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Since 1915, food waste has been identified as a considerable problem and has been the subject of ongoing media attention, intensifying with the launch of the "[[Love Food, Hate Waste]]" campaign in 2007. Food waste has been discussed in newspaper articles, news reports and television programmes, which have increased awareness of it as a public issue. To tackle waste issues, encompassing food waste, the government-funded "[[Waste & Resources Action Programme]]" (WRAP) was created in 2000. A significant proportion of food waste is produced by the [[Household|domestic household]], which in 2007{{needs update|date=April 2024}} created 6,700,000 [[tonne]]s of food waste. Potatoes, bread slices and apples are the most wasted foods by quantity, while salads are thrown away in the greatest proportion. A majority of food waste food is avoidable,{{Ref label|D|d|a}} with the rest being divided almost equally into foods which are unavoidable{{clarify|date=April 2024}} (e.g. [[tea bag]]s) and those that are unavoidable due to preference{{clarify|date=April 2024}} (e.g. bread crusts) or cooking type (e.g. potato skins). Reducing the amount of food waste has been deemed critical if the UK is to meet [[Kyoto Protocol and government action#United Kingdom|international targets]] on climate change, limiting [[greenhouse gas emissions]], and obligations under the [[Landfill Directive|European Landfill Directive]] to reduce biodegradable waste going to [[landfill]]. Equally great emphasis has been placed on the reduction of food waste, across all [[Developed country|developed countries]], as a means of ending the [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|global food crisis]]{{needs update|date=April 2024}} that left millions worldwide starving and impoverished. In the context of the 2007–2008 world food price crisis, food waste was discussed at the [[34th G8 summit]] in [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. The then [[UK Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] said of the issue: "We must do more to deal with unnecessary demand, such as by all of us doing more to cut our food waste".<ref name="Brown" /> In June 2009, the [[Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Environment Secretary]] [[Hilary Benn]] announced the Government's "War on waste", a programme aimed at reducing Britain's food waste. The proposed plans under the scheme included: scrapping [[Shelf life#Best before|best before]] and limiting [[Shelf life#Sell by / display until|sell by]] labels on food, creating new [[Food packaging|food packaging sizes]], constructing more "on-the-go" recycling points and unveiling five flagship [[Anaerobic digestion#Applications|anaerobic digestion plants]]. Two years after its launch,{{needs update|date=April 2024}} the "Love Food, Hate Waste" campaign was claiming it had already prevented 137,000 tonnes of waste and, through the help it had given to over 2,000,000 households, had made savings of £300,000,000. == History == [[File:SaveKitchenWaste.png|thumb|alt=Several pigs arranged in a semi-circle at the foreground, looking towards the centre and the words "Save Kitchen Waste to feed the Pigs!". "Thanks" is printed letter-by-letter along their backs. Instructions at bottom right ask for kitchen waste to be kept dry and free from glass, metal, bones, paper etc. Opposite, it says "it also feeds poultry" and that "Your Council will collect"|During World War II, posters advised on a number of issues, including that of food waste.]] Food waste was identified as a problem in the UK as early as World War I. Combating food waste was one of the initial goals of the [[Women's Institutes]] (WI), set up in 1915, and remains a subject of their campaigns.<ref name="boston" /><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567662/Leftovers-return-for-environment-menu.html | title = Leftovers return for environment menu | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | access-date = 2009-04-04 | location=London | first=Richard | last=Alleyne | date=2007-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thewi.org.uk/viewNews.aspx?id=9245 | title = Love Food Champions – a practical way to reduce waste | publisher = [[Women's Institutes]] | access-date = 2009-04-15 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101129005644/http://thewi.org.uk/viewNews.aspx?id=9245 | archive-date = 2010-11-29 }}</ref> [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|Rationing]] was adopted during World War I, although it was voluntary, from February 1917; it was only between December 1917 and February 1918 that rationing began, in stages, to be made compulsory.<ref name="beckett">{{cite book|last=Beckett|first=Ian F.W.|title=The Great war|year=2007|publisher=Longman|edition=2|isbn=978-1-4058-1252-8}} Available on [https://books.google.com/books?id=CMYbKgcAW88C Google books].</ref> Furthermore, there is no evidence to suggest that by 1918 fines were imposed on either individuals or businesses for wasting food. Meanwhile, in the United States (where shortages were hardly comparable), legislators considered laws restricting the distribution of food in order to cut waste, breaches of which might be punishable by fines or imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news | title = Wasting Food Penaized in Bill | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/01/16/102657170.pdf | work = [[The New York Times]] | access-date = 2009-08-05 | date=1918-01-16}}</ref> During World War II, rationing was imposed almost immediately. Restrictions were immediately more stringent than in World War I: with effect from 8 January 1940, ration books were issued and most foods were subject to ration.<ref name="boston" /><ref name="iwm">{{cite web | title = When was rationing introduced during the Second World War? | url = http://archive.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.1274 | publisher = [[Imperial War Museum]] | access-date = 4 April 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127000110/http://archive.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.1274 | archive-date = 27 January 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> By August 1940, food waste was an imprisonable offence under the law.<ref>{{cite web | title = Rationing | url = http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWrationing.htm | publisher = Spartacus | access-date = 2009-08-05 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090620001537/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWrationing.htm | archive-date = 2009-06-20 }}</ref> Posters encouraged kitchen waste to be used for feeding animals, primarily [[Pig|swine]] but also [[poultry]]. Many of the methods suggested by current campaigns to prevent food waste have taken inspiration from those of World War II.<ref name="boston">{{cite news | title = Britain urges return to WWII food frugality | url = http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2008/07/13/britain_urges_return_to_wwii_food_frugality/ | work = [[The Boston Globe]] | access-date = 2009-07-23 | date=2008-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Wartime frugality needed to help fight climate change | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/5089236/Wartime-frugality-needed-to-help-fight-climate-change-says-Energy-Saving-Trust.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090406103341/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/5089236/Wartime-frugality-needed-to-help-fight-climate-change-says-Energy-Saving-Trust.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2009-04-06 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | access-date = 2009-07-23 | location=London | first=Louise | last=Gray | date=2009-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Council declares a 'war on waste' | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8155966.stm | work = [[BBC News]] | access-date = 2009-07-23 | date=2009-07-17}}</ref> Despite this, it remains debatable whether the waste campaigns and rationing, during and post-WWII, achieved any long-term change in people's attitudes towards waste; WRAP's report on domestic household waste found that older people generate as much avoidable waste as younger people.<ref name="Ventour181-3">Ventour, pp. 181-3.</ref> Further, as early as 1980, only twenty-five years after rationing was fully abolished,<ref name="iwm" /> a journal article published that year found significant levels of waste at home, in restaurants and in sectors of the [[food industry]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = Household food wastage in Britain - Abstract | journal = British Journal of Nutrition | year = 1980 | volume=43 | issue=1 | pages=53–70 | doi=10.1079/BJN19800064 | last1=Wenlock | first1=R. W. | last2=Buss | first2=D. H. | last3=Derry | first3=B. J. | last4=Dixon | first4=E. J. | pmid=7370218 | s2cid=22134455 | doi-access=free }}</ref> However, the rising amount of food waste could also be attributed to a change of lifestyle, for instance the buying of produce which has a shorter shelf life; which would involuntarily lead to more food being thrown away.<ref>{{cite news | title = Homes 'waste 3.3m tonnes of food' | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6456987.stm | work = [[BBC News]] | access-date = 2009-08-08 | date=2007-03-16}}</ref> By the late 1990s, things had worsened, and the food manufacturing sector was estimated to be generating over 8,000,000 tonnes of food waste annually.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gunning |first1=Jennifer |last2=Holm |first2=Søren |title=Ethics, Law and Society |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7546-7180-0|page=275}}</ref><ref name="Thankappan1">Thankappan, p. 1.</ref> A documentary in 1998 revealed tonnes of edible food being discarded at a [[Tesco]] store, provoking a renewed response on the issue of food waste.<ref name="Tesco1998">{{cite news | title = Tesco store throwing away pounds 3,500 of food every week | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/tesco-store-throwing-away-pounds-3500-of-food-every-week-1145590.html | work = [[The Independent]] | access-date = 2009-05-27 | location=London | first=Rosa | last=Prince | date=1998-02-19}}</ref> In 2000, the UK Government created the [[Waste & Resources Action Programme]] (WRAP), a government-funded, not-for-profit company that advises on how to reduce waste and use resources efficiently.<ref>{{cite journal | date = October 2007 | title = WRAP response to the Waste Reduction Inquiry | journal = Waste Reduction Inquiry | pages = 1 | url = http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/st1WRAP.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090619062358/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/st1WRAP.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2009-06-19 | access-date = 2009-08-07 | quote = WRAP (the Waste & Resources Action Programme) is a not-for-profit UK company providing recycling and resource efficiency programmes... }}</ref> In 2007, WRAP launched the "Love Food, Hate Waste" campaign and returned food waste to the forefront of the news and public agenda.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/3312730/Help-the-environment-reduce-food-waste.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121111093524/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/3312730/Help-the-environment-reduce-food-waste.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-11-11 | title = Help the Environment, reduce food waste | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | access-date = 2009-03-24 | location=London | first=Paul | last=Eccleston | date=2007-11-02}}</ref> Two years later, the "Love Food, Hate Waste" campaign claimed to have prevented 137,000 tonnes of waste being sent to landfill and saved £300,000,000.<ref>{{cite web | title = Campaign to stop food waste is working | url = http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=15861&channel=0 | publisher = Edie | year = 2009 | access-date = 2009-06-17}}</ref> In 2005, facing "limited information about the amounts and types of food waste produced", WRAP launched a "major research programme"<ref>Ventour, p. 12.</ref> which would lead to the publishing of "''The food we waste report''" on 8 May 2008.<ref>{{cite web | title = Wrap reveals £10bn cost of wasted food | url = http://www.packagingnews.co.uk/environment/wrap-reveals-10bn-cost-of-wasted-food/ | publisher = Packaging News | year = 2008 | access-date = 2009-08-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120218095539/http://www.packagingnews.co.uk/environment/wrap-reveals-10bn-cost-of-wasted-food/ | archive-date = 2012-02-18 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Believed at the time to be "the first of its kind in the world", the report interviewed 2,175 householders and collected waste from 2,138 of them.<ref>Ventour, p. 13.</ref> {{quote box |width=30em | bgcolor=#ACE1AF |align=left |quote=If we are to get food prices down, we must do more to deal with unnecessary demand, such as by all of us doing more to cut our food waste which is costing the average household in Britain around £8 per week. |source=[[Gordon Brown]] speaking to journalists shortly before attending the 34th G8 Summit, ''The Independent'', July 2008<ref name="foodbattle" />}} Since the developments of 2007–08, food waste has continued to be a subject of attention,<ref name="Brown">{{cite news | title = Brown urges Britons to cut food waste | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jul/07/food.waste1 | work = [[The Guardian]] | access-date = 2009-02-19 | location=London | first=Patrick | last=Wintour | date=2008-07-07}}</ref> discussed in almost every [[List of newspapers in the United Kingdom#Broadsheet and former broadsheet newspapers|major UK newspaper]], often with issues such as climate change and [[Famine#Africa|famine in African nations]].<ref name="independentclimatechange" /><ref name="fsaclimate">{{cite web | title = Chartered Institute for Environmental Health policy conference on climate change | url = http://www.food.gov.uk/news/speeches/formerspeeches/deirdrehutton/policyclimatechange | publisher = [[Food Standards Agency]] | year = 2008 | access-date = 2009-07-24 | quote = Food waste is a significant contributor to climate change. | archive-date = 2009-08-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090805171733/http://www.food.gov.uk/news/speeches/formerspeeches/deirdrehutton/policyclimatechange | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = My crash course in food waste with Tristram Stuart | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ethicallivingblog/2009/jul/17/food-waste-tristram-stuart | work = [[The Guardian]] | access-date = 2009-07-24 | location=London | first=William | last=Skidelsky | date=2009-07-17}}</ref> To reduce the impact of the aforementioned, food waste has been among the topics of discussion at recent [[Summit (meeting)|International Summits]]; food waste was debated during the [[34th G8 summit]] in [[Hokkaidō]], Japan, as part of the discussion on the [[2007–2008 world food price crisis]].<ref name="foodbattle">{{cite news | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/britain-declares-war-on-food-waste-861250.html | title = Britain declares war on food waste | work = [[The Independent]] | access-date = 2009-04-14 | location=London | first1=Andrew | last1=Grice | date=2008-07-07}}</ref> In June 2009, Environment Secretary [[Hilary Benn]] announced the "War on waste", new government plans aimed at reducing Britain's food waste.<ref name="waranaerobic" /><ref name="labelsandstats" /> It was planned to remove "[[Shelf life#Best before|best before]]" labels and limit the "[[Shelf life#Sell by / display until|sell by]]" labels on foods.<ref name="labelsandstats" /><ref name="waronwaste">{{cite news | title = Kitchen bin war: tackling the food waste mountain | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/kitchen-bin-war-tackling-the-food-waste-mountain-1698753.html | work = [[The Independent]] | access-date = 2009-06-17 | location=London | first=Rachel | last=Shields | date=2009-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Labels Revamp To Tackle Waste Food Mountain | url = http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Food-Labels-Review-To-Combat-Landfill-Waste-Creating-Greenhouse-Gases-Contributing-To-Global-Warming/Article/200906215298864?lpos=UK_News_Second_Home_Page_Feature_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15298864_Food_Labels_Review_To_Combat_Landfill_Waste_Creating_Greenhouse_Gases_Contributing_To_Global_Warming | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120524225931/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Food-Labels-Review-To-Combat-Landfill-Waste-Creating-Greenhouse-Gases-Contributing-To-Global-Warming/Article/200906215298864?lpos=UK_News_Second_Home_Page_Feature_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15298864_Food_Labels_Review_To_Combat_Landfill_Waste_Creating_Greenhouse_Gases_Contributing_To_Global_Warming | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-05-24 | publisher = [[Sky News]] | year = 2009 | access-date = 2009-06-17 }}</ref> New [[Food packaging|food packaging sizes]] are planned to be introduced, coming as EU rules on packaging sizes are lifted and people are increasingly living alone.<ref name="singlesandbestbefore" /> Five flagship [[Anaerobic digestion#Applications|anaerobic digestion plants]] with "cutting-edge technology" were to be built before the end of March 2011;<ref name="waranaerobic" /> they would together receive a grant of £10,000,000 from WRAP's "Anaerobic Digestion Demonstration Programme".<ref name="waranaerobic">{{cite web | title = War on waste: anaerobic digestion demonstration projects get the go-ahead from Defra | url = http://www.govnet.co.uk/news/2009-06-08/war-on-waste-anaerobic-digestion-demonstration-projects-get-the-goahead-from-defra | archive-url = https://archive.today/20141126020842/http://www.govnet.co.uk/news/2009-06-08/war-on-waste-anaerobic-digestion-demonstration-projects-get-the-goahead-from-defra | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2014-11-26 | publisher = [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Defra]] | year = 2009 | access-date = 2009-06-17 }}</ref> Liz Goodwin, WRAP Chief Executive Officer, said of the five projects: "These projects are truly ground-breaking. Between them, they demonstrate how anaerobic digestion can help the UK efficiently meet the challenges of reducing carbon emissions and improving [[sustainable food systems|sustainable food]] production."<ref name="waranaerobic" /> The UK Government's "Resources and Waste Strategy", published in December 2018, set out current government policy on "how we will preserve our stock of material resources by minimising waste, promoting resource efficiency and moving towards a [[circular economy]]". In relation to food waste, chapter 5 of the strategy set out objectives to: *redistribute surplus food more effectively to those who need it most, before it can go to waste *consult on annual reporting of food surplus and waste generated by larger food businesses *consult on legal powers to introduce mandatory food waste targets and surplus food redistribution obligations *publish a new food surplus and [[waste hierarchy]] *promote awareness of the food waste issue by appointing a new food waste champion, and *support cross sector collaboration through the [[Courtauld Commitment|Courtauld 2025 commitment]].<ref>[[Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs]] / [[Environment Agency]], [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/resources-and-waste-strategy-for-england/resources-and-waste-strategy-at-a-glance Resources and waste strategy: at a glance], updated 18 December 2018, accessed 29 December 2020 [[File:UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg|30px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under an [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ Open Government Licence v3.0]. © Crown copyright.</ref> [[Ben Elliot]] was appointed by [[Michael Gove]], then the Secretary of State for Environment, as the government's first Food Surplus and Waste Champion.<ref>Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, [https://www.gov.uk/government/news/gove-appoints-food-waste-champion Gove appoints Food Waste Champion], published 31 December 2018, accessed 29 December 2020</ref> == Causes == === Households === {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="float: right; margin-left: 2em; |+Domestic food waste in the UK<ref>Hogg, p. 12.</ref> ! Category ! England ! Wales ! Scotland ! N. Ireland ! UK |- | Household waste<br>(1000s of [[tonnes]]) | 25,688 | 1,585 | 2,276 | 919 | 30,468 |- | Composition of food<br>Waste (% household) | 17.5% | 18%{{Ref label|A|a|none}} | 18%{{Ref label|B|b|none}} | 19%{{Ref label|C|c|none}} | 17.6% |- | Quantity of food waste<br>(1000s of [[tonnes]]) | 4,495 | 285 | 410 | 184 | 5,375 |} The single largest producer of food [[waste in the United Kingdom]] is the domestic household. In 2007{{needs update|date=April 2024}}, households created 6,700,000 [[tonne]]s of food waste – accounting for 19 per cent of all [[municipal solid waste]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Weekly food waste collections can benefit the environment and save money | url = http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2008/080327c.htm | publisher = [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Defra]] | year = 2008 | access-date = 2009-02-13|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080616113515/http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2008/080327c.htm |archive-date = June 16, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Potatoes account for the largest quantity of avoidable{{Ref label|D|d|b}} food disposed of; 359,000 tonnes per year are thrown away, 49 per cent (177,400 tonnes) of which are untouched.<ref name="ventour27">Ventour, p. 27.</ref> * Bread slices account for the second food type most disposed of (328,000 tonnes per year) * Apples are the third (190,000 tonnes per year).<ref name="ventour27" /> * Salad is disposed of in the greatest proportion: 45 per cent of all salad purchased by weight will be thrown away uneaten.<ref>Ventour, p. 33.</ref> [[File:Salad platter02 crop.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Assorted salad vegetables in a platter, against a white background|Salads are the food type thrown away in greatest proportion – more than 45% of all purchased will be wasted.]] Much of the food thrown away could have been avoided (4,100,000 tonnes, 61 per cent of the total amount of food waste) and with [[Food waste in the United Kingdom#Prevention|better management]] could have been eaten or used.<ref name="ventour23">Ventour, p. 4. (Key facts), pp. 23-25.</ref> Unavoidable foods, such as vegetable peelings and tea bags, account for 19 per cent of the total, with the remaining 20 per cent being unavoidable{{dubious|date=April 2024}} through preferences (e.g. bread crusts) and cooking types (e.g. potato skins).<ref name="ventour23" /> However, the vast majority of consumers (90%) are unaware of the amount of food they throw away;<ref>{{cite web | title = Food Waste is Environmental Sleeping Giant Says WRAP | url = http://www.wrap.org.uk/wrap_corporate/news/food_waste_is.html | publisher = [[Waste and Resources Action Programme|WRAP]] | year = 2007 | access-date = 2009-08-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404071448/http://www.wrap.org.uk/wrap_corporate/news/food_waste_is.html |archive-date = April 4, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> individuals who believed that their household wasted no food were shown to be throwing away 88&nbsp;kg of avoidable food per year.<ref name="Ventour5" /> The amount of food waste produced by a household and its occupants is affected by several factors;<ref>Ventour, p. 197.</ref> WRAP found the most important factors to be: #The size of the household, #The age of the individual occupants, #The household composition (e.g. single occupant household).<ref name="Ventour198">Ventour, p. 198.</ref> :The other factors (job status, lifestage, ethnicity and occupation grouping of individuals) were found to have less correlation with the amount of avoidable waste.<ref name="Ventour198" /> Regarding household size, the relationship is not proportional (two occupants do not dispose of twice as much food waste as one occupant):<ref>Ventour, p. 170.</ref> *Single-occupancy households, on average, throw away {{convert|3.2|kg|lb}}: per week the least food waste by weight but the most proportionately.<ref name="Ventour, p. 174">Ventour, p. 174.</ref> This disproportional wastage has been partially attributed to food packaging sizes being largely inappropriate for people living on their own.<ref name="singlesandbestbefore">{{cite news | title = Surge in single homes is fuelling food waste | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/5477296/Surge-in-single-homes-is-fuelling-food-waste.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090613003643/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/5477296/Surge-in-single-homes-is-fuelling-food-waste.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2009-06-13 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | access-date = 2009-06-09 | location=London | first=Louise | last=Gray | date=2009-06-08}}</ref> *Families with children (under the age of 16), on a per household per week basis, are shown to waste the most food by weight ({{convert|7.3|kg|lb}});<ref name="ventour173">Ventour, p. 173.</ref> when calculated per individual, however, members of a family that includes children waste the least food ({{convert|1.8|kg|lb}}).<ref name="Ventour, p. 174"/><ref>Ventour, p. 177.</ref> *Contrary to both previous research and conventional wisdom, the report discovered that older people waste as much avoidable food as younger people (1.2&nbsp;kg per person per week);<ref name="Ventour5">Ventour, p. 5.</ref> in terms of mean average cost and weight of food waste,{{clarify|date=April 2024}} older people do waste less, although for retired households this may be because they are smaller.<ref>Ventour, p. 181.</ref><ref>Ventour, p. 183.</ref> === Retailers === Other sectors also contribute food waste. The [[food industry]] produces large amounts of food waste, with retailers alone generating 1,600,000 tonnes of food waste per year.<ref>{{cite news | title = Supermarket waste hits new high | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/supermarket-waste-hits-new-high-780513.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080430150935/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/supermarket-waste-hits-new-high-780513.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = April 30, 2008 | work = [[The Independent]] | access-date = 2009-02-13 | location=London | first=Susie | last=Mesure | date=2008-02-10}}</ref> Supermarkets particularly have been criticised for wasting items which are damaged or unsold (what the industry calls 'surplus food'), but that often remain edible.<ref name="supermarketwaste">{{cite web | title = Supermarket Landfills | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/yorkslincs/series7/supermarket_landfills.shtml | work = [[Inside Out (2002 TV programme)|Inside Out]] | year = 2005 | access-date = 2009-02-13}}</ref> However, exact statistics for the amount of food wasted by supermarkets is mostly unavailable; although a few voluntarily release data on food waste, it is not required by law.<ref>{{cite news | title = The freegans' creed: waste not, want not | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/jul/19/freegan-environment-food | work = [[The Guardian]] | access-date = 2009-07-31 | location=London | first=William | last=Skidelsky | date=2009-07-19}}</ref> Similarly, limited information is available on amounts generated by the [[Agriculture|agricultural sector]].<ref name="Thankappan1" /> Before a reversal of [[European Union]] policy in 2008, which came into effect on 1 July 2009,<ref>{{cite web | title = Wonky fruit & vegetables make a comeback! | url = http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/story_page/054-57764-201-07-30-909-20090706STO57744-2009-20-07-2009/default_en.htm | publisher = [[European Parliament]] | year = 2009 | access-date = 2009-07-31 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924200244/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/story_page/054-57764-201-07-30-909-20090706STO57744-2009-20-07-2009/default_en.htm | archive-date = 2015-09-24 }}</ref> [[Unusually shaped vegetable|misshaped or 'wonky' fruit and vegetables]] could not be sold by retailers and were required to be thrown away.<ref>{{cite web|title=EU to allow 'wonky' fruit and veg on supermarket shelves |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1226492226.27/ |publisher=EUBusiness |year=2008 |access-date=2009-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221153858/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1226492226.27/ |archive-date=2008-12-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Meanfoodcost.png|center|thumb|800px|alt=Bar graphs: on average, for "single occupany households" £4.72 of the cost of their £6.89 waste (or 1.9kg of their 3.2kg waste) is avoidable; for "shared, unrelated" £10.04 of £14.12 (4.2 of 6.9kg); for "family of adults" £7.37 of £10.83 (3 of 5.1kg); for "family with children" £11.83 of £16.25 (4.7 of 7.3) |{{center|Graphs showing the mean average cost and weight of food waste by household composition. ''Source: WRAP, the Food we waste Report''<ref name="ventour173" /><ref>Ventour, p. 176.</ref>}}]] == Impact == Food waste puts a large burden on the finances of each household and [[County council#United Kingdom|local councils]] in the UK; wasted food is estimated to cost each British household £250–400 per year,<ref name="guardianwaste">{{cite news | title = Call to use leftovers and cut food waste | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/oct/28/food.foodanddrink | work = [[The Guardian]] | access-date = 2009-02-14 | location=London | first=Juliette | last=Jowit | date=2007-10-30}}</ref> accumulating to £15,000–24,000 over a lifetime.<ref name="foewastereport" /> This comes from the total purchasing cost of the food against what is thrown away uneaten. Additionally, households pay for the collection and disposal of food waste by their local council in the form of [[council tax]].<ref name="foewastereport">{{cite web | title = Food Waste Collections | pages = 9 | url = http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/briefings/food_waste.pdf | publisher = [[Friends of the Earth]] | year = 2007 | access-date = 2009-02-14 }}</ref> For councils, the cost of food waste comes from its [[Food waste in the United Kingdom#Collection|collection]] and [[Food waste in the United Kingdom#Disposal|disposal]] as a part of the [[List of waste types|waste stream]]; this is especially an issue for councils that run separate food waste collections. [[File:Barley field-2007-02-22(large).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Golden fields of wheat that stretch from the foreground to the middle, set against rolling green hills and a blue sky|A [[United Nations Environment Programme|UNEP]] report found that, by increasing efficiency, current food production could feed the planet's projected population as well as help protect the environment.<ref name="UNFood">{{cite web | title = UN calls for food waste revolution | url = http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2237001/un-calls-food-waste-revolution | publisher = BusinessGreen | year = 2009 | access-date = 2009-05-26}}</ref>]] Food waste is generally considered to have a damaging effect on the [[Environment (biophysical)|environment]]; a reduction in food waste is considered critical if the UK is to meet obligations under the [[Landfill Directive|European Landfill Directive]] to reduce biodegradable waste going to landfill and favourable considering [[Kyoto Protocol and government action#United Kingdom|international targets]] on climate change, limiting [[greenhouse gas emissions]].<ref name="independentclimatechange">{{cite news | title = Britain's colossal food waste is stoking climate change | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/britains-colossal-food-waste-is-stoking-climate-change-398664.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080611125251/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/britains-colossal-food-waste-is-stoking-climate-change-398664.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 11, 2008 | work = [[The Independent]] | access-date = 2009-02-19 | location=London | first1=Martin | last1=Hickman | date=2007-11-02}}</ref> When disposed of in landfill, food waste releases [[methane]], a relatively damaging greenhouse gas,<ref name="wraphousewaste" /><ref name="methane">{{cite web | title = Methane | url = http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/ch4.html | publisher = [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] | year = 2007 | access-date = 2009-02-14}}</ref> and [[leachate]], a [[toxin]] capable of considerable [[groundwater pollution]].<ref name="Thankappan1"/> The food supply chain accounts for a fifth of UK [[carbon emissions]];<ref name="guardianwaste" /><ref name="wraphousewaste" /> the production, storage and transportation of food to homes requires large amounts of energy.<ref name="labelsandstats">{{cite news | title = Sell-by dates could be scrapped to stop food waste, says Hilary Benn | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/5485574/Sell-by-dates-could-be-scrapped-to-stop-food-waste-says-Hilary-Benn.html | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | access-date = 2009-06-14 | location=London | date=2009-06-09}}</ref> The effects of stopping food waste that can potentially be prevented has been likened to removing one in five cars from UK roads.<ref name="guardianwaste" /> Internationally, food waste's effect on the environment has been an issue. Ireland is facing fines of millions of [[euro]]s if the amount of [[Biodegradation|biodegradable]] waste it sends to landfill does not fall below the maximum quantity set by the European Union's Landfill Directive.<ref>{{cite news | title = Amount of food waste going to landfill is rising says EPA report | url = http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0129/1232923372742.html | work = [[Irish Times]] | access-date = 2009-02-14 | date=2009-01-01}}</ref> By 2010, the same directive will impose fines of £40m a year across England, rising to £205m by 2013, if its own targets on biodegradable municipal waste are not met; the amount of biodegradable municipal waste being sent to landfill in 2010 must be 75% of that sent in 1995, by 2013 it must be 50% and by 2020 it must be 35%.<ref>Thankappan, p. 9.</ref><ref name="foodwastedisposers">{{cite news | title = Is it OK ... to use a food waste disposer | url = https://www.theguardian.com/money/2006/aug/08/ethicalmoney.leohickmanonethicalliving | work = [[The Guardian]] | access-date = 2009-06-14 | location=London | first=Leo | last=Hickman | date=2006-08-21}}</ref> In the context of the [[2007–2008 world food price crisis]] and potential food shortages, food waste is an important and impacting issue.<ref>{{cite web | title = Cutting food waste key to ending crisis | url = http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/1afee0400c8c46ee8c66ff976077746e.htm | publisher = [[AlertNet]] | year = 2009 | access-date = 2009-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = What a waste: Britain throws away £10bn of food every year | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/what-a-waste-britain-throws-away-16310bn-of-food-every-year-822809.html | work = [[The Independent]] | access-date = 2009-02-25 | location=London | first1=Martin | last1=Hickman | date=2008-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Our culture of wasting food will one day leave us hungry | url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/feb/08/food-waste-environment-gm-crop | work = [[The Guardian]] | access-date = 2009-07-31 | location=London | first=Alex | last=Renton | date=2009-02-08}}</ref> The [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) identified food waste as being a critical problem, a view shared by a [[Cabinet Office]] report on food;<ref>{{cite news | title = Waste not want not, Gordon Brown tells families | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article4282571.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081007163743/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article4282571.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = October 7, 2008 | work = Times Online | access-date = 2009-08-05 | location=London | first=Philip | last=Webster | date=2008-07-07}}</ref> it said that doing nothing to solve it would lead to severe food shortages, which may trigger food price climbs of up to 50%.<ref name="UNFood" /> With a third of food purchased in the UK never eaten, the country was singled out in the report.<ref name="UNFood" /> UNEP Executive Director [[Achim Steiner]] said that: "Over half of the food produced today is either lost, wasted or discarded as a result of inefficiency in the human-managed food chain. There is evidence within the report [The Environmental Food crises: Environment's role in averting future food crises] that the world could feed the entire projected population growth alone by becoming more efficient while also ensuring the survival of wild animals, birds and fish on this planet."<ref name="UNFood" /> == Response == === Prevention === {{See also|Food safety|food quality}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="float: right; margin-left: 2em;" cell-spacing="3" |+Reasons for food waste'''<ref>Ventour, p. 139.</ref> !Reason for disposal !Proportion by<br>weight<br>{{Fix|text=Doesn't add to 100%}} |- |Inedible |36.5% |- |Left on plate |15.7% |- |Out of date |15.1% |- |Mouldy |9.3% |- |Looked bad |8.8% |- |Smelt/tasted bad |4.5% |- |Left from cooking |4% |- |Other |3.8% |- |In fridge/cupboard too long |1.5% |- |}To reduce the food waste produced (often unintentionally or unavoidably, due to lifestyle) by consumers, advisory campaigns and articles have put forward varying advice and suggestions. The following strategies: planning before food shopping, understanding food date labels and using leftovers in other meals, are universally agreed to be effective in preventing food waste.<ref name='wraphousewaste'>{{cite web | title = Household Food Waste | url = http://www.wrap.org.uk/retail/food_waste/index.html | publisher = [[Waste & Resources Action Programme|WRAP]] | access-date = 2009-02-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100305071203/http://www.wrap.org.uk/retail/food_waste/index.html | archive-date = 2010-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Saving food from going to waste | work = [[BBC News]] | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4444429.stm | access-date = 2009-02-13 | date=2005-04-14}}</ref> Planning, before food shopping, and knowing what purchases are necessary is among ways of reducing food waste;<ref name="wastetips">{{cite web | title = Tops Tips For Reducing Food Waste | url = http://www.greenusesforwaste.co.uk/tops-tips-reducing-food-waste.html | publisher = Green uses for waste | access-date = 2009-02-14}}</ref> [[buy one, get one free]] (BOGOF) offers have been criticised for encouraging customers to purchase food items that are eventually thrown away;<ref>{{cite web | title = 'BOGOF' Blamed For Rising Food Waste | url = http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/20080641313975 | publisher = [[Sky News]] | year = 2008 | access-date = 2009-02-14 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110522201753/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/20080641313975 | archive-date = 2011-05-22 }}</ref> as part of its own campaign on food waste, supermarket retailer [[Morrisons]] is to offer "One Free to Freeze" as a replacement for BOGOFs, with hopes that these promotions will encourage customers to plan ahead.<ref>{{cite web | title = Morrisons launches drive to reduce customers' food waste | url = http://www.retail-week.com/in-business/responsible-retail/morrisons-launches-drive-to-reduce-customers-food-waste/5002636.article | work = Retail Week | year = 2009 | access-date = 2009-07-28}}</ref> Understanding [[food storage]] and [[Shelf life|food date labels]] is an important, but currently problematic, measure; in 2008, research by the [[Food Standards Agency]] (FSA) showed that food dates were poorly understood by consumers; only 36 per cent of people interpreted a best before date as a use by date and only 55 per cent correctly interpreted use by dates.<ref>Food Standards Agency 2008. Consumer attitudes to food waste: wave 8. UK report final London, FSA</ref>{{Ref label|E|e|none}} Food date labels are planned to undergo radical changes as part of the "War on waste".<ref name="singlesandbestbefore" /> Leftover foods can and are encouraged to be used in other meals; currently this is not widely undertaken due to a "lack of confidence". Specialist cookbooks and waste campaigns include recipes which are designed to incorporate typical leftovers and require minimal cooking skill.<ref>{{cite web | title = 5 sure fire ways to save money on your food bill | url = http://www.lovefoodhatewaste.com/about_food_waste/5_sure_fire_ways_to.html | publisher = [[Love Food, Hate Waste]] (WRAP campaign) | access-date = 2009-02-19 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090904173008/http://www.lovefoodhatewaste.com/about_food_waste/5_sure_fire_ways_to.html | archive-date = 2009-09-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Recipes, to reduce food waste and save time | url = http://www.lovefoodhatewaste.com/recipes | publisher = [[Love Food, Hate Waste]] (WRAP campaign) | year = 2009 | access-date = 2009-02-19}}</ref> [[File:Expiration.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A food label, with a barcode, price tag, weight and dates for use by and display until|Date labels on foods will change, as part of the 'War on waste' announced in 2009, with the intent of reducing food waste.]] Sectors of the [[food industry]] (manufacturing and retail) have pledged to reduce the amount of food they directly waste, and additionally what they cause households to waste indirectly. This is planned to happen through a combination of: effective labeling, pack size range, storage advice and packaging that extends the duration of food freshness.<ref name="retailwaste" /> The latest initiative in May 2009, rather than a new policy, is seen as an expansion to ongoing attempts to reduce the wider [[food packaging]].<ref name="retailwaste">{{cite web | url = http://www.foodnavigator.com/Financial-Industry/Grocers-pledge-to-cut-UK-food-waste | title = Grocers pledge to cut UK food waste | publisher = Food Naivgator | year = 2009 | access-date = 2009-04-16}}</ref> The aim is to cut UK household food waste by 155,000 tonnes (2.5% of total waste) before the end of 2010 by helping UK households prevent food going to waste.<ref name="retailwaste" /> Food charities, the most widely known being [[FareShare]], arrange the distribution of surplus food from the food industry among disadvantaged people in the community.<ref name="foodcharity">{{cite news | title = Food waste is buried treasure, charity tells firms | url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/jul/24/food.foodanddrink | work = [[The Guardian]] | access-date = 2009-07-20 | location=London | date=2006-07-24 | first=Fiona | last=Walsh}}</ref><ref name="fareshare">{{cite web|title=Supporting communities to relieve food poverty |url=http://www.fareshare.org.uk/about-us.php |publisher=[[FareShare]] |year=2008 |access-date=2009-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212064229/http://fareshare.org.uk/about-us.php |archive-date=2009-02-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="supermarketwaste" /> === Collection === [[File:City of Westminster rubbish truck.jpg|right|thumb|alt=A large six-wheeled lorry operated by the "City of Westminster", with a waste disposal unit at rear, drives across a small roundabout at the corner of a busy junction|Separate collection of food waste is rare; where it exists, the service uses existing transport and infrastructure, as pictured.]] The majority of UK [[Local government#United Kingdom|authorities]] (some have varying or specific policy) collect food waste together with [[Municipal solid waste|municipal waste]]; estimates made in 2007 put the amount of food waste collected separately, for either [[composting]] or [[anaerobic digestion]], at only 2% of what is available.<ref name="Hogg4">Hogg, p. 4.</ref> Where food waste is collected separately, it is usually incorporated into an existing [[garden waste]] collection.<ref name="hogg17">Hogg, pp. 17-18.</ref> If applicable, separate collections for garden and food waste typically run on intervening fortnightly weeks to those of municipal waste and share infrastructure and transport.<ref name="hogg17" /> It has been suggested that given its proportion of the [[List of waste types|waste stream]] and the lack of distinct collections, food waste is not currently being targeted appropriately.<ref>Hogg, pp. 18-19.</ref> However proposals by the [[European Union]], which would require local authorities to provide separate collection of food and garden waste, have been met with opposition;<ref name="separateproposals">{{cite news | title = Households could be forced to collect food waste in separate bins under EU plans | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/5110507/Households-could-be-forced-to-collect-food-waste-in-separate-bins-under-EU-plans.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090409124838/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/5110507/Households-could-be-forced-to-collect-food-waste-in-separate-bins-under-EU-plans.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2009-04-09 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | access-date = 2009-06-21 | location=London | first=Louise | last=Gray | date=2009-04-05}}</ref> critics of the proposals argue that local authorities understand the specific needs of the areas they serve, and that they should decide waste policy.<ref name="separateproposals" /> Advocates of the proposals say that it will ensure energy is not wasted in sorting [[Biodegradation|biodegradable waste]] from other materials.<ref name="separateproposals" /> Figures from WRAP revealed the most efficient method of collecting food waste to be separate collections, followed by mixed green and food waste on a weekly basis.<ref name="collectionrate">{{cite web | title = Food waste disposals lower than thought | url = http://anaerobic-digestion.com/food-waste-disposals-lower-than-thought/ | publisher = [[Energy Saving Trust]] | year = 2009 | access-date = 2009-06-21}}</ref> A mixed fortnightly collection was shown to be the worst performing.<ref name="collectionrate" /> This was considered confirmation of earlier suspicions that, if carried out correctly, separate collections can result in less wastage of biodegradable waste.<ref name="separateproposals" /><ref name="foodpilot" /> A widespread pilot scheme for separate food waste collection, involving nineteen [[Local government in England|English local authorities]], achieved success and 'high levels of satisfaction' from households.<ref name="foodpilot">{{cite news | title = Food waste pilot hailed a success | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7620109.stm | work = [[BBC News]] | access-date = 2009-02-24 | date=2008-09-17 | first=Roger | last=Harrabin}}</ref> One option for separating food waste at source is the in-sink [[food-waste disposer]] (FWD). It was invented in 1928 and is used in 50% of households in the US, 34% in New Zealand, 20% in Australia and increasingly in some European countries, notably Sweden.<ref name=evans2010>Evans, T.D.; Andersson, P.; Wievegg, A. and Carlsson, I. (2010) Surahammar – a case study of the impacts of installing food waste disposers in fifty percent of households. Water Environ. J. 241 309-319</ref> A FWD has no blades or knives, it has a grind chamber, the floor of which is a spinning disc with lugs spin the waste against the perforated wall of the chamber, particles exit when they are small enough.<ref>Kegebein, Jörg; Hoffmann, Erhard; and Hahn, Herman H. (2001) Co-Transport and Co-Reuse. An Alternative to Separate Bio-Waste Collection? Wasser-Abwasser GWF 142 (2001) Nr. 6 429-434</ref> measured particle size distribution and found 98% <2mm. They also measured settleability and found the ground waste would be carried/resuspended easily in conventionally designed sewers.<ref>Evans, T. D. (2007) Environmental Impact Study of Food Waste Disposers - a report for The County Surveyors’ Society & Herefordshire Council and Worcestershire County Council, published by Worcestershire County Council.</ref> estimated the Global Warming Potentials (100 year) of options for food [[waste management]] were landfill +740 kgCO<sub>2</sub>e/t food waste, incineration +13, centralised composting -14 and that anaerobic digestion was about -170 kgCO<sub>2</sub>e/t food waste whether it was kerbside collected and transported by truck or FWD to sewer to AD at a wastewater treatment works. In a follow-up paper,<ref name=evans2010 /> analysed data from Surahammar, Sweden comparing the time when there were no FWD with the present when 50% of households have FWD. This study verified laboratory etc. work published earlier by other workers. They found there was no increase in wastewater treatment works' cost, nor the volume of wastewater but that there was a 46% increase in biogas. === Disposal === Food waste remains primarily disposed to landfill (54 per cent of total municipal waste was disposed of in this way in 2007/8),<ref name="defra08" />{{Ref label|F|f|none}} although year-on-year the amount being sent to landfill is decreasing.<ref name="defra08">{{cite web|title=Municipal waste management, 2007/08 |url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/waste/kf/wrkf06.htm |publisher=[[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Defra]] |access-date=2009-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906135851/http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/waste/kf/wrkf06.htm |archive-date=September 6, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Municipal Waste Statistics 2006/7 |url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/wastats/bulletin07.htm |publisher=[[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Defra]] |access-date=2009-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802053939/http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/wastats/bulletin07.htm |archive-date=August 2, 2009 }}</ref> [[Composting]], the purposeful [[biodegradation]] of [[organic matter]] by [[microorganism]]s, is among the most simple ways of treating food waste and thereby preventing it being sent to landfill.<ref>{{cite news | title = Is it safe to compost food waste? | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/aug/17/ethicalliving.recycling | work = [[The Guardian]] | access-date = 2009-02-09 | location=London | first=Lucy | last=Siegle | date=2008-08-17}}</ref> Since all biodegradable materials will eventually [[Redox|oxidise]] to become [[compost]], the process can be undertaken [[Home composting|at home]] with no running costs, although equipment can accelerate the process.<ref name="organiccompost">{{cite web | title = How to make compost | url = http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/composting/compost_pf.php | publisher = [[Garden Organic]] | access-date = 2009-07-29 | archive-date = 2010-01-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100111044843/http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/composting/compost_pf.php | url-status = dead }}</ref> Most components of food waste are putrescibles{{Ref label|G|g|a}} and will be broken down in a compost, however some exceptions will not (e.g. cooked foods and feces) and can attract [[vermin]].<ref name="organiccompost" /><ref>{{cite web | title = Home composting | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/bloom/actions/composting.shtml#quickjump | publisher = [[BBC]] | year = 2008 | access-date = 2009-07-26}}</ref> The effectiveness of composting food waste depends on the available space (or storage capacity in the case of a compost bin) and the [[Compost#Composting technologies|method of composting]]. Unlike in landfill, where it is mixed with other (non-biodegradable) materials, food waste [[Decomposition|decomposing]] in a compost does not release harmful gases.<ref>{{cite web | title = Minimising Food Waste: Composting | url = http://www.greenusesforwaste.co.uk/minimising-food-waste-composting.html | publisher = Green Uses For Waste | access-date = 2009-02-25}}</ref> Similarly to compost created from other waste sources, composted food waste can be used to return nutrients to the soil if spread on the garden (see [[Compost#Uses|uses of compost]]). [[Anaerobic digestion]] (AD), the breaking down of biodegradable material by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, is recognised as an effective method of waste disposal, with the potential to address the food waste problem nationally.<ref name="sharedgoals">{{cite journal | author = [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Defra]] | date = February 2009 | title = Anaerobic Digestion – Shared Goals | pages = 7 | url = http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/ad/pdf/ad-sharedgoals-090217.pdf | access-date = 2009-07-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090731171901/http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/ad/pdf/ad-sharedgoals-090217.pdf | archive-date = 2009-07-31 | url-status = dead }}</ref> AD technology has a small environmental impact, producing less greenhouse gas emissions than composting.<ref name="Hogg8">Hogg, p. 8.</ref> However, although the process is well established in the [[water industry]], it is less so within the waste sector.<ref name="sharedgoals" /> Despite this, the AD industry is being (and planned to be further) expanded by [[Local government#United Kingdom|local councils]] and retailers to deal with food waste;<ref>{{cite news | title = Plan for anaerobic digesters in every town to recycle leftovers | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article4561236.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110812085140/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article4561236.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = August 12, 2011 | newspaper = Times Online | access-date = 2009-07-27 | location=London | first=Lewis | last=Smith | date=2008-08-19}}</ref> several local authorities in the UK are planning to build anaerobic digestion plants, with the largest, to be located in [[Selby]], due to operate from 2010.<ref name="nottinghamwaste">{{cite web |url = http://www.thisisnottingham.co.uk/aspley/City-turn-food-waste-energy/article-633741-detail/article.html |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130505151724/http://www.thisisnottingham.co.uk/aspley/City-turn-food-waste-energy/article-633741-detail/article.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2013-05-05 |title = City to turn food waste into energy? |year = 2009 |publisher = This is Nottingham |access-date = 2009-02-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Food waste power plans discussed | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_east/8149292.stm | work = [[BBC News]] | access-date = 2009-07-20 | date=2009-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=16721 | title = UK's largest anaerobic digestion plant given green light | year = 2009 | publisher = Edie | access-date = 2009-07-29 }}</ref> Supermarket chains [[Tesco]] and [[Sainsbury's]] are both adopting AD technology to dispose of their waste, while Tesco's head of waste and recycling said: "As renewable energy technologies now become mainstream, there is no excuse for sending waste to landfill that could actually be put to positive use."<ref>{{Cite news |title = Supermarket chains ramp up waste-to-energy plans |year = 2009 |publisher = New Energy Focus }}</ref> AD technology remains an experimental field though, and there is potential for advancements to increase efficiency.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Hernandez | first = J.E. | author2 = R.G. Edyvean | title = Anaerobic treatment of phenol in a two-stage anaerobic reactor | publisher = [[University of Sheffield]] | url = http://www.mexsoc.manchester.ac.uk/_archivo/papers/JErnestoHernandez.pdf | access-date = 2009-07-29 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120113052830/http://www.mexsoc.manchester.ac.uk/_archivo/papers/JErnestoHernandez.pdf | archive-date = 2012-01-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Fuel From Food Waste: Bacteria Provide Power | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080716204805.htm | website = [[Science Daily]] | year = 2008 | access-date = 2009-02-16 }}</ref> In July 2014 Sainsbury's began powering one of its stores using anaerobic digestion.<ref name="SainsburysEnergy">{{cite news|title=Sainsbury's store to be powered solely by food waste|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/21/sainsburys-store-powered-food-waste|access-date=23 July 2014|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[File:Incineration unit plume Coventry 19n06.jpg|right|thumb|alt=The tops of a row of trees at the foreground obscure a large industrial building. In the centre, reaching to the top, is a white thin chimney and behind this trails white smoke into the sky.|Incinerating food waste is one of several alternatives to disposing to landfill.]] [[Incineration|Incinerating]] waste has traditionally been viewed as a method with the main purpose being the destruction of the waste involved.<ref name="walesoverview">{{cite web|title=The Collection and Treatment of Food Waste |url=http://walespublicsector.envirowise.gov.uk/cms/the-collection-and-treatment-of-food-waste/ |publisher=Wales Public Sector |access-date=2009-06-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202201613/http://walespublicsector.envirowise.gov.uk/cms/the-collection-and-treatment-of-food-waste |archive-date=February 2, 2010 }}</ref> Recovering the energy generated from this process has become of greater importance, and all incineration facilities in England now operate as [[Waste-to-energy|energy-from-waste]] plants (with many operating as [[combined heat and power]] facilities).<ref name="walesoverview" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Municipal waste management, 2007/08 |url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/waste/kf/wrkf06.htm |publisher=[[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Defra]] |year=2007 |access-date=2009-07-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719025448/http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/waste/kf/wrkf06.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2009 }}</ref> Critics question the safety of the pollutants emitted during the process and argue that, as incinerators require constant levels of waste to operate, it encourages more waste.<ref>{{cite news | title = Q&A: Waste incineration | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4622484.stm | work = [[BBC News]] | access-date = 2009-11-09 | date=2006-02-14}}</ref><ref name="incineratehoc">{{cite web | title = Waste Incineration | url = http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2002/rp02-034.pdf | publisher = [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] | year = 2002 | access-date = 2009-11-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091002231456/http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2002/rp02-034.pdf | archive-date = 2009-10-02 | url-status = dead }}</ref> However, the levels of emissions from the incinerating process has been greatly reduced by developments in technology and legislation.<ref name="incineratehoc" /> == See also == * [[FareShare]] * [[Food waste in Barcelona]] * [[Food waste in New Zealand]] * [[Food waste recycling in Hong Kong]] * [[The Real Junk Food Project]] * [[Waste treatment]] {{portalbar|Food|United Kingdom}} == Notes == {{refbegin}} <ol type="a"> <li>{{Note label|A|a|none}} A figure of 18% for Wales is assumed by the authors; the composition of municipal waste indicates a lower figure for municipal waste (15.7%) but this included a significant proportion of non-household waste.</li> <li>{{Note label|B|b|none}} The [[Scottish Environment Protection Agency]] gives a range of figures from Scottish local authorities for putrescibles{{Ref label|G|g|b}} with an average of 28% and with an average for ‘fines’ of 7%. The authors estimated food waste at 18% of household waste.</li> <li>{{Note label|C|c|none}} Northern Ireland figures suggest a figure of 33% for all putrescibles in household waste. The authors assumed that approximately 14% would be garden waste, leaving 19% as food waste.</li> <li>{{Note label|D|d|a}}{{Note label|D|d|b}} 'Avoidable food waste', in the context of this article, is considered to be food that, by following prevention measures, could have avoided becoming waste. Unavoidable food waste, by comparison, is food that cannot be saved from becoming waste due to its use; tea bags are unavoidably wasted because they cannot be used for other purposes. It is important to be aware that unavoidable food waste can often still be composted.</li> <li>{{Note label|E|e|none}} 'Use by' is, according to the [[Food Standards Agency]], 'the date up to and including which food may be used safely (cooked, processed or consumed) if it has been stored correctly'.<ref>{{cite web | title = Use by date Guidance Notes | url = http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/guidancenotes/labelregsguidance/usebydateguid#top | publisher = [[Food Standards Agency]] | year = 2003 | access-date = 2009-02-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070624180244/http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/guidancenotes/labelregsguidance/usebydateguid#top |archive-date = June 24, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> 'Best before' by comparison is the date after which the food's quality may begin to deteriorate, although in most cases (discounting eggs) it remains edible.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Before |url=http://www.eatwell.gov.uk/foodlabels/labellingterms/bestbefore/ |publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]] |access-date=2009-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421171954/http://www.eatwell.gov.uk/foodlabels/labellingterms/bestbefore/ |archive-date=2006-04-21 }}</ref></li> <li>{{Note label|F|f|none}} Since food waste is so rarely separated from municipal waste (only 2% was collected separately for either composting or anaerobic digestion) and comprises a significant proportion of it (around 20%), it can be assumed that the disposal of food waste follows the same trends as that of municipal waste, hence the use of Defra's municipal waste statistics.</li> <li>{{Note label|G|g|a}}{{Note label|G|g|b}} A putrescible is commonly [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/putrescible defined] as 'a substance which is liable to undergo decomposition when in contact with air and moisture at ordinary temperatures'. Animal, fruit, and vegetable debris, and cooked food are included under this definition.</li> </ol> {{refend}} == References == {{Reflist|20em}} ;Bibliography * {{cite journal | last = Hogg | first = Dominic | author2 = Josef Barth | author3 = Konrad Schleiss | author4 = Enzo Favoino | date = March 2007 | title = Dealing with Food Waste in the UK | url = http://www.wrap.org.uk/downloads/Dealing_with_Food_Waste_-_Final_-_2_March_07.cdaaff72.3603.pdf }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite journal | last = Thankappan | first = Samantha | year = 2005 | title = From Fridge Mountains to Food Mountains? Tackling the UK Food Waste Problem | location = Cardiff University | url = http://www.ccels.cardiff.ac.uk/archives/issues/2005/thankappanjune.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722143916/http://www.ccels.cardiff.ac.uk/archives/issues/2005/thankappanjune.pdf | archive-date = 2011-07-22 }} * {{cite journal | last = Ventour | first = Lorrayne |date=April 2008 | title = The food we waste | url = http://wrap.s3.amazonaws.com/the-food-we-waste.pdf }} == Further reading == * {{cite journal | title = Eunomia, research and consulting | date = May 2007 | journal = Managing Biowastes from Households in the UK: Applying Life-cycle Thinking in the Framework of Cost-benefit Analysis | pages = 144 | url = http://www.wrap.org.uk/downloads/Biowaste_CBA_Report_Appendices_May_2007.8cca459a.3823.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-26 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite journal |last= LeGood |first= Paul |author2=Andrew Clarke |date=November 2006 |title= Smart and Active Packaging to Reduce Food Waste |pages= 32 |url= http://amf.globalwatchonline.com/epicentric_portal/binary/com.epicentric.contentmanagement.servlet.ContentDeliveryServlet/AMF/smartmat/Smartandactivepackagingtoreducefoodwaste.pdf |access-date=2009-04-28 }} * {{cite journal | last = Nellemann | first = Christian | author2 = [[United Nations Environment Programme]], see page 94 for full list of contributors | date = February 2009 | title = The Environmental Food Crisis: The Environment's role in averting future food crises | pages = 101 | url = http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/FoodCrisis_lores.pdf | access-date = 2009-05-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090804145543/http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/FoodCrisis_lores.pdf | archive-date = 2009-08-04 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite book | title = Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal | first = Tristram | last = Stuart | publisher = Penguin (UK) and WW Norton (US) | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-14-103634-2| url = http://www.liber-ate.org}} * {{cite book | title = The Use-It-Up Cookbook: A Guide for Minimizing Food Waste | first = Lois Carlson | last = Willand | publisher = Practical Cookbooks | year = 1979 | isbn = 0-9614556-0-8}} == External links == * [https://www.lovefoodhatewaste.com/ Love Food, Hate Waste] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120314171151/http://www.wasteawarelovefood.org.uk/ Love Food Hate Waste - Scotland] * [http://www.wasteawarescotland.org.uk Waste Aware Scotland] * [http://www.thisisrubbish.org.uk This is Rubbish] * [http://www.tristramstuart.co.uk Tristram Stuart Waste] * [https://wrap.org.uk/ Waste & Resources Action Programme] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8326756.stm Thriving trade in out-of-date best-before foods] - BBC Magazine article on the selling of out-of-date best-before foods {{DEFAULTSORT:Food Waste In The United Kingdom}} [[Category:Food waste in the United Kingdom| ]] 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