවකාශ ජීව විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අභ්‍යාවකාශ ජීව විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Astrobiology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiol%C3%B3gia" title="Astrobiológia – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astrobiológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologija" title="Astrobiologija – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Astrobiologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologjia" title="Astrobiologjia – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Astrobiologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Астробиологија – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астробиологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astrobiologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வானுயிரியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானுயிரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ахтарзистшиносӣ – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ахтарзистшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologi%C3%BDa" title="Astrobiologiýa – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Astrobiologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiyolohiya" title="Astrobiyolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Astrobiyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiyoloji" title="Astrobiyoloji – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astrobiyoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астробіологія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астробіологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فلکی حیاتیات – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلکی حیاتیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiologiya" title="Astrobiologiya – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Astrobiologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5" title="Sinh học vũ trụ – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh học vũ trụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiyolohiya" title="Astrobiyolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Astrobiyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="天体生物学 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天体生物学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天體生物學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天體生物學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q411#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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/> Portaal <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/20px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/30px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/40px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Chemie" title="Portaal:Chemie">Chemie</a> </p><p><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Sterrekunde" title="Sterrekunde">Sterrekunde</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika">Astrofisika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kosmologie" title="Kosmologie">Kosmologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Sterrestelsel" title="Sterrestelsel">Sterrestelsels</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Astrogeologie" title="Astrogeologie">Astrogeologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Planetologie" title="Planetologie">Planetologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ster" title="Ster">Stellêre astrologie</a><br /> Portaal <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/20px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/30px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/40px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Sterrekunde" title="Portaal:Sterrekunde">Sterrekunde</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Aardwetenskap" title="Aardwetenskap">Aardwetenskap</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Aardrykskunde" title="Aardrykskunde">Aardrykskunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Atmosfeer" title="Atmosfeer">Atmosfeerwetenskappe</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie">Ekologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Omgewingsleer" class="mw-redirect" title="Omgewingsleer">Omgewingsleer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Aardmeetkunde" title="Aardmeetkunde">Aardmeetkunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie">Geologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Geomorfologie" title="Geomorfologie">Geomorfologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Geofisika" title="Geofisika">Geofisika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glasiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Glasiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Hidrologie" title="Hidrologie">Hidrologie</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limnologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limnologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Limnologie</a><span 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title="Biotegnologie">Biotegnologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">Plantkunde</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selbiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selbiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Selbiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bewaringsbiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bewaringsbiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bewaringsbiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriobiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriobiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kriobiologie</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontwikkelingsbiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontwikkelingsbiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ontwikkelingsbiologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie">Ekologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnobiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnobiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Etnobiologie</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusion%C3%AAre_biologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusionêre biologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Evolusionêre biologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerontologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerontologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gerontologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Immunologie" title="Immunologie">Immunologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limnologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limnologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Limnologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Mariene_biologie" title="Mariene biologie">Mariene biologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologie" title="Mikrobiologie">Mikrobiologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Molekul%C3%AAre_biologie" title="Molekulêre 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title="Wiskundige en teoretiese biologie">Teoretiese biologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Toksikologie" title="Toksikologie">Toksikologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Dierkunde" title="Dierkunde">Soölogie</a><br /> Portaal <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/20px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/30px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/40px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Biologie" title="Portaal:Biologie">Biologie</a> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;line-height:1.2em; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sosiale_wetenskap" title="Sosiale wetenskap">Sosiale</a> en <a href="/wiki/Geesteswetenskappe" title="Geesteswetenskappe">Geesteswetenskappe</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie">Antropologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Argeologie" title="Argeologie">Argeologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kriminalistiek" title="Kriminalistiek">Kriminalistiek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Demografie" title="Demografie">Demografie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomie" title="Ekonomie">Ekonomie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie">Filosofie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Geografie" class="mw-redirect" title="Geografie">Geografie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Geskiedenis_(vakgebied)" title="Geskiedenis (vakgebied)">Geskiedenis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Taalwetenskappe" title="Taalwetenskappe">Taalwetenskappe</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Politieke_wetenskap" title="Politieke wetenskap">Politieke wetenskap</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sielkunde" title="Sielkunde">Sielkunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Sosiologie" title="Sosiologie">Sosiologie</a> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Toegepaste_wetenskap" title="Toegepaste 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title="Rekenaarwetenskap">Rekenaar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elektriese_ingenieurswese" title="Elektriese ingenieurswese">Elektries</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandbestryding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brandbestryding (bladsy bestaan nie)">Brandbestryding</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Genetiese_manipulasie" title="Genetiese manipulasie">Geneties</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bedryfsingenieurswese" title="Bedryfsingenieurswese">Bedryfs-</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Meganiese_ingenieurswese" title="Meganiese ingenieurswese">Meganies</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%AAre_ingenieurswese" title="Militêre ingenieurswese">Militêr</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myningenieurswese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myningenieurswese (bladsy bestaan nie)">Myn</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kerningenieurswese" title="Kerningenieurswese">Kern</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Operasionele_navorsing" title="Operasionele navorsing">Operasionele navorsing</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Robotika" title="Robotika">Robotika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sagteware-ingenieurswese" title="Sagteware-ingenieurswese">Sagteware</a> </p><p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesonheidswetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesonheidswetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gesonheidswetenskappe</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Biologiese_ingenieurswese" title="Biologiese ingenieurswese">Biologiese ingenieurswese</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tandheelkunde" title="Tandheelkunde">Tandheelkunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologie" title="Epidemiologie">Epidemiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesondheidsorg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesondheidsorg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gesondheidsorg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Geneeskunde" title="Geneeskunde">Geneeskunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Verpleging" title="Verpleging">Verpleging</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Farmasie" title="Farmasie">Farmasie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Maatskaplike_werk" title="Maatskaplike werk">Maatskaplike werk</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Veearts" title="Veearts">Veeartsenykunde</a> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;">Verwante onderwerpe</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Interdissiplinariteit" title="Interdissiplinariteit">Interdissiplinariteit</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Toegepaste_fisika" title="Toegepaste fisika">Toegepaste fisika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kunsmatige_intelligensie" title="Kunsmatige intelligensie">Kunsmatige intelligensie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bio-etiek" title="Bio-etiek">Bio-etiek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bio-inligting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bio-inligting (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bio-inligting</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">Biogeografie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Biomediese_ingenieurswese" title="Biomediese ingenieurswese">Biomediese ingenieurswese</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biostatistiek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biostatistiek (bladsy bestaan nie)">Biostatistiek</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kognitiewe_wetenskap" title="Kognitiewe wetenskap">Kognitiewe wetenskap</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Rekenaarlinguistiek" title="Rekenaarlinguistiek">Rekenaarlinguistiek</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kultuurstudies" title="Kultuurstudies">Kultuurstudies</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kubernetika" title="Kubernetika">Kubernetika</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omgewingstudies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omgewingstudies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Omgewingstudies</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etniese_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etniese studies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Etniese studies</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusiesielkunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusiesielkunde (bladsy bestaan nie)">Evolusiesielkunde</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bosbou" title="Bosbou">Bosbou</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Gesondheid" title="Gesondheid">Gesondheid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteekkunde" title="Biblioteekkunde">Biblioteekkunde</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">Logika</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Wiskundige_en_teoretiese_biologie" title="Wiskundige en teoretiese biologie">Wiskundige biologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiskundige_fisika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiskundige fisika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wiskundige fisika</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetenskaplike_modellering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wetenskaplike modellering (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wetenskaplike modellering</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurale_ingenieurswese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurale ingenieurswese (bladsy bestaan nie)">Neurale ingenieurswese</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Neurowetenskap" title="Neurowetenskap">Neurowetenskap</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Politieke_ekonomie" title="Politieke ekonomie">Politieke ekonomie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Wetenskap-en-tegnologiestudies" title="Wetenskap-en-tegnologiestudies">Wetenskap-en-tegnologiestudies</a><br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Semiotiek" title="Semiotiek">Semiotiek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosiobiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosiobiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sosiobiologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Stelselteorie" title="Stelselteorie">Stelselteorie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdissiplinariteit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transdissiplinariteit (bladsy bestaan nie)">Transdissiplinariteit</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadsbeplanning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadsbeplanning (bladsy bestaan nie)">Stadsbeplanning</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Wetenskaplike_metode" title="Wetenskaplike metode">Wetenskaplike metode</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geskiedenis_van_wetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geskiedenis van wetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Geskiedenis van wetenskap</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Wetenskapsfilosofie" title="Wetenskapsfilosofie">Wetenskapsfilosofie</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetenskapsbeleid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wetenskapsbeleid (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wetenskapsbeleid</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Randwetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randwetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Randwetenskap</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Pseudowetenskap" title="Pseudowetenskap">Pseudowetenskap</a></b> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding-top: 0.6em; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Wetenskap" title="Sjabloon:Wetenskap"><span title="Sien hierdie sjabloon" style="">s</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Wetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Wetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)"><span title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style="">b</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Wetenskap&action=edit"><span title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";">w</span></a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Astrobiologie</b> is die studie van die oorsprong, <a href="/wiki/Evolusie" title="Evolusie">evolusie</a>, verspreiding en toekoms van lewe in die heelal: <a href="/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde">aardse</a> sowel as <a href="/wiki/Buiteaardse_lewe" title="Buiteaardse lewe">buiteaardse lewe</a>. Dit omsluit die soeke na <a href="/wiki/Planet%C3%AAre_bewoonbaarheid" title="Planetêre bewoonbaarheid">bewoonbare omgewings</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Sonnestelsel" title="Sonnestelsel">Sonnestelsel</a> en op <a href="/wiki/Eksoplaneet" title="Eksoplaneet">eksoplanete</a> (planete buite die Sonnestelsel), en na bewyse van prebiotiese chemie; laboratorium- en veldnavorsing oor die oorsprong en vroeë evolusie van lewe op Aarde; en studies oor die moontlike aanpassing van lewe by uitdagings op Aarde en in die <a href="/wiki/Buitenste_ruim" class="mw-redirect" title="Buitenste ruim">buitenste ruim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit ondersoek die kwessie of <a href="/wiki/Lewe" title="Lewe">lewe</a> buite die Aarde bestaan en hoe die mens dit kan opspoor as dit wel bestaan.<sup id="cite_ref-about_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die term <b>eksobiologie</b> is soortgelyk, maar meer spesifiek – dit handel oor die soeke na lewe buite die Aarde en die uitwerking van buiteaardse omgewings op lewende organismes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agtergrond">Agtergrond</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrobiologie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Agtergrond" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrobiologie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Agtergrond"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astrobiologie maak gebruik van <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie">chemie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sterrekunde" title="Sterrekunde">sterrekunde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie">ekologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet">planetêre wetenskap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geografie" class="mw-redirect" title="Geografie">geografie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie">geologie</a> om die moontlikheid van lewe in ander wêrelde te ondersoek en biosfere te help identifiseer wat moontlik anders as die <a href="/wiki/Biosfeer" title="Biosfeer">biosfeer</a> op Aarde is.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit gaan ook oor die ontleding van bestaande wetenskaplike data; meer gedetailleerde en betroubare data van ander dele van die heelal kan die basis uitdaag van fisika, chemie en biologie – die hoekstene van astrobiologie self. Hoewel bespiegelings soms gebruik word om dinge in die regte verband te bring, het astrobiologie hoofsaaklik te doen met <a href="/wiki/Hipotese" title="Hipotese">hipoteses</a> wat stewig binne bestaande wetenskaplike <a href="/wiki/Teorie" title="Teorie">teorieë</a> pas. </p><p>Die enigste bekende lewe bestaan op Aarde.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-1990_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-1990-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Astrobiology-2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astrobiology-2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onlangse wetenskaplike navorsing het egter basiese aannames oor die moontlikheid van lewe in die heelal verander en die raming van die getal <a href="/wiki/Bewoonbare_sone" title="Bewoonbare sone">bewoonbare sones</a> om ander <a href="/wiki/Ster" title="Ster">sterre</a> laat styg.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20131118_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131118-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saam met die ontdekking van honderde eksoplanete en nuwe insig in die ekstreme habitats hier op Aarde, dui dit daarop dat daar nog baie bewoonbare plekke in die heelal kan wees. Op 4 November 2013 het sterrekundiges op grond van data van die <a href="/wiki/Kepler-ruimteteleskoop" title="Kepler-ruimteteleskoop">Kepler-ruimtesending</a> berig daar kan tot 40 miljard aardgrootte planete in die bewoonbare sone van sonagtige sterre en <a href="/wiki/Rooidwerg" title="Rooidwerg">rooidwerge</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Melkweg" title="Melkweg">Melkweg</a> wees<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20131104_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131104-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20131031_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20131031-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – van hulle kan 11 miljard om sonagtige sterre voorkom.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes-20131104_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-20131104-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die naaste sodanige planeet kan volgens die wetenskaplikes minder as 12  <a href="/wiki/Ligjare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligjare">ligjare</a> van die Aarde af wees.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20131104_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131104-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20131031_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20131031-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daar is al voorgestel dat <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virusse</a> moontlik op ander planete aangetref kan word.<sup id="cite_ref-Astro-20130814_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astro-20130814-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pogings om huidige of voormalige lewe op <a href="/wiki/Mars_(planeet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (planeet)">Mars</a> te ontdek is ’n aktiewe navorsingsterrein. Op 24 Januarie 2014 het <a href="/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa">Nasa</a> aangekondig huidige studies op die planeet deur die verkenningstuie <a href="/wiki/Curiosity-verkenningstuig" title="Curiosity-verkenningstuig">Curiosity</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opportunity-verkenningstuig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opportunity-verkenningstuig (bladsy bestaan nie)">Opportunity</a> sal nou soek na bewyse van antieke lewe.<sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20140124a_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140124a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20140124special_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140124special-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die soeke na bewyse van bewoonbaarheid, tafonomie (verwant aan <a href="/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel">fossiele</a>) en organiese <a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">koolstof</a> op Mars is nou ’n primêre mikpunt van Nasa.<sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20140124a_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140124a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrobiologie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrobiologie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Sterrekunde" title="Portaal:Sterrekunde">Sterrekunde-portaal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrobiologie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrobiologie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AstroDNA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AstroDNA_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrobio.net/debate/2168/launching-the-alien-debates">"Launching the Alien Debates (deel 1 van 7)"</a>. <i>Astrobiology Magazine</i> (in Engels). Nasa. 8 Desember 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508192048/http://www.astrobio.net/debate/2168/launching-the-alien-debates">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 8 Mei 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Mei</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+Magazine&rft.atitle=Launching+the+Alien+Debates+%28deel+1+van+7%29&rft.date=2006-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Fdebate%2F2168%2Flaunching-the-alien-debates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCockell2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cockell, Charles S. (4 Oktober 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/02/world/europe/astrobiology-aliens-environment-opinion/index.html?hpt=hp_c4">"How the search for aliens can help sustain life on Earth"</a>. <i>CNN News</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910182606/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/02/world/europe/astrobiology-aliens-environment-opinion/index.html?hpt=hp_c4">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 Oktober</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+News&rft.atitle=How+the+search+for+aliens+can+help+sustain+life+on+Earth&rft.date=2012-10-04&rft.aulast=Cockell&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F10%2F02%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fastrobiology-aliens-environment-opinion%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3Dhp_c4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-about-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-about_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011192341/http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/about-astrobiology/">"About Astrobiology"</a>. <i>NASA Astrobiology Institute</i> (in Engels). Nasa. 21 Januarie 2008. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/about-astrobiology/">die oorspronklike</a> op 11 Oktober 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 Oktober</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Astrobiology+Institute&rft.atitle=About+Astrobiology&rft.date=2008-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastrobiology.nasa.gov%2Fabout-astrobiology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exobiology">Mirriam Webster Dictionary entry "Exobiology"</a> (URL besoek op 11 April 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/11647/1066/">iTWire – Scientists will look for alien life, but Where and How?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWard2004" class="citation book cs1">Ward, P.D. (2004). <i>The life and death of planet Earth</i>. New York: Owl Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8050-7512-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8050-7512-7"><bdi>0-8050-7512-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+death+of+planet+Earth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Owl+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8050-7512-7&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=P.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-1990-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-1990_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1990" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Robert W. (Februarie 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900013148_1990013148.pdf">"NASA Technical Memorandum 102363 – Extraterrestrial Life in the Universe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nasa</i>. Lewis Research Center, Ohio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">7 Julie</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nasa&rft.atitle=NASA+Technical+Memorandum+102363+%E2%80%93+Extraterrestrial+Life+in+the+Universe&rft.date=1990-02&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19900013148_1990013148.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Astrobiology-2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Astrobiology-2008_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAltermann2008" class="citation book cs1">Altermann, Wladyslaw (2008). "From Fossils to Astrobiology – A Roadmap to Fata Morgana?". <i>From Fossils to Astrobiology: Records of Life on Earth and the Search for Extraterrestrial Biosignatures</i>. Vol. 12. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-4020-8836-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-4020-8836-1"><bdi>1-4020-8836-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Fossils+to+Astrobiology+%E2%80%93+A+Roadmap+to+Fata+Morgana%3F&rft.btitle=From+Fossils+to+Astrobiology%3A+Records+of+Life+on+Earth+and+the+Search+for+Extraterrestrial+Biosignatures&rft.pages=xvii&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=1-4020-8836-1&rft.aulast=Altermann&rft.aufirst=Wladyslaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Onbekende parameter <code class="cs1-code">|editors=</code> geïgnoreer (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#parameter_ignored" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHorneckPetra_Rettberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Horneck, Gerda; Petra Rettberg (2007). <i>Complete Course in Astrobiology</i>. Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3-527-40660-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3-527-40660-3"><bdi>3-527-40660-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Course+in+Astrobiology&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=3-527-40660-3&rft.aulast=Horneck&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rft.au=Petra+Rettberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20131118-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20131118_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Davies, Paul (18 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/opinion/are-we-alone-in-the-universe.html">"Are We Alone in the Universe?"</a>. <i>New York Times</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527010946/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/opinion/are-we-alone-in-the-universe.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 27 Mei 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Are+We+Alone+in+the+Universe%3F&rft.date=2013-11-18&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F11%2F19%2Fopinion%2Fare-we-alone-in-the-universe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20131104-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20131104_11-0">11,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20131104_11-1">11,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFOverbye2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Overbye, Dennis (4 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/cosmic-census-finds-billions-of-planets-that-could-be-like-earth.html">"Far-Off Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy"</a>. <i>New York Times</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200421100725/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/cosmic-census-finds-billions-of-planets-that-could-be-like-earth.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 21 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Far-Off+Planets+Like+the+Earth+Dot+the+Galaxy&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft.aulast=Overbye&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F11%2F05%2Fscience%2Fcosmic-census-finds-billions-of-planets-that-could-be-like-earth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS-20131031-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS-20131031_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS-20131031_12-1">12,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPetiguraHowardMarcy2013" class="citation journal cs1">Petigura, Eric A.; Howard, Andrew W.; Marcy, Geoffrey W. (31 Oktober 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109010831/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/10/31/1319909110">"Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.6806">1311.6806</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..11019273P">2013PNAS..11019273P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1319909110">10.1073/pnas.1319909110</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/10/31/1319909110">die oorspronklike</a> op 9 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+Earth-size+planets+orbiting+Sun-like+stars&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1311.6806&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1319909110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PNAS..11019273P&rft.aulast=Petigura&rft.aufirst=Eric+A.&rft.au=Howard%2C+Andrew+W.&rft.au=Marcy%2C+Geoffrey+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2013%2F10%2F31%2F1319909110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimes-20131104-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LATimes-20131104_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2013" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Amina (4 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-earth-like-planets-20131105,0,2673237.story">"Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Milky+Way+may+host+billions+of+Earth-size+planets&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Amina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fla-sci-earth-like-planets-20131105%2C0%2C2673237.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Astro-20130814-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Astro-20130814_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Griffin, Dale Warren (14 Augustus 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ast.2012.0959">"The Quest for Extraterrestrial Life: What About the Viruses?"</a>. <i>Astrobiology</i>. <b>13</b> (8): 774–783. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AsBio..13..774G">2013AsBio..13..774G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2012.0959">10.1089/ast.2012.0959</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.atitle=The+Quest+for+Extraterrestrial+Life%3A+What+About+the+Viruses%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=774-783&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fast.2012.0959&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013AsBio..13..774G&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Dale+Warren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.liebertpub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1089%2Fast.2012.0959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCI-20140124a-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SCI-20140124a_15-0">15,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SCI-20140124a_15-1">15,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGrotzinger2014" class="citation journal cs1">Grotzinger, John P. (24 Januarie 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/386">"Introduction to Special Issue – Habitability, Taphonomy, and the Search for Organic Carbon on Mars"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>343</b> (6169): 386–387. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...343..386G">2014Sci...343..386G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1249944">10.1126/science.1249944</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">24 Januarie</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Special+Issue+%E2%80%93+Habitability%2C+Taphonomy%2C+and+the+Search+for+Organic+Carbon+on+Mars&rft.volume=343&rft.issue=6169&rft.pages=386-387&rft.date=2014-01-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1249944&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...343..386G&rft.aulast=Grotzinger&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F343%2F6169%2F386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCI-20140124special-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SCI-20140124special_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Various (24 Januarie 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169.toc#SpecialIssue">"Special Issue – Table of Contents – Exploring Martian Habitability"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>343</b> (6169): 345–452<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">24 Januarie</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Special+Issue+%E2%80%93+Table+of+Contents+%E2%80%93+Exploring+Martian+Habitability&rft.volume=343&rft.issue=6169&rft.pages=345-452&rft.date=2014-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F343%2F6169.toc%23SpecialIssue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrobiologie" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrobiologie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrobiologie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/">Astrobiology.nasa.gov</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrobiology.ac.uk/">UK Centre for Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrobiology.com/">Astrobiology Web</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Astrobiology">Astrobiologie</a>.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Crystal_txt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/15px-Crystal_txt.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/23px-Crystal_txt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/30px-Crystal_txt.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology" class="extiw" title="en:Astrobiology">Engelse Wikipedia</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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