CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kars — Wikipédia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )frwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","janvier","février","mars","avril","mai","juin","juillet","août","septembre","octobre","novembre","décembre"],"wgRequestId":"49a7d633-257e-4dee-97c1-4ce0e6389e0a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kars","wgTitle":"Kars","wgCurRevisionId":222979807,"wgRevisionId":222979807,"wgArticleId":307769,"wgIsArticle": true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kars","wgRelevantArticleId":307769,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"fr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"fr"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat": 40.616667,"lon":43.1},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym": "Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr", "autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt" ,"dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos", "autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym": "ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"တႆး","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st", "autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"syl","autonym":"ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh", "autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld", "lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","syl","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"], "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q127063","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":false,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.Mobile":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready", "skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.kartographer.link","ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ArchiveLinks","ext.gadget.Wdsearch","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init", "mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async src="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=ext.gadget.Mobile&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kars_genel_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg/1200px-Kars_genel_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kars_genel_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg/800px-Kars_genel_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kars_genel_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg/640px-Kars_genel_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kars — Wikipédia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifier" href="/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipédia (fr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="en"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.ZjNdGFGZ2ks.O/am=gAE/d=1/rs=AN8SPfpWC5s9GstbT4uidzbtJJuPzJgBiA/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.ZjNdGFGZ2ks.O/am=gAE/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpWC5s9GstbT4uidzbtJJuPzJgBiA/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kars rootpage-Kars stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.ZjNdGFGZ2ks.O/am=gAE/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpWC5s9GstbT4uidzbtJJuPzJgBiA/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-source-url="https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" data-source-language="auto" data-target-language="en" data-display-language="en-GB" data-detected-source-language="fr" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"><a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"><input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Accueil</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Page_au_hasard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Au hasard</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Nearby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">À proximité</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Kars&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Se connecter</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:MobileOptions&returnto=Kars&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Configuration</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source%3Ddonate%26wmf_medium%3Dsidebar%26wmf_campaign%3Dfr.wikipedia.org%26uselang%3Dfr%26wmf_key%3Dminerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Faire un don</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%80_propos_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">À propos de Wikipédia</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Avertissements_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Avertissements</span> </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kars</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> ville turque, préfecture de la province du même nom. </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Kars&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Suivre</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars_(homonymie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Kars (homonymie)">Kars (homonymie)</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p><b>Kars</b> (<i>Ղարս</i> ou <i>Կարս</i> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arménien">arménien</a>, <i>Qars</i> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Az%C3%A9ri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azéri">azéri</a>, <i>ყარსი</i> ou <i>კარი</i> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9orgien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géorgien">géorgien</a>, <i>Qers</i> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurde">kurde</a>) est une ville de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turquie">Turquie</a> orientale, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Préfecture">préfecture</a> de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars_(province)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kars (province)">province</a> du même nom.</p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete entete map" style="background-color:#DDFFDD;color:black;">Kars<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r151886662">.mw-parser-output .entete.map{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")}</style></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Kars_genel_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kars_genel_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg/280px-Kars_genel_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kars_genel_g%25C3%25B6r%25C3%25BCn%25C3%25BCm.jpg/420px-Kars_genel_g%25C3%25B6r%25C3%25BCn%25C3%25BCm.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kars_genel_g%25C3%25B6r%25C3%25BCn%25C3%25BCm.jpg/560px-Kars_genel_g%25C3%25B6r%25C3%25BCn%25C3%25BCm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#DDFFDD; color:#000000">Administration</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_du_monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays du monde">Pays</a></th> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Turquie"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Turkey.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Turquie"><img alt="Drapeau de la Turquie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/20px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></a></span> </span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turquie">Turquie</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gions_de_Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Régions de Turquie">Région</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_de_l%27Anatolie_orientale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Région de l'Anatolie orientale">Région de l'Anatolie orientale</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provinces_de_Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces de Turquie">Province</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars_(province)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kars (province)">Kars</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Districts_de_Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts de Turquie">District</a></th> <td>Kars</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maire">Maire</a> <br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandat_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandat politique">Mandat</a></th> <td>Ötüken Senger (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_d%27action_nationaliste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti d'action nationaliste">MHP</a>) <br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lections_municipales_turques_de_2024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élections municipales turques de 2024">2024</a>-2029</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fet_(Turquie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Préfet (Turquie)">Préfet</a></th> <td>Nevzat Turhan<br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2004?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2004">2004</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_indicatifs_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9phoniques_internationaux_par_indicatif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des indicatifs téléphoniques internationaux par indicatif">Indicatif téléphonique international</a></th> <td>+(90)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaque_d%27immatriculation_turque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plaque d'immatriculation turque">Plaque minéralogique</a></th> <td>36</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#DDFFDD; color:#000000">Démographie</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recensement_de_la_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recensement de la population">Population</a></th> <td>130 361 <abbr class="abbr" title="habitant">hab.</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="vertical-align: bottom"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Densit%C3%A9_de_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Densité de population">Densité</a></th> <td>14 <abbr class="abbr" title="habitant par kilomètre carré">hab./km<sup>2</sup></abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#DDFFDD; color:#000000">Géographie</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coordonn%C3%A9es_g%C3%A9ographiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coordonnées géographiques">Coordonnées</a></th> <td><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/10/40.616667/43.1/fr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-zoom="10" data-lat="40.616667" data-lon="43.1" data-overlays="["_0e69b44fe73942024aca440b08b7f4c035a10f0f"]">40° 37′ 00″ nord, 43° 06′ 00″ est</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aire_(g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Superficie" title="Aire (géométrie)">Superficie</a></th> <td><span title="9 594 000 000 m² ou 9 594 km²" style="cursor:help">959 400</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="hectare">ha</abbr> = 9 594 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#DDFFDD; color:#000000">Localisation</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div class="img_toggle" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="geobox"> <div> <small>Géolocalisation sur la carte : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turquie">Turquie</a></small> </div> <table class="DebutCarte" style="width:auto; margin:0; border:none; border-spacing:0; padding:0; text-align:center;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border:none; padding:0"> <div style="position:relative;;"> <span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Reliefkarte_T%C3%BCrkei.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Voir sur la carte topographique de Turquie"><img alt="Voir sur la carte topographique de Turquie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Reliefkarte_T%C3%BCrkei.png/280px-Reliefkarte_T%C3%BCrkei.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Reliefkarte_T%25C3%25BCrkei.png/420px-Reliefkarte_T%25C3%25BCrkei.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Reliefkarte_T%25C3%25BCrkei.png/560px-Reliefkarte_T%25C3%25BCrkei.png 2x" data-file-width="4887" data-file-height="2246"></a></span> <div style="position:absolute;top:calc(26.904757142857% - 8px);left:calc(90.30612244898% - 8px);line-height:0;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:City_locator_14.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/City_locator_14.svg/16px-City_locator_14.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/City_locator_14.svg/24px-City_locator_14.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/City_locator_14.svg/32px-City_locator_14.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></a></span> </div> <div style="position:absolute;font-size:90%;top:26.904757142857%;transform:translateY(-50%);right:calc(100% - 90.30612244898% + 0.6em);text-align:right;"> <span class="toponyme">Kars</span> </div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="geobox"> <div> <small>Géolocalisation sur la carte : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_de_l%27Anatolie_orientale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Région de l'Anatolie orientale">région de l'Anatolie orientale</a></small> </div> <table class="DebutCarte" style="width:auto; margin:0; border:none; border-spacing:0; padding:0; text-align:center;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border:none; padding:0"> <div style="position:relative;;"> <span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Eastern_Anatolia_Region.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Voir sur la carte administrative de la région de l'Anatolie orientale"><img alt="Voir sur la carte administrative de la région de l'Anatolie orientale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eastern_Anatolia_Region.svg/280px-Eastern_Anatolia_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eastern_Anatolia_Region.svg/420px-Eastern_Anatolia_Region.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eastern_Anatolia_Region.svg/560px-Eastern_Anatolia_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="2713"></a></span> <div style="position:absolute;top:calc(23.895940042594% - 8px);left:calc(76.638383596593% - 8px);line-height:0;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:City_locator_14.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/City_locator_14.svg/16px-City_locator_14.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/City_locator_14.svg/24px-City_locator_14.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/City_locator_14.svg/32px-City_locator_14.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></a></span> </div> <div style="position:absolute;font-size:90%;top:23.895940042594%;transform:translateY(-50%);right:calc(100% - 76.638383596593% + 0.6em);text-align:right;"> <span class="toponyme">Kars</span> </div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="geobox"> <div> <small>Géolocalisation sur la carte : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars_(province)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kars (province)">province de Kars</a></small> </div> <table class="DebutCarte" style="width:auto; margin:0; border:none; border-spacing:0; padding:0; text-align:center;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border:none; padding:0"> <div style="position:relative;;"> <span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Kars_topographic_location_map.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Voir sur la carte topographique de la province de Kars"><img alt="Voir sur la carte topographique de la province de Kars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kars_topographic_location_map.png/280px-Kars_topographic_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kars_topographic_location_map.png/420px-Kars_topographic_location_map.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Kars_topographic_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="513"></a></span> <div style="position:absolute;top:calc(43.90802507837% - 8px);left:calc(58.076392084676% - 8px);line-height:0;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:City_locator_14.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/City_locator_14.svg/16px-City_locator_14.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/City_locator_14.svg/24px-City_locator_14.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/City_locator_14.svg/32px-City_locator_14.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></a></span> </div> <div style="position:absolute;font-size:90%;top:43.90802507837%;transform:translateY(-50%);right:calc(100% - 58.076392084676% + 0.6em);text-align:right;"> <span class="toponyme">Kars</span> </div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#DDFFDD; color:#000000">Liens</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Site_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Site web">Site de la mairie</a></th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.kars.bel.tr">http://www.kars.bel.tr</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Site_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Site web">Site de la province</a></th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.kars.gov.tr">http://www.kars.gov.tr</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:left;"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #DDFFDD solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color: inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DKars%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Ville_de_Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-fr.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-fr.svg/220px-Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-fr.svg/330px-Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-fr.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-fr.svg/440px-Urartu_in_comparison_with_states_in_2008-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="1740"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urartu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> vers -700 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Kars_Church_Of_The_Apostles_2009.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kars_Church_Of_The_Apostles_2009.JPG/220px-Kars_Church_Of_The_Apostles_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kars_Church_Of_The_Apostles_2009.JPG/330px-Kars_Church_Of_The_Apostles_2009.JPG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kars_Church_Of_The_Apostles_2009.JPG/440px-Kars_Church_Of_The_Apostles_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cathédrale de Kars">Cathédrale de Kars</a> (939) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Bagratuni_Armenia_1000-fr.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bagratuni_Armenia_1000-fr.svg/220px-Bagratuni_Armenia_1000-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bagratuni_Armenia_1000-fr.svg/330px-Bagratuni_Armenia_1000-fr.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bagratuni_Armenia_1000-fr.svg/440px-Bagratuni_Armenia_1000-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="1595"></a> <figcaption> Arménie (vers 1000), dont Royaume de Kars </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#P%C3%A9riode_pal%C3%A9olithique"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Période paléolithique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Du_M%C3%A9solithique_au_N%C3%A9olithique"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Du Mésolithique au Néolithique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Premi%C3%A8res_civilisations"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Premières civilisations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Moyen_%C3%82ge"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Moyen Âge</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#P%C3%A9riode_russe"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Période russe</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#P%C3%A9riode_contemporaine"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Période contemporaine</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ethnies_et_religions"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ethnies et religions</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_citadelle_de_Kars"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">La citadelle de Kars</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Climat"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Climat</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Universit%C3%A9_du_Caucase"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Université du Caucase</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kars_dans_la_litt%C3%A9rature"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Kars dans la littérature</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Personnalit%C3%A9s_n%C3%A9es_%C3%A0_Kars"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Personnalités nées à Kars</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="exposé" style="border:none; margin:1em 2em; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.4em; font-size:100%; text-align:justify; overflow:hidden;"> <div class="NavContent"> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tnone center"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 400px;"> <a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 400px; height: 400px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="400" data-height="400" data-zoom="8" data-lat="40.607777777778" data-lon="43.095833333333" data-overlays="["_fc2d1b8ae69f55d4254a8c4c3a5b01268127676d"]" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/8/40.607777777778/43.095833333333/fr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <noscript> <img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,40.607777777778,43.095833333333,400x400.png?lang=fr&domain=fr.wikipedia.org&title=Kars&revid=222979807&groups=_fc2d1b8ae69f55d4254a8c4c3a5b01268127676d" width="400" height="400" decoding="async" alt="Carte"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 400px;" data-mw-src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,40.607777777778,43.095833333333,400x400.png?lang=fr&domain=fr.wikipedia.org&title=Kars&revid=222979807&groups=_fc2d1b8ae69f55d4254a8c4c3a5b01268127676d" data-alt="Carte" data-width="400" data-height="400" data-mw-srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,40.607777777778,43.095833333333,400x400@2x.png?lang=fr&domain=fr.wikipedia.org&title=Kars&revid=222979807&groups=_fc2d1b8ae69f55d4254a8c4c3a5b01268127676d 2x"> </span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> Localisation. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Période_paléolithique"><span id="P.C3.A9riode_pal.C3.A9olithique"></span>Période paléolithique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Période paléolithique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>L'histoire de Kars débute il y a des centaines de milliers d'années à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ge_de_la_pierre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âge de la pierre">âge de pierre</a>. On a retrouvé différentes haches de type <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acheul%C3%A9en?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acheuléen">acheuléen</a> dans le district de Susuz, près de Ani, et sur les pentes de la montagne de Tombul Tepe datant du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pal%C3%A9olithique_inf%C3%A9rieur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paléolithique inférieur">Paléolithique inférieur</a>. On a découvert un embout en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basalte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basalte">basalte</a> à l'ouest de Ağzıaçık Suyu, une hache dans la vallée de Borluk, des outils en pierres et des foyers dans la grotte de Kurbanalan. Tous sont de type <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moust%C3%A9rien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moustérien">Moustérien</a> et datent du paléolithique moyen. À la période <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pal%C3%A9olithique_sup%C3%A9rieur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paléolithique supérieur">paléolithique supérieur</a>, nous pouvons constater des pratiques différentes de chasse et de cueillette, une amélioration de la production d'outils et d'équipements, et l'apparition de décors sur les murs. À l'ouest du village de Çamışlı, sur les pentes orientales de la montagne d'Aladağ, on a trouvé une grande pierre en basalte avec deux dessins datant de 10 000 ans, représentant des figures d'hommes et d'animaux. Le plus grand mesure 4 mètres de hauteur et 14 mètres de longueur. Non loin de là, dans la grotte de Kurbanağa, on retrouve des outils et d'autres objets de la période paléolithique supérieur<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Du_Mésolithique_au_Néolithique"><span id="Du_M.C3.A9solithique_au_N.C3.A9olithique"></span>Du Mésolithique au Néolithique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Du Mésolithique au Néolithique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dans la vallée d'Aras, on a découvert des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microlithe_(Pr%C3%A9histoire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microlithe (Préhistoire)">microlithes</a> et divers autres outils appartenant à la période du paléolithique supérieur et à la période <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9solithique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mésolithique">mésolithique</a>. On retrouve des outils similaires et de la même époque dans le Caucase russe. Des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Menhir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Menhir">menhirs</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dolmen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a> et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cromlech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromlech">cromlechs</a> datant du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9olithique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néolithique">Néolithique</a> sont présents sur l'île d'Akçakale, dans le lac de Çıldır. Au milieu de ces monuments, divers outils et objets rugueux et de couleur sombre ont été trouvés dans trou creusé dans le sol<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Premières_civilisations"><span id="Premi.C3.A8res_civilisations"></span>Premières civilisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Premières civilisations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les Urartéens furent les premiers habitants identifiés dans la région entre l'Anatolie et le Caucase ayant pour centre le lac de Van. Leur royaume s'y établit entre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a> siècles <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> Ils parlaient une langue agglutinante, qui n'appartient ni à la famille des langues sémitiques, ni à celle des langues indo-européennes : elle fait partie des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_hourro-urart%C3%A9ennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues hourro-urartéennes">langues hourro-urartéennes</a>. Ils utilisaient l'écriture en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cun%C3%A9iforme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cunéiforme">cunéiforme</a> assyrienne. Kars et ses alentours formaient une région peuplée. Une dizaine de royaumes locaux vivaient sous domination urartéenne. Leurs habitants versaient au grand royaume d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urartu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> de lourdes taxes en or, en bronze, en diamants, et en chevaux, en vaches et en moutons. Le royaume de Diauekhi (qui semble avoir été proto-géorgien) était le plus puissant, il dominait l'actuel Kars, et jusqu'à la frontière de la province d'Erzurum<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'or et le diamant que l'on trouve dans la rivière de Kağız, et le cuivre extrait à Bardız y étaient exploités à cette époque de l'Antiquité.</p> <p>Entre le <abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et <abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècles <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scythes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scythes">Scythes</a> sont à leur apogée, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cimm%C3%A9riens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cimmériens">Cimmériens</a> sont alors forcés de migrer, à cause des invasions Scythes. Ils quittent la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steppe_pontique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steppe pontique">Steppe pontique</a> pour trouver refuge en Anatolie. Ces migrations et invasions cimmériennes vont perturber l'Urartu et l'Assyrie. Le roi d'Urartu <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusa_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusa II">Rusa II</a> tente de créer des liens amicaux avec ces immigrés. Déjà sur le point de s'effondrer face aux agressions scythes et cimmériennes, l'Urartu va finalement tomber sous les attaques des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A8des?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mèdes">Mèdes</a> qui causeront également la destruction de l'Assyrie.</p> <p>En 550 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>, les Perses intégrent à leur empire l'ancien territoire Urartu. L'empire Perses'étendait de l'actuel Iran jusqu'à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_%C3%89g%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Région Égéenne">région Égéenne</a> en Anatolie occidentale. il était divisé en 23 Satrapies et 127 administrations provinciales. Kars faisait partie de la <abbr class="abbr" title="Treizième">13<sup>e</sup></abbr> Satrapie qui fut la Satrapie d'Arménie ou d'Orontide, elle est la toute première administration arménienne connue<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette Satrapie devait payer une taxe annuelle de 400 diamants et des centaines de chevaux. La Satrapie d'Arménie passe aux mains d'Alexandre le Grand puis des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9leucides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Séleucides">Séleucides</a>. Après la défaite des Séleucides face aux Romains, l'Arménie devient indépendante et alliée des Romains en 189. C'est le Satrape d'Arménie <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artaxias_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artaxias Ier">Artaxias Ier</a> qui en devient le roi. Il fonda la dynastie royale des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artaxiades?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artaxiades">Artaxiades</a> qui fut le premier empire arménien et qui régna jusqu'au <span class="nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="après Jésus-Christ">apr. J.-C.</abbr></span> Entre-temps, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_parthe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire parthe">Parthes</a> ont réussi à occuper la région au <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> À la fin du <span class="nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="après Jésus-Christ">apr. J.-C.</abbr></span>, les Sassanides qui avaient pour religion d'État le zoroastrisme, profitent de l'effondrement des Parthes pour conquérir Kars et sa région. Ils en font le gouvernorat d'Ararat et l'occupent pendant plus de 200 ans. En 287 après J.-C., Tiridate, assis sur le trône de ce gouvernorat, choisit le christianisme pour religion d'État. L'Arménie devient ainsi le premier état chrétien au monde, bien que l'État ne soit pas indépendant<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Au <abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, l'Arménie est partagée par l'empire Romain d'un côté, et l'empire Sassanide de l'autre. Ils se disputèrent la région jusqu'au <abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle. C'est à cette période que la culture arménienne se développe et produit d'importantes réalisations culturelles.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Moyen_Âge"><span id="Moyen_.C3.82ge"></span>Moyen Âge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Moyen Âge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>En 640, arrivent les invasions arabes pour conquérir Kars et sa région déjà disputée par les deux puissances que sont les Romains et les Sassanides. Après l'effondrement du royaume des Sassanides en 640 jusqu'en 750, ce sont les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omeyyades?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omeyyades">Omeyyades</a> qui prennent la région et préservent le statut de gouvernorat de la région. Après 750, ce sont les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbassides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abbassides">Abbassides</a> (une autre dynastie Arabe musulmane) qui régissent la province jusqu'en 949 à l'arrivée des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_byzantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire byzantin">Byzantins</a>. Kars reste une petite principauté jusqu'en 888, et intègre ensuite le royaume arménien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bagratides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bagratides">Bagratide</a>, créé sous l'autorisation du calife <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Mutamid_(Abbasside)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Mutamid (Abbasside)">Al-Mutamid</a>. Le roi du royaume <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bagratides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bagratides">Bagratide</a> est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Achot_Ier_d%27Arm%C3%A9nie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Achot Ier d'Arménie">Achot <abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> (Achot le Grand)</a>, son titre de roi est également reconnu par l'empereur byzantin Basile <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Kars,_church_and_mosque.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kars%2C_church_and_mosque.jpg/220px-Kars%2C_church_and_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="766"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kars%2C_church_and_mosque.jpg/220px-Kars%2C_church_and_mosque.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kars%2C_church_and_mosque.jpg/330px-Kars%2C_church_and_mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kars%2C_church_and_mosque.jpg/440px-Kars%2C_church_and_mosque.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Église des Saints-Apôtres </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Caucasus_1060_map_alt_de.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Caucasus_1060_map_alt_de.svg/220px-Caucasus_1060_map_alt_de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="898"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Caucasus_1060_map_alt_de.svg/220px-Caucasus_1060_map_alt_de.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Caucasus_1060_map_alt_de.svg/330px-Caucasus_1060_map_alt_de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Caucasus_1060_map_alt_de.svg/440px-Caucasus_1060_map_alt_de.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Caucase vers 1060 </figcaption> </figure> <p>Après des siècles de luttes entre l'empire Byzantin et l'empire Abbasside, les Byzantins arrivent enfin à soumettre l'Arménie <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bagratides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bagratides">Bagratide</a> en 1040. Les Byzantins en profitent pour détruire le royaume arménien et soumettre entièrement la région. En 1055, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seldjoukides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seldjoukides">Seldjoukides</a> envahissent Kars et pénètrent l'Anatolie en 1064. Ani, ville intégrant l'actuelle province de Kars, fut sous contrôle seldjoukide. Manuçehr Bey est choisi comme le préfet de la ville d'Ani et de ses alentours. Il est d'origine kurde. Il restaure les monuments dégradés par les guerres et construit mosquée, caravansérail, palais et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aqueduc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aqueduc">aqueducs</a>. Ses travaux permettent à la ville de retrouver une prospérité, après des siècles de tensions. Après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_de_Manzikert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille de Manzikert">bataille de Manzikert</a> (1071), les aristocrates arméniens qui servaient les Byzantins ont émigré en Anatolie. En voyant que les Seldjoukides approchent, une partie des Arméniens qui habitaient entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sivas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sivas">Sivas</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antakya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> fuient en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cilicie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cilicie">Cilicie</a>. Les migrations arméniennes en Cilicie avaient déjà commencé dès 965 sous les encouragements des Byzantins lors des guerres avec les Abbassides, il y eut plus tard une autre vague de migration arménienne lorsque les Byzantins détruisent le Royaume <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bagratides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bagratides">Bagratide</a>, l'invasion Seldjoukide provoquera donc une <abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> vague de migration arménienne en Cilicie. Les Arméniens réussissent à créer un Royaume indépendant en Cilicie. En 1079, Kars et sa région passent sous domination byzantine mais repasse aux mains des Seldjoukides dès 1080. Les Seldjoukides multiplient les taxes par 4 aux habitants de la région pour les punir d'avoir résisté. L'archevêque Barsegh (Basile <abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr>) rend visite au Sultan Seldjoukide Melikşah avec des hommes religieux et un comité de nobles pour le convaincre de faire baisser les taxes. Melikşah accepte, dans son décret, toutes les taxes sont levées et l'Église arménienne n'est plus représentée par plusieurs mais une seule administration dont Barsegh devient le gérant. Le sultan Melikşah envoie des militaires accompagner et protéger un comité de nobles arméniens pour migrer dans leur royaume (Le royaume arménien de Cilicie). À partir de 1124, les Seldjoukides et les Géorgiens se disputent la région, ce qui, après une courte période de paix, crée de nouveaux conflits.</p> <p>Plus tard, Kars fut prise par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> en 1239. Cela pousse les Seldjoukides et les Arméniens à fuir la région pour se réfugier en Anatolie. Pendant que le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_arm%C3%A9nien_de_Cilicie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume arménien de Cilicie">royaume arménien de Cilicie</a> s'allie avec les Mongols. En 1380, les Mongols perdent le contrôle de la région au profit du beylicat turc <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a>. En 1386, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tamerlan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tamerlan">Timur</a> réussit à pendre la ville et fait d'Ani la capitale d'une province. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> envahissent la région et détruisent quelques monuments.</p> <p>Prise par le général <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_ottoman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire ottoman">ottoman</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lala_Mustafa_Pacha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lala Mustafa Pacha">Lala Mustafa Pacha</a> en 1580, la ville devint la capitale d'une province ottomane, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eyalet_de_Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eyalet de Kars">eyalet de Kars</a>. La citadelle construite par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sultan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sultan">sultan</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Murad_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> fut assez solide pour résister au siège de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A2dir_Ch%C3%A2h?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nâdir Châh">Nâdir Châh</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_perse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire perse">Perse</a> en 1731, et elle repoussa avec succès les troupes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russes">russes</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1807?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1807">1807</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Période_russe"><span id="P.C3.A9riode_russe"></span>Période russe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Période russe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Après une défense courageuse, elle se rendit le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1828-06-23" data-sort-value="1828-06-23">23 juin 1828</time> au général russe <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikola%C3%AF_Mouraviev-Karsski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nikolaï Mouraviev-Karsski">Nikolaï Mouraviev-Karsski</a>. Onze mille hommes furent faits prisonniers de guerre. Durant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_Crim%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre de Crimée">guerre de Crimée</a>, la garnison turque, commandée par le général britannique <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Fenwick_Williams?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Fenwick Williams">William Fenwick Williams</a> et d'autres officiers étrangers, subit un siège prolongé, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siège de Kars">siège de Kars</a>, mais après que la garnison eut été dévastée par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chol%C3%A9ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Choléra">choléra</a> et le manque de provisions, elle ne put que capituler en novembre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1855?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1855">1855</a>. À la suite du retrait des Russes, les Arméniens de la région partirent vers Constantinople, l'Arménie russe et la France. La forteresse de Kars fut également attaquée lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_russo-turque_de_1877-1878?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre russo-turque de 1877-1878">guerre russo-turque de 1877-1878</a> par des troupes sous le commandement des généraux Loris-Melikov et Lazarev Ivan Davidovich et fut finalement transférée à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russie">Russie</a> par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_San_Stefano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de San Stefano">traité de San Stefano</a>. Elle devint la capitale de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oblast_de_Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oblast de Kars">oblast de Kars</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Période_contemporaine"><span id="P.C3.A9riode_contemporaine"></span>Période contemporaine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Période contemporaine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Kars_russian_architecture.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kars_russian_architecture.jpg/220px-Kars_russian_architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1166"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kars_russian_architecture.jpg/220px-Kars_russian_architecture.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kars_russian_architecture.jpg/330px-Kars_russian_architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kars_russian_architecture.jpg/440px-Kars_russian_architecture.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Architecture russe à Kars </figcaption> </figure> <p>La Russie perdit Kars, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ardahan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Batoumi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Batoumi">Batoumi</a> avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Brest-Litovsk_(Empires_centraux-Russie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Traité de Brest-Litovsk (Empires centraux-Russie)">traité de Brest-Litovsk</a> le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1918-03-03" data-sort-value="1918-03-03">3 mars 1918</time>. Les Turcs prirent le contrôle de Kars le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1918-04-25" data-sort-value="1918-04-25">25 avril 1918</time> et la République du Caucase du Sud-Ouest fut établie dans la zone, mais l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armistice_de_Moudros?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armistice de Moudros">armistice de Moudros</a> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="1918-10" data-sort-value="1918-10">octobre 1918</time>) obligea l'armée ottomane à se retirer derrière les frontières de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1914?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1914">1914</a>. Les Anglais occupèrent Batoumi, mais les Ottomans refusèrent de rendre Kars. Son gouverneur militaire constitua un gouvernement provisoire mené par Fahrettin Pirioglu qui revendiquait la souveraineté turque sur Kars et les régions turcophones et musulmanes environnantes à Batoumi et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gyumri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a> (Alexandropol).</p> <p>La région fut occupée par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arménie">Arménie</a> en janvier 1919 mais le gouvernement pro-turc fut soutenu à Kars jusqu'à l'arrivée des troupes britanniques, qui y mirent fin le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1919-04-19" data-sort-value="1919-04-19">19 avril 1919</time>, et envoyèrent ses meneurs à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malte">Malte</a>. Kars fut donnée à l'Arménie avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iğdır">Iğdır</a> en <time class="nowrap" datetime="1919-05" data-sort-value="1919-05">mai 1919</time>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_arm%C3%A9no-turque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre arméno-turque">guerre arméno-turque</a> entre septembre et, puis la chute de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_d%27Arm%C3%A9nie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République démocratique d'Arménie">Première République d'Arménie</a> furent à l'origine du traité d'Alexandropol, signé par les représentants turcs et arméniens le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1920-12-02" data-sort-value="1920-12-02">2 décembre 1920</time>. Il stipulait l'abandon par l'Arménie de tous les territoires qui lui avaient été accordés par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_S%C3%A8vres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Sèvres">traité de Sèvres</a> ainsi que le passage à la Turquie d'environ 60 % de son territoire d'avant-guerre, incluant ainsi Kars.</p> <p>À la suite de la guerre d'indépendance turque, la Turquie signa le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Kars">traité de Kars</a> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="1921-10-23" data-sort-value="1921-10-23">23 octobre 1921</time>) avec l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">Union soviétique</a>. Avec ce traité la Turquie renonça à ses prétentions sur Batoumi et obtint en retour la reconnaissance de sa souveraineté sur Kars et Ardahan. Les frontières définies par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Kars">traité de Kars</a> ne sont toutefois pas acceptées par les nationalistes arméniens qui, pour la plupart, considèrent le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_S%C3%A8vres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Sèvres">traité de Sèvres</a> comme la base de la solution du problème turco-arménien.</p> <p>Les Soviétiques tentèrent de négocier avec la Turquie afin de leur accorder l'accès aux ruines d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ani">Ani</a> étant donné qu'elles ne possèdent pas de significations particulières pour la Turquie. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ankara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> refusa de donner son accord et la frontière entre l'Arménie et la Turquie est restée inchangée depuis presque un siècle. Depuis la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_du_Haut-Karabagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre du Haut-Karabagh">guerre du Nagorny-Karabakh</a>, la frontière a été fermée en représailles à la victoire des forces séparatistes du Haut-Karabagh sur les forces azéries. L'ancien maire de Kars, Naif Alibeyoğlu, est persuadé que la frontière sera de nouveau ouverte et qu'il n'y aura pas de sentiments nationalistes contre les Arméniens.</p> <p>En 2009, le maire de Kars a perdu les élections au profit d'un membre de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_de_la_justice_et_du_d%C3%A9veloppement_(Turquie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti de la justice et du développement (Turquie)">AKP</a>, le parti islamo-conservateur au pouvoir depuis 2002 dans le pays.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Insanl%C4%B1k_an%C4%B1t%C4%B1_-_panoramio.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Insanl%C4%B1k_an%C4%B1t%C4%B1_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Insanl%C4%B1k_an%C4%B1t%C4%B1_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Insanl%C4%B1k_an%C4%B1t%C4%B1_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Insanl%C4%B1k_an%C4%B1t%C4%B1_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Insanl%C4%B1k_an%C4%B1t%C4%B1_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Insanl%C4%B1k_an%C4%B1t%C4%B1_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Insanl%C4%B1k_an%C4%B1t%C4%B1_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Insanl%C4%B1k_an%C4%B1t%C4%B1_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Monument_%C3%A0_l'Humanit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Monument à l'Humanité (page inexistante)"><i>Monument à l'Humanité</i></a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_Humanity" class="extiw" title="en:Monument to Humanity"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Monument to Humanity »">(en)</span></a>, construit entre 2006 et 2010, puis détruit en 2011. </figcaption> </figure> <p>En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-04" data-sort-value="2011-04">avril 2011</time>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Monument_%C3%A0_l'Humanit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Monument à l'Humanité (page inexistante)"><i>Monument à l'Humanité</i></a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_Humanity" class="extiw" title="en:Monument to Humanity"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Monument to Humanity »">(en)</span></a> (deux totems immobiles, face à face, sans visage), œuvre de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Aksoy_(sculpteur)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mehmet Aksoy (sculpteur) (page inexistante)">Mehmet Aksoy</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Aksoy_(sculptor)" class="extiw" title="en:Mehmet Aksoy (sculptor)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Mehmet Aksoy (sculptor) »">(en)</span></a> situé à Kars et élevé à l’amitié et à la paix turco-arménienne, a été abattu sur l’ordre du premier ministre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La ligne ferroviaire <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligne_Bakou-Tbilissi-Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligne Bakou-Tbilissi-Kars">Bakou-Tbilissi-Kars</a> est inaugurée le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-10-30" data-sort-value="2017-10-30">30 octobre 2017</time> et le premier train de marchandises traverse Kars le <time class="nowrap" datetime="11-03" data-sort-value="11-03">3 novembre</time> pour atteindre le port de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mersin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mersin">Mersin</a>, sur la Méditerranée, le <time class="nowrap" datetime="11-04" data-sort-value="11-04">4 novembre</time><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le maire de la ville, Ayhan Bilgen, est arrêté par la police en septembre 2020. Il était le maire du dernier chef-lieu de département encore aux mains du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_d%C3%A9mocratique_des_peuples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti démocratique des peuples">Parti démocratique des peuples</a> (HDP) à la suite d'une vague d'arrestations et de destitutions. Son arrestation s'inscrit dans un contexte d'offensive des autorités contre les personnalités politiques manifestant leurs soutiens aux organisations du PKK et du YPG, reconnues terroristes<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ethnies_et_religions">Ethnies et religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Ethnies et religions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La région de Kars a toujours intégré différentes ethnies. C'était déjà le cas à l'époque des Urartéens entre le <abbr class="abbr" title="Onzième"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et le <abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>, plusieurs ethnies qui parlaient des langues différentes existaient au sein du royaume. Tout comme l'Anatolie, le Caucase du Sud s'est vu être conquis par des peuples venus d'Asie, d'Europe et du Moyen-Orient. Aujourd'hui,Kars est réputée pour accueillir plusieurs ethnies. Turkmènes, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Az%C3%A9ris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azéris">Azéris</a>, Kurdes, Qarapapaqs, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moloques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moloques">Moloques</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tat">Tats</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9orgiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géorgiens">Géorgiens</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meskh%C3%A8te?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Meskhète">Meskhètes</a>, Allemands et d'autres encore cohabitent. Les habitants de Kars sont en majorité musulmans. Les Turkmènes sont des musulmans sunnites mais on trouve aussi une minorité de Turkmènes Alévis qui vivent principalement dans le district de Selim. Les Turcs Meskhètes et Qarapapaq sont tous sunnites hanafites. Les Kurdes sont sunnites, généralement chaféites mais il y a aussi des Kurdes hanafites. Les Turcs Azéris sont chiites. Les chrétiens de Kars sont généralement d'origine allemande ou moloque.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="La_citadelle_de_Kars">La citadelle de Kars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : La citadelle de Kars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Kars_Kale.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kars_Kale.jpg/220px-Kars_Kale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="1606"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kars_Kale.jpg/220px-Kars_Kale.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kars_Kale.jpg/330px-Kars_Kale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kars_Kale.jpg/440px-Kars_Kale.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> La citadelle de Kars </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Château de Kars">Château de Kars</a>. </div> </div> <p>En tant que ville à la jonction de cultures <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arménie">arménienne</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caucase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caucase">caucasienne</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russie">russe</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turquie">turque</a>, l'architecture des bâtiments de Kars en porte les influences. Le château de Kars (Kars Kalesi), appelé citadelle de Kars, surplombe la ville au sommet d'une colline rocheuse. Ses murs remontent à la période arménienne des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bagratides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bagratides">Bagratides</a> (des éléments de maçonnerie sont encore présents au nord du château), il est probable qu'ils prirent leur forme actuelle au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> quand Kars était sous la domination de la dynastie Zakaride. Les murs portent des croix en plusieurs endroits, ainsi qu'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khatchkar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khatchkar">khatchkar</a> avec une inscription en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arménien">arménien</a> sur la tour la plus à l'est. Ainsi elle est fausse la croyance qui affirme que le château de Kars ait été construit par le sultan ottoman <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Murad_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> durant la guerre avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_perse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire perse">Perse</a>, à la fin du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>. Cependant, il est probable que le sultan Murad ait reconstruit une grande partie des murs de la ville (ils sont similaires à ceux édifiés par l'armée ottomane à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ardahan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a>). Aux pieds du plateau se trouve la cathédrale Saint-Arak'elos, ou l'église des Apôtres. Construite au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, elle comprend un tétraconque voûté sur une base carrée avec quatre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abside">absides</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frise_(architecture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frise (architecture)">frise</a> du dôme incorpore des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bas-relief?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bas-relief">bas-reliefs</a> représentant les douze <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ap%C3%B4tres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apôtres">Apôtres</a>, un toit conique recouvre le dôme. Dans les années 1960 et 1970, elle abrita un petit musée, puis fut abandonnée pendant deux décennies jusqu'à sa conversion en mosquée en 1998.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Climat">Climat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Climat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Kars est l'une des villes de Turquie qui bénéficie du climat le plus froid en raison de son altitude élevée. La moyenne des températures annuelles est de seulement <span title="40,5 °F ou 277,9 K">4,7 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>. Les températures connaissent d'importantes variations saisonnières en raison de la continentalité du climat. Ainsi l'amplitude thermique entre le mois le plus chaud et le mois le plus froid est égale à <span title="81 °F ou 300,4 K">27,2 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>.</p> <table class="wikitable sortable centre" style="text-align:center; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> <caption> Relevé météorologique de Kars-altitude: 1775 m-latitude: 40°36'N </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Mois</th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="janvier">jan.</abbr></th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="février">fév.</abbr></th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">mars</th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">avril</th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">mai</th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">juin</th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="juillet">jui.</abbr></th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">août</th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="septembre">sep.</abbr></th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="octobre">oct.</abbr></th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="novembre">nov.</abbr></th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="décembre">déc.</abbr></th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">année</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Température minimale moyenne (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Degr%C3%A9_Celsius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Degré Celsius">°C</a>)</th> <td style="background-color:#B4C8FF">−14,6</td> <td style="background-color:#B4C8FF">−13,7</td> <td style="background-color:#DCF0FF">−7,5</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">−0,2</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">3,7</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFC0">6,4</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFC0">9,6</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFC0">9,3</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFC0">5,1</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">0,1</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">−4,5</td> <td style="background-color:#DCF0FF">−10,1</td> <td><b>−1,4</b></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Température moyenne (°C)</th> <td style="background-color:#DCF0FF">−9,9</td> <td style="background-color:#DCF0FF">−8,4</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">−2,5</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFC0">5,2</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFC0">10</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFF80">13,4</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFF80">17,3</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFF80">17,1</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFF80">13,2</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFC0">6,7</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">0,4</td> <td style="background-color:#DCF0FF">−5,6</td> <td><b>4,7</b></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Température maximale moyenne (°C)</th> <td style="background-color:#DCF0FF">−5,2</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">−3,4</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">2,4</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFC0">11</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFF80">16,2</td> <td style="background-color:#FFC040">20,4</td> <td style="background-color:#FFC040">25,2</td> <td style="background-color:#FFC040">25,6</td> <td style="background-color:#FFC040">21,8</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFF80">13,6</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFC0">6,3</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">−1,4</td> <td><b>11</b></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Précipitations (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millim%C3%A8tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Millimètre">mm</a>)</th> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">18,8</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">22,4</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">26</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">44,1</td> <td style="background-color:#DCF0FF">76,2</td> <td style="background-color:#DCF0FF">75,7</td> <td style="background-color:#DCF0FF">49,7</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">38,3</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">26,7</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">38,5</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">25,7</td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">20,8</td> <td><b>462,8</b></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="margin-top: -1em; text-align:center; font-size:85%"> Source : <b>Le climat à Kars (en °C et mm, moyennes mensuelles)</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/i/IR40706.php">climate-charts.com</a> </div> <p><br></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Université_du_Caucase"><span id="Universit.C3.A9_du_Caucase"></span>Université du Caucase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Université du Caucase" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>À Kars, l'Université du Caucase, fondée en 1922, accueille plus de 12 000 étudiants, dont de nombreux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurdes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurdes">Kurdes</a>, puisque c'est la principale minorité de la région.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Kars_dans_la_littérature"><span id="Kars_dans_la_litt.C3.A9rature"></span>Kars dans la littérature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Kars dans la littérature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li>Kars est le lieu de l'action du roman <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neige_(Orhan_Pamuk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neige (Orhan Pamuk)">Neige</a></i> (traduction de Kars en français) d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a> (2004). En voici un extrait : « Tous ces Arméniens, Russes, Ottomans et Turcs des débuts de la République, qui avaient transformé la ville en un modeste centre de civilisation, s’en étaient allés, et on avait l’impression que les rues étaient complètement désertes parce que personne n’était venu les remplacer<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. »</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Personnalités_nées_à_Kars"><span id="Personnalit.C3.A9s_n.C3.A9es_.C3.A0_Kars"></span>Personnalités nées à Kars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Personnalités nées à Kars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Voir la catégorie : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Naissance_%C3%A0_Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Naissance à Kars">Naissance à Kars</a>. </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : turc">(tr)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/kars/genelbilgiler"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="tr">KarsGenelBilgiler</cite></a> »</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : turc">(tr)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DLn17DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3%26lpg%3DPA3%26dq%3Dkars%2Bneolitik%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D8JevTNez77%26sig%3DACfU3U3zD7-35MRiOp2-rRKNjh8uZf2wWg%26hl%3Dfr%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwin6IOUn5_nAhVN1xoKHRtuCSM4ChDoATABegQIBBAB%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dkars%2520neolitik%26f%3Dfalse"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="tr">Artvininkültüreltarihindetürkizleri</cite></a> »</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglo-saxon">(ang)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DWX3WCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR8%26lpg%3DPR8%26dq%3Detiuni%2Burartu%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DoSIuCvp0nu%26sig%3DACfU3U15tysIQXayuMBnRKTrjRt6PPxbmg%26hl%3Dfr%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiaybD5mZ_nAhV68eAKHfcLCfIQ6AEwAXoECAUQAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Detiuni%2520urartu%26f%3Dfalse"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="ang">internationalSymposiumonEastAnatoliaSouthCaucasusCulture</cite></a> »</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MuzafferDURAN2016">MuzafferDURAN, <cite class="italique">Satraplık Sisteminin Pers Yönetim Teşkilatındaki Yeri</cite>, DergiparkAcadémieUniversitaire, <time>2016</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satrapl%C4%B1k+Sisteminin+Pers+Y%C3%B6netim+Te%C5%9Fkilat%C4%B1ndaki+Yeri&rft.au=MuzafferDURAN&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKars"></span></span>|p64</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : turc">(tr)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://m.karsmanset.com/haber/tarihte-kars-ve-ani-23898.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="tr">TARİHTEKARSVEANİ</cite></a> »</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arsever2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sylvie_Arsever2011">Sylvie <span class="nom_auteur">Arsever</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">La Turquie : quel modèle?</cite> », <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Temps_(quotidien_suisse)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Temps (quotidien suisse)">Le Temps</a></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-11-28" data-sort-value="2011-11-28">28 novembre 2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.letemps.ch/Facet/print/Uuid/512ad13c-193e-11e1-aace-2ad921ff8488/La_Turquie_quel_mod%25C3%25A8le">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+Turquie+%3A+quel+mod%C3%A8le%3F&rft.jtitle=Le+Temps&rft.aulast=Arsever&rft.aufirst=Sylvie&rft.date=2011-11-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKars"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Duran2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ragıp_Duran2011">Ragıp <span class="nom_auteur">Duran</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">L’amitié turco-arménienne en morceaux</cite> », <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libération (journal)">Libération</a></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-04-27" data-sort-value="2011-04-27">27 avril 2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/01012333956-l-amitie-turco-armenienne-en-morceaux">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%E2%80%99amiti%C3%A9+turco-arm%C3%A9nienne+en+morceaux&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.aulast=Duran&rft.aufirst=Rag%C4%B1p&rft.date=2011-04-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKars"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/baku-tbilisi-kars-train-completes-first-trip-121910">"Baku-Tbilisi-Kars train completes first trip"</a>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hürriyet Daily News">Hürriyet Daily News</a></i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-11-04" data-sort-value="2017-11-04">4 novembre 2017</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2020">« <cite style="font-style:normal">En Turquie, la justice ordonne l’arrestation de 82 cadres de l’opposition kurde</cite> », <i>Le Monde.fr</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09-25" data-sort-value="2020-09-25">25 septembre 2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/09/25/en-turquie-la-justice-ordonne-l-arrestation-de-82-cadres-de-l-opposition-kurde_6053660_3210.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=En+Turquie%2C+la+justice+ordonne+l%E2%80%99arrestation+de+82+cadres+de+l%E2%80%99opposition+kurde&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.date=2020-09-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKars"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2020">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.courrierdesbalkans.fr/Turquie-vague-arrestations-rangs-HDP"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Turquie : vague d’arrestations dans les rangs du HDP</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Le Courrier des Balkans</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09-28" data-sort-value="2020-09-28">28 septembre 2020</time></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Orhan Pamuk, <i>Neige</i>, éd. Gallimard Folio <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4531, 2010 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-07-034454-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-07-034454-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-07-034454-3</span></a>)</small>, p. 196.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kars?uselang%3Dfr">Kars</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> <li class="wikinews"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikinews.org/wiki/Cat%25C3%25A9gorie:Kars" class="extiw" title="n:Catégorie:Kars">Kars</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikinews</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Cet article est une traduction partielle d'un texte issu de l'<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence:Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_1911?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Référence:Encyclopædia Britannica 1911">édition de 1911</a>), désormais au domaine public.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul> <li><cite class="ouvrage" id="site_officiel" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="wd_p856"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : turc">(tr)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.kars.bel.tr">Site officiel</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127063?uselang%3Dfr%23P856" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span></cite></li> <li><span class="liste-horizontale noarchive"><span class="wd_identifiers">Ressource relative aux beaux-arts<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127063?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T045903"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Grove Art Online</span></a></li> </ul></span></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127063?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kars"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk//Kars/"><i>Den Store Danske Encyklopædi</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/kars_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/"><i>Enciclopedia italiana</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/Kars%252B%2528citt%25C3%25A0%2529.html"><i>Enciclopedia De Agostini</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0035408.xml"><i>Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3920741"><i>Internetowa encyklopedia PWN</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/ville/wd/127087"><i>Larousse</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://snl.no/Kars"><i>Store norske leksikon</i></a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127063?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://viaf.org/viaf/136073904">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82246253">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://d-nb.info/gnd/4260372-9">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action%3Ddisplay%26authority_id%3DXX456178">Espagne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func%3Dfind-b%26local_base%3DNLX10%26find_code%3DUID%26request%3D987007559698705171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n82-246253">WorldCat</a></span></li> </ul> </div></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : turc">(tr)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.kars.bel.tr">Site officiel de la municipalité de Kars</a></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : turc">(tr)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.kars.gov.tr">Site officiel de la préfecture de Kars</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Château de Kars">Château de Kars</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royaume_de_Wanand&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Royaume de Wanand (page inexistante)">Royaume de Wanand</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25B6nigreich_Wanand" class="extiw" title="de:Königreich Wanand"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en allemand : « Königreich Wanand »">(de)</span></a> (ou <i>Royaume de Kars</i>, 963-1065)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Provisional_National_Government_of_the_Southwestern_Caucasus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus (page inexistante)">Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_National_Government_of_the_Southwestern_Caucasus" class="extiw" title="en:Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus »">(en)</span></a> (<i>Gouvernement national provisoire du Caucase du Sud-Ouest</i>, ou <i>République de Kars</i>, 1918-1919)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligne_Bakou-Tbilissi-Kars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligne Bakou-Tbilissi-Kars">Ligne Bakou-Tbilissi-Kars</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9isme_de_1983_%C3%A0_Erzurum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Séisme de 1983 à Erzurum">Séisme de 1983 à Erzurum</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la Turquie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/36px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 36px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/36px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="36" data-height="24" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/54px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/72px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Turquie">Portail de la Turquie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Arm%C3%A9nie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de l’Arménie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 48px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="48" data-height="24" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/72px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/96px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Arm%C3%A9nie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Arménie">Portail de l’Arménie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DKars%26oldid%3D222979807">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kars&oldid=222979807</a> ». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kars&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Petro" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1739459483"> <span>Dernière modification le 13 février 2025, à 16:11</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%259E%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Ҟарс – abkhaze" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҟарс" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B5" title="قارص – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قارص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3" title="كارس – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qars" title="Qars – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qars" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B5" title="قارص – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارص" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Карс – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Карс – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B8" title="কার্স – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Карс – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Карс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Kars (kapital sa lalawigan) – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kars (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3" title="قەرس – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قەرس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qers" title="Qers – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qers" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CF%2582" title="Καρς – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B5" title="قارص – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قارص" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – gagaouze" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagaouze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B5" title="قارص – gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="قارص" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A7%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A1_(%25D7%25A2%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8)" title="קארס (עיר) – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קארס (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25BD" title="Կարս – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25BD" title="Կարս – arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կարս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars,_Turki" title="Kars, Turki – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kars, Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25AB%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2582%25B9_(%25E9%2583%25BD%25E5%25B8%2582)" title="カルス (都市) – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルス (都市)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A7%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598" title="ყარსი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყარსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25B9%25B4%25EB%25A5%25B4%25EC%258A%25A4" title="카르스 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카르스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qers" title="Qers – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qers" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%258A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Къарс – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Къарс" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsas" title="Karsas – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karsas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsa" title="Karsa – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Карс – mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Карс" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Карс – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Карс – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Карс" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars,_Turki" title="Kars, Turki – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kars, Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B5" title="قارص – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قارص" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars_(stad)" title="Kars (stad) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kars (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%258A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Хъарс – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъарс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25B8" title="ਕਾਰਸ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3" title="کارس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کارس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CF%2582" title="Καρς – pontique" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Καρς" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="pontique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carse" title="Carse – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carse" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Карс – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Карс – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Қорс – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қорс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%25AA" title="คาร์ส – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์ส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Карс – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Карс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Карс – oudmourte" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Карс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="oudmourte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581" title="Карс – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B5" title="قارص – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قارص" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars,_Turkeya" title="Kars, Turkeya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kars, Turkeya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258D%25A1%25E5%25B0%2594%25E6%2596%25AF" title="卡尔斯 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡尔斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258D%25A1%25E7%2588%25BE%25E6%2596%25AF_(%25E5%258D%25A1%25E7%2588%25BE%25E6%2596%25AF%25E7%259C%2581)" title="卡爾斯 (卡爾斯省) – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡爾斯 (卡爾斯省)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars" title="Kars – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kars" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258D%25A1%25E7%2588%25BE%25E6%2596%25AF" title="卡爾斯 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡爾斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 13 février 2025 à 16:11.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> sauf mention contraire.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politique de confidentialité</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%80_propos_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">À propos de Wikipédia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Avertissements_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Avertissements</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Contact">Contact</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code de conduite</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://developer.wikimedia.org">Développeurs</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stats.wikimedia.org/%23/fr.wikipedia.org">Statistiques</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Déclaration sur les témoins (cookies)</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/fr">Conditions d’utilisation</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DKars%26mobileaction%3Dtoggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Version de bureau</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-64b5bb4b79-dbdv8","wgBackendResponseTime":263,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_fc2d1b8ae69f55d4254a8c4c3a5b01268127676d":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q127063","properties":{"title":"Kars","stroke-opacity":1,"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#008000","fill-opacity":0.3,"fill":"#555555"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.641","walltime":"0.876","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10774,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":227572,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":49192,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":12236,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 753.463 1 -total"," 30.11% 226.880 1 Modèle:Infobox_Ville_de_Turquie"," 29.59% 222.978 1 Modèle:Infobox_Subdivision_administrative"," 14.43% 108.726 1 Modèle:Liens"," 12.76% 96.168 1 Modèle:Palette"," 10.86% 81.851 3 Modèle:Méta_palette_de_navigation"," 8.79% 66.207 2 Modèle:Références"," 7.95% 59.924 1 Modèle:Infobox/Ligne_mixte_latitude_longitude_optionnelle"," 6.93% 52.247 1 Modèle:Palette_Bagratides"," 6.50% 48.977 14 Modèle:Liste_horizontale"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.250","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10533950,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"34266 à paramétrer\n4216094 à paramétrer\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-67794785f5-j87jx","timestamp":"20250228233008","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kars","url":"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kars","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q127063","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q127063","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributeurs aux projets Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Fondation Wikimedia, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-01T12:00:57Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T15:11:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/74\/Kars_genel_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BCm.jpg","headline":"ville turque, pr\u00e9fecture de la province du m\u00eame nom."}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-mw-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('fr', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>