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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dagesh_qal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dagesh_qal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Dagesh qal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dagesh_qal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dagesh qal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dagesh_qal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dagesh_hazaq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dagesh_hazaq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dagesh hazaq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dagesh_hazaq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rafe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rafe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rafe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rafe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode_encodings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode_encodings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Unicode encodings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode_encodings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dagesh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dageš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagesch" title="Dagesch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dagesch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguesh" title="Daguesh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Daguesh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguech" title="Daguech – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Daguech" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%A9" title="דגש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ges" title="Dáges – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dáges" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagesz" title="Dagesz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dagesz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguexe" title="Daguexe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Daguexe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Дагеш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дагеш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dage%C5%A1" title="Dageš – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dageš" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dage%C5%9F" title="Dageş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dageş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912265#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dagesh" title="Special:EditPage/Dagesh">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dagesh%22">"Dagesh"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dagesh%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dagesh%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dagesh%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dagesh%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dagesh%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:palegreen; color:black;;">Dagesh</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size: 4em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ּ</span>‎</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:palegreen; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound values</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></b></li><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">ḥazaq</i></span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ː]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a>), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">qal</i></span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]→[b],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɣ]→[ɡ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ð]→[d],<span class="wrap"> </span>[x]→[k],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɸ]→[p],<span class="wrap"> </span>[θ]→[t]</span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></b></li><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]→[b],<span class="wrap"> </span>[x]~[χ]→[k],<span class="wrap"> </span>[f]→[p]</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>U+05BC</code></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:palegreen; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sisters</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shuruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuruk">shuruk</a></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Transliterations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Biblical</b></li><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">ḥazaq</i></span>: doubled consonant, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">qal</i></span>: none<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>Modern</b></li><li>v→b, kh→k, f→p</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:palegreen; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated graphs</th><td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">bet</a></i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">gimel</a></i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">dalet</a></i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כ</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">kaf</a></i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">pe</a></i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">tav</a></i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dagesh_header.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dagesh in Hebrew. The red dot on the rightmost character (the letter dalet) is a dagesh." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dagesh_header.png/200px-Dagesh_header.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dagesh_header.png/300px-Dagesh_header.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dagesh_header.png/400px-Dagesh_header.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>The word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>. The red dot on the rightmost character (the letter <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">dalet</a></i></span>) is a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>dagesh</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">דָּגֵשׁ</span> <i>dagésh</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> that is used in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. It takes the form of a dot placed inside a consonant. A <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> can either indicate a "hard" <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a> version of the consonant (known as <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh qal</i></span>, literally 'light dot') or that the consonant is <a href="/wiki/Geminated" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminated">geminated</a> (known as <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh ḥazaq</i></span>, literally 'hard dot'), although the latter is rarely used in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>. </p><p>The <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> was added to <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew orthography">Hebrew orthography</a> at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_vocalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic vocalization">Masoretic</a> system of <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a></i></span> (vowel points). </p><p>Two other diacritics with different functions, the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">mappiq</a></i></span> and the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shuruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuruk">shuruk</a></i></span>, are visually identical to the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> but are only used with <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">vowel letters</a>. </p><p>The <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">mappiq</i></span> symbols are often omitted when writing <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">niqqud</i></span> (e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בּ</span>‎ is written as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎). In these cases, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> may be added to help readers resolve the ambiguity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use or omission of such marks is usually consistent throughout any given context. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dagesh_qal"><span class="anchor" id="Dagesh_Kal"></span> Dagesh qal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagesh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dagesh qal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh kal</i></span></b> or <b><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh qal</i></span></b> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דגש קל</span></span>, or <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דגש קשיין</span></span>, also <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Lenis_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenis consonant">lene</a></i>, <i>weak/light dagesh</i>) may be placed inside the consonants <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">bet</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">gimel</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dalet</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כ</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">kaf</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">pe</i></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">tav</i></span>. They each have two sounds, the original hard <a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">plosive</a> sound (which originally contained no <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> as it was the only pronunciation), and a soft <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a> version produced as such for speech efficiency because of the position in which the mouth is left immediately after a vowel has been produced. </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>, the soft sounds of these letters did not exist in Hebrew, but were later differentiated in Hebrew writing as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-influenced pronunciation of Hebrew.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Aramaic languages, including <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> versions of Aramaic, have these same <a href="/wiki/Allophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophonic">allophonic</a> pronunciations of the letters. </p><p>The letters take on their hard sounds when they have no vowel sound before them, and take their soft sounds when a vowel immediately precedes them. In <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> this was the case within a word and also across word boundaries, though in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> there are no longer across word boundaries, since the soft and hard sounds are no longer allophones of each other, but regarded as distinct phonemes. </p><p>When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>, while the soft sounds lack the mark. In Modern Hebrew, however, the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> only changes the pronunciation of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">bet</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כ</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">kaf</i></span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">pe</i></span>. Traditional <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazic_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazic pronunciation">Ashkenazic pronunciation</a> also varies the pronunciation of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">tav</i></span>, and some traditional Middle Eastern pronunciations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> carry alternate forms for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dalet</i></span>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">With dagesh </th> <th colspan="5">Without dagesh </th></tr> <tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th>Example in English </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Example in English </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;">בּ</span></span>‎ </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">bet</i></span> </td> <td>b </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>b</b>un </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;">ב</span></span>‎ </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">vet</i></span> </td> <td>v </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>v</b>an </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.5em;">כּ ךּ</span></span>‎<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">kaph</i></span> </td> <td>k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>k</b>angaroo </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;">כ ך</span></span>‎ </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">khaph</i></span> </td> <td>kh/ch/ḵ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loch#English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:loch">lo<b>ch</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.5em;">פּ ףּ</span></span>‎<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">pe</i></span> </td> <td>p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>p</b>ass </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;">פ ף</span></span>‎ </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">phe</i></span> </td> <td>f/ph </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>f</b>ind </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Ashkenazi pronunciation, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">tav</i></span> without a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span>, while in other traditions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> it is assumed to have been pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</span> at the time <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a></i></span> was introduced. In Modern Hebrew, it is always pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span>. </p><p>The letters <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">gimel</a></i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎) and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">dalet</a></i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎) may also contain a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh kal</i></span>. This indicates an allophonic variation of the phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span>, a variation which no longer exists in modern Hebrew pronunciation. The variations are believed to have been: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גּ</span>‎ pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎ as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">דּ</span>‎ as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎ as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</span>. The Hebrew spoken by the Jews of Yemen (<a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite Hebrew</a>) still preserves unique <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> for these letters with and without a dagesh.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagesh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among Modern Hebrew speakers, the pronunciation of some of the above letters has become the same as others: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th>Pronounced like </th> <th>Letter </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;">ב</span></span>‎<br /><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">vet</i></span> </td> <td align="center">(without <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>) like </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;">ו</span></span>‎<br /><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">vav</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;">כ</span></span>‎<br /><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">khaf</i></span> </td> <td align="center">(without <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>) like </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;">ח</span></span>‎<br /><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">chet</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;">כּ</span></span>‎<br /><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">kaf</i></span> </td> <td align="center">(with <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>) like </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;">ק</span></span>‎<br /><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">qof</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;">תּ, ת</span></span>‎<br /><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">tav</i></span> </td> <td align="center">(with and without <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>) like </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:200%;">ט</span></span>‎<br /><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">tet</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dagesh_hazaq">Dagesh hazaq</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagesh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dagesh hazaq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Dagesh ḥazak</i></span> or <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh ḥazaq</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דגש חזק</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">strong dot</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, i.e. 'gemination <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>', or <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דגש כפלן</span></span>, also '<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Fortis_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis consonant">forte</a>') may be placed in almost any letter, indicating a <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> (doubling) of that consonant in the pronunciation of pre-modern Hebrew. This gemination is not adhered to in modern Hebrew and is only used in careful pronunciation, such as the reading of scripture in a synagogue service, recitation of biblical or traditional texts or on ceremonial occasions, and only by very precise readers. </p><p>The following letters, the <a href="/wiki/Guttural" title="Guttural">gutturals</a>, almost never have a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a></i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">he</a></i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heth (letter)">chet</a></i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ayin</a></i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>‎, and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">resh</a></i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר</span>‎. A few instances of <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">resh</i></span> with <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> are recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>, as well as a few cases of <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">aleph</i></span> with <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 23:17. </p><p>The presence of a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh ḥazak</i></span> or consonant-doubling in a word may be entirely morphological, or, as is often the case, is a lengthening to compensate for a deleted consonant. A <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh ḥazak</i></span> may be placed in letters for one of the following reasons: </p> <ul><li>The letter follows the <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">definite article</a>, the word "the". For example, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׁמָיִם</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">shamayim</i></span>, 'heaven(s)') in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 1:8<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַשָּׁמַיִם</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">ha<b>shsh</b>amayim</i></span>, 'the heaven(s)') in <a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:1" title="Genesis 1:1">Genesis 1:1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because the definite article was originally a stand-alone particle <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַל</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">hal</i></span>), but at an early stage in ancient Hebrew it contracted into a prefix <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַ</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">ha-</i></span>), and the loss of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ל</span>‎ 'l' was compensated for by doubling the following letter.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this situation where the following letter is a guttural, the vowel in 'ha-' becomes long to compensate for the inability to double the next letter - otherwise, this vowel is almost always short. This also happens in words taking the prefix <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לַ</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">la-</i></span>, since it is a prefix created by the contraction of <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לְ</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">le-</i></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַ</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">ha-</i></span>. Occasionally, the letter following a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">he</i></span> which is used to indicate a question may also receive a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> 13:20 <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַשְּׁמֵנָה הִוא</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Ha<b>shshe</b>mena hi?</i></span>, 'whether it is fat').<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The letter follows the prefix <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מִ</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">mi-</i></span> where this prefix is an abbreviation for the word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">min</i></span>, meaning 'from'. For example, the phrase "from your hand", if spelled as two words, would be <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִן יָדֶךָ</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">min yadekha</i></span>). In Genesis 4:11 however, it occurs as one word: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִיָּדֶךָ</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">mi<b>yy</b>adekha</i></span>. This prefix mostly replaces the usage of the particle <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִן</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">min</i></span>) in modern Hebrew.</li> <li>The letter follows the prefix <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שֶׁ</span></span> 'she-' in modern Hebrew, which is a prefixed contraction of the relative pronoun <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲשֶׁר</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">asher</i></span>), where the first letter is dropped and the last letter disappears and doubles the next letter. This prefix is rare in Biblical texts, and mostly replaces the use of <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">asher</i></span> in Modern Hebrew.</li> <li>It marks the doubling of a letter that is caused by a weak letter losing its vowel. In these situations, the weak letter disappears, and the following letter is doubled to compensate for it. For example, compare <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 6:7 <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לָקַחְתִּי</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">lakachti</i></span>) with Numbers 23:28, where the first letter of the root <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ל</span>‎ has been <a href="/wiki/Elided" class="mw-redirect" title="Elided">elided</a>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וַיִּקַּח</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">vayyi<b>kk</b>ach</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lamed" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamed">Lamed</a> only behaves as a weak letter in this particular root word.</li> <li>If the letter follows a <a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">vav-consecutive</a> imperfect (sometimes referred to as <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">vav</i></span> conversive, or <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Words_written_as_vav" title="Waw (letter)">vav ha'hipuch</a></i></span>), which, in Biblical Hebrew, switches a verb between <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a>. For example, compare <a href="/wiki/Judges_7" title="Judges 7">Judges 7</a>:4 <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יֵלֵךְ</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">yelekh</i></span>, 'let him go') with <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 31:1 <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וַיֵּלֶך</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">va<b>yy</b>elekh</i></span>, 'he went'). A possible reason for this doubling is that the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וַ</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">va-</i></span>) prefix could be the remains of an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הָוַיַ</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">hawaya</i></span>, the ancient form of the verb <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הָיָה</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">hayah</i></span>, 'to be') being contracted into a prefix, losing the initial <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">ha</i></span>, and the final <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">ya</i></span> syllable disappearing and doubling the next letter.</li> <li>In some of the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Binyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Binyan">binyan</a></i></span> verbal stems, where the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">pi'el</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">pu'al</i></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">hitpa'el</i></span> stems themselves cause doubling in the second root letter of a verb. For example: <ul><li>Exodus 15:9 <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲחַלֵּק</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">acha<b>ll</b>ek</i></span>, 'I shall divide'), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">pi'el</i></span>-stem, first person future tense</li> <li>in the phrase <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הָלֵּלוּ יַהּ</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">ha<b>ll</b>elu yah</i></span>, 'praise the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>'), where <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">hallelu</i></span> is in the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">pi'el</i></span>-stem, masculine plural imperative form</li> <li>Genesis 47:31 <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וַיִּתְחַזֵּק</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">vayyitcha<b>zz</b>ek</i></span>, 'he strengthened himself'), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">hitpa'el</i></span>-stem</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rafe">Rafe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagesh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rafe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Masoretic manuscripts the opposite of a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> would be indicated by a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">rafe</a></i></span>, a small line on top of the letter. This is no longer found in Hebrew, but may still sometimes be seen in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode_encodings">Unicode encodings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagesh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unicode encodings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In computer typography there are two ways to use a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span> with Hebrew text. The following examples give the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric character references</a>: </p> <ul><li>Using <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">combining characters</a>: <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">bet</i></span> + <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בּ</span>‎ = <code>U+05D1</code><code>U+05BC</code> or <code>&#1489;</code><code>&#1468;</code></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">kaf</i></span> + <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כּ</span>‎ = <code>U+05DB</code><code>U+05BC</code> or <code>&#1499;</code><code>&#1468;</code></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">pe</i></span> + <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פּ</span>‎ = <code>U+05E4</code><code>U+05BC</code> or <code>&#1508;</code><code>&#1468;</code></li></ul></li> <li>Using <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed characters</a>: <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">bet</i></span> with <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בּ</span>‎ = <code>U+FB31</code> or <code>&#64305;</code></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">kaf</i></span> with <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כּ</span>‎ = <code>U+FB3B</code> or <code>&#64315;</code></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">pe</i></span> with <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh</i></span>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פּ</span>‎ = <code>U+FB44</code> or <code>&#64324;</code></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character sets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">encodings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> may support neither, one, or both methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagesh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadda">Shadda</a>, analogous to the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dagesh hazak</i></span> in written Arabic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">Yiddish spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish#Orthography" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakuten_and_Handakuten" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakuten and Handakuten">Dakuten and Handakuten</a> (Japanese equivalent)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagesh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">SBL</a> transliteration system<sup id="cite_ref-SBL_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBL-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ךּ</span>‎" is rare but exists, e.g. the last word in <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 7:1 (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דברים פרק ז׳ פסוק א׳</span></span>) in the word "<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִמֶּךָּ</span></span>", see <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%96_%D7%90" class="extiw" title="s:he:דברים ז א">here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ףּ</span>‎" is rare but exists, e.g. the second word in <a href="/wiki/Proverbs_30" title="Proverbs 30">Proverbs 30</a>:6 (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">משלי פרק ל׳ פסוק ו׳</span></span>) in the word "<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תּוֹסְףְּ</span></span>" – see <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%9C_%D7%95" class="extiw" title="s:he:משלי ל ו">here</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagesh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SBL-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SBL_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viceregency.com/Translit.htm">"Transliteration Standards of the SBL"</a>. <i>www.viceregency.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.viceregency.com&rft.atitle=Transliteration+Standards+of+the+SBL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viceregency.com%2FTranslit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrew-academy.org.il/topic/hahlatot/missingvocalizationspelling/#target-21611">"הכתיב המלא"</a> [The Complete Spelling] (in Hebrew). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231210135900/https://hebrew-academy.org.il/topic/hahlatot/missingvocalizationspelling/%23target-21611">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrew-academy.org.il%2Ftopic%2Fhahlatot%2Fmissingvocalizationspelling%2F%23target-21611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428054913/http://sagavyah.tripod.com/ALEFBET.html">"Vocalization of Hebrew Alphabet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sagavyah.tripod.com:80/ALEFBET.html">the original</a> on 2015-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vocalization+of+Hebrew+Alphabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsagavyah.tripod.com%3A80%2FALEFBET.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0101.htm#8">"Genesis 1 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"</a>. <i>mechon-mamre.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mechon-mamre.org&rft.atitle=Genesis+1+%2F+Hebrew+-+English+Bible+%2F+Mechon-Mamre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmechon-mamre.org%2Fp%2Fpt%2Fpt0101.htm%238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0101.htm#1">"Genesis 1 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"</a>. <i>mechon-mamre.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mechon-mamre.org&rft.atitle=Genesis+1+%2F+Hebrew+-+English+Bible+%2F+Mechon-Mamre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmechon-mamre.org%2Fp%2Fpt%2Fpt0101.htm%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingreen1963" class="citation book cs1">Weingreen, J. (1963-03-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUGczQEACAAJ"><i>A Practical Grammar for Classical Hebrew</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 23 (§16). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815422-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815422-8"><bdi>978-0-19-815422-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Grammar+for+Classical+Hebrew&rft.pages=23+%28%C2%A716%29&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=1963-03-26&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815422-8&rft.aulast=Weingreen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUGczQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0413.htm#20">"Numbers 13 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"</a>. <i>mechon-mamre.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mechon-mamre.org&rft.atitle=Numbers+13+%2F+Hebrew+-+English+Bible+%2F+Mechon-Mamre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmechon-mamre.org%2Fp%2Fpt%2Fpt0413.htm%2320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0423.htm#28">"Numbers 23 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"</a>. <i>mechon-mamre.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mechon-mamre.org&rft.atitle=Numbers+23+%2F+Hebrew+-+English+Bible+%2F+Mechon-Mamre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmechon-mamre.org%2Fp%2Fpt%2Fpt0423.htm%2328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagesh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagesh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/12" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/12"><i>Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</i>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>§12</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/13" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/13">§13</a></li> <li>M. Spiegel and J. Volk, 2003. "Hebrew Vowel Restoration with Neural Networks," Proceedings of the Class of 2003 Senior Conference, Computer Science Department, Swarthmore College, pp. 1–7: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804042244/http://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~richardw/cs97-s03/papers/01_Paper.pdf">Open Access Copy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagesh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020615055802/http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/hebrew.html">alanwood.com Hebrew</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/alphabetic_presentation_forms.html">alanwood.com Alphabetic presentation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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