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id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Indigenous women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>COVID-19</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indigenous peoples in Chile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobles_ind%C3%ADgenes_de_Xile" title="Pobles indígenes de Xile – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pobles indígenes de Xile" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_ind%C3%ADgenas_de_Chile" title="Pueblos indígenas de Chile – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblos indígenas de Chile" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بومی‌های شیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بومی‌های شیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about indigenous peoples of Chile. For other indigenous peoples, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">List of indigenous peoples</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Native Chileans</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><i>Chilenos Nativos (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aimaras_Pozo_Almonte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Aimaras_Pozo_Almonte.jpg/220px-Aimaras_Pozo_Almonte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Aimaras_Pozo_Almonte.jpg/330px-Aimaras_Pozo_Almonte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Aimaras_Pozo_Almonte.jpg/440px-Aimaras_Pozo_Almonte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aymara community in <a href="/wiki/Pozo_Almonte" title="Pozo Almonte">Pozo Almonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarapac%C3%A1_Region" title="Tarapacá Region">Tarapacá</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <b>2,185,792</b> (2017 census)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12.44% of the Chilean population</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Zona_Sur" title="Zona Sur">Zona Sur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norte_Grande" title="Norte Grande">Norte Grande</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zona_Austral" title="Zona Austral">Zona Austral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Region" title="Santiago Metropolitan Region"><img alt="Santiago Metropolitan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Metropolitan_Region%2C_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Metropolitan_Region%2C_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Metropolitan_Region%2C_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Metropolitan_Region%2C_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Metropolitan_Region%2C_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Metropolitan_Region%2C_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Region" title="Santiago Metropolitan Region">Santiago Metropolitan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">685,403<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_Region" title="Araucanía Region"><img alt="Araucanía Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_La_Araucan%C3%ADa_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_La_Araucan%C3%ADa_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_La_Araucan%C3%ADa_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_La_Araucan%C3%ADa_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_La_Araucan%C3%ADa_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_La_Araucan%C3%ADa_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="756" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_Region" title="Araucanía Region">La Araucanía</a></th><td class="infobox-data">321,086<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region" title="Los Lagos Region"><img alt="Los Lagos Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Los_Lagos_Region%2C_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Los_Lagos_Region%2C_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Los_Lagos_Region%2C_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Los_Lagos_Region%2C_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Los_Lagos_Region%2C_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Los_Lagos_Region%2C_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region" title="Los Lagos Region">Los Lagos</a></th><td class="infobox-data">228,477<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Biob%C3%ADo_Region" title="Biobío Region"><img alt="Biobío Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Biob%C3%ADo_Region%2C_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Biob%C3%ADo_Region%2C_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Biob%C3%ADo_Region%2C_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Biob%C3%ADo_Region%2C_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Biob%C3%ADo_Region%2C_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Biob%C3%ADo_Region%2C_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Biob%C3%ADo_Region" title="Biobío Region">Biobío</a></th><td class="infobox-data">166,779<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso_Region" title="Valparaíso Region"><img alt="Valparaíso Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Valparaiso_Region%2C_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Valparaiso_Region%2C_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Valparaiso_Region%2C_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Valparaiso_Region%2C_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Valparaiso_Region%2C_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Valparaiso_Region%2C_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso_Region" title="Valparaíso Region">Valparaíso</a></th><td class="infobox-data">118,467<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapuche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huilliche_language" title="Huilliche language">Huilliche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a><br />Minority: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous religion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Indigenous peoples in Chile</b> or <b>Native Chileans</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Chilenos Nativos</i>) form about 13% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chile" title="Demographics of Chile">total population</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. According to the 2017 census, almost 2,200,000 people declare having <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">indigenous</a> origins.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Chileans are of partially indigenous descent; however, indigenous identification and its legal ramifications are typically reserved to those who self-identify with and are accepted within one or more indigenous groups. </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a>, with their traditional lands in <a href="/wiki/Zona_Sur" title="Zona Sur">south-central Chile</a>, account for approximately 80% of the total indigenous population. There are also small populations of <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atacame%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Atacameño">Atacameño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qulla" title="Qulla">Qulla</a> (Kolla), <a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahgan_people" title="Yahgan people">Yahgan</a> (Yámana), <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaw%C3%A9sqar" title="Kawésqar">Kawésqar</a> (Alacalufe) people in other parts of the country,<sup id="cite_ref-report_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as many other groups such as <a href="/wiki/Caucahue" title="Caucahue">Caucahue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chango_people" title="Chango people">Chango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chono_people" title="Chono people">Chono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cunco_people" title="Cunco people">Cunco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_people" title="Selk'nam people">Selk'nam (Ona)</a>.</p><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg/700px-Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg/1050px-Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg/1400px-Pueblos_indigenas_de_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>Geographic distribution of Indigenous Chileans.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the Spanish arrived in the mid 16th century, Chile was home to the southernmost portion of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>. The Inca first expanded into Chile under <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Inca_Yupanqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Túpac Inca Yupanqui">Túpac Inca Yupanqui</a> who ruled from 1471 to 1493. At its peak, the empire’s southern border was the <a href="/wiki/Maule_River" title="Maule River">Maule River</a> in central Chile. Shortly thereafter, Spanish conquistadors led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> started to make contact with Inca in Peru in the 1530s.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of European diseases and internal conflicts over succession severely weakened the strength and size of the empire, which ultimately collapsed during <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a> in 1532. </p><p>While the Inca Empire fell, the Mapuche people were never formally defeated by Spanish conquistadors. Instead, this indigenous population maintained a tense independence from Spain throughout the colonial period. There were several small skirmishes throughout the 1500s and in 1553 a Mapuche attack killed the regional Spanish governor.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict between the Mapuche and the Spanish culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a> which ultimately ended with official recognition for the Mapuche people and their territory. The Mapuche were one of the few indigenous groups in Latin America who were formally recognized as possessing territory by the Spanish. Because of this recognition, the Mapuche did not align with Chilean nationalists during the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">Chilean War of Independence</a>. Instead they chose to side with the Spanish, because the imperial power’s legal recognition of the Mapuche tribe made them more of a known quantity than the Chilean rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaraman_y_su_hermano_y_Juan_Soldado,_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Huaraman_y_su_hermano_y_Juan_Soldado%2C_1863.jpg/220px-Huaraman_y_su_hermano_y_Juan_Soldado%2C_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Huaraman_y_su_hermano_y_Juan_Soldado%2C_1863.jpg/330px-Huaraman_y_su_hermano_y_Juan_Soldado%2C_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Huaraman_y_su_hermano_y_Juan_Soldado%2C_1863.jpg/440px-Huaraman_y_su_hermano_y_Juan_Soldado%2C_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> Cacique Juan Huaraman in the <a href="/wiki/La_Moneda_Palace" title="La Moneda Palace">La Moneda Palace</a> in 1863.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, the newly-formed Chilean government forced the Mapuche onto reservations approximately 1/20th the size of the area they had previously occupied. Much of their former land was further divided up and sold, including to extractive industries such as forestry and hydropower.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/220px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/330px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/440px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The ancient flag of the Mapuche people.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although indigenous Chileans were not allies of Chilean independence fighters, by the mid-19th century, Chilean school curriculum included depictions of indigenous warriors that claimed they were central to the development of the Chilean identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, those indigenous groups were still excluded from any participation in political life, making indigenous representation purely symbolic.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Indigenous_Law">The Indigenous Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Indigenous Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">Pinochet regime</a> in 1990 and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Chilean_transition_to_democracy" title="Chilean transition to democracy">return to democracy</a>, the Chilean government has revisited indigenous peoples’ role in Chilean society. <a href="/wiki/Patricio_Aylwin" title="Patricio Aylwin">President Patricio Aylwin Azócar</a>’s <i><a href="/wiki/Concertaci%C3%B3n" title="Concertación">Concertación</a></i> government established a <i>Comisión Especial de Pueblos indígenas</i> (Special Commission of Indigenous People). This commission’s report provided the intellectual framework of the 1993 "Indigenous Law" (<i>ley indígena</i>) or Law Nº 19.253. </p><p>The Indigenous Law established the National Corporation for Indigenous Development (<i><a href="/wiki/CONADI" title="CONADI">CONADI</a></i>), which included directly elected indigenous representatives, advised and directed government programs to assist the economic development of indigenous people.<sup id="cite_ref-report_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of that cultural recognition included legalizing the <a href="/wiki/Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a> language and providing a bilingual education in schools with indigenous populations. The Indigenous Law recognized in particular the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> people, victims of the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Araucanía">Occupation of the Araucanía</a> from 1861 to 1883, as an inherent part of the Chilean nation. Other indigenous people officially recognized included <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atacame%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Atacameña">Atacameña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolla_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolla people">Colla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa-Nui</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a> inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yahgan_people" title="Yahgan people">Yahgan (Yámana)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaw%C3%A9sqar" title="Kawésqar">Kawésqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a> (since 2006), <a href="/wiki/Chango_people" title="Chango people">Chango</a> (since 2020) and <a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Selk'nam">Selk'nam</a> (Ona) (since 2023). </p><p>Chile is one of the twenty countries to have signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous peoples, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was adopted in 1989 as the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> Convention 169. Chile ratified the convention in 2008. In November 2009, a court decision in Chile, considered to be a landmark in indigenous rights concerns, made use of the ILO convention 169. The Supreme Court decision on Aymara water rights upholds rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal and the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_recognition">Constitutional recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Constitutional recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the benefits established by Indigenous Law, it still has its limitations, spurring the emergence of organized Mapuche movements for more direct constitutional recognition. In the 1990s, the Aukin Ngulam Wallmapu or “Council of All Lands” movement began the fight towards constitutional recognition and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. Recognition of <a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism#:~:text=Plurinationality,_plurinational,_or_plurinationalism_is,community_or_body_of_peoples)." title="Plurinationalism">plurinational</a> status in Chile would enshrine the indigenous population as its own group deserving of political representation, autonomy, and territorial protection.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of indigenous mobilization and protest, Mapuche organizers encouraged constitutional reform on the national stage. In 2007, Chilean President Bachelet indicated the indigenous constitutional reform as a "high urgency act".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Bachelet’s endorsement, the reform was relabeled as a "low urgency act", delaying the procedure of Indigenous constitutional inclusion. </p><p>The rejected constitutional proposals would have safeguarded environmental protections, established gender parity, and extended access to education for the Mapuche people, among a host of other social and democratic provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The indigenous fight for independence and more direct recognition remains relevant today. Recent protests provide indigenous activists an opportunity to advocate for amending the constitution to include indigenous rights. In October 2019, there were a series of protests in Santiago, over the increased fare rates for the transportation system. These protests led to debates and discussions over the privatized Chilean social benefits system, and a call to alter the constitution to increase the efficacy of the social welfare system.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These protests culminated in a constitutional draft that would have included constitutional recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in 2020, 78% of Chilean citizens voted in favor of rewriting the constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Chilean_national_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Chilean national plebiscite">2022 Chilean national plebiscite</a>, 62% of Chilean voters rejected this proposal. Across the border, indigenous people in Bolivia have constitutional recognition. This recognition respects the identities and rights of many of the same indigenous groups that live in Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, Chile remains the only Latin American country that has yet to constitutionally recognize indigenous populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of reform is a result of the deep rooted inequality within the Chilean government, stemming from Pinochet-era policies that favor urban elites over environmental and indigenous issues.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looking forward, the Chilean Congress has granted approval for a new Constitutional process, which will draft another potential Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_issues">Current issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_economic_status">Social and economic status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social and economic status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, CONADI regularized the property titles to approximately 70,000 hectares (173,000 acres) of land that were restored to 300 Aymara families in the north. However, some observers criticized a lack of transparency in CONADI's land restoration processes and favoritism of the Mapuche over other indigenous groups.<sup id="cite_ref-report_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ministry of Education provided a package of financial aid consisting of 1,200 scholarships for indigenous elementary and high school students in the <a href="/wiki/Araucania_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucania Region">Araucania Region</a> during 2005. The government also implemented the Indigenous Scholarship Program that benefited 36,000 low-income indigenous elementary, high school, and college students with good academic performances.<sup id="cite_ref-report_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still the indigenous people in Chile face systemic poverty and discrimination. The limited representation of indigenous peoples in governmental bodies has resulted in instances of encroachment and appropriation of Mapuche territory. Limited access to education has also hindered the Mapuche people from obtaining higher-paying and skilled jobs. Moreover, the Mapuche people are considered to be on the lowest level of socio-economic livelihood in Chilean society. The poverty level for the Mapuche people is 29% compared to the 20% poverty rate of the non-Indigenous Chilean citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their lack of political influence is evident in their interactions with businesses such as Forestry Farms and Lumber companies that exploit Indigenous land. Dispossession of their land and their exclusion from Chilean politics create an avenue for conflict between Indigenous militias and the Chilean state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapuche_conflict">Mapuche conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mapuche conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></div> <p>Since 2009, there have been frequent instances of violent confrontations between indigenous Mapuche groups and landowners, logging companies, and local government authorities in the southern part of the country. These conflicts were a result of encroachment on indigenous land, a direct result of the continuing lack of constitutional recognition. The confrontations ranged from protests and, occasionally, instances of rock throwing, land occupations, and burning of crops or buildings. Many of these actions were initiated by the <i><a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Arauco_Malleco" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinadora Arauco Malleco">Coordinadora Arauco Malleco</a></i> (CAM), an indigenous group that has been accused of terrorist acts.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three CAM-related Mapuches and a non-indigenous sympathizer remained imprisoned in a 2001 arson case in which antiterrorism penalties were applied. The four initiated a hunger strike in March, demanding the terrorism convictions be voided to allow their release on parole. In April the court acquitted two other individuals of all charges, criminal and terrorist, in the same case. In September the Senate rejected a proposed law to allow the release of the four imprisoned on terrorist charges. Government-sponsored legislation which would clarify the application of the antiterrorism law remained pending at year's end.<sup id="cite_ref-report_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government did not act on a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> special rapporteur's 2003 recommendation that there be a judicial review of cases affecting Mapuche leaders. The government had not applied the antiterrorism law in Mapuche-related prosecutions since 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-report_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it began again to apply this law in August, 2009, as the Mapuche conflict deepened following several acts of occupation and arson, as well as the killing of a Mapuche activist.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png/220px-Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png/330px-Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png/440px-Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Mapuche terrorist attacks on churches in the <a href="/wiki/Zona_Sur" title="Zona Sur">Zona Sur</a> in 2016.</figcaption></figure> <p>The tensions exposed by the Mapuche Conflict of 2009 reemerged in 2017 under the Bachelet government, in which a covert operation, ‘Operation Hurricane,’ was carried out by police. As a result of the operation, eight CAM Mapchue members were wrongfully arrested for a string of arson attacks. Citing past rhetoric associated with CAM’s political demands, media and business sectors painted a violent picture of the Mapuche community members allegedly involved. However, in October 2017, Chile’s Supreme Court intervened and released the accused based on falsified evidence. As a result, both the director of the intelligence unit and head of police lost their jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident exposed repeated patterns of violent associations cast on Mapuche activist groups by the press (See also: Rapa Nui police repression and Aymara mining protests).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still, these types of conflict have continued sporadically to present day with both CAM and the splinter group <a href="/wiki/Weich%C3%A1n_Auka_Mapu" title="Weichán Auka Mapu">Weichan Auka Mapu</a> (WAM) continuing to lead protests. Both groups have expressed a willingness to use violence, attacking and sabotaging forestry operations, infrastructural corporations, and private homes of non-indigenous civilians who live on former indigenous lands. These acts are performed with the intent to further the political goals of land redistribution.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The frequent conflict and protests are mostly a result of threatened indigenous territories. Indigenous land is often at risk as the government or private organizations impact nearby ecosystems. For example, recent hydropower projects harm waterflow and local biodiversity on indigenous land, threatening indigenous spirituality and plant-based medicinal items.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_224–235_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly_224–235-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chile has attempted to develop hydropower projects in indigenous territory where the rivers that the energy companies hope to use are sacred to the Mapuche people. </p><p>One area impacted by hydropower development is the Puelwillimapu Territory, whose interconnected waterways are referred to as the watershed of Wenuleufu or the ‘River Above,’ giving the region spiritual value.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_224–235_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly_224–235-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To combat this encroachment, Indigenous people have protested and pushed for more of a voice in projects that can impact their territories. However, smaller scale hydropower projects do not require indigenous consultation. </p><p>Indigenous populations have had some success in working with the government to ensure traditionally indigenous coastal areas remain under indigenous administration. Specifically, the Marine and Coastal Areas for Indigenous Peoples Policy (MCAIP) was established in 2008 to protect fisheries and increase Indigenous inclusion in decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government protects these areas as a means of supporting ecological development while also ensuring that indigenous groups are able to maintain control of culturally significant locations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_women">Indigenous women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indigenous women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women are at the forefront of Mapuche protests against institutions like forestry companies and the formation of the Ralco Dam. In particular, Berta and Nicolasa Quintremin led the protests against the Dam construction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their actions marked a transitional period where indigenous movements grew in displays of non-violent fights against social abuses of the state against indigenous life. Indigenous women find themselves at the intersection of the struggle for indigenous rights and the fight for women’s rights. However, indigenous women do not feel represented by the larger women’s rights movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their concerns relate to their indigenous identity and they advocate for Mapuche women leadership, land access, collective upliftment of indigenous cultures and increased attainment of rights. </p><p>In the Spring of 2018, Emilia Nuyado and Aracely Leuquen became the first two women of the Mapuche Indigenous group to join the Chilean Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nuyado and Leuquen are representatives of the Araucania region, where the tensions between the state and the Indigenous peoples are brewing into a bigger conflict. Nuyado intended to increase the social welfare of Mapuches and oppose anti-terrorist legislation against Mapuche groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19">COVID-19</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: COVID-19"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, indigenous groups have little availability to basic social services, and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> showed the disparity in access to public health services.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coupled with the low-equipped hospitals and inadequate preventive sanitation measures in indigenous towns, indigenous citizens who traveled to find better health care facilities are discriminated against and language barriers prevent proper treatment. Recent studies have found that Indigenous people were much more likely to die from COVID-19 related deaths and were much more susceptible to the virus than any other group in Chile. Data suggests that in the first five months of the pandemic (August 2020), there were 17.5% more cases for cities with large numbers of Indigenous citizens than communities with smaller or no indigenous presence.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Chile">Chilean government's mishandling of COVID-19</a>, which disproportionately affected indigenous groups, Mapuche activists gathered in town squares in the Araucania and Biobio regions advocating for Mapuche prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the virus spread to the prison systems, activists appealed to place Mapuche prisoners in house arrest rather than remaining in prison to avoid unnecessary health risks. </p><p>More generally, the Chilean health industry often neglects indigenous healers or other health based traditions. Government regulations prevent certain rituals such as burying the placenta after giving birth. One Intercultural Hospital, however, in the <a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_Region" title="Araucanía Region">Araucania region</a> has a wing dedicated to Mapuche healthcare and their traditional medicine. There have been several protests to increase these more inclusive practices throughout the country and improve healthcare options for indigenous peoples throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Flying+the+flag%3A+Indigenous+group+fights+for+rights&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-55042838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenous+peoples+in+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehispanic_history_of_Chile" title="Prehispanic history of Chile">Prehispanic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Ante_Christum_natum" title="Ante Christum natum">ACN</a>–1536 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Chile" title="Discovery of Chile">Spanish Discovery</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1536–1540)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish Conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1540–1600)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chile" title="Colonial Chile">Colonial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1600–1810)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">Independence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1810–1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_the_Chilean_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organization of the Chilean Republic (page does not exist)">Republic Organization</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1823–1831)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Republic" title="Conservative Republic">Conservative Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1831–1861)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republic" title="Liberal Republic">Liberal Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861–1891)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile_during_the_Parliamentary_Era_(1891%E2%80%931925)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)">Parliamentary Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891–1925)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931973)" title="Presidential Republic (1925–1973)">Presidential Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">Pinochet Regime</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1990)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_transition_to_democracy" title="Chilean transition to democracy">Democracy Transition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–Present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banditry_in_Chile" title="Banditry in Chile">Banditry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Chile" title="Economic history of Chile">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_expansionism" title="Chilean expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mining_in_Chile" title="History of mining in Chile">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Chile" title="Maritime history of Chile">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Chile" title="List of wars involving Chile">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile" title="Coat of arms of Chile"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="498" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chile" title="Geography of Chile">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Chile" title="List of cities in Chile">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chile" title="Climate of Chile">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Chile" title="List of earthquakes in Chile">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Chile" title="Environmental issues in Chile">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile" title="List of extreme points of Chile">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords,_channels,_sounds_and_straits_of_Chile" title="List of fjords, channels, sounds and straits of Chile">Fjords, channels, sounds and straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Chile" title="Geology of Chile">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Chile" title="List of islands of Chile">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Chile" title="List of national parks of Chile">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Chile" title="Natural regions of Chile">Natural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Chile" title="Provinces of Chile">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Chile" title="Regions of Chile">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Chile" title="List of rivers of Chile">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Chile" title="List of lakes of Chile">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Chile" title="List of volcanoes in Chile">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_and_lightvessels_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lighthouses and lightvessels in Chile">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Chile" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Chile">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chile" title="Politics of Chile">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Chile" title="National Congress of Chile">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Chile" title="Elections in Chile">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Chile" title="Foreign relations of Chile">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Chile">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Chile" title="List of political parties in Chile">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Chile" title="President of Chile">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Chile" title="Ministries of Chile">Ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Chile" title="Law of Chile">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Civil_Code" title="Chilean Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Constitution_of_1980" title="Chilean Constitution of 1980">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Chile" title="Constitutional history of Chile">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Chile" title="Human rights in Chile">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Chile">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Chile" title="Intersex rights in Chile">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile" title="Carabineros de Chile">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Chile" title="Supreme Court of Chile">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Chile" title="Constitutional Court of Chile">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_General_of_Chile" title="Comptroller General of Chile">Comptroller General of Chile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile" title="Carabineros de Chile">Carabineros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Gendarmerie" title="Chilean Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigations_Police_of_Chile" title="Investigations Police of Chile">Investigations Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Chile">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force" title="Chilean Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Chile)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Chile)">Ministry of Defence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chile" title="Agriculture in Chile">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Chile" title="Central Bank of Chile">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Chile" title="List of companies of Chile">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Chile" title="Energy in Chile">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Chile" title="Forestry in Chile">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_peso" title="Chilean peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Stock_Exchange" title="Santiago Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Chile" title="Mining in Chile">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chile" title="Telecommunications in Chile">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Chile" title="Tourism in Chile">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Chile" title="Transport in Chile">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Chile" title="Category:Society of Chile">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Chile" title="Crime in Chile">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chile" title="Demographics of Chile">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Chile" title="Healthcare in Chile">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Chile" title="Immigration to Chile">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chileans" title="Chileans">People</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Chile" title="Squatting in Chile">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Chile" title="Water supply and sanitation in Chile">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chile" title="Women in Chile">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Chile" title="Culture of Chile">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Chile" title="Category:Arts in Chile">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Beauty_pageants_in_Chile" title="Category:Beauty pageants in Chile">Beauty pageants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chile" title="Cinema of Chile">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_literature" title="Chilean literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_mythology" title="Chilean mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Chile" title="List of newspapers in Chile">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Chile" title="Public holidays in Chile">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Chile" title="Sport in Chile">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Chile" title="Television in Chile">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Chile" title="Outline of Chile">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Chile-related_articles" title="Index of Chile-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chile" title="Category:Chile">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chile" title="Portal:Chile">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #FFDD99"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Pre-history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean_hypothesis" title="Solutrean hypothesis">Solutrean hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Mythology/Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Mythologies</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_deities" title="List of Native American deities">List of deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="Human sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures">Human sacrifice</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arborglyph" title="Arborglyph">Arborglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_World_(mythology)" title="Fifth World (mythology)">Fifth World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">Medicine man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_red_road" title="The red road">The red road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">Totem pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island" title="Turtle Island">Turtle Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Mesoamerica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Common</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_cosmovision" title="Mesoamerican cosmovision">Cosmovision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_creation_myths" title="Mesoamerican creation myths">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_world_tree" title="Mesoamerican world tree">World tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Muisca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Art" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_artists_of_the_Americas" title="List of Indigenous artists of the Americas">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_writers_of_the_Americas" title="List of Indigenous writers of the Americas">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">European<br />colonization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Modern groups<br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Belize" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Costa_Rica" title="Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Honduras" title="Indigenous peoples of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Nicaragua" title="Indigenous peoples of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Panama" title="Indigenous peoples of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_First_Peoples_Community" title="Santa Rosa First Peoples Community">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina" title="Indigenous peoples in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bolivia" title="Indigenous peoples in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Guyana" title="Indigenous peoples in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Suriname" title="Indigenous peoples in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Uruguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ethnobotany" title="Native American ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_ethnobotany" title="Cherokee ethnobotany">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_ethnobotany" title="Iroquois ethnobotany">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_ethnobotany" title="Navajo ethnobotany">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_ethnobotany" title="Zuni ethnobotany">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_identity_in_the_United_States" title="Native American identity in the United States">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_movements_in_the_Americas" title="Indigenous movements in the Americas">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_studies" title="Native American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_trade" title="Native American trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deerskin_trade" title="Deerskin trade">Deerskin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_popular_culture" title="Native Americans in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #FFDD99"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_in_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_in_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in South America">Indigenous peoples in South America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina" title="Indigenous peoples in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bolivia" title="Indigenous peoples in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Guyana" title="Indigenous peoples in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Suriname" title="Indigenous peoples in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Uruguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous peoples in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous peoples in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> 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