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Algemene relativiteitstheorie - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Achtergrond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achtergrond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equivalentieprincipe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equivalentieprincipe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Equivalentieprincipe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equivalentieprincipe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruimtekromming_en_zwaartekracht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruimtekromming_en_zwaartekracht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ruimtekromming en zwaartekracht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruimtekromming_en_zwaartekracht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uitbreiding_van_de_speciale_relativiteitstheorie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uitbreiding_van_de_speciale_relativiteitstheorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uitbreiding van de speciale relativiteitstheorie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uitbreiding_van_de_speciale_relativiteitstheorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differentiaalmeetkunde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differentiaalmeetkunde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Differentiaalmeetkunde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differentiaalmeetkunde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruimtekromming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruimtekromming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ruimtekromming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruimtekromming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tijddilatatie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tijddilatatie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tijddilatatie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tijddilatatie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimentele_toetsing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimentele_toetsing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Experimentele toetsing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimentele_toetsing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontwikkelingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontwikkelingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ontwikkelingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontwikkelingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Noten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Referenties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Algemene relativiteitstheorie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 111 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemene_relatiwiteit" title="Algemene relatiwiteit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Algemene relatiwiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%A0%E1%89%83%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%BB%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="አጠቃላይ አንጻራዊነት – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አጠቃላይ አንጻራዊነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatividat_cheneral" title="Relatividat cheneral – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Relatividat cheneral" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="النسبية العامة – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النسبية العامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="نسبيه عامه – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نسبيه عامه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সাধাৰণ আপেক্ষিকতাবাদ – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাধাৰণ আপেক্ষিকতাবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativid%C3%A1_xeneral" title="Relatividá xeneral – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Relatividá xeneral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmumi_nisbilik_n%C9%99z%C9%99riyy%C9%99si" title="Ümumi nisbilik nəzəriyyəsi – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ümumi nisbilik nəzəriyyəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="عام نیسبیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عام نیسبیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Дөйөм сағыштырмалыҡ теорияһы – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дөйөм сағыштырмалыҡ теорияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9lativitas_umum" title="Rélativitas umum – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rélativitas umum" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oigmoane_Relativitetstheorie" title="Oigmoane Relativitetstheorie – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oigmoane Relativitetstheorie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%97ndruoj%C4%97_rel%C4%93t%C4%ABvoma_teuor%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Bėndruojė relētīvoma teuorėjė – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bėndruojė relētīvoma teuorėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96" title="Агульная тэорыя адноснасці – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Агульная тэорыя адноснасці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96" title="Агульная тэорыя адноснасьці – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Агульная тэорыя адноснасьці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Обща теория на относителността – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обща теория на относителността" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सधारन सापेक्षता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सधारन सापेक्षता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সাধারণ আপেক্ষিকতা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাধারণ আপেক্ষিকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativelezh_hollek" title="Relativelezh hollek – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Relativelezh hollek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C4%87a_teorija_relativnosti" title="Opća teorija relativnosti – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Opća teorija relativnosti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Харисангын юрэнхы онол – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Харисангын юрэнхы онол" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativitat_general" title="Relativitat general – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Relativitat general" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ڕێژەییی گشتی – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێژەییی گشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obecn%C3%A1_teorie_relativity" title="Obecná teorie relativity – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obecná teorie relativity" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Танлаштарулăхăн пĕтĕмĕшле теорийĕ – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Танлаштарулăхăн пĕтĕмĕшле теорийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthnasedd_cyffredinol" title="Perthnasedd cyffredinol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Perthnasedd cyffredinol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generel_relativitetsteori" title="Generel relativitetsteori – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Generel relativitetsteori" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Γενική θεωρία της σχετικότητας – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενική θεωρία της σχετικότητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="General relativity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cenerala_teorio_de_relativeco" title="Ĝenerala teorio de relativeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝenerala teorio de relativeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatividad_general" title="Relatividad general – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relatividad general" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cldrelatiivsusteooria" title="Üldrelatiivsusteooria – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Üldrelatiivsusteooria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlatibitate_orokorra" title="Erlatibitate orokorra – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erlatibitate orokorra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نسبیت عام – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسبیت عام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yleinen_suhteellisuusteoria" title="Yleinen suhteellisuusteoria – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yleinen suhteellisuusteoria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativit%C3%A9_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Relativité générale – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relativité générale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoiric_ghinear%C3%A1lta_na_coibhneasachta" title="Teoiric ghinearálta na coibhneasachta – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teoiric ghinearálta na coibhneasachta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatividade_xeral" title="Relatividade xeral – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Relatividade xeral" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27ekuaar%C3%A3_joguerahavi%C3%A1rava_pav%E1%BA%BD" title="Mba'ekuaarã joguerahaviárava pavẽ – Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'ekuaarã joguerahaviárava pavẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תורת היחסות הכללית – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תורת היחסות הכללית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सामान्य आपेक्षिकता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामान्य आपेक्षिकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="General relativity" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C4%87a_teorija_relativnosti" title="Opća teorija relativnosti – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opća teorija relativnosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ltal%C3%A1nos_relativit%C3%A1selm%C3%A9let" title="Általános relativitáselmélet – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Általános relativitáselmélet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հարաբերականության ընդհանուր տեսություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարաբերականության ընդհանուր տեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativitate_general" title="Relativitate general – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Relativitate general" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativitas_umum" title="Relativitas umum – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Relativitas umum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativit%C3%A1_general" title="Relativitá general – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Relativitá general" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapasap_a_relatibidad" title="Sapasap a relatibidad – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sapasap a relatibidad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generala_relativeso" title="Generala relativeso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Generala relativeso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almenna_afst%C3%A6%C3%B0iskenningin" title="Almenna afstæðiskenningin – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Almenna afstæðiskenningin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativit%C3%A0_generale" title="Relatività generale – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Relatività generale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%BE%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="一般相対性理論 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="一般相対性理論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფარდობითობის ზოგადი თეორია – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფარდობითობის ზოგადი თეორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жалпы салыстырмалылық теориясы – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жалпы салыстырмалылық теориясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="일반 상대성이론 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일반 상대성이론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Салыштырмалуулуктун жалпы теориясы – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Салыштырмалуулуктун жалпы теориясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativitas_generalis" title="Relativitas generalis – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Relativitas generalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendroji_reliatyvumo_teorija" title="Bendroji reliatyvumo teorija – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bendroji reliatyvumo teorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visp%C4%81r%C4%ABg%C4%81_relativit%C4%81tes_teorija" title="Vispārīgā relativitātes teorija – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vispārīgā relativitātes teorija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativit%C3%A9_general" title="Relativité general – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Relativité general" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Општа теорија за релативноста – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Општа теорија за релативноста" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സാമാന്യ ആപേക്ഷികതാസിദ്ധാന്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാമാന്യ ആപേക്ഷികതാസിദ്ധാന്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="साधारण सापेक्षता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साधारण सापेक्षता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerelatifan_am" title="Kerelatifan am – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerelatifan am" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relattivit%C3%A0_%C4%A1enerali" title="Relattività ġenerali – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Relattività ġenerali" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE" title="ယေဘုယျနှိုင်းရသီအိုရီ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယေဘုယျနှိုင်းရသီအိုရီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemene_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Allgemene Relativitätstheorie – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Allgemene Relativitätstheorie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सामान्य सापेक्षता – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सामान्य सापेक्षता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_generelle_relativitetsteorien" title="Den generelle relativitetsteorien – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den generelle relativitetsteorien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_generelle_relativitetsteorien" title="Den generelle relativitetsteorien – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den generelle relativitetsteorien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativitat_generala" title="Relativitat generala – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Relativitat generala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhata_waliigalaa" title="Sadhata waliigalaa – Afaan Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sadhata waliigalaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Afaan Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1" title="ସାଧାରଣ ଆପେକ୍ଷିକ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାଧାରଣ ଆପେକ୍ଷିକ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਨਰਲ ਰਿਲੇਟੀਵਿਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਨਰਲ ਰਿਲੇਟੀਵਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og%C3%B3lna_teoria_wzgl%C4%99dno%C5%9Bci" title="Ogólna teoria względności – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ogólna teoria względności" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="جنرل ریلیٹویٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنرل ریلیٹویٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="عام نسبيت – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عام نسبيت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatividade_geral" title="Relatividade geral – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relatividade geral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_relativit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_generale" title="Teoria relativității generale – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teoria relativității generale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Общая теория относительности – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общая теория относительности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="General relativity" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C5%A1ta_teorija_relativnosti" title="Opšta teorija relativnosti – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opšta teorija relativnosti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="සාමාන්ය සාපේක්ෂතාවාදය – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාමාන්ය සාපේක්ෂතාවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="General relativity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1eobecn%C3%A1_te%C3%B3ria_relativity" title="Všeobecná teória relativity – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Všeobecná teória relativity" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splo%C5%A1na_teorija_relativnosti" title="Splošna teorija relativnosti – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Splošna teorija relativnosti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativiteti_i_p%C3%ABrgjithsh%C3%ABm" title="Relativiteti i përgjithshëm – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Relativiteti i përgjithshëm" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Општа теорија релативности – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Општа теорија релативности" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="aanbevolen artikel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allm%C3%A4nna_relativitetsteorin" title="Allmänna relativitetsteorin – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Allmänna relativitetsteorin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பொதுச் சார்புக் கோட்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொதுச் சார்புக் கோட்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A4" title="సాధారణ సాపేక్షత – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సాధారణ సాపేక్షత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Назарияи нисбияти ом – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Назарияи нисбияти ом" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B" title="ทฤษฎีสัมพัทธภาพทั่วไป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทฤษฎีสัมพัทธภาพทั่วไป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorya_ng_pangkalahatang_relatibidad" title="Teorya ng pangkalahatang relatibidad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Teorya ng pangkalahatang relatibidad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genel_g%C3%B6relilik" title="Genel görelilik – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genel görelilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Гомуми чагыштырмалылык теориясе – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гомуми чагыштырмалылык теориясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Загальна теорія відносності – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Загальна теорія відносності" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="عمومی اضافیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمومی اضافیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umumiy_nisbiylik_nazariyasi" title="Umumiy nisbiylik nazariyasi – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Umumiy nisbiylik nazariyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Chthine_rel%C3%A4tivi%C5%BEusen_teorii" title="Ühthine relätivižusen teorii – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ühthine relätivižusen teorii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Wepsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuy%E1%BA%BFt_t%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_r%E1%BB%99ng" title="Thuyết tương đối rộng – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuyết tương đối rộng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:270px;"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCF0FF;"><big> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algemene relativiteitstheorie</a> </big></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding-top:7px;padding-bottom:4px;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={8\pi G \over c^{4}}T_{\mu \nu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi> <mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi> <mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>8</mn> <mi>π<!-- π --></mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi> <mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={8\pi G \over c^{4}}T_{\mu \nu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/021a494922172bfe1c9fa4e80d25ac90228d72cf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:23.286ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={8\pi G \over c^{4}}T_{\mu \nu }}"></span> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding-top:0px;line-height:150%;">(de <a href="/wiki/Einstein-vergelijking" title="Einstein-vergelijking">einstein-vergelijking</a>) <br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; font-size:100%;"> <div style="padding:0; text-align:left; background-color:#DCF0FF;"><b>Achtergrond</b></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Speciale_relativiteitstheorie" title="Speciale relativiteitstheorie">Speciale relativiteit</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Equivalentieprincipe" title="Equivalentieprincipe">Equivalentieprincipe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wereldlijn" title="Wereldlijn">Wereldlijn</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Co%C3%B6rdinaat-onafhankelijkheid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coördinaat-onafhankelijkheid (de pagina bestaat niet)">Coördinaat-onafhankelijkheid</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tensoren_in_de_algemene_relativiteitstheorie" title="Tensoren in de algemene relativiteitstheorie">Wiskundige achtergrond: tensoren</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Metrische_tensor" title="Metrische tensor">Metrische tensor</a></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; font-size:100%;"> <div style="padding:0; text-align:left; background-color:#DCF0FF;"><b>Vergelijkingen</b></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Einstein-vergelijking" title="Einstein-vergelijking">Einstein-vergelijking</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Friedmannvergelijking" title="Friedmannvergelijking">Friedmannvergelijking</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ADM-formalisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADM-formalisme (de pagina bestaat niet)">ADM-formalisme</a></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; font-size:100%;"> <div style="padding:0; text-align:left; background-color:#DCF0FF;"><b>Oplossingen</b></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschildmetriek" title="Schwarzschildmetriek">Schwarzschildmetriek</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Reissner-Nordstr%C3%B6mmetriek" title="Reissner-Nordströmmetriek">Reissner-Nordströmmetriek</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kerrmetriek" title="Kerrmetriek">Kerrmetriek</a></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; font-size:100%;"> <div style="padding:0; text-align:left; background-color:#DCF0FF;"><b>Experimentele verificatie</b></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zwaartekrachtlens" title="Zwaartekrachtlens">Gravitationeel lenseffect</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Zwart_gat" title="Zwart gat">Zwarte gaten</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perihelium-precessie_(relativiteitstheorie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perihelium-precessie (relativiteitstheorie) (de pagina bestaat niet)">Perihelium-precessie</a></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; font-size:100%;"> <div style="padding:0; text-align:left; background-color:#DCF0FF;"><b>Gevorderde onderwerpen</b></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kaluza-klein-theorie" title="Kaluza-klein-theorie">Kaluza-klein-theorie</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kwantumgravitatie" title="Kwantumgravitatie">Kwantumgravitatie</a></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; font-size:100%;"> <div style="padding:0; text-align:left; background-color:#DCF0FF;"><b>Wetenschappers</b></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Einstein (hoofdbetekenis)">Einstein</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Minkowski" title="Hermann Minkowski">Minkowski</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Friedmann" title="Aleksandr Friedmann">Friedmann</a> · <a href="/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>De <b>algemene relativiteitstheorie</b> is een <a href="/wiki/Meetkunde" title="Meetkunde">meetkundige</a> <a href="/wiki/Theoretische_natuurkunde" title="Theoretische natuurkunde">theorie</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Zwaartekracht" title="Zwaartekracht">zwaartekracht</a>, die in 1916 door <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> werd gepubliceerd.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Het is de huidige beschrijving van de zwaartekracht in de moderne <a href="/wiki/Theoretische_natuurkunde" title="Theoretische natuurkunde">theoretische natuurkunde</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achtergrond">Achtergrond</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Achtergrond" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Achtergrond"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De algemene relativiteitstheorie combineert de <a href="/wiki/Speciale_relativiteitstheorie" title="Speciale relativiteitstheorie">speciale relativiteitstheorie</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Gravitatiewet_van_Newton" title="Gravitatiewet van Newton">gravitatiewet van Newton</a>. Zij geeft een verenigde beschrijving van de zwaartekracht als een meetkundige eigenschap van <a href="/wiki/Ruimte_(natuurkunde)" title="Ruimte (natuurkunde)">ruimte</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tijd" title="Tijd">tijd</a>, van de <a href="/wiki/Ruimtetijd" title="Ruimtetijd">ruimtetijd</a>. De <a href="/wiki/Krommingstensor_van_Riemann" title="Krommingstensor van Riemann">kromming</a> van de ruimtetijd houdt direct verband met de <a href="/wiki/Vierimpuls" title="Vierimpuls">vierimpuls</a>, beschreven door de <a href="/wiki/Massa-energierelatie" title="Massa-energierelatie">massa-energierelatie</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Impuls_(natuurkunde)" title="Impuls (natuurkunde)">impuls</a> van de aanwezige <a href="/wiki/Materie" title="Materie">materie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Straling" title="Straling">straling</a>. De algemene relativiteitstheorie wordt door de <a href="/wiki/Einstein-vergelijking" title="Einstein-vergelijking">einstein-vergelijkingen</a> gegeven, een stelsel van <a href="/wiki/Parti%C3%ABle_differentiaalvergelijking" title="Partiële differentiaalvergelijking">partiële differentiaalvergelijkingen</a>. </p><p>Veel voorspellingen van de algemene relativiteitstheorie verschillen aanzienlijk van die van de klassieke natuurkunde, vooral die met betrekking tot de passage van tijd, de meetkunde van de ruimte, de beweging van lichamen in <a href="/wiki/Vrije_val_(natuurkunde)" title="Vrije val (natuurkunde)">vrije val</a> en de voortplanting van het <a href="/wiki/Licht" title="Licht">licht</a>. Voorbeelden van dergelijke verschillen zijn onder andere de <a href="/wiki/Tijddilatatie" title="Tijddilatatie">tijddilatatie</a> en de gravitationele <a href="/wiki/Roodverschuiving" title="Roodverschuiving">roodverschuiving</a> van het licht. Einstein voorspelde correct dat licht van verre sterren dat langs de zon scheert in het <a href="/wiki/Zwaartekrachtsveld" title="Zwaartekrachtsveld">zwaartekrachtsveld</a> van de zon wordt afgebogen. </p><p>De algemene relativiteitstheorie is in alle experimenten, dis zijn uitgevoerd om de theorie te controleren, kwantitatief bevestigd en geldt daarom als moderne opvolger van de zwaartekrachtstheorie van Newton. Het is tot op heden nog niet gelukt een theorie op te stellen die de algemene relativiteitstheorie en het <a href="/wiki/Standaardmodel_van_de_deeltjesfysica" title="Standaardmodel van de deeltjesfysica">standaardmodel van de deeltjesfysica</a> verenigt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equivalentieprincipe">Equivalentieprincipe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Equivalentieprincipe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Equivalentieprincipe"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een belangrijk uitgangspunt is het <a href="/wiki/Equivalentieprincipe" title="Equivalentieprincipe">equivalentieprincipe</a>: waarnemers die in de ruimte uniform versneld worden zijn met betrekking tot de bijkomende krachtwerking als gelijkwaardig (equivalent) te beschouwen ten opzichte van andere waarnemers die zwaarte als krachtwerking ervaren in een homogeen zwaartekrachtveld op het vaste oppervlak van een hemellichaam. Dat wil zeggen dat de mechanica en andere natuurkundige wetten voor beide waarnemers dezelfde zijn. Wat in termen van de <a href="/wiki/Wetten_van_Newton" title="Wetten van Newton">Wetten van Newton</a> zwaartekracht tussen hemellichamen heet, dat is in termen van de algemene relativiteitstheorie een effect van de kromming van de ruimte-tijd. De wetten van Newton zouden een werking van de zwaartekracht toelaten sneller dan het licht. Een werking van de zwaartekracht sneller dan dat het licht zich volgens metingen voortplant is niet mogelijk in de speciale relativiteitstheorie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruimtekromming_en_zwaartekracht">Ruimtekromming en zwaartekracht</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ruimtekromming en zwaartekracht" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ruimtekromming en zwaartekracht"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Spacetime_curvature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/390px-Spacetime_curvature.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/585px-Spacetime_curvature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Tweedimensionale weergave van een ruimte-tijd-vervorming. De aanwezigheid van een zwaar voorwerp verandert de geometrie van de ruimte-tijd, waarna we de "gekromde ruimte-tijd" ervaren als zwaartekracht. De witte lijnen stellen niet de ruimte zelf voor maar een rechtlijnig coördinatenstelsel dat op de gekromde ruimte-tijd geprojecteerd wordt.</figcaption></figure> <p>De algemene relativiteitstheorie is een <a href="/wiki/Meetkunde" title="Meetkunde">geometrische</a> theorie, waarin wordt aangenomen dat zowel <a href="/wiki/Massa_(natuurkunde)" title="Massa (natuurkunde)">massa</a> als <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a> de ruimtetijd doen krommen, en dat deze kromming de beweging van vrije deeltjes, waaronder ook het licht, beïnvloedt. </p><p>In zijn algemene relativiteitstheorie kwam Einstein met een nieuwe opvatting van de zwaartekracht. Hij stelde dat er geen verschil bestaat tussen een constante <a href="/wiki/Versnelling_(natuurkunde)" title="Versnelling (natuurkunde)">versnelling</a> (trage massa) en een constante zwaartekracht (zware massa).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hij stelde ook dat materie (en elke andere vorm van energie) de ruimte-tijd vervormt. </p><p>Objecten op aarde worden dus naar het aardoppervlak toegetrokken vanwege een kromming van de ruimte-tijd ten gevolge van de massa van de aarde. Dit inzicht betekende een grote wijziging ten opzichte van de ideeën van Newton. Deze theorie voorspelde dat sterrenlicht door de zon wordt afgebogen, wat in <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a> ook door <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a> gemeten werd in een experiment, uitgevoerd tijdens een totale <a href="/wiki/Zonsverduistering" title="Zonsverduistering">zonsverduistering</a>. Ook biedt deze theorie een verklaring voor de waargenomen precessie van de baan van <a href="/wiki/Mercurius_(planeet)" title="Mercurius (planeet)">Mercurius</a> om de zon: deze is geen ellips – zoals verwacht aan de hand van de <a href="/wiki/Wetten_van_Kepler" title="Wetten van Kepler">Wetten van Kepler</a> – maar een <a href="/wiki/Rozet_(patroon)" title="Rozet (patroon)">rozet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uitbreiding_van_de_speciale_relativiteitstheorie">Uitbreiding van de speciale relativiteitstheorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Uitbreiding van de speciale relativiteitstheorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Uitbreiding van de speciale relativiteitstheorie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De algemene relativiteitstheorie breidt de <a href="/wiki/Speciale_relativiteitstheorie" title="Speciale relativiteitstheorie">speciale relativiteitstheorie</a> uit, door aan <a href="/wiki/Inertiaalstelsel" title="Inertiaalstelsel">inertiaalstelsels</a> een lokale betekenis te geven: een coördinatenstelsel geassocieerd met een waarnemer in vrije val. Een bijzonder geval hiervan is dat een algemene eenparige versnelling van massa's niet van een constant gravitatieveld onderscheiden kan worden. Meer algemeen kan <a href="/wiki/Zwaartekracht" title="Zwaartekracht">gravitatie</a>, als de versnelling van waarnemers in vrije val ten opzichte van elkaar, worden geïnterpreteerd als een gevolg van kromming van de ruimte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differentiaalmeetkunde">Differentiaalmeetkunde</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Differentiaalmeetkunde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Differentiaalmeetkunde"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Differentiaalmeetkunde" title="Differentiaalmeetkunde">Differentiaalmeetkunde</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Wiskundig betekent het bestaan van lokale inertiaalstelsels dat de <a href="/wiki/Ruimtetijd" title="Ruimtetijd">ruimtetijd</a> een 4-dimensionale differentieerbare <a href="/wiki/Vari%C3%ABteit_(wiskunde)" title="Variëteit (wiskunde)">variëteit</a> is, ongeveer zoals beschreven in de <a href="/wiki/Differentiaalmeetkunde" title="Differentiaalmeetkunde">differentiaalmeetkunde</a> van <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann" title="Bernhard Riemann">Bernhard Riemann</a>. Bijgevolg maakt de algemene relativiteitstheorie gebruik van <a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">tensoren</a>, omdat hiermee beweringen gedaan kunnen worden die onafhankelijk van <a href="/wiki/Co%C3%B6rdinaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Coördinaten">coördinaten</a> zijn. De ruimtetijd is geen <a href="/wiki/Riemann-vari%C3%ABteit" title="Riemann-variëteit">riemann-variëteit</a>, maar een <a href="/wiki/Lorentz-vari%C3%ABteit" title="Lorentz-variëteit">lorentz-variëteit</a>, omdat de <a href="/wiki/Metrische_tensor" title="Metrische tensor">metrische tensor</a> niet <a href="/wiki/Positief_definiet" class="mw-redirect" title="Positief definiet">positief definiet</a> is, maar daarentegen <a href="/wiki/Signatuur_(natuurkunde)" title="Signatuur (natuurkunde)">signatuur</a> 2 heeft (de enkelvoudige <a href="/wiki/Eigenwaarde_(wiskunde)" title="Eigenwaarde (wiskunde)">eigenwaarde</a> in de tijd-richting is tegengesteld aan de drievoudige eigenwaarde in de ruimte-richtingen). </p><p>De theorie is gebaseerd op slechts een kleine groep formules en dit maakt de theorie erg elegant. Deze formules gebruiken echter ingewikkelde wiskundige concepten. Het belangrijkste resultaat van de algemene relativiteitstheorie vormt een stelsel partiële differentiaalvergelijkingen, de zogenaamde <a href="/wiki/Einstein-vergelijking" title="Einstein-vergelijking">einstein-vergelijking</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{ab}={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{4}}}T_{ab}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>8</mn> <mi>π<!-- π --></mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{ab}={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{4}}}T_{ab}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f18d36299de0ca02c505ccc7e84e336d0d0734e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:15.055ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{ab}={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{4}}}T_{ab}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>met: </p> <ul><li>G<sub>ab</sub> is de <a href="/wiki/Einstein-tensor" title="Einstein-tensor">einstein-tensor</a></li> <li>T<sub>ab</sub> is de <a href="/wiki/Energie-impuls-tensor" title="Energie-impuls-tensor">energie-impuls-tensor</a></li></ul> <p>Deze vergelijking stelt ruwweg dat de kromming van de ruimtetijd (de grootheid links in bovenstaande vergelijking) gelijk is aan de energiedichtheid (de grootheid rechts). Dat betekent dus dat voorwerpen die een massa hebben de ruimte krommen, en dat de banen van nabije voorwerpen afbuigen als gevolg van die kromming. Vaak wordt de vergelijking gemaakt met een <a href="/wiki/Trampoline" title="Trampoline">trampoline</a> waarop een zwaar object ligt. Dat object vervormt het oppervlak van de trampoline. Als men dan een knikker over de trampoline laat rollen, wordt deze afgebogen (rolt niet meer rechtdoor) als gevolg van die kromming. </p><p>Het geometrische karakter van deze vergelijkingen, en de eenvoud van de formulering, maakt van de relativiteitstheorie een uitzonderlijk elegante theorie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruimtekromming">Ruimtekromming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ruimtekromming" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ruimtekromming"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meer eenvoudig gesteld is de kromming van de ruimte als volgt te vatten als uitbreiding van het bekende begrip kromming van een oppervlak. Stel we meten van een cirkel de omtrek en de doormeter (diameter) en we stellen vast dat hun verhouding niet <a href="/wiki/Pi_(wiskunde)" title="Pi (wiskunde)">pi</a> is. Dan weten we, dat onze cirkel niet in een plat vlak ligt, maar bijvoorbeeld op een gekromd oppervlak zoals een bol en uit de afwijking kunnen we de kromtestraal van die bol bepalen. Stel we meten nu van een bol de oppervlakte A en de straal r. In een ruimte die geen massa bevat en dus niet gekromd is, geldt <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=4\pi r^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π<!-- π --></mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=4\pi r^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca925588619ce34da35b2c2ffb5b267e313d50ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.439ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=4\pi r^{2}}"></span>. Een ruimte die een massa m bevat is gekromd zodat </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {A}{4\pi }}}-r={\frac {Gm}{3c^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π<!-- π --></mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {A}{4\pi }}}-r={\frac {Gm}{3c^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/82951c929474ce5cca90e7c23d9e66b409d7ae82" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:17.345ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\frac {A}{4\pi }}}-r={\frac {Gm}{3c^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>waarin G de <a href="/wiki/Gravitatieconstante" title="Gravitatieconstante">gravitatieconstante</a> en c de <a href="/wiki/Lichtsnelheid" title="Lichtsnelheid">lichtsnelheid</a> is. Die betrekking vervangt en verbetert de zwaartekrachtswet van Newton. Het afstandsverschil gegeven door het linkerlid is 1/6 van de <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschildstraal" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzschildstraal">schwarzschildstraal</a>. Voor de aarde bedraagt dit verschil 1,5 mm, voor de zon 500 m. Hetzelfde verschil (dus niet een evenredig verschil) geldt voor een grotere bol om dezelfde massa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tijddilatatie">Tijddilatatie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Tijddilatatie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Tijddilatatie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een gevolg van de algemene relativiteitstheorie is <a href="/wiki/Tijddilatatie" title="Tijddilatatie">tijddilatatie</a>, bijvoorbeeld dat een klok die h hoger staat in een zwaartekrachtveld met valversnelling g sneller loopt, namelijk met een factor: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1+{\frac {gh}{c^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1+{\frac {gh}{c^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe6bb342fc956243d1e4380cb1cced9a04366e92" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:7.294ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1+{\frac {gh}{c^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Dit is aangetoond met behulp van een <a href="/wiki/Atoomklok" title="Atoomklok">atoomklok</a>. De algemene relativiteitstheorie geeft ook een elegant en juister alternatief voor de <a href="/wiki/Wetten_van_Newton" title="Wetten van Newton">Wetten van Newton</a>: als een voorwerp beweegt, dan zal de tijd ervoor trager lopen. Een voorwerp dat aan geen andere krachten onderhevig is dan de zwaartekracht, volgt een <a href="/wiki/Geodeet_(wiskunde)" title="Geodeet (wiskunde)">geodeet</a>, dat is een <a href="/wiki/Wereldlijn" title="Wereldlijn">wereldlijn</a> (weg door de <a href="/wiki/Ruimtetijd" title="Ruimtetijd">ruimtetijd</a>) die lokaal de eigenschap heeft dat de reistijd volgens de eigen klok (de <a href="/wiki/Eigentijd" title="Eigentijd">eigentijd</a>) zo groot mogelijk is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimentele_toetsing">Experimentele toetsing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Experimentele toetsing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Experimentele toetsing"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De volgende experimenten en observaties toonden direct of indirect de juistheid van de relativiteitstheorie aan, in tegenstelling tot andere theorieën van de zwaartekracht, zoals de voorheen gangbare <a href="/wiki/Gravitatiewet_van_Newton" title="Gravitatiewet van Newton">gravitatiewet van Newton</a>: </p> <ul><li>de <a href="/wiki/Precessie" title="Precessie">precessie</a> van het <a href="/wiki/Perihelium" title="Perihelium">perihelium</a> van <a href="/wiki/Mercurius_(planeet)" title="Mercurius (planeet)">Mercurius</a></li> <li>het <a href="/wiki/Hafele-Keating-experiment" title="Hafele-Keating-experiment">Hafele-Keating-experiment</a> met commerciële vliegtuigen en atoomklokken</li> <li>het <a href="/wiki/Pound-Rebka-experiment" title="Pound-Rebka-experiment">Pound-Rebka-experiment</a> (gravitationele roodverschuiving)</li> <li>het tijdsverschil tussen reizende en achterblijvende <a href="/wiki/Atoomklok" title="Atoomklok">atoomklokken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radarreflectie</a> aan planeten en <a href="/wiki/Ruimtesonde" title="Ruimtesonde">ruimtesondes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tijddilatatie" title="Tijddilatatie">tijddilatatie</a></li> <li>het effect van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Nordtvedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Nordtvedt (de pagina bestaat niet)">Nordtvedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubbelster" title="Dubbelster">dubbelstersysteem</a> (<i>binary pulsar</i> van Hulse en Taylor): <a href="/wiki/Zwaartekrachtgolf" title="Zwaartekrachtgolf">zwaartekrachtgolven</a> (indirect aangetoond door energieverlies van het systeem)</li> <li>directe waarneming van zwaartekrachtgolven door <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a>, overeenkomend met samensmeltende en om elkaar heen draaiende zwarte gaten van ongeveer 10 zonsmassa's</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontwikkelingen">Ontwikkelingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ontwikkelingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ontwikkelingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tot nog toe zijn alle experimenten in overeenstemming met de theorie, maar niet alle aspecten van de theorie zijn experimenteel getoetst. In 2015 nam men voor het eerst met enige mate van zekerheid direct <a href="/wiki/Zwaartekrachtgolf" title="Zwaartekrachtgolf">zwaartekrachtgolven</a> waar, die als belangrijk dynamisch fenomeen door de theorie voorspeld worden. Voorts is er een probleem met de <a href="/wiki/Kwantummechanica" title="Kwantummechanica">kwantummechanica</a>, daar er nog geen theorie is die gravitatie kwantumtheoretisch consistent beschrijft (zie <a href="/wiki/Higgsboson" title="Higgsboson">higgsboson</a> en <a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">graviton</a>). In de meeste gevallen kunnen natuurkundigen met twee theorieën leven, de kwantummechanica op subatomaire schaal, de relativiteitstheorie op kosmische schaal, en 'simpele' <a href="/wiki/Newtoniaanse_mechanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtoniaanse mechanica">Newtoniaanse mechanica</a> op tussenliggende schalen, maar in enkele gevallen is de combinatie tussen sterke <a href="/wiki/Zwaartekracht" title="Zwaartekracht">gravitatie</a> en kleine schaal dusdanig dat beide theorieën invloed hebben, in het bijzonder bij <a href="/wiki/Zwart_gat" title="Zwart gat">zwarte gaten</a> en in de eerste korte tijd na de <a href="/wiki/Oerknal" title="Oerknal">oerknal</a>. </p><p>Theoretische natuurkundigen onderzoeken diverse mogelijke theoretische oplossingen voor dit probleem. Belangrijke kandidaten zijn <a href="/wiki/Snaartheorie" title="Snaartheorie">snaartheorie</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Loop-kwantumzwaartekracht" title="Loop-kwantumzwaartekracht">loop-kwantumzwaartekracht</a>. In het algemeen spreekt men wel over een (hypothetische) <a href="/wiki/Theorie_van_alles" title="Theorie van alles">theorie van alles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algemene_relativiteitstheorie&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tensoren_in_de_algemene_relativiteitstheorie" title="Tensoren in de algemene relativiteitstheorie">Tensoren in de algemene relativiteitstheorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein-vergelijking" title="Einstein-vergelijking">Einstein-vergelijking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principe_van_lokaliteit" title="Principe van lokaliteit">Principe van lokaliteit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwaartekracht" title="Zwaartekracht">Zwaartekracht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciale_relativiteitstheorie" title="Speciale relativiteitstheorie">Speciale relativiteitstheorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massa-energierelatie" title="Massa-energierelatie">E=mc²</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><div style="margin-top:-16px"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noten">Noten</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ga maar na: in een lift 9,8 m/s<sup>2</sup> naar boven versnellen (ergens op een afgelegen plekje zonder zwaartekracht in de ruimte) geeft hetzelfde gevoel als op aarde te staan en met 9,8 N/kg (of ook m/s<sup>2</sup>) naar beneden te worden getrokken.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenties">Referenties</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html">Nobel Prize Biography</a>. <i>Nobel Prize Biography</i>. Nobel Prize. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807183444/http://nobelprize.org:80/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2011-08-07">7 augustus 2011</span>. Geraadpleegd op 25 February 2011. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Einstein gaf in <a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</a> een serie lezingen over de algemene relativiteitstheorie voor de <a href="/wiki/Pruisische_Academie_van_Wetenschappen" title="Pruisische Academie van Wetenschappen">Pruisische Academie van Wetenschappen</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="interProject wikisource mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Relativity:_The_Special_and_General_Theory" class="extiw" title="s:en:Relativity: The Special and General Theory">Wikisource</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/25px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/50px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div>Werken van of over dit onderwerp zijn te vinden op de pagina <i><b><a href="https://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Relativity:_The_Special_and_General_Theory" class="extiw" title="s:en:Relativity: The Special and General Theory">Relativity: The Special and General Theory</a></b></i> op <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</div> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐64476968cd‐dlltg Cached time: 20241102120328 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.093 seconds Real time usage: 0.194 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1192/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17461/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5899/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2079/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.008/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 957017/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 77.489 1 -total 56.33% 43.646 1 Sjabloon:Appendix 53.62% 41.552 2 Sjabloon:Bevat 24.62% 19.080 1 Sjabloon:Zijbalk_algemene_relativiteitstheorie 22.69% 17.579 2 Sjabloon:References 20.56% 15.935 1 Sjabloon:Zijbalk_Navigatie_Natuurkunde 13.09% 10.146 1 Sjabloon:Cite_web 7.76% 6.016 1 Sjabloon:Wikisource 6.07% 4.702 1 Sjabloon:Zie_hoofdartikel 4.77% 3.695 1 Sjabloon:Infobox --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key nlwiki:pcache:idhash:14346-0!dateformat=default and timestamp 20241102120328 and revision id 68229793. 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