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href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Indigenous peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_waves_of_explorers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_waves_of_explorers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 New waves of explorers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_waves_of_explorers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Navigation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Navigation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opening_the_passage_to_Lewiston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_the_passage_to_Lewiston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Opening the passage to Lewiston </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_the_passage_to_Lewiston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deeper_shipping_channel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deeper_shipping_channel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Deeper shipping channel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deeper_shipping_channel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Dams </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dams-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dams subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irrigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Irrigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydroelectricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydroelectricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Hydroelectricity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydroelectricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ecology and environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology_and_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology and environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fish_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Fish migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrient_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrient_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Nutrient cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrient_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watershed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watershed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Watershed </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Watershed-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Watershed subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Watershed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_tributaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_tributaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Major tributaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_tributaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Columbia River</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiarivier" title="Columbiarivier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Columbiarivier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نهر كولومبيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر كولومبيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADu_Columbia" title="Ríu Columbia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ríu Columbia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کولمبیا چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولمبیا چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="কলাম্বিয়া নদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলাম্বিয়া নদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0)" title="Колумбия (йылға) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Колумбия (йылға)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Калумбія (рака) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калумбія (рака)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Калумбія (рака) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калумбія (рака)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="कोलंबिया नदी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोलंबिया नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Колумбия (река) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колумбия (река)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(st%C3%AAr)" title="Columbia (stêr) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Columbia (stêr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu_Col%C3%BAmbia" title="Riu Colúmbia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Riu Colúmbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8_(%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Колумби (юханшыв) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Колумби (юханшыв)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Columbia River" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(%C5%99eka)" title="Columbia (řeka) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Columbia (řeka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtsinje_wa_Columbia" title="Mtsinje wa Columbia – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mtsinje wa Columbia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Columbia" title="Afon Columbia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Columbia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Columbia River" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Columbia River" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_j%C3%B5gi" title="Columbia jõgi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Columbia jõgi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1_(%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Κολούμπια (ποταμός) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κολούμπια (ποταμός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Columbia" title="Río Columbia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Columbia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbio_(rivero)" title="Kolumbio (rivero) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolumbio (rivero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(ibaia)" title="Columbia (ibaia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Columbia (ibaia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="رود کلمبیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رود کلمبیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(fleuve)" title="Columbia (fleuve) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Columbia (fleuve)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia_(rivier)" title="Kolumbia (rivier) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kolumbia (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Columbia" title="Río Columbia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Columbia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%AC%EB%9F%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EA%B0%95" title="컬럼비아강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컬럼비아강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF)" title="Կոլումբիա (գետ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոլումբիա (գետ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(rijeka)" title="Columbia (rijeka) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Columbia (rijeka)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvio_Columbia" title="Fluvio Columbia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fluvio Columbia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Columbia" title="Sungai Columbia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Columbia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia-flj%C3%B3t" title="Columbia-fljót – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Columbia-fljót" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(fiume)" title="Columbia (fiume) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Columbia (fiume)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A8)" title="קולומביה (נהר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולומביה (נהר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94)" title="კოლუმბია (მდინარე) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლუმბია (მდინარე)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Колумбия өзені – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Колумбия өзені" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto_Columbia" title="Mto Columbia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mto Columbia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Колумбия дарыясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Колумбия дарыясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(flumen)" title="Columbia (flumen) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Columbia (flumen)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbija_(upe)" title="Kolumbija (upe) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kolumbija (upe)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbija_(up%C4%97)" title="Kolumbija (upė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kolumbija (upė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(foly%C3%B3)" title="Columbia (folyó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Columbia (folyó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="കൊളംബിയ നദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊളംബിയ നദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="कोलंबिया नदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोलंबिया नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3)" title="კოლუმბია (წყარმალუ) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოლუმბია (წყარმალუ)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نهر كولومبيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر كولومبيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="کلمبیا درکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کلمبیا درکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Columbia" title="Sungai Columbia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Columbia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Колумби мөрөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Колумби мөрөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(rivier)" title="Columbia (rivier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Columbia (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9D" title="コロンビア川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コロンビア川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Columbia River" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Columbia River" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiaelva" title="Columbiaelva – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Columbiaelva" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B3mbia_(flume)" title="Colómbia (flume) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colómbia (flume)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbiya_(daryo)" title="Kolumbiya (daryo) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kolumbiya (daryo)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੋਲੰਬੀਆ ਨਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਲੰਬੀਆ ਨਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کولمبیا دریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کولمبیا دریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(fium)" title="Columbia (fium) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Columbia (fium)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbia_(rzeka)" title="Kolumbia (rzeka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolumbia (rzeka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Columbia" title="Rio Columbia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Columbia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(fluviu)" title="Columbia (fluviu) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Columbia (fluviu)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Колумбия (река) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колумбия (река)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Columbia River" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Columbia River" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(rieka)" title="Columbia (rieka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Columbia (rieka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbija_(reka)" title="Kolumbija (reka) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kolumbija (reka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Колумбија (река) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колумбија (река)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(rijeka)" title="Columbia (rijeka) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Columbia (rijeka)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(joki)" title="Columbia (joki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Columbia (joki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiafloden" title="Columbiafloden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Columbiafloden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="கொலம்பியா ஆறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொலம்பியா ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แม่น้ำโคลัมเบีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำโคลัมเบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbiya_Nehri" title="Kolumbiya Nehri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kolumbiya Nehri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Колумбія (річка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колумбія (річка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کولمبیا دریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولمبیا دریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiume_Columbia" title="Fiume Columbia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fiume Columbia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_Columbia" title="Sông Columbia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sông Columbia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salog_Columbia" title="Salog Columbia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salog Columbia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E6%B2%B3" title="哥伦比亚河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哥伦比亚河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E6%B2%B3" title="哥倫比亞河 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Columbia_River&params=46_14_39_N_124_3_29_W_type:river">46°14′39″N 124°3′29″W / 46.24417°N 124.05806°W / 46.24417; -124.05806</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River in the Pacific Northwest of North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For rivers in Colombia, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Colombia" title="List of rivers of Colombia">List of rivers of Colombia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Columbia River</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_River_from_Rowena_Crest_Viewpoint_looking_east.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Columbia_River_from_Rowena_Crest_Viewpoint_looking_east.jpg/280px-Columbia_River_from_Rowena_Crest_Viewpoint_looking_east.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Columbia_River_from_Rowena_Crest_Viewpoint_looking_east.jpg/420px-Columbia_River_from_Rowena_Crest_Viewpoint_looking_east.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Columbia_River_from_Rowena_Crest_Viewpoint_looking_east.jpg/560px-Columbia_River_from_Rowena_Crest_Viewpoint_looking_east.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Columbia River from Rowena Crest with <a href="/wiki/Interstate_84_(Oregon%E2%80%93Utah)" title="Interstate 84 (Oregon–Utah)">Interstate 84</a> on the right</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbiarivermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Columbiarivermap.png/280px-Columbiarivermap.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Columbiarivermap.png/420px-Columbiarivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Columbiarivermap.png/560px-Columbiarivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Columbia River drainage basin</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data">Captain Robert Gray's ship, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Rediviva" title="Columbia Rediviva">Columbia Rediviva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Big River, the River of the West, River Oregon<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrook1956-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Wimahl (<a href="/wiki/Chinook_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook language">Chinook</a>)</li> <li>Nchʼi-Wàna (<a href="/wiki/Yakama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakama language">Yakama</a>)</li> <li>swahʼnetkʼqhu (<a href="/wiki/Sinixt_dialect" title="Sinixt dialect">Sinixt</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States, Canada</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Province</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Revelstoke,_British_Columbia" title="Revelstoke, British Columbia">Revelstoke, BC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castlegar,_British_Columbia" title="Castlegar, British Columbia">Castlegar, BC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trail,_British_Columbia" title="Trail, British Columbia">Trail, BC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenatchee,_Washington" title="Wenatchee, Washington">Wenatchee, WA</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Wenatchee,_Washington" title="East Wenatchee, Washington">East Wenatchee, WA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Washington" title="Tri-Cities, Washington">Tri-Cities, WA</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles, OR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hood_River,_Oregon" title="Hood River, Oregon">Hood River, OR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, OR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver, WA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longview,_Washington" title="Longview, Washington">Longview, WA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria, OR</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Lake" title="Columbia Lake">Columbia Lake</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data">British Columbia, Canada</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Columbia_River&params=50_13_35_N_115_51_05_W_">50°13′35″N 115°51′05″W / 50.22639°N 115.85139°W / 50.22639; -115.85139</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">2,690 ft (820 m)<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Encyclopedia-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pacific Ocean, at <a href="/wiki/Clatsop_County,_Oregon" title="Clatsop County, Oregon">Clatsop County, Oregon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pacific_County,_Washington" title="Pacific County, Washington">Pacific County, Washington</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Columbia_River&params=46_14_39_N_124_3_29_W_type:river">46°14′39″N 124°3′29″W / 46.24417°N 124.05806°W / 46.24417; -124.05806</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 ft (0 m)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,243 mi (2,000 km)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">258,000 sq mi (670,000 km2)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria</a> (near mouth)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • average</th><td class="infobox-data">(Period: 1951–1980)265,000 cu ft/s (7,500 m3/s)<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoyAllanBuckleyMeacham2001164–65-9">[9]</a> (Period: 1969–2023)234,700 cu ft/s (6,650 m3/s)<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Westport,_Oregon" title="Westport, Oregon">Port Westward</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • average</th><td class="infobox-data">(Period: 1969–2023)233,700 cu ft/s (6,620 m3/s)<a href="#cite_note-USGS_14246900_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_PORT_WESTWARD,_NEAR_QUINCY,_OR-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • minimum</th><td class="infobox-data">63,600 cu ft/s (1,800 m3/s)(Year: 2001)<a href="#cite_note-USGS_14246900_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_PORT_WESTWARD,_NEAR_QUINCY,_OR-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • maximum</th><td class="infobox-data">864,000 cu ft/s (24,500 m3/s)(Year: 1996)<a href="#cite_note-USGS_14246900_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_PORT_WESTWARD,_NEAR_QUINCY,_OR-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • average</th><td class="infobox-data">(Period: 1879–2023)188,500 cu ft/s (5,340 m3/s)<a href="#cite_note-14105700_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_THE_DALLES,_OR-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • minimum</th><td class="infobox-data">12,100 cu ft/s (340 m3/s)(Year: 1968)<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • maximum</th><td class="infobox-data">1,240,000 cu ft/s (35,000 m3/s)(Year: 1894)<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Priest_Rapids_Dam" title="Priest Rapids Dam">Priest Rapids Dam</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • average</th><td class="infobox-data">(1960–2023)118,200 cu ft/s (3,350 m3/s)<a href="#cite_note-12472800_COLUMBIA_RIVER_BELOW_PRIEST_RAPIDS_DAM,_WA-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • minimum</th><td class="infobox-data">36,400 cu ft/s (1,030 m3/s)(Year: 1962)<a href="#cite_note-12472800_COLUMBIA_RIVER_BELOW_PRIEST_RAPIDS_DAM,_WA-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • maximum</th><td class="infobox-data">533,000 cu ft/s (15,100 m3/s)(Year: 1961)<a href="#cite_note-12472800_COLUMBIA_RIVER_BELOW_PRIEST_RAPIDS_DAM,_WA-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> international boundary</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • average</th><td class="infobox-data">(Period: 1938– 2023)99,300 cu ft/s (2,810 m3/s)<a href="#cite_note-12399500_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_INTERNATIONAL_BOUNDARY-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • minimum</th><td class="infobox-data">21,200 cu ft/s (600 m3/s)(Year: 1944)<a href="#cite_note-12399500_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_INTERNATIONAL_BOUNDARY-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • maximum</th><td class="infobox-data">550,000 cu ft/s (16,000 m3/s)(Year: 1948)<a href="#cite_note-12399500_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_INTERNATIONAL_BOUNDARY-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Progression</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">River system</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Columbia River</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • left</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spillimacheen_River" title="Spillimacheen River">Spillimacheen River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaver_River_(Columbia_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaver River (Columbia River)">Beaver River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illecillewaet_River" title="Illecillewaet River">Illecillewaet River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incomappleux_River" title="Incomappleux River">Incomappleux River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kootenay_River" title="Kootenay River">Kootenay River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pend_Oreille_River" title="Pend Oreille River">Pend Oreille River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spokane_River" title="Spokane River">Spokane River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab_Creek" title="Crab Creek">Crab Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake River</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Day_River" title="John Day River">John Day River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deschutes_River_(Oregon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deschutes River (Oregon)">Deschutes River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willamette_River" title="Willamette River">Willamette River</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • right</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kicking_Horse_River" title="Kicking Horse River">Kicking Horse River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaeberry_River" title="Blaeberry River">Blaeberry River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canoe_River_(British_Columbia)" title="Canoe River (British Columbia)">Canoe River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kettle_River_(Columbia_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle River (Columbia River)">Kettle River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanpoil_River" title="Sanpoil River">Sanpoil River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okanogan_River" title="Okanogan River">Okanogan River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entiat_River" title="Entiat River">Entiat River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenatchee_River" title="Wenatchee River">Wenatchee River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakima_River" title="Yakima River">Yakima River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_River_(Washington)" title="Lewis River (Washington)">Lewis River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_River" title="Cowlitz River">Cowlitz River</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 260px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="260" data-zoom="5" data-overlays="["_67a55ca22068beaef87fe387570ee6f1a98dc337"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,270x260.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Columbia_River&revid=1257465107&groups=_67a55ca22068beaef87fe387570ee6f1a98dc337" width="270" height="260" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,270x260@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Columbia_River&revid=1257465107&groups=_67a55ca22068beaef87fe387570ee6f1a98dc337 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Columbia River (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Chinook_language" title="Upper Chinook language">Upper Chinook</a>: Wimahl or Wimal; <a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin</a>: Nch’i-Wàna or Nchi wana; <a href="/wiki/Sinixt_dialect" title="Sinixt dialect">Sinixt dialect</a> swah'netk'qhu) is the largest <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The river <a href="/wiki/Headwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Headwater">forms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the U.S. <a href="/wiki/State_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Washington">state of Washington</a>, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> before emptying into the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The river is 1,243 mi (2,000 km) long, and its largest <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributary</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_drainage_basin" title="Columbia River drainage basin">Its drainage basin</a> is roughly the size of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and extends into seven states of the United States and one Canadian province. The fourth-largest river in the United States by <a href="/wiki/River_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="River flow">flow</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[note 1]</a> the Columbia has the greatest flow of any river into the eastern Pacific. The Columbia and its tributaries have been central to the region's culture and economy for thousands of years. They have been used for transportation since ancient times, linking the region's many cultural groups. The river system hosts many species of <a href="/wiki/Anadromous" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadromous">anadromous</a> fish, which <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">migrate</a> between <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> habitats and the <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline</a> waters of the Pacific Ocean. These fish—especially the <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> species—provided the core subsistence for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northwest_Plateau" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau">native peoples</a>. The first documented European discovery of the Columbia River occurred when <a href="/wiki/Bruno_de_Heceta" title="Bruno de Heceta">Bruno de Heceta</a> sighted the river's mouth in 1775. On May 11, 1792, a private American ship, Columbia Rediviva, under Captain Robert Gray from Boston became the first non-indigenous vessel to enter the river. Later in 1792, <a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Broughton" title="William Robert Broughton">William Robert Broughton</a> of the British Royal Navy commanding <a href="/wiki/HMS_Chatham_(1788)" title="HMS Chatham (1788)">HMS Chatham</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Expedition" title="Vancouver Expedition">Vancouver Expedition</a>, navigated past the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Coast_Range" title="Oregon Coast Range">Oregon Coast Range</a> and 100 miles (160 km) upriver to what is now Vancouver, Washington. In the following decades, <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur-trading</a> companies used the Columbia as a key transportation route. Overland explorers entered the <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Valley" title="Willamette Valley">Willamette Valley</a> through the scenic, but treacherous <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Gorge" title="Columbia River Gorge">Columbia River Gorge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">pioneers</a> began to settle the valley in increasing numbers. <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">Steamships</a> along the river linked communities and facilitated trade; the <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_the_United_States#Expansion_and_consolidation_(1878–1916)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of rail transport in the United States">arrival of railroads</a> in the late 19th century, many running along the river, supplemented these links. Since the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sectors</a> have extensively developed the river. To aid ship and barge navigation, <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">locks</a> have been built along the lower Columbia and its tributaries, and <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> has opened, maintained, and enlarged <a href="/wiki/Nautical_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautical channel">shipping channels</a>. Since the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Dams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dams">dams</a> have been built across the river for <a href="/wiki/Power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Power generation">power generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_in_the_Columbia_River_watershed" title="List of dams in the Columbia River watershed">14 hydroelectric dams</a> on the Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">main stem</a> and many more on its tributaries produce more than 44 percent of total U.S. <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric generation</a>. Production of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> has taken place at two sites along the river. <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> was produced for decades at the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a>, which is now the <a href="/wiki/National_Priorities_List" title="National Priorities List">most contaminated nuclear site</a> in the United States. These developments have greatly altered river environments in the watershed, mainly through industrial pollution and barriers to fish migration. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course">Course</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Course">edit</a>]</div> The Columbia begins its 1,243 mi (2,000 km) journey in the southern <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Trench" title="Rocky Mountain Trench">Rocky Mountain Trench</a> in British Columbia (BC). <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Lake" title="Columbia Lake">Columbia Lake</a> –  2,690 ft (820 m) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> –  and the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Wetlands" title="Columbia Wetlands">Columbia Wetlands</a> form the river's <a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">headwaters</a>. The trench is a broad, deep, and long <a href="/wiki/Glacial_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial valley">glacial valley</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Mountains" title="Columbia Mountains">Columbia Mountains</a> in BC. For its first 200 mi (320 km), the Columbia flows northwest along the trench through <a href="/wiki/Windermere_Lake_(British_Columbia)" title="Windermere Lake (British Columbia)">Windermere Lake</a> and the town of <a href="/wiki/Invermere,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Invermere, British Columbia">Invermere</a>, a region known in BC as the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Valley" title="Columbia Valley">Columbia Valley</a>, then northwest to <a href="/wiki/Golden,_British_Columbia" title="Golden, British Columbia">Golden</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Kinbasket_Lake" title="Kinbasket Lake">Kinbasket Lake</a>. Rounding the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Selkirk_Mountains" title="Selkirk Mountains">Selkirk Mountains</a>, the river turns sharply south through a region known as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_Country" title="Big Bend Country">Big Bend Country</a>, passing through <a href="/wiki/Revelstoke_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelstoke Lake">Revelstoke Lake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Lakes" title="Arrow Lakes">Arrow Lakes</a>. Revelstoke, the Big Bend, and the Columbia Valley combined are referred to in BC parlance as the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Country" title="Columbia Country">Columbia Country</a>. Below the Arrow Lakes, the Columbia passes the cities of <a href="/wiki/Castlegar,_British_Columbia" title="Castlegar, British Columbia">Castlegar</a>, located at the Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kootenay_River" title="Kootenay River">Kootenay River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trail,_British_Columbia" title="Trail, British Columbia">Trail</a>, two major population centers of the <a href="/wiki/West_Kootenay" class="mw-redirect" title="West Kootenay">West Kootenay</a> region. The <a href="/wiki/Pend_Oreille_River" title="Pend Oreille River">Pend Oreille River</a> joins the Columbia about 2 miles (3 km) north of the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">United States–Canada border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atlas_of_canada-16">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_River_route_on_satellite_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Modified satellite view of the Columbia River watershed showing the course of the river in red from Columbia Lake in British Columbia, Canada, to Astoria, Oregon, in the United States. The maps show that the river, although flowing on average in a southwesterly direction from source to mouth, changes direction sharply from northwest to south at Big Bend in Canada, from south to west near Grand Coulee Dam in Washington, from west to south near Wenatchee, Washington, and from south to west near the Tri-Cities area in Washington." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Columbia_River_route_on_satellite_image.jpg/220px-Columbia_River_route_on_satellite_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Columbia_River_route_on_satellite_image.jpg/330px-Columbia_River_route_on_satellite_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Columbia_River_route_on_satellite_image.jpg/440px-Columbia_River_route_on_satellite_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Course of the Columbia River</figcaption></figure> The Columbia enters <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Washington" title="Eastern Washington">eastern Washington</a> flowing south and turning to the west at the <a href="/wiki/Spokane_River" title="Spokane River">Spokane River</a> confluence. It marks the southern and eastern borders of the <a href="/wiki/Colville_Indian_Reservation" title="Colville Indian Reservation">Colville Indian Reservation</a> and the western border of the <a href="/wiki/Spokane_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spokane Indian Reservation">Spokane Indian Reservation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-colvillehealth-17">[16]</a> The river turns south after the <a href="/wiki/Okanogan_River" title="Okanogan River">Okanogan River</a> confluence, then southeasterly near the confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Wenatchee_River" title="Wenatchee River">Wenatchee River</a> in central Washington. This C-shaped segment of the river is also known as the "Big Bend". During the <a href="/wiki/Missoula_Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Missoula Floods">Missoula Floods</a> 10–15,000 years ago, much of the floodwater took a more direct route south, forming the ancient river bed known as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Coulee" title="Grand Coulee">Grand Coulee</a>. After the floods, the river found its present course, and the Grand Coulee was left dry. The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam" title="Grand Coulee Dam">Grand Coulee Dam</a> in the mid-20th century impounded the river, forming <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Lake" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake">Lake Roosevelt</a>, from which water was pumped into the dry <a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">coulee</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Banks_Lake" title="Banks Lake">Banks Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-basinproj-18">[17]</a> The river flows past <a href="/wiki/The_Gorge_Amphitheatre" title="The Gorge Amphitheatre">The Gorge Amphitheatre</a>, a prominent concert venue in the Northwest, then through <a href="/wiki/Priest_Rapids_Dam" title="Priest Rapids Dam">Priest Rapids Dam</a>, and then through the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Nuclear Reservation</a>. Entirely within the reservation is <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Reach" title="Hanford Reach">Hanford Reach</a>, the only U.S. stretch of the river that is completely free-flowing, unimpeded by dams, and not a tidal <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yakima_River" title="Yakima River">Yakima River</a> join the Columbia in the <a href="/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Washington" title="Tri-Cities, Washington">Tri-Cities</a> population center. The Columbia makes a sharp bend to the west at the Washington–Oregon border. The river defines that border for the final 309 mi (497 km) of its journey.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColumbiaGorge_CapeHorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ColumbiaGorge_CapeHorn.jpg/220px-ColumbiaGorge_CapeHorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ColumbiaGorge_CapeHorn.jpg/330px-ColumbiaGorge_CapeHorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ColumbiaGorge_CapeHorn.jpg/440px-ColumbiaGorge_CapeHorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Gorge" title="Columbia River Gorge">Columbia River Gorge</a> facing east toward <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Rock_State_Park" title="Beacon Rock State Park">Beacon Rock</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Deschutes_River_(Oregon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deschutes River (Oregon)">Deschutes River</a> joins the Columbia near <a href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles</a>. Between The Dalles and <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, the river cuts through the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a>, forming the dramatic <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Gorge" title="Columbia River Gorge">Columbia River Gorge</a>. Via the gorge, the Columbia crosses the Cascades at a lower elevation than any other river. The gorge is known for its strong and steady winds, scenic beauty, and its role as an important transportation link.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The river continues west, bending sharply to the north-northwest near Portland and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver, Washington</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Willamette_River" title="Willamette River">Willamette River</a> confluence. Here the river slows considerably, dropping sediment that might otherwise form a <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river delta</a> at the Columbia's mouth. Near <a href="/wiki/Longview,_Washington" title="Longview, Washington">Longview, Washington</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_River" title="Cowlitz River">Cowlitz River</a> confluence, the river turns west again. The Columbia empties into the Pacific Ocean just west of <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria, Oregon</a>, over the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Bar" title="Columbia Bar">Columbia Bar</a>, a shifting <a href="/wiki/Sandbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandbar">sandbar</a> that makes the river's mouth one of the most hazardous stretches of water to navigate in the world.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Because of the danger and the many shipwrecks near the mouth, it acquired a reputation as the "Graveyard of Ships".<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The Columbia drains an area of about 258,000 sq mi (670,000 km2).<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-7">[7]</a> Its drainage basin covers nearly all of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, large portions of British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington, and ultimately all of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> west of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a>, and small portions of <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>; the total area is similar to the size of France. Roughly 745 mi (1,199 km) of the river's length and 85 percent of its drainage basin are in the US.<a href="#cite_note-ccrh-hist-23">[22]</a> The Columbia is the twelfth-longest river and has the sixth-largest drainage basin in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-7">[7]</a> In Canada, where the Columbia flows for 498 mi (801 km) and drains 39,700 sq mi (103,000 km2), the river ranks 23rd in length,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> and the Canadian part of its basin ranks 13th in size among Canadian basins.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The Columbia shares its name with nearby places, such as British Columbia, as well as with landforms and bodies of water. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discharge">Discharge</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discharge">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_River_Mouth_and_Bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Columbia_River_Mouth_and_Bar.jpg/220px-Columbia_River_Mouth_and_Bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Columbia_River_Mouth_and_Bar.jpg/330px-Columbia_River_Mouth_and_Bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Columbia_River_Mouth_and_Bar.jpg/440px-Columbia_River_Mouth_and_Bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3957" data-file-height="2557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathymetric">Bathymetric</a> map of the mouth of the Columbia River</figcaption></figure> With an average flow at the mouth of about 265,000 cu ft/s (7,500 m3/s),<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-7">[7]</a> the Columbia is the largest river by discharge flowing into the Pacific from the Americas<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> and is the fourth-largest by volume in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-7">[7]</a> The average flow where the river crosses the international border between Canada and the United States is 2,790 m3/s (99,000 cu ft/s) from a drainage basin of 102,800 km2 (39,700 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Encyclopedia-4">[4]</a> This amounts to about 15 percent of the entire Columbia watershed. The Columbia's highest recorded flow, measured at The Dalles, was 1,240,000 cu ft/s (35,000 m3/s) in June 1894, before the river was dammed.<a href="#cite_note-Dalles-27">[26]</a> The lowest flow recorded at The Dalles was 12,100 cu ft/s (340 m3/s) on April 16, 1968, and was caused by the initial closure of the <a href="/wiki/John_Day_Dam" title="John Day Dam">John Day Dam</a>, 28 mi (45 km) upstream.<a href="#cite_note-Dalles-27">[26]</a> The Dalles is about 190 mi (310 km) from the mouth; the river at this point drains about 237,000 sq mi (610,000 km2) or about 91 percent of the total watershed.<a href="#cite_note-Dalles-27">[26]</a> Flow rates on the Columbia are affected by many large upstream reservoirs, many diversions for irrigation, and, on the lower stretches, reverse flow from the <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a> of the Pacific Ocean. The <a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">National Ocean Service</a> observes water levels at six <a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">tide gauges</a> and issues tide forecasts for twenty-two additional locations along the river between the entrance at the North Jetty and the base of <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Dam" title="Bonneville Dam">Bonneville Dam</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Head_of_tide" title="Head of tide">head of tide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Geology of the Pacific Northwest">Geology of the Pacific Northwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missoula_Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Missoula Floods">Missoula Floods</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drum-Heller-Channels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Reddish-brown terrain and many small green bushes surround a lake. Truncated ridges of dark rock run across the terrain parallel to the horizon and to each other beneath a blue sky." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Drum-Heller-Channels.jpg/220px-Drum-Heller-Channels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Drum-Heller-Channels.jpg/330px-Drum-Heller-Channels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Drum-Heller-Channels.jpg/440px-Drum-Heller-Channels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drumheller_Channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Drumheller Channels">Drumheller Channels</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Channeled_Scablands" title="Channeled Scablands">Channeled Scablands</a> formed by the <a href="/wiki/Missoula_Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Missoula Floods">Missoula Floods</a></figcaption></figure> When the <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rifting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>, due to the process of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, pushed North America away from Europe and Africa and into the <a href="/wiki/Panthalassic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthalassic Ocean">Panthalassic Ocean</a> (ancestor to the modern Pacific Ocean), the Pacific Northwest was not part of the continent. As the North American continent moved westward, the <a href="/wiki/Farallon_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Farallon Plate">Farallon Plate</a> <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subducted</a> under its western margin. As the plate subducted, it carried along <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arcs</a> which were accreted to the North American continent, resulting in the creation of the Pacific Northwest between 150 and 90 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop200313–14-29">[28]</a> The general outline of the Columbia Basin was not complete until between 60 and 40 million years ago, but it lay under a large inland sea later subject to uplift.<a href="#cite_note-bonneville_geology-30">[29]</a> Between 50 and 20 million years ago, from the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> eras, tremendous volcanic eruptions frequently modified much of the landscape traversed by the Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop200386,_128-31">[30]</a> The lower reaches of the ancestral river passed through a valley near where <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a> later arose. Carrying sediments from erosion and erupting volcanoes, it built a 2-mile (3.2 km) thick delta that underlies the foothills on the east side of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Oregon_Coast_Range" title="Northern Oregon Coast Range">Coast Range</a> near <a href="/wiki/Vernonia,_Oregon" title="Vernonia, Oregon">Vernonia</a> in northwestern Oregon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop200398-32">[31]</a> Between 17 million and 6 million years ago, huge outpourings of <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalt</a> lava covered the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia River Plateau">Columbia River Plateau</a> and forced the lower Columbia into its present course.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2003132,_150-33">[32]</a> The modern Cascade Range began to uplift 5 to 4 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Burke_Museum-34">[33]</a> Cutting through the uplifting mountains, the Columbia River significantly deepened the Columbia River Gorge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2003195-35">[34]</a> The river and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Drainage_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia River Drainage Basin">its drainage basin</a> experienced some of the world's greatest known catastrophic floods toward the end of the last <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">ice age</a>. The periodic rupturing of ice dams at <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Missoula" title="Glacial Lake Missoula">Glacial Lake Missoula</a> resulted in the Missoula Floods, with discharges exceeding the combined flow of all the other rivers in the world, dozens of times over thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-Burke_Museum-34">[33]</a> The exact number of floods is unknown, but geologists have documented at least 40; evidence suggests that they occurred between about 19,000 and 13,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2003226–29-36">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColumbiaRGorgePano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A wide river curves gently at the base of a mountain range. A meadow in the foreground gives way to an evergreen forest and then to the river. In the background, a layer of thin clouds veils a blue sky." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ColumbiaRGorgePano.jpg/220px-ColumbiaRGorgePano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ColumbiaRGorgePano.jpg/330px-ColumbiaRGorgePano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ColumbiaRGorgePano.jpg/440px-ColumbiaRGorgePano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Panoramic view of Columbia River Gorge from <a href="/wiki/Dog_Mountain" title="Dog Mountain">Dog Mountain</a> in Washington</figcaption></figure> The floodwaters rushed across eastern Washington, creating the <a href="/wiki/Channeled_scablands" class="mw-redirect" title="Channeled scablands">channeled scablands</a>, which are a complex network of dry canyon-like channels, or coulees that are often <a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">braided</a> and sharply gouged into the basalt rock underlying the region's deep topsoil. Numerous flat-topped <a href="/wiki/Butte" title="Butte">buttes</a> with rich soil stand high above the chaotic scablands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStellingTucker2007213–14,_230-37">[36]</a> Constrictions at several places caused the floodwaters to pool into large temporary lakes, such as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lewis" title="Lake Lewis">Lake Lewis</a>, in which sediments were deposited. Water depths have been estimated at 1,000 feet (300 m) at <a href="/wiki/Wallula_Gap" title="Wallula Gap">Wallula Gap</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2003227-38">[37]</a> and 400 feet (120 m) over modern Portland, Oregon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouckCody200019-39">[38]</a> Sediments were also deposited when the floodwaters slowed in the broad flats of the Quincy, Othello, and Pasco Basins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStellingTucker2007213–14,_230-37">[36]</a> The floods' periodic inundation of the lower Columbia River Plateau deposited rich sediments; 21st-century farmers in the Willamette Valley "plow fields of fertile Montana soil and clays from Washington's Palouse".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2003227-38">[37]</a> Over the last several thousand years a series of large landslides have occurred on the north side of the Columbia River Gorge, sending massive amounts of debris south from <a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_(Skamania_County,_Washington)" title="Table Mountain (Skamania County, Washington)">Table Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenleaf_Peak" title="Greenleaf Peak">Greenleaf Peak</a> into the gorge near the present site of Bonneville Dam. The most recent and significant is known as the <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Slide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonneville Slide">Bonneville Slide</a>, which formed a massive earthen dam, filling 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of the river's length.<a href="#cite_note-Hill-1999-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-reynolds-41">[40]</a> Various studies have placed the date of the Bonneville Slide anywhere between 1060 and 1760 AD; the idea that the landslide debris present today was formed by more than one slide is relatively recent and may explain the large range of estimates.<a href="#cite_note-reynolds-41">[40]</a> It has been suggested that if the later dates are accurate there may be a link with the <a href="/wiki/1700_Cascadia_earthquake" title="1700 Cascadia earthquake">1700 Cascadia earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reynolds-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hill-2002-42">[41]</a> The pile of debris resulting from the Bonneville Slide blocked the river until rising water finally washed away the sediment. It is not known how long it took the river to break through the barrier; estimates range from several months to several years.<a href="#cite_note-oconnor-43">[42]</a> Much of the landslide's debris remained, forcing the river about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of its previous channel and forming the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Rapids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade Rapids">Cascade Rapids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-norman-44">[43]</a> In 1938, the construction of Bonneville Dam inundated the rapids as well as the remaining trees that could be used to refine the estimated date of the landslide.<a href="#cite_note-norman-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERybářStemberkWagner2002695-45">[44]</a> In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">eruption of Mount St. Helens</a> deposited large amounts of sediment in the lower Columbia, temporarily reducing the depth of the shipping channel by 26 feet (7.9 m).<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Joseph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Profile of the head and torso of a dignified man of about 60. He wears a headpiece featuring many long white feathers with black tips. His shirt or upper garment is dark, and its sleeves are white. Decorative parallel ovals of white material extend down the front of this garment from neck to midriff." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Chief_Joseph.jpg/170px-Chief_Joseph.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Chief_Joseph.jpg/255px-Chief_Joseph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Chief_Joseph.jpg/340px-Chief_Joseph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2644" data-file-height="3644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce people</a></figcaption></figure> Humans have inhabited the Columbia's watershed for more than 15,000 years, with a transition to a sedentary lifestyle based mainly on salmon starting about 3,500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Research_Council_(U.S.)200418-47">[46]</a> In 1962, archaeologists found evidence of human activity dating back 11,230 years at the <a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a>, near the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Palouse_River" title="Palouse River">Palouse</a> and Snake rivers in eastern Washington. In 1996 the skeletal remains of a 9,000-year-old prehistoric man (dubbed <a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a>) were found near <a href="/wiki/Kennewick,_Washington" title="Kennewick, Washington">Kennewick, Washington</a>. The discovery rekindled debate in the scientific community over the origins of human habitation in North America and sparked a protracted controversy over whether the scientific or <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> community was entitled to possess and/or study the remains.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Many different Native Americans and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> peoples have a historical and continuing presence on the Columbia. South of the Canada–US border, the <a href="/wiki/Colville_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colville (tribe)">Colville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spokane_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spokane (tribe)">Spokane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeur d'Alene Tribe">Coeur d'Alene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palus_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palus (tribe)">Palus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umatilla_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Umatilla (tribe)">Umatilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowlitz (tribe)">Cowlitz</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_Warm_Springs" title="Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs">Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs</a> live along the US stretch. Along the upper Snake River and <a href="/wiki/Salmon_River_(Idaho)" title="Salmon River (Idaho)">Salmon River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a> <a href="/wiki/Bannock_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (tribe)">Bannock</a> tribes are present. The <a href="/wiki/Sinixt" title="Sinixt">Sinixt</a> or Lakes people lived on the lower stretch of the Canadian portion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryce19997-49">[48]</a> while above that the <a href="/wiki/Shuswap_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuswap people">Shuswap people</a> (Secwepemc in their own language) reckon the whole of the upper Columbia east to the Rockies as part of their territory.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The Canadian portion of the Columbia Basin outlines the traditional homelands of the Canadian Kootenay–<a href="/wiki/Ktunaxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktunaxa">Ktunaxa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chinookan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinookan">Chinook</a> tribe, which is not <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">federally recognized</a>, who live near the lower Columbia River, call it Wimahl or Wimal in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Chinook_language" title="Upper Chinook language">Upper Chinook (Kiksht) language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HistLinkGray-51">[50]</a> and it is Nch’i-Wàna or Nchi wana to the <a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin (Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit)</a>-speaking peoples of its middle course in present-day Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunn19903-52">[51]</a> The river is known as swah'netk'qhu by the <a href="/wiki/Sinixt_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinixt people">Sinixt people</a>, who live in the area of the Arrow Lakes in the river's upper reaches in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDove_(Quintasket)1990100–01-53">[52]</a> All three terms essentially mean "the big river". Oral histories describe the formation and destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Gods_(geologic_event)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge of the Gods (geologic event)">Bridge of the Gods</a>, a land bridge that connected the Oregon and Washington sides of the river in the Columbia River Gorge. The bridge, which aligns with geological records of the Bonneville Slide, was described in some stories as the result of a battle between gods, represented by <a href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington)" title="Mount Adams (Washington)">Mount Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a>, in their competition for the affection of a goddess, represented by <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatterfield200382-54">[53]</a> Native American stories about the bridge differ in their details but agree in general that the bridge permitted increased interaction between tribes on the north and south sides of the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDohnal200312–14-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark200320–25-56">[55]</a> Horses, originally acquired from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Spanish New Mexico</a>, spread widely via native trade networks, reaching the Shoshone of the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River_Plain" title="Snake River Plain">Snake River Plain</a> by 1700. The Nez Perce, Cayuse, and <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Salish_and_Kootenai_Tribes_of_the_Flathead_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation">Flathead</a> people acquired their first horses around 1730.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeinig199523–25,_493,_496-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd199612–13-58">[57]</a> Along with horses came aspects of the emerging <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains Indian">plains culture</a>, such as equestrian and <a href="/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">horse training</a> skills, greatly increased mobility, hunting efficiency, trade over long distances, intensified warfare, the linking of wealth and prestige to horses and war, and the rise of large and powerful tribal confederacies. The Nez Perce and Cayuse kept large herds and made annual long-distance trips to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> hunting, adopted the plains culture to a significant degree, and became the main conduit through which horses and the plains culture diffused into the Columbia River region. Other peoples acquired horses and aspects of the plains culture unevenly. The Yakama, Umatilla, Palus, Spokane, and Coeur d'Alene maintained sizable herds of horses and adopted some of the plains cultural characteristics, but fishing and fish-related economies remained important. Less affected groups included the <a href="/wiki/Molala_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Molala people">Molala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klickitat_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Klickitat (tribe)">Klickitat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenatchi" title="Wenatchi">Wenatchi</a>, Okanagan, and <a href="/wiki/Sinkiuse-Columbia" title="Sinkiuse-Columbia">Sinkiuse-Columbia</a> peoples, who owned small numbers of horses and adopted few plains culture features. Some groups remained essentially unaffected, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sanpoil_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanpoil (tribe)">Sanpoil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nespelem_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nespelem (tribe)">Nespelem</a> people, whose culture remained centered on fishing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeinig199523–25,_493,_496-57">[56]</a> Natives of the region encountered foreigners at several times and places during the 18th and 19th centuries. European and American vessels explored the coastal area around the mouth of the river in the late 18th century, trading with local natives. The contact would prove devastating to the indigenous Chinookan speaking peoples; a large portion of their population was wiped out by a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic. Canadian explorer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Alexander Mackenzie</a> crossed what is now interior British Columbia in 1793.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd199612–13-58">[57]</a> From 1805 to 1806, the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> entered the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_River_(Idaho)" title="Clearwater River (Idaho)">Clearwater</a> and Snake rivers, and encountered numerous small settlements of natives. Their records recount tales of hospitable traders who were not above stealing small items from the visitors. They also noted brass teakettles, a British musket, and other artifacts that had been obtained in trade with coastal tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlrich20078-59">[58]</a> From the earliest contact with westerners, the natives of the mid- and lower Columbia were not tribal, but instead congregated in social units no larger than a village, and more often at a family level; these units would shift with the season as people moved about, following the salmon catch up and down the river's tributaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd19964–7-60">[59]</a> Sparked by the 1847 <a href="/wiki/Whitman_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitman Massacre">Whitman Massacre</a>, a number of violent battles were fought between American settlers and the region's natives.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The subsequent wars over Northwest territory, especially the <a href="/wiki/Yakima_War" title="Yakima War">Yakima War</a>, decimated the native population and removed much land from native control.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> As years progressed, the right of natives to fish along the Columbia became the central issue of contention with the states, commercial fishers, and private property owners. The US Supreme Court upheld fishing rights in landmark cases in 1905 and 1918,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlrich200714-63">[62]</a> as well as the 1974 case <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Washington" title="United States v. Washington">United States v. Washington</a>, commonly called the Boldt Decision. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celilo_Falls_Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four men dressed in long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and hats are perched on platforms on both sides of a rushing stream. Three of the men are standing, and one is seated. Each man holds one end of a long pole with a net, dipped in the water, attached to the other end. Several people without poles are watching or waiting nearby." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Celilo_Falls_Lee.jpg/220px-Celilo_Falls_Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Celilo_Falls_Lee.jpg/330px-Celilo_Falls_Lee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Celilo_Falls_Lee.jpg/440px-Celilo_Falls_Lee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4106" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>Dipnet fishing at Celilo Falls, 1941</figcaption></figure> Fish were central to the culture of the region's natives, both as sustenance and as part of their religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlrich20076-64">[63]</a> Natives drew fish from the Columbia at several major sites, which also served as trading posts. <a href="/wiki/Celilo_Falls" title="Celilo Falls">Celilo Falls</a>, located east of the modern city of The Dalles, was a vital hub for trade and the interaction of different cultural groups,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd19964–7-60">[59]</a> being used for fishing and trading for 11,000 years. Prior to contact with westerners, villages along this 9-mile (14 km) stretch may have at times had a population as great as 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber200520–21-65">[64]</a> The site drew traders from as far away as the Great Plains.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetboy198014-67">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cascades_Rapids" title="Cascades Rapids">Cascades Rapids</a> of the Columbia River Gorge, and <a href="/wiki/Kettle_Falls" title="Kettle Falls">Kettle Falls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_Rapids" title="Priest Rapids">Priest Rapids</a> in eastern Washington, were also major fishing and trading sites.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEcascade-69">[68]</a> In prehistoric times the Columbia's salmon and steelhead runs numbered an estimated annual average of 10 to 16 million fish. In comparison, the largest run since 1938 was in 1986, with 3.2 million fish entering the Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-fishruns-70">[69]</a> The annual catch by natives has been estimated at 42 million pounds (19,000 metric tons).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2005159,_165-71">[70]</a> The most important and productive native fishing site was located at Celilo Falls, which was perhaps the most productive inland fishing site in North America.<a href="#cite_note-cain-72">[71]</a> The falls were located at the border between Chinookan- and Sahaptian-speaking peoples and served as the center of an extensive trading network across the Pacific Plateau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERonda1984170-73">[72]</a> Celilo was the oldest continuously inhabited community on the North American continent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietrich199552-74">[73]</a> Salmon canneries established by white settlers beginning in 1866 had a strong negative impact on the salmon population, and in 1908 US president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> observed that the <a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon runs</a> were but a fraction of what they had been 25 years prior.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> As river development continued in the 20th century, each of these major fishing sites was flooded by a dam, beginning with Cascades Rapids in 1938. The development was accompanied by extensive negotiations between natives and US government agencies. The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs, a coalition of various tribes, adopted a constitution and incorporated after the 1938 completion of the Bonneville Dam flooded Cascades Rapids;<a href="#cite_note-OPB-ORstory-76">[75]</a> Still, in the 1930s, there were natives who lived along the river and fished year round, moving along with the fish's migration patterns throughout the seasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlrich20075-77">[76]</a> The Yakama were slower to do so, organizing a formal government in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlrich200711-78">[77]</a> In the 21st century, the Yakama, Nez Perce, Umatilla, and Warm Springs tribes all have treaty fishing rights along the Columbia and its tributaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2005159,_165-71">[70]</a> In 1957 Celilo Falls was submerged by the construction of The Dalles Dam, and the native fishing community was displaced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietrich199552-74">[73]</a> The affected tribes received a $26.8 million settlement for the loss of Celilo and other fishing sites submerged by The Dalles Dam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietrich1995376-79">[78]</a> The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs used part of its $4 million settlement to establish the <a href="/wiki/Kah-Nee-Ta_High_Desert_Resort_and_Casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Kah-Nee-Ta High Desert Resort and Casino">Kah-Nee-Ta</a> resort south of Mount Hood.<a href="#cite_note-OPB-ORstory-76">[75]</a> In 1977, 75 indigenous fishermen of the Yakama Tribe were arrested in a federal sting operation which claimed that fishermen were poaching up to 40,000 fish in the Columbia River. Fishermen placed on trial received sentences ranging from six months to five years. The federal government pinned Yakama Tribe member David Sohappy ringleader of the operation. After the trial ended, it was determined that the fish were not poached, but driven away because of harmful chemicals present in the power plant. These harmful chemicals mainly consisted of aluminum. This event is commonly known today as the Salmon Scam.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Shortly after the Salmon Scam, many Columbia River-based indigenous tribes received federally recognized status. The Siletz Tribe was the first to restore its federal recognition in 1977, followed by the Cow Creek Band of the Umpqua Tribe in 1982, the Grand Ronde Tribe in 1983, the Lower Umpqua Tribe, Siuslaw Tribe, and Coos Tribe in 1984, the Klamath Tribe in 1986, and the Coquille Tribe in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> While all the aforementioned tribes received federally recognized status, the Chinook Indian Nation had their federal recognition revoked in 2002 by the Bush Administration, and are fighting to have it restored.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> In 2023, members of the Yakama Nation expressed their dismay for the construction of a Goldendale-based pumped hydroelectric energy storage project. Jeremy Takala of the Yakama Nation embodies Yakama belief on the importance of Columbia River crops to food and medicine, stating "the [Goldendale] project being proposed here, it will definitely impact our life".  The Goldendale-pumped hydro storage unit could allow for reused water use in reservoirs, which would be placed on mountainous terrain overlooking the Columbia River. The mountainous terrain where the unit would be placed in is Juniper Point, referred to by the Yakama as Pushpum. Pushpum has rock formations, as well as food and medicine capabilities that are essential to the Yakama. Members of the Yakama tribe wish for consent on the Goldendale project, as opposed to consultation.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_waves_of_explorers">New waves of explorers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New waves of explorers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">History of Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_British_Columbia" title="History of British Columbia">History of British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">History of Washington (state)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">History of the west coast of North America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascade_Columbia_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Artist's rendering of a tall, narrow waterfall cascading down a series of vertical or nearly vertical rock faces into a big river. Mountains, largely devoid of vegetation, rise on both sides of the waterfall and connect to a range of mountains in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cascade_Columbia_River.jpg/220px-Cascade_Columbia_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cascade_Columbia_River.jpg/330px-Cascade_Columbia_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cascade_Columbia_River.jpg/440px-Cascade_Columbia_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Multnomah_Falls" title="Multnomah Falls">Multnomah Falls</a>, painted by James W. Alden, 1857</figcaption></figure> Some historians [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] believe that Japanese or Chinese vessels blown off course reached the Northwest Coast long before Europeans—possibly as early as 219 <a href="/wiki/Before_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Common Era">BCE</a>. Historian Derek Hayes claims that "It is a near certainty that Japanese or Chinese people arrived on the northwest coast long before any European."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes19999-84">[83]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is unknown whether they landed near the Columbia. Evidence exists that Spanish castaways reached the shore in 1679 and traded with the <a href="/wiki/Clatsop" title="Clatsop">Clatsop</a>; if these were the first Europeans to see the Columbia, they failed to send word home to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1999a-85">[84]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 18th century, there was strong interest in discovering a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> that would permit navigation between the Atlantic (or inland North America) and the Pacific Ocean. Many ships in the area, especially those under Spanish and British command, searched the northwest coast for a large river that might connect to <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>. The first documented European discovery of the Columbia River was that of <a href="/wiki/Bruno_de_Heceta" title="Bruno de Heceta">Bruno de Heceta</a>, who in 1775 sighted the river's mouth. On the advice of his officers, he did not explore it, as he was short-staffed and the current was strong. He considered it a bay, and called it <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ensenada" class="extiw" title="wikt:ensenada">Ensenada</a> de Asunción (<a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> Cove). Later Spanish maps, based on his sighting, showed a river, labeled Río de San Roque (The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Roch" title="Saint Roch">Saint Roch</a> River),<a href="#cite_note-HistLinkGray-51">[50]</a> or an entrance, called Entrada de Hezeta, named for <a href="/wiki/Bruno_de_Hezeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno de Hezeta">Bruno de Hezeta</a>, who sailed the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1999a-85">[84]</a> Following Hezeta's reports, British <a href="/wiki/Maritime_fur_trade" title="Maritime fur trade">maritime fur trader</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Meares" title="John Meares">John Meares</a> searched for the river in 1788 but concluded that it did not exist.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> He named <a href="/wiki/Cape_Disappointment_(Washington)" title="Cape Disappointment (Washington)">Cape Disappointment</a> for the non-existent river, not realizing the cape marks the northern edge of the river's mouth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton1924174-87">[86]</a> What happened next would form the basis for decades of both cooperation and dispute between British and American exploration of, and ownership claim to, the region. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> commander <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">George Vancouver</a> sailed past the mouth in April 1792 and observed a change in the water's color, but he accepted Meares' report and continued on his journey northward.<a href="#cite_note-HistLinkGray-51">[50]</a> Later that month, Vancouver encountered the American captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gray_(sea_captain)" title="Robert Gray (sea captain)">Robert Gray</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca">Strait of Juan de Fuca</a>. Gray reported that he had seen the entrance to the Columbia and had spent nine days trying but failing to enter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200523-88">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_North_America_1778.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Western_North_America_1778.png/220px-Western_North_America_1778.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Western_North_America_1778.png/330px-Western_North_America_1778.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Western_North_America_1778.png/440px-Western_North_America_1778.png 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="1213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Carver" title="Jonathan Carver">Carver</a>'s map from 1778, showing the River of the West, <a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg" title="Lake Winnipeg">Lake Winnipeg</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Mountains of Bright Stone</a></figcaption></figure> On May 12, 1792, Gray returned south and crossed the Columbia Bar, becoming <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gray%27s_Columbia_River_expedition" title="Robert Gray's Columbia River expedition">the first known explorer of European descent to enter the river</a>. Gray's fur trading mission had been financed by <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Oregon">Boston</a> merchants, who outfitted him with a private vessel named <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Rediviva" title="Columbia Rediviva">Columbia Rediviva</a>; he named the river after the ship on May 18.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1999a-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoyAllanBuckleyMeacham200124-89">[88]</a> Gray spent nine days trading near the mouth of the Columbia, then left without having gone beyond 13 miles (21 km) upstream. The farthest point reached was Grays Bay at the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Grays_River_(Washington)" title="Grays River (Washington)">Grays River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history5052-90">[89]</a> Gray's discovery of the Columbia River was later used by the United States to support its claim to the Oregon Country, which was also claimed by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, Spain and other nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs193877-91">[90]</a> In October 1792, Vancouver sent Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Broughton" title="William Robert Broughton">William Robert Broughton</a>, his second-in-command, up the river. Broughton got as far as the <a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_(Oregon)" title="Sandy River (Oregon)">Sandy River</a> at the western end of the Columbia River Gorge, about 100 miles (160 km) upstream, sighting and naming Mount Hood. Broughton formally claimed the river, its <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a>, and the nearby coast for Britain. In contrast, Gray had not made any formal claims on behalf of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-mockford-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2003304–05-93">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColyerColumbia76.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a big river in the foreground flowing out of mountains in the background. Evergreen trees line both banks of the river. A large spire of rock rises in the middle distance along the left bank." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/ColyerColumbia76.jpg/290px-ColyerColumbia76.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/ColyerColumbia76.jpg/435px-ColyerColumbia76.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/ColyerColumbia76.jpg/580px-ColyerColumbia76.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption>Columbia River, Cascade Mountains, Oregon, (1876) by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Colyer" title="Vincent Colyer">Vincent Colyer</a> (oil on canvas). <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Rock_State_Park" title="Beacon Rock State Park">Beacon Rock</a> is visible on the left.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_and_Clark_Columbia_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Early grayscale map of the lower Columbia River and its tributaries and surrounds showing the locations of mountain ranges and Indian villages from what is now eastern Washington to the Pacific Ocean." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lewis_and_Clark_Columbia_River.jpg/220px-Lewis_and_Clark_Columbia_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lewis_and_Clark_Columbia_River.jpg/330px-Lewis_and_Clark_Columbia_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lewis_and_Clark_Columbia_River.jpg/440px-Lewis_and_Clark_Columbia_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1457" /></a><figcaption>Detail from the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> map. The Willamette River is shown as the "Multnomah", while the Snake River is "Lewis's River". (<a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Lewis_and_Clark%27s_Track,_Across_the_Western_Portion_of_North_America,_published_1814.jpg" title="File:Map of Lewis and Clark's Track, Across the Western Portion of North America, published 1814.jpg">See complete map.</a>)</figcaption></figure> Because the Columbia was at the same latitude as the headwaters of the Missouri River, there was some speculation that Gray and Vancouver had discovered the long-sought Northwest Passage. A 1798 British map showed a dotted line connecting the Columbia with the Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1999a-85">[84]</a> When the American explorers <a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a> charted the vast, unmapped lands of the <a href="/wiki/American_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American West">American West</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">overland expedition</a> (1803–1805), they found no passage between the rivers. After crossing the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, Lewis and Clark built <a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">dugout canoes</a> and paddled down the Snake River, reaching the Columbia near the present-day Tri-Cities, Washington. They explored a few miles upriver, as far as <a href="/wiki/Bateman_Island" title="Bateman Island">Bateman Island</a>, before heading down the Columbia, concluding their journey at the river's mouth and establishing <a href="/wiki/Fort_Clatsop" title="Fort Clatsop">Fort Clatsop</a>, a short-lived establishment that was occupied for less than three months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1999a-85">[84]</a> Canadian explorer <a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(explorer)" title="David Thompson (explorer)">David Thompson</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a>, spent the winter of 1807–08 at <a href="/wiki/Kootanae_House" title="Kootanae House">Kootanae House</a> near the source of the Columbia at present-day Invermere, BC. Over the next few years he explored much of the river and its northern tributaries. In 1811 he traveled down the Columbia to the Pacific Ocean, arriving at the mouth just after <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fur_Company" title="Pacific Fur Company">Pacific Fur Company</a> had founded Astoria. On his return to the north, Thompson explored the one remaining part of the river he had not yet seen, becoming the first Euro-descended person to travel the entire length of the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1999a-85">[84]</a> In 1825, the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> (HBC) established <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vancouver" title="Fort Vancouver">Fort Vancouver</a> on the bank of the Columbia, in what is now Vancouver, Washington, as the headquarters of the company's <a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>, which encompassed everything west of the Rocky Mountains, north of California, and south of Russian-claimed Alaska. <a href="/wiki/Factor_(agent)" title="Factor (agent)">Chief Factor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_McLoughlin" title="John McLoughlin">John McLoughlin</a>, a physician who had been in the fur trade since 1804, was appointed superintendent of the Columbia District. The HBC reoriented its Columbia District operations toward the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia, which became the region's main trunk route.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeinig199573–79-94">[93]</a> In the early 1840s Americans began to colonize the Oregon country in large numbers via the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a>, despite the HBC's efforts to discourage American settlement in the region. For many the final leg of the journey involved travel down the lower Columbia River to Fort Vancouver.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie1997318-95">[94]</a> This part of the Oregon Trail, the treacherous stretch from The Dalles to below the Cascades, could not be traversed by horses or wagons (only watercraft, at great risk). This prompted the 1846 construction of the <a href="/wiki/Barlow_Road" title="Barlow Road">Barlow Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eotot-96">[95]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a> the United States and Britain agreed that both nations were to enjoy equal rights in Oregon Country for 10 years. By 1828, when the so-called "joint occupation" was renewed indefinitely, it seemed probable that the lower Columbia River would in time become the border between the two nations. For years the Hudson's Bay Company successfully maintained control of the Columbia River and American attempts to gain a foothold were fended off. In the 1830s, American religious missions were established at several locations in the lower Columbia River region. In the 1840s a mass migration of American settlers undermined British control. The Hudson's Bay Company tried to maintain dominance by shifting from the fur trade, which was in decline, to exporting other goods such as salmon and lumber. Colonization schemes were attempted, but failed to match the scale of American settlement. Americans generally settled south of the Columbia, mainly in the Willamette Valley. The Hudson's Bay Company tried to establish settlements north of the river, but nearly all the British colonists moved south to the Willamette Valley. The hope that the British colonists might dilute the American presence in the valley failed in the face of the overwhelming number of American settlers. These developments rekindled the issue of "joint occupation" and the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">boundary dispute</a>. While some British interests, especially the Hudson's Bay Company, fought for a boundary along the Columbia River, the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a> of 1846 set the boundary at the 49th parallel. As part of the treaty, the British retained all areas north of the line while the United States acquired the south. The Columbia River became much of the border between the U.S. territories of <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeinig199572–73,_75,_117,_146–47,_169–70-97">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> became a U.S. state in 1859, while <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> later entered into the Union in 1889. By the turn of the 20th century, the difficulty of navigating the Columbia was seen as an impediment to the economic development of the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire_(Pacific_Northwest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland Empire (Pacific Northwest)">Inland Empire</a> region east of the Cascades.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The dredging and dam building that followed would permanently alter the river, disrupting its natural flow but also providing electricity, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">navigability</a> and other benefits to the region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigation">Navigation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Navigation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Columbia_River" title="Steamboats of the Columbia River">Steamboats of the Columbia River</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Columbia_River,_Wenatchee_Reach" title="Steamboats of the Columbia River, Wenatchee Reach">Steamboats of the Columbia River, Wenatchee Reach</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Shipwrecks_of_the_inland_Columbia_River" title="Shipwrecks of the inland Columbia River">Shipwrecks of the inland Columbia River</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USACE_Astoria-Megler_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A long bridge crosses a huge river flowing into a vast body of water under a blue sky. The bridge begins in a settlement with streets, buildings, and wharves along the river and extends out of sight toward a low hill on the far shore. The first part of the bridge has a superstructure and is high above the water but then the bridge gradually descends and continues out of sight not so far above the water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/USACE_Astoria-Megler_Bridge.jpg/220px-USACE_Astoria-Megler_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/USACE_Astoria-Megler_Bridge.jpg/330px-USACE_Astoria-Megler_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/USACE_Astoria-Megler_Bridge.jpg/440px-USACE_Astoria-Megler_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>The mouth of the Columbia is just past <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria, Oregon</a>; ships must navigate the treacherous <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Bar" title="Columbia Bar">Columbia Bar</a> (near horizon, not visible in this picture) to enter or exit the river.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steamboat_Hassalo_running_Cascades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A river boat with more than a dozen windows along its visible side runs a set of rapids on a very large river. Smoke or steam rises from its smokestack and flows behind the boat parallel to the water. In the foreground, a crowd of 50 people watch the boat from the rocky shore." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Steamboat_Hassalo_running_Cascades.jpg/220px-Steamboat_Hassalo_running_Cascades.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Steamboat_Hassalo_running_Cascades.jpg/330px-Steamboat_Hassalo_running_Cascades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Steamboat_Hassalo_running_Cascades.jpg/440px-Steamboat_Hassalo_running_Cascades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>The sternwheeler <a href="/wiki/Hassalo_(sternwheeler_1880)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassalo (sternwheeler 1880)">Hassalo</a> runs the <a href="/wiki/Cascades_Rapids" title="Cascades Rapids">Cascades Rapids</a>, May 26, 1888. The rapids are now submerged under the pool of the <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Dam" title="Bonneville Dam">Bonneville Dam</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_Log_Raft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men in work clothes stand on an enormous raft of logs held together with cable chains. In the background, another three men work on a distant part of the raft, only part of which is visible. The pile of logs appears to be taller than any of the men." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Columbia_Log_Raft.jpg/220px-Columbia_Log_Raft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Columbia_Log_Raft.jpg/330px-Columbia_Log_Raft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Columbia_Log_Raft.jpg/440px-Columbia_Log_Raft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>A massive <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benson_raft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benson raft (page does not exist)">Benson log raft</a>, containing an entire year's worth of logs from one timber camp, heads downriver in 1906</figcaption></figure> American captain Robert Gray and British captain George Vancouver, who explored the river in 1792, proved that it was possible to cross the Columbia Bar. Many of the challenges associated with that feat remain today; even with modern engineering alterations to the mouth of the river, the strong currents and shifting sandbar make it dangerous to pass between the river and the Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboats</a> along the river, beginning with the British <a href="/wiki/Beaver_(steamship)" title="Beaver (steamship)">Beaver</a> in 1836<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie1997136-100">[99]</a> and followed by American vessels in 1850,<a href="#cite_note-opbtimeline-101">[100]</a> contributed to the rapid settlement and economic development of the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAffleck20006-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorning1977-103">[102]</a> Steamboats operated in several distinct stretches of the river: on its lower reaches, from the Pacific Ocean to Cascades Rapids; from the Cascades to the Dalles-Celilo Falls; from Celilo to Priests Rapids; <a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_Columbia_River,_Wenatchee_Reach" class="mw-redirect" title="Steamboats of Columbia River, Wenatchee Reach">on the Wenatchee Reach</a> of eastern Washington; <a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Arrow_Lakes" title="Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes">on British Columbia's Arrow Lakes</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Willamette_River" title="Steamboats of the Willamette River">on tributaries like the Willamette</a>, the Snake and <a href="/wiki/Kootenay_Lake" title="Kootenay Lake">Kootenay Lake</a>. The boats, initially powered by burning wood, carried passengers and freight throughout the region for many years. Early railroads served to connect steamboat lines interrupted by waterfalls on the river's lower reaches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmen197214-104">[103]</a> In the 1880s, railroads maintained by companies such as the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Railroad_and_Navigation_Company" title="Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company">Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company</a> began to supplement steamboat operations as the major transportation links along the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmen197232-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_the_passage_to_Lewiston">Opening the passage to Lewiston</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opening the passage to Lewiston">edit</a>]</div> As early as 1881, industrialists proposed altering the natural channel of the Columbia to improve navigation.<a href="#cite_note-opbtimeline-101">[100]</a> Changes to the river over the years have included the construction of <a href="/wiki/Jetty" title="Jetty">jetties</a> at the river's mouth, <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a>, and the construction of <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">navigation locks</a>. Today, ocean freighters can travel upriver as far as Portland and Vancouver, and barges can reach as far inland as <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Idaho" title="Lewiston, Idaho">Lewiston, Idaho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ccrh-hist-23">[22]</a> The shifting Columbia Bar makes passage between the river and the Pacific Ocean difficult and dangerous, and numerous rapids along the river hinder navigation. Pacific Graveyard, a 1964 book by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Gibbs" title="James A. Gibbs">James A. Gibbs</a>, describes the many shipwrecks near the mouth of the Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs1964-106">[105]</a> Jetties, first constructed in 1886,<a href="#cite_note-opbtimeline-101">[100]</a> extend the river's channel into the ocean. Strong currents and the shifting sandbar remain a threat to ships entering the river and necessitate continuous maintenance of the jetties. In 1891, the Columbia was dredged to enhance shipping. The channel between the ocean and Portland and Vancouver was deepened from 17 feet (5.2 m) to 25 feet (7.6 m). <a href="/wiki/The_Columbian" title="The Columbian">The Columbian</a> called for the channel to be deepened to 40 feet (12 m) as early as 1905, but that depth was not attained until 1976.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Locks_and_Canal" title="Cascade Locks and Canal">Cascade Locks and Canal</a> were first constructed in 1896 around the Cascades Rapids,<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> enabling boats to travel safely through the Columbia River Gorge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottScott1924190-109">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Celilo_Canal" title="Celilo Canal">Celilo Canal</a>, bypassing Celilo Falls, opened to river traffic in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> In the mid-20th century, the construction of dams along the length of the river submerged the rapids beneath a series of reservoirs. An extensive system of locks allowed ships and barges to pass easily between reservoirs. A <a href="/wiki/Snake_River#Dams" title="Snake River">navigation channel reaching Lewiston, Idaho</a>, along the Columbia and Snake rivers, was completed in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-opbtimeline-101">[100]</a> Among the main commodities are wheat and other grains, mainly for export. As of 2016, the Columbia ranked third, behind the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná</a> rivers, among the world's largest export corridors for grain.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens caused mudslides in the area, which reduced the Columbia's depth by 25 feet (7.6 m) for a 4-mile (6.4 km) stretch, disrupting Portland's economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1988209-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deeper_shipping_channel">Deeper shipping channel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deeper shipping channel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Essayons.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large, almost rectangular black ship with a red hull creates a mild wake as it moves away from the shore into a very large river. Smoke rises above its decks, which are cluttered with antennas, mechanical fittings, and what appear to be self-contained rooms with multiple windows." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Essayons.JPG/220px-Essayons.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Essayons.JPG/330px-Essayons.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Essayons.JPG/440px-Essayons.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>The Essayons, one of three Army Corps of Engineers dredgers tasked with ongoing maintenance of the Columbia's shipping channel, began service in 1983.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> Efforts to maintain and improve the navigation channel have continued to the present day. In 1990 a new round of studies examined the possibility of further dredging on the lower Columbia. The plans were controversial from the start because of economic and environmental concerns.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In 1999, Congress authorized deepening the channel between Portland and Astoria from 40 to 43 feet (12–13 m), which will make it possible for large container and grain ships to reach Portland and Vancouver.<a href="#cite_note-ColDredge-114">[113]</a> The project has met opposition because of concerns about stirring up toxic sediment on the riverbed. Portland-based Northwest Environmental Advocates brought a lawsuit against the Army Corps of Engineers, but it was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals</a> in August 2006.<a href="#cite_note-ColDredgeEdit-115">[114]</a> The project includes measures to mitigate environmental damage; for instance, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">US Army Corps of Engineers</a> must restore 12 times the area of wetland damaged by the project.<a href="#cite_note-ColDredge-114">[113]</a> In early 2006, the Corps spilled 50 US gallons (190 L) of hydraulic oil into the Columbia, drawing further criticism from environmental organizations.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Work on the project began in 2005 and concluded in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The project's cost is estimated at $150 million. The federal government is paying 65 percent, Oregon and Washington are paying $27 million each, and six local ports are also contributing to the cost.<a href="#cite_note-ColDredge-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dams">Dams</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dams">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_dams_on_the_Columbia_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River">Hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Treaty" title="Columbia River Treaty">Columbia River Treaty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Day_Dam_fish_ladder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Water flows down a stairstep aqueduct from the top of a large river dam to the bottom. The aqueduct makes two 90-degree turns to the left on the way down before reaching the river at the base of the dam." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_Day_Dam_fish_ladder.jpg/220px-John_Day_Dam_fish_ladder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_Day_Dam_fish_ladder.jpg/330px-John_Day_Dam_fish_ladder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_Day_Dam_fish_ladder.jpg/440px-John_Day_Dam_fish_ladder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Fish ladder at <a href="/wiki/John_Day_Dam" title="John Day Dam">John Day Dam</a>; its reservoir forms the deadliest stretch of the river for young salmon.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColumbiaRiverRowenaView.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A big river and a nearby highway wind through a gorge between parallel ridges. The hills on the left are largely brown and treeless, while the hills on the right are partly covered by evergreen trees and grasses. A small lake lies in the foreground between the highway and the river." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ColumbiaRiverRowenaView.jpg/220px-ColumbiaRiverRowenaView.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ColumbiaRiverRowenaView.jpg/330px-ColumbiaRiverRowenaView.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ColumbiaRiverRowenaView.jpg/440px-ColumbiaRiverRowenaView.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Dams on the Columbia have transformed the river into a series of slackwater pools, such as this one between <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Dam" title="Bonneville Dam">Bonneville</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Dalles_Dam" title="The Dalles Dam">The Dalles</a>, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Rowena,_Oregon" title="Rowena, Oregon">Rowena Crest</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinbasket_Lake,_Columbia_River,_British_Columbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large body of water, much longer than wide, lies at the base of mountains with vestiges of snow in their higher declivities. Vegetation is sparse. The mountains rise to meet a sky filled mostly with puffy white or gray clouds." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kinbasket_Lake%2C_Columbia_River%2C_British_Columbia.jpg/220px-Kinbasket_Lake%2C_Columbia_River%2C_British_Columbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kinbasket_Lake%2C_Columbia_River%2C_British_Columbia.jpg/330px-Kinbasket_Lake%2C_Columbia_River%2C_British_Columbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kinbasket_Lake%2C_Columbia_River%2C_British_Columbia.jpg/440px-Kinbasket_Lake%2C_Columbia_River%2C_British_Columbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="1415" /></a><figcaption>Kinbasket Lake, a reservoir on the Columbia River</figcaption></figure> In 1902, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">United States Bureau of Reclamation</a> was established to aid in the <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> of arid <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">western states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> One of its major undertakings was building Grand Coulee Dam to provide irrigation for the 600 thousand acres (2,400 km2) of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Basin_Project" title="Columbia Basin Project">Columbia Basin Project</a> in central Washington.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> With the onset of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the focus of dam construction shifted to production of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>. Irrigation efforts resumed after the war. River development occurred within the structure of the 1909 <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_Waters_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="International Boundary Waters Treaty">International Boundary Waters Treaty</a> between the United States and Canada. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act#List_of_later_acts" title="Rivers and Harbors Act">Rivers and Harbors Act of 1925</a>, which directed the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Commission" title="Federal Power Commission">Federal Power Commission</a> to explore the development of the nation's rivers. This prompted agencies to conduct the first formal financial analysis of hydroelectric development; the reports produced by various agencies were presented in House Document 308. Those reports, and subsequent related reports, are referred to as <a href="/w/index.php?title=308_Reports&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="308 Reports (page does not exist)">308 Reports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NWCflood-122">[121]</a> The 308 Reports generated 176 publications across the United States.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Of those 176 documents, thirteen of them were generated in the Pacific Northwest. In 1932, one of the thirteen reports was released on the Columbia River, titled The Columbia River and Minor Tributaries. The report was backed by many engineers and state politicians who believed that the creation of Dams along the Columbia River would be a strong candidate for generation of hydroelectric power. The report led to Congressional action, where dams at Bonneville and Grand Coulee were authorized in 1933. The report itself emphasized the economic values of dam creation. Additionally, the reports emphasized the importance of dams for river navigation. Furthermore, the reports emphasized the importance of hydropower, storage of water for irrigation techniques, and flood control. To ensure that the dams did not affect biodiversity, many engineers and state politicians regarded the importance of salmon within the region. Thus, dams were to be built at a low height that would permit salmon to pass over.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> In the late 1920s, political forces in the Northwestern United States generally favored the private development of hydroelectric dams along the Columbia. But the overwhelming victories of gubernatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/George_W._Joseph" title="George W. Joseph">George W. Joseph</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_gubernatorial_election,_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon gubernatorial election, 1930">1930 Republican primary</a>, and later his law partner <a href="/wiki/Julius_Meier" title="Julius Meier">Julius Meier</a>, were understood to demonstrate strong public support for public ownership of dams.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In 1933, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> signed a bill that enabled the construction of the Bonneville and Grand Coulee dams as public works projects. The legislation was attributed to the efforts of Oregon Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_McNary" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles McNary">Charles McNary</a>, Washington Senator <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Dill" title="Clarence Dill">Clarence Dill</a>, and Oregon Congressman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martin_(Oregon_politician)" title="Charles Martin (Oregon politician)">Charles Martin</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> In 1948, <a href="/wiki/1948_Columbia_River_flood" title="1948 Columbia River flood">floods</a> swept through the Columbia watershed, destroying <a href="/wiki/Vanport,_Oregon" title="Vanport, Oregon">Vanport</a>, then the second largest city in Oregon, and impacting cities as far north as Trail, BC.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The flooding prompted the U.S. Congress to pass the <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1950" title="Flood Control Act of 1950">Flood Control Act of 1950</a>, authorizing the federal development of additional dams and other <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a> mechanisms. By that time local communities had become wary of federal hydroelectric projects, and sought local control of new developments; a <a href="/wiki/Public_utility_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Public utility district">public utility district</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_Washington" title="Grant County, Washington">Grant County, Washington</a>, ultimately began construction of the dam at Priest Rapids.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> In the 1960s, the United States and Canada signed the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Treaty" title="Columbia River Treaty">Columbia River Treaty</a>, which focused on flood control and the maximization of downstream power generation.<a href="#cite_note-NWCflood-122">[121]</a> Canada agreed to build dams and provide reservoir storage, and the United States agreed to deliver to Canada one-half of the increase in United States downstream power benefits as estimated five years in advance.<a href="#cite_note-treaty-129">[128]</a> Canada's obligation was met by building three dams (two on the Columbia, and one on the <a href="/wiki/Duncan_River_(British_Columbia)" title="Duncan River (British Columbia)">Duncan River</a>), the last of which was completed in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-3_dams-130">[129]</a> Today the main stem of the Columbia River has fourteen dams, of which three are in Canada and eleven in the United States. Four mainstem dams and four lower Snake River dams contain navigation locks to allow ship and barge passage from the ocean as far as Lewiston, Idaho. The river system as a whole has more than 400 dams for hydroelectricity and irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-ccrh-hist-23">[22]</a> The dams address a variety of demands, including flood control, navigation, stream flow regulation, storage, and delivery of stored waters, <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclamation</a> of public lands and Indian reservations and territories, and the generation of hydroelectric power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitzer1994-131">[130]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:350px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> This river may have been shaped by God, or glaciers, or the remnants of the inland sea, or gravity, or a combination of all, but the Army Corps of Engineers controls it now. The Columbia rises and falls, not by the dictates of tide or rainfall, but by a computer-activated, legally arbitrated, federally allocated schedule that changes only when significant litigation is concluded, or a United States Senator nears election time. In that sense, it is reliable. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Egan" title="Timothy Egan">Timothy Egan</a>, in The Good Rain<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan199017-132">[131]</a></cite> </div> The larger U.S. dams are owned and operated by the federal government (some by the Army Corps of Engineers and some by the Bureau of Reclamation), while the smaller dams are operated by public utility districts and private power companies. The federally operated system is known as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Columbia_River_Power_System" title="Federal Columbia River Power System">Federal Columbia River Power System</a>, which includes 31 dams on the Columbia and its <a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Columbia_River" title="List of tributaries of the Columbia River">tributaries</a>. The system has altered the seasonal flow of the river to meet higher electricity demands during the winter. At the beginning of the 20th century, roughly 75 percent of the Columbia's flow occurred in the summer, between April and September. By 1980, the summer proportion had been lowered to about 50 percent, essentially eliminating the seasonal pattern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Research_Council_(U.S.)20044,_22-133">[132]</a> Upon its creation in 1942, the Grand Coulee Dam required land inundation for construction. This flooding included parts of the Colville Reservation and Spokane Reservation. Reservation flooding has resulted in the displacement of 2,250 indigenous peoples located on said reservations.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The installation of dams dramatically altered the landscape and ecosystem of the river. At one time, the Columbia was one of the top <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>-producing river systems in the world.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Previously active fishing sites, such as Celilo Falls in the eastern Columbia River Gorge, have exhibited a sharp decline in fishing along the Columbia in the last century, and salmon populations have been dramatically reduced.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladders</a> have been installed at some dam sites to help the fish journey to spawning waters. Fish ladders have been seen as highly effective when configurations to fishway exits are properly configured, as reconstructing the Bradford Island fish ladder allowed Sockeye salmon to stray away from spillway zones, reducing fallback (the rate at which fish are found moving away from a dam post-migration) and mortality birthrates. However, improper construction of fish ladders can result in salmon populations exerting significantly more energy when breeding, which results in higher levels of fallback.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph_Dam" title="Chief Joseph Dam">Chief Joseph Dam</a> has no fish ladders and completely blocks fish migration to the upper half of the Columbia River system.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> In 2019, both the Yakama and Lummi Northwest Nations proposed to remove the Bonneville, John Day, and The Dalles dams due to their belief removal would strengthen salmon population.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> The former Chairman of the Lummi Nation, Jay Julius, stated in 2019 that the fate of salmon without dam removal for the Lummi Nation is a "horrifying reality".<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> JoDe Goudy, a former Chairman of the Yakama Nation, coincides with beliefs of the Lummi Nation, stating "The Columbia River Dams were built on this false legal foundation, and decimated the Yakama Nation’s fisheries, traditional foods, and cultural sites.".<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Both Nations have worked with nonprofit advocacy organizations to further removal agendas. Throughout 2021, the nonprofit organization Earthjustice represented 10 conservation and fishing organizations in negotiations with President Joe Biden over removal of dam operations on the Snake River. These negotiations culminated in a lawsuit, with Earthjustice requesting to completely halt operations due to their belief of Snake River Dam effects on salmon and steelhead fish runs. On December 15, 2021, the two parties agreed to settle the dispute and focus on a plan to mitigate fish extinction.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Proposed in December 2023, President Joe Biden agreed to a $1 billion mandate, which will attempt to reintroduce Columbia River salmon blockaded by dams. The mandate asked for the Bonneville Power Administration to supply US$300 million over a ten-year span starting in 2024, which includes habitat restoration and upgrades in fish hatcheries. Furthermore, the Biden administration has publicly stated it will examine the possibility of doubling fish and wildlife spending to meet tribal needs. As a benchmark for financial utilization, US$1 billion in backlogged projects have been identified in the Columbia River Basin.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> The mandate did not call for the removal of four dams on the Snake River.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irrigation">Irrigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Irrigation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_dams_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map shows the locations of many river dams on the Columbia River and its tributaries. They extend from near the river mouth in Oregon and Washington up these rivers into Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, and British Columbia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Columbia_dams_map.png/220px-Columbia_dams_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Columbia_dams_map.png/330px-Columbia_dams_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Columbia_dams_map.png/440px-Columbia_dams_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>Prominent dams of the Columbia River Basin. Color indicates dam ownership: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  US Federal government</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Public utilities</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  State, provincial, or local government</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Private</div></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Reclamation">Bureau of Reclamation</a>'s Columbia Basin Project focused on the generally dry region of central Washington known as the Columbia Basin, which features rich <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> soil.<a href="#cite_note-basinproj-18">[17]</a> Several groups developed competing proposals, and in 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the Columbia Basin Project. The Grand Coulee Dam was the project's central component; upon completion, it pumped water up from the Columbia to fill the formerly dry Grand Coulee, forming Banks Lake. By 1935, the intended height of the dam was increased from a range between 200 and 300 feet (61 and 91 m) to 500 feet (150 m), a height that would extend the lake impounded by the dam to the Canada–United States border; the project had grown from a local <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> relief measure to a major national project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitzer1994-131">[130]</a> The project's initial purpose was irrigation, but the onset of World War II created a high electricity demand, mainly for aluminum production and for the development of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> at the Hanford Site. Irrigation began in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-USNPS-145">[144]</a> The project provides water to more than 670 thousand acres (2,700 square kilometers) of fertile but arid land in central Washington,<a href="#cite_note-basinproj-18">[17]</a> transforming the region into a major agricultural center. Important crops include <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchard</a> fruit, potatoes, <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beet">beets</a>, and wine grapes.<a href="#cite_note-ccrh-hist-23">[22]</a> Since 1750, the Columbia has experienced six multi-year droughts. The longest, lasting 12 years in the mid‑19th century, reduced the river's flow to 20 percent below average. Scientists have expressed concern that a similar drought would have grave consequences in a region so dependent on the Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-UWdrought-146">[145]</a> In 1992–1993, a lesser drought affected farmers, hydroelectric power producers, shippers, and wildlife managers.<a href="#cite_note-UWdrought-146">[145]</a> Many farmers in central Washington build dams on their property for irrigation and to control frost on their crops. The Washington Department of Ecology, using new techniques involving aerial photographs, estimated there may be as many as a hundred such dams in the area, most of which are illegal. Six such dams have failed in recent years, causing hundreds of thousands of dollars of damage to crops and public roads. Fourteen farms in the area have gone through the permitting process to build such dams legally.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hydroelectricity">edit</a>]</div> The Columbia's heavy flow and large elevation drop over a short distance, 2.16 feet per mile (40.9 centimeters per kilometer), give it tremendous capacity for hydroelectricity generation. In comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> drops less than 0.65 feet per mile (12.3 cm/km). The Columbia alone possesses one-third of the United States's hydroelectric potential.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarden199617-148">[147]</a> In 2012, the river and its tributaries accounted for 29 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">GW</a> of hydroelectric generating capacity, contributing 44 percent of the total hydroelectric generation in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-IEA2014-149">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length photo of a middle-aged man sitting in front of a closed door and playing a guitar and singing. His wavy black hair is partly covered by a black hat tipped at a rakish angle. He wears a striped flannel work shirt. His black guitar has a sign on it that says, "This machine kills fascists"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg/170px-Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg/255px-Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg/340px-Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="3677" /></a><figcaption>Roll on, Columbia, roll on, roll on, Columbia, roll on / Your power is turning our darkness to dawn / Roll on, Columbia, roll on. Lyrics from <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a>'s 1941 song <a href="/wiki/Roll_on_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll on Columbia">Roll on Columbia</a>, written for the <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Power_Administration" title="Bonneville Power Administration">Bonneville Power Administration</a>. </figcaption></figure> The largest of the 150 hydroelectric projects, the Grand Coulee Dam and Chief Joseph Dam are also the largest in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> As of 2017, Grand Coulee is the fifth largest hydroelectric plant in the world.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Inexpensive hydropower supported the location of a large <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> industry in the region because its <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium production">reduction</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> requires large amounts of electricity. Until 2000, the Northwestern United States produced up to 17 percent of the world's aluminum and 40 percent of the aluminum produced in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-powerdown-153">[152]</a> The commoditization of power in the early 21st century, coupled with a drought that reduced the generation capacity of the river, damaged the industry and by 2001, Columbia River aluminum producers had idled 80 percent of its production capacity.<a href="#cite_note-powerdown-153">[152]</a> By 2003, the entire United States produced only 15 percent of the world's aluminum and many smelters along the Columbia had gone dormant or out of business.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Power remains relatively inexpensive along the Columbia, and since the mid-2000 several global enterprises have moved <a href="/wiki/Server_farm" title="Server farm">server farm</a> operations into the area to avail themselves of cheap power.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-google-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-fortune-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Downriver of Grand Coulee, each dam's reservoir is closely regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Power_Administration" title="Bonneville Power Administration">Bonneville Power Administration</a> (BPA), the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a>, and various Washington public utility districts to ensure flow, flood control, and power generation objectives are met. Increasingly, hydro-power operations are required to meet standards under the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a> and other agreements to manage operations to minimize impacts on salmon and other fish, and some conservation and fishing groups support removing four dams on the lower Snake River, the largest tributary of the Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-uqlpwq-159">[158]</a> In 1941, the BPA hired <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> folksinger <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a> to write songs for a documentary film<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> promoting the benefits of hydropower. In the month he spent traveling the region Guthrie wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Columbia_River_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="The Columbia River Collection">26 songs</a>, which have become an important part of the cultural history of the region.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_environment">Ecology and environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ecology and environment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish_migration">Fish migration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fish migration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Environmental impact of reservoirs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seining_salmon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Six men in bib overalls, hats, boots, and other work clothes pull on a large net full of fish. They are standing in the shallows of a big river. Rounded hills rise on the opposite bank of the river." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seining_salmon.jpg/220px-Seining_salmon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seining_salmon.jpg/330px-Seining_salmon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seining_salmon.jpg/440px-Seining_salmon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seining</a> salmon on the Columbia River, 1914</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A dead fish lies on its side in shallow water over a bed of stream cobbles. Its skin has a reddish-purple cast; its mouth is open; its visible eye socket lacks an eye." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg/220px-Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg/330px-Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg/440px-Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>In their natural life cycle, salmon die shortly after spawning. <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Creek_(Multnomah_County,_Oregon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Creek (Multnomah County, Oregon)">Eagle Creek</a> in Oregon, November 2007.</figcaption></figure> The Columbia supports several species of <a href="/wiki/Anadromous" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadromous">anadromous</a> fish that migrate between the Pacific Ocean and freshwater tributaries of the river. <a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">Sockeye salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">Coho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook</a> ("king") salmon, and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">steelhead</a>, all of the genus <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Oncorhynchus</a>, are ocean fish that migrate up the rivers at the end of their life cycles to spawn.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_sturgeon" title="White sturgeon">White sturgeon</a>, which take 15 to 25 years to mature, typically migrate between the ocean and the upstream habitat several times during their lives.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Salmon populations declined dramatically after the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">canneries</a> in 1867. In 1879 it was reported that 545,450 salmon, with an average weight of 22 pounds (10.0 kg) were caught (in a recent season) and mainly canned for export to England. A can weighing 1 pound (0.45 kg) could be sold for <a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British pre-decimal coin)">8d or 9d</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> By 1908, there was widespread concern about the decline of salmon and sturgeon. In that year, the people of Oregon passed two laws under their newly instituted program of <a href="/wiki/Oregon_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon System">citizens' initiatives</a> limiting fishing on the Columbia and other rivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson190844–57-166">[165]</a> Then in 1948, another initiative banned the use of <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">seine nets</a> (devices already used by Native Americans, and refined by later settlers) altogether.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Dams interrupt the migration of anadromous fish. Salmon and steelhead return to the streams in which they were born to spawn; where dams prevent their return, entire populations of salmon die. Some of the Columbia and Snake River dams employ fish ladders, which are effective to varying degrees at allowing these fish to travel upstream. Another problem exists for the juvenile salmon headed downstream to the ocean. Previously, this journey would have taken two to three weeks. With river currents slowed by the dams, and the Columbia converted from a wild river to a series of slackwater pools, the journey can take several months, which increases the mortality rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller1997229-168">[167]</a> In some cases, the Army Corps of Engineers transports juvenile fish downstream by truck or river barge. The Chief Joseph Dam and several dams on the Columbia's tributaries entirely block migration, and there are no migrating fish on the river above these dams. Sturgeons have different migration habits and can survive without ever visiting the ocean. In many upstream areas cut off from the ocean by dams, sturgeon simply live upstream of the dam.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Not all fish have suffered from the modifications to the river; the <a href="/wiki/Northern_pikeminnow" title="Northern pikeminnow">northern pikeminnow</a> (formerly known as the squawfish) thrives in the warmer, slower water created by the dams. Research in the mid-1980s found that juvenile salmon were suffering substantially from the predatory pikeminnow,<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> and in 1990, in the interest of protecting salmon, a "bounty" program was established to reward anglers for catching pikeminnow.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> In 1994, the salmon catch was smaller than usual in the rivers of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, causing concern among commercial fishermen, government agencies, and tribal leaders.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> US government intervention, to which the states of Alaska, Idaho, and Oregon objected, included an 11-day closure of an Alaska fishery.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> In April 1994 the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Regional_Fishery_Management_Councils" title="U.S. Regional Fishery Management Councils">Pacific Fisheries Management Council</a> unanimously approved the strictest regulations in 18 years, banning all commercial salmon fishing for that year from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Falcon,_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Falcon, Oregon">Cape Falcon</a> north to the Canada–US border.<a href="#cite_note-OPB-ORstory-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> In the winter of 1994, the return of coho salmon far exceeded expectations, which was attributed in part to the fishing ban.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> Also in 1994, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">United States Secretary of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Bruce Babbitt</a> proposed the removal of several Pacific Northwest dams because of their impact on salmon spawning.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Power_and_Conservation_Council" title="Northwest Power and Conservation Council">Northwest Power Planning Council</a> approved a plan that provided more water for fish and less for electricity, irrigation, and transportation.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Environmental advocates have called for the removal of certain dams in the Columbia system in the years since. Of the 227 major dams in the Columbia River drainage basin, the four Washington dams on the lower Snake River are often identified for removal,<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> for example in an ongoing lawsuit concerning a <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> plan for salmon recovery.<a href="#cite_note-uqlpwq-159">[158]</a> These dams and reservoirs limit the recovery of upriver salmon runs to Idaho's Salmon and Clearwater rivers.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Historically, the Snake produced over 1.5 million spring and summer Chinook salmon, a number that has dwindled to several thousand in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Power" title="Idaho Power">Idaho Power Company</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon" title="Hells Canyon">Hells Canyon</a> dams have no fish ladders (and do not pass juvenile salmon downstream), and thus allow no steelhead or salmon to migrate above Hells Canyon. In 2007, the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Bull_Run_Hydroelectric_Project" title="Bull Run Hydroelectric Project">Marmot Dam</a> on the Sandy River was the first dam removal in the system.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Other Columbia Basin dams that have been removed include <a href="/wiki/Condit_Hydroelectric_Project" title="Condit Hydroelectric Project">Condit Dam</a> on Washington's <a href="/wiki/White_Salmon_River" title="White Salmon River">White Salmon River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Milltown_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Milltown Dam">Milltown Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Clark_Fork_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark Fork (river)">Clark Fork</a> in Montana.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pollution">edit</a>]</div> In southeastern Washington, a 50-mile (80 km) stretch of the river passes through the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a>, established in 1943 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. The site served as a <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> production complex, with nine <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> and related facilities along the banks of the river. From 1944 to 1971, pump systems drew cooling water from the river and, after treating this water for use by the reactors, returned it to the river. Before being released back into the river, the used water was held in large tanks known as retention basins for up to six hours. Longer-lived <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> were not affected by this retention, and several <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">terabecquerels</a> entered the river every day. By 1957, the eight plutonium production reactors at Hanford dumped a daily average of 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curies</a> of radioactive material into the Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> These releases were kept secret by the federal government until the release of declassified documents in the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-HHIN-185">[184]</a> Radiation was measured downstream as far west as the Washington and Oregon coasts.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cluster of industrial structures lie on a flat plain by a big river. The structures include a few low rectangular buildings, many smaller buildings, cylindrical tanks of varied sizes, and a tall smokestack. Several roads connect the cluster to other parts of the plain. Smoke or steam rises from two places further upriver." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg/220px-Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg/330px-Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg/440px-Hanford_N_Reactor_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="2092" /></a><figcaption>Nuclear reactors at the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a> along the river</figcaption></figure> The nuclear reactors were decommissioned at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and the Hanford site is the focus of one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">environmental cleanup</a>, managed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> under the oversight of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Department_of_Ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Department of Ecology">Washington Department of Ecology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> Nearby aquifers contain an estimated 270 billion US gallons (1 billion m3) of groundwater contaminated by <a href="/wiki/High-level" class="mw-redirect" title="High-level">high-level</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a> that has leaked out of Hanford's underground storage tanks.<a href="#cite_note-fissiontrip-188">[187]</a> As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit">[update]</a>, 1 million US gallons (3,785 m3) of highly radioactive waste is traveling through groundwater toward the Columbia River. This waste is expected to reach the river in 12 to 50 years if cleanup does not proceed on schedule.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> In addition to concerns about nuclear waste, numerous other pollutants are found in the river. These include chemical pesticides, bacteria, arsenic, <a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">dioxins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyls</a> (PCB).<a href="#cite_note-swainswim-190">[189]</a> Studies have also found significant levels of toxins in fish and the waters they inhabit within the basin. Accumulation of toxins in fish threatens the survival of fish species, and human consumption of these fish can lead to health problems. Water quality is also an important factor in the survival of other wildlife and plants that grow in the Columbia River drainage basin. The states, indigenous tribes, and federal government are all engaged in efforts to restore and improve the water, land, and air quality of the Columbia River drainage basin and have committed to work together to accomplish critical ecosystem restoration efforts. Several cleanup efforts are underway, including <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> projects at Portland Harbor, Hanford, and Lake Roosevelt.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> In early 2022, thousands of protestors demonstrated a demand for heightened cleanup efforts within the Hanford Nuclear Site. In June 2022, nearly 200 protestors attended the Hanford Journey Event, an educational tour which allowed those concerned about the Hanford Nuclear Site to learn about proposed cleanup efforts.The Hanford Journey Event was co-sponsored by the Yakama Nation. Davis Washines, a representative from the Yakama Nation Department of Natural Resources, alluded to "[the Hanford cleanup] has a lot of meaning to us, to our people. And not just for us, our personal safety, but to this ground, to the water, because they were here before we were".<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Congress responded in 2022 by increasing the budget for the Hanford clean-up efforts, after thousands of comments were sent to federal authorities to prevent high-level waste storage at Hanford.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Starting between April to June 2025, the Hanford Nuclear Site is expected to melt radioactive wastes combined with glass flakes at a rate of 21 metric tons per day.  The melters being utilized have a lifespan of five years, which requires their replacement in 2030. As of 2023, the Hanford site cleanup project is sixteen years behind schedule. One of the harmful chemicals located in the Hanford site, strontium-90, reached over 2,000 times the standard concentration for drinking water in August 2022.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Timber industry activity further contaminates river water, for example in the increased sediment runoff that results from <a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">clearcuts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Forest_Plan" title="Northwest Forest Plan">Northwest Forest Plan</a>, a piece of federal legislation from 1994, mandated that timber companies consider the environmental impacts of their practices on rivers like the Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> On July 1, 2003, Christopher Swain became the first person to swim the Columbia River's entire length, to raise public awareness about the river's environmental health.<a href="#cite_note-swainswim-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-wwswain-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Throughout 2019, a series of wildfires were ongoing in Oregon on indigenous land belonging to the Umpqua Tribe. The Umpqua Tribe lost possession to their former territory in 1853, which is now known as Elliott State Forest. Elliott State Forest has been the subject of many deforestation initiatives over past years. In December 2018, the Umpqua tribe settled in Oregon after purchasing land from the Bureau of Land Management. Michael Rondeau, a descendent of the Umpqua tribe, expressed his contradictory emotions on the acquisition, stating that he felt "sadness that my grandparents and great aunts and uncles and beyond that did not have a day of recognition". On July 14, 2019, in the Milepost 97 wildfires, 25% of the Umpqua's forest territory burned down.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> On March 7, 2022, Columbia Riverkeeper, a climate advocacy group, sued Weyerhaeuser, a timber and forest products company, for possible contamination of the Columbia River. Columbia Riverkeeper accused Weyerhaeuser of releasing harmful levels of runoff through their Longview Mill into the Columbia River. Furthermore, Columbia Riverkeeper stated that runoff could result in harmful bacteria growth. As of May 6, 2022, Weyerhaeuser reached a settlement with Columbia Riverkeeper. Weyerhaeuser was determined to contribute US$600,000 for river restoration and proposed potential fines of up to US$5,000 for each subsequent act of pollution between 2023 and 2025.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrient_cycle">Nutrient cycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nutrient cycle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycling_in_the_Columbia_River_Basin" title="Nutrient cycling in the Columbia River Basin">Nutrient cycling in the Columbia River Basin</a></div> Both natural and <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> processes are involved in the <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">cycling of nutrients</a> in the Columbia River basin. Natural processes in the system include <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuarine</a> mixing of fresh and ocean waters, and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> variability patterns such as the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Decadal_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Decadal Oscillation">Pacific Decadal Oscillation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Nino Southern Oscillation</a> (both climatic cycles that affect the amount of regional snowpack and river discharge).<a href="#cite_note-:2-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Natural sources of nutrients in the Columbia River include <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a>, leaf litter, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> carcasses, runoff from its <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estuarine_water_circulation" title="Estuarine water circulation">ocean estuary exchange</a>. Major anthropogenic impacts on nutrients in the basin are due to <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> from agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a>, and the construction of <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-203">[202]</a> Nutrient dynamics vary in the river basin from the <a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">headwaters</a> to the main river and dams, to finally reaching the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Estuary" title="Columbia River Estuary">Columbia River estuary</a> and ocean. Upstream in the headwaters, <a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon runs</a> are the main source of nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-:13-204">[203]</a> Dams along the river impact nutrient cycling by increasing <a href="/wiki/Residence_time_(fluid_dynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Residence time (fluid dynamics)">residence time</a> of nutrients, and reducing the transport of <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> to the estuary, which directly impacts <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-205">[204]</a> The dams are also a barrier to salmon migration and can increase the amount of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> locally produced.<a href="#cite_note-:9-205">[204]</a> The Columbia River estuary exports high rates of nutrients into the Pacific,<a href="#cite_note-:15-206">[205]</a> except for nitrogen, which is delivered into the estuary by ocean <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-:6-207">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Watershed">Watershed</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Watershed">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_drainage_basin" title="Columbia River drainage basin">Columbia River drainage basin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:08gorge2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A big river winds through a landscape of sparsely vegetated hills and bluffs. Dark rock faces contrast sharply with a bright blue sky veiled with intermittent white and gray clouds. In the foreground, an open space between bluffs opens on the river." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/08gorge2.jpeg/220px-08gorge2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/08gorge2.jpeg/330px-08gorge2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/08gorge2.jpeg/440px-08gorge2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Near <a href="/wiki/The_Gorge_Amphitheatre" title="The Gorge Amphitheatre">The Gorge Amphitheatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/George,_Washington" title="George, Washington">George, Washington</a></figcaption></figure> Most of the Columbia's drainage basin (which, at 258,000 square miles or 670,000 square kilometres, is about the size of France)<a href="#cite_note-BLM-208">[207]</a> lies roughly between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Cascade Mountains on the west. In the United States and Canada the term watershed is often used to mean drainage basin. The term Columbia Basin is used to refer not only to the entire drainage basin but also to subsets of the river's watershed, such as the relatively flat and unforested area in eastern Washington bounded by the Cascades, the Rocky Mountains, and the Blue Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeinig19954-209">[208]</a> Within the watershed are diverse landforms including mountains, arid plateaus, river valleys, rolling uplands, and deep gorges. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Teton_National_Park" title="Grand Teton National Park">Grand Teton National Park</a> lies in the watershed, as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_National_Park" title="Mount Rainier National Park">Mount Rainier National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Cascades_National_Park" title="North Cascades National Park">North Cascades National Park</a>. Canadian National Parks in the watershed include <a href="/wiki/Kootenay_National_Park" title="Kootenay National Park">Kootenay National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoho_National_Park" title="Yoho National Park">Yoho National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(Canada)" title="Glacier National Park (Canada)">Glacier National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Revelstoke_National_Park" title="Mount Revelstoke National Park">Mount Revelstoke National Park</a>. Hells Canyon, the deepest gorge in North America,<a href="#cite_note-BLM-208">[207]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Gorge" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Gorge">Columbia Gorge</a> are in the watershed. Vegetation varies widely, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Tsuga_heterophylla" title="Tsuga heterophylla">western hemlock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thuja_plicata" title="Thuja plicata">western redcedar</a> in the moist regions to <a href="/wiki/Sagebrush" title="Sagebrush">sagebrush</a> in the arid regions.<a href="#cite_note-ISAB-210">[209]</a> The watershed provides habitat for 609 known fish and wildlife species, including the <a href="/wiki/Bull_trout" title="Bull trout">bull trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bear</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BLM-208">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> (WWF) divides the waters of the Columbia and its tributaries into three <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater ecoregion">freshwater ecoregions</a>: Columbia Glaciated, Columbia Unglaciated, and Upper Snake. The Columbia Glaciated ecoregion, about a third of the total watershed, lies in the north and was covered with ice sheets during the Pleistocene. The ecoregion includes the mainstem Columbia north of the Snake River and tributaries such as the Yakima, Okanagan, Pend Oreille, Clark Fork, and Kootenay rivers. The effects of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciation</a> include a number of large lakes and a relatively low diversity of freshwater fish. The Upper Snake ecoregion is defined as the Snake River watershed above <a href="/wiki/Shoshone_Falls" title="Shoshone Falls">Shoshone Falls</a>, which totally blocks fish migration. This region has 14 species of fish, many of which are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>. The Columbia Unglaciated ecoregion makes up the rest of the watershed. It includes the mainstem Columbia below the Snake River and tributaries such as the Salmon, John Day, Deschutes, and lower Snake Rivers. Of the three ecoregions it is the richest in terms of freshwater species diversity. There are 35 species of fish, of which four are endemic. There are also high levels of mollusk endemism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbellOlsenDinersteinHurley2000166–69-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> In 2016, over eight million people lived within the Columbia's drainage basin. Of this total about 3.5 million people lived in Oregon, 2.1 million in Washington, 1.7 million in Idaho, half a million in British Columbia, and 0.4 million in Montana. Population in the watershed has been rising for many decades and is projected to rise to about 10 million by 2030. The highest population densities are found west of the Cascade Mountains along the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_5" title="Interstate 5">I-5</a> corridor, especially in the Portland-Vancouver urban area. High densities are also found around <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a>. Although much of the watershed is rural and sparsely populated, areas with recreational and scenic values are growing rapidly. The central Oregon county of <a href="/wiki/Deschutes_County,_Oregon" title="Deschutes County, Oregon">Deschutes</a> is the fastest-growing in the state. Populations have also been growing just east of the Cascades in central Washington around the city of <a href="/wiki/Yakima,_Washington" title="Yakima, Washington">Yakima</a> and the Tri-Cities area. Projections for the coming decades assume growth throughout the watershed. The Canadian part of the <a href="/wiki/Okanagan" title="Okanagan">Okanagan</a> subbasin is also growing rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-ISAB-210">[209]</a> Climate varies greatly within the watershed. Elevation ranges from sea level at the river mouth to more than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in the mountains, and temperatures vary with elevation. The highest peak is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a>, at 14,411 feet (4,392 m). High elevations have cold winters and short cool summers; interior regions are subject to great temperature variability and severe droughts. Over some of the watershed, especially west of the Cascade Mountains, precipitation maximums occur in winter, when Pacific storms come ashore. Atmospheric conditions block the flow of moisture in summer, which is generally dry except for occasional thunderstorms in the interior.<a href="#cite_note-ISAB-210">[209]</a> In some of the eastern parts of the watershed, especially <a href="/wiki/Shrub-steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrub-steppe">shrub-steppe</a> regions with <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Continental climate</a> patterns, precipitation maximums occur in early summer.<a href="#cite_note-nwdwm-213">[212]</a> Annual precipitation varies from more than 100 inches (250 cm) a year in the Cascades to less than 8 inches (20 cm) in the interior. Much of the watershed gets less than 12 inches (30 cm) a year.<a href="#cite_note-ISAB-210">[209]</a> Several major North American drainage basins and many minor ones border the Columbia River's drainage basin. To the east, in northern Wyoming and Montana, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a> separates the Columbia watershed from the Mississippi-Missouri watershed, which empties into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. To the northeast, mostly along the southern border between British Columbia and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, the Continental Divide separates the Columbia watershed from the <a href="/wiki/Nelson_River" title="Nelson River">Nelson</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg" title="Lake Winnipeg">Lake Winnipeg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_River" title="Saskatchewan River">Saskatchewan</a> watershed, which empties into Hudson Bay. The Mississippi and Nelson watersheds are separated by the <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Divide" title="Laurentian Divide">Laurentian Divide</a>, which meets the Continental Divide at <a href="/wiki/Triple_Divide_Peak_(Montana)" title="Triple Divide Peak (Montana)">Triple Divide Peak</a> near the headwaters of the Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Flathead_River" title="Flathead River">Flathead River</a> tributary. This point marks the meeting of three of North America's main drainage patterns, to the Pacific Ocean, to Hudson Bay, and to the Atlantic Ocean via the Gulf of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-watershed-map-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-gonzalez-215">[214]</a> Further north along the Continental Divide, a short portion of the combined Continental and Laurentian divides separate the Columbia watershed from the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie</a>-<a href="/wiki/Slave_River" title="Slave River">Slave</a>-<a href="/wiki/Athabasca_River" title="Athabasca River">Athabasca</a> watershed, which empties into the Arctic Ocean. The Nelson and Mackenzie watersheds are separated by a divide between streams flowing to the Arctic Ocean and those of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hudson_Bay_rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hudson Bay rivers">Hudson Bay watershed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> This divide meets the Continental Divide at <a href="/wiki/Snow_Dome_(Canada)" title="Snow Dome (Canada)">Snow Dome</a> (also known as Dome), near the northernmost bend of the Columbia River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmerThorington1921119-217">[216]</a> To the southeast, in western Wyoming, another divide separates the Columbia watershed from the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a>–<a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green River (Colorado River)">Green</a> watershed, which empties into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>. The Columbia, Colorado, and Mississippi watersheds meet at Three Waters Mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Range" title="Wind River Range">Wind River Range</a> of Wyoming.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> To the south, in Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming, the Columbia watershed is divided from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a>, whose several watersheds are <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic</a>, not emptying into any ocean but rather drying up or sinking into <a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">sumps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-watershed-map-214">[213]</a> Great Basin watersheds that share a border with the Columbia watershed include <a href="/wiki/Harney_Basin" title="Harney Basin">Harney Basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_River" title="Humboldt River">Humboldt River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-watershed-map-214">[213]</a> The associated triple divide points are Commissary Ridge North, Wyoming,<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> and Sproats Meadow Northwest, Oregon.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> To the north, mostly in British Columbia, the Columbia watershed borders the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> watershed. To the west and southwest the Columbia watershed borders a number of smaller watersheds that drain to the Pacific Ocean, such as the Klamath River in Oregon and California and the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> Basin in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-watershed-map-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_tributaries">Major tributaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Major tributaries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Columbia_River" title="List of tributaries of the Columbia River">List of tributaries of the Columbia River</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deschutes_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A relatively small river winds through a series of sparsely vegetated brown hills under a nearly cloudless blue sky. The river and the low hills are in shade, while the hilltops and a large hillside in the foreground are sunlit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Deschutes_River.jpg/220px-Deschutes_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Deschutes_River.jpg/330px-Deschutes_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Deschutes_River.jpg/440px-Deschutes_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Deschutes River at its confluence with the Columbia</figcaption></figure> The Columbia receives more than 60 significant <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a>. The four largest that empty directly into the Columbia (measured either by <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a> or by size of watershed) are the Snake River (mostly in Idaho), the Willamette River (in northwest Oregon), the Kootenay River (mostly in British Columbia), and the Pend Oreille River (mostly in northern Washington and Idaho, also known as the lower part of the Clark Fork). Each of these four averages more than 20,000 cubic feet per second (570 m3/s) and drains an area of more than 20,000 square miles (52,000 km2). The Snake is by far the largest tributary. Its watershed of 108,000 square miles (280,000 km2) is larger than the state of Idaho. Its discharge is roughly a third of the Columbia's at the rivers' confluence but compared to the Columbia upstream of the confluence the Snake is longer (113%) and has a larger drainage basin (104%). The Pend Oreille River system (including its main tributaries, the Clark Fork and Flathead rivers) is also similar in size to the Columbia at their confluence. Compared to the Columbia River above the two rivers' confluence, the Pend Oreille-Clark-Flathead is nearly as long (about 86%), its basin about three-fourths as large (76%), and its discharge over a third (37%).<a href="#cite_note-wdr2007us-221">[220]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kp%27itl%27els_(Brilliant,_BC),_Sinixt_village_site_and_historic_home_of_the_Alex_Christian_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of an overgrown field with a rotting fencepost in the foreground and a range of hills in the distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kp%27itl%27els_%28Brilliant%2C_BC%29%2C_Sinixt_village_site_and_historic_home_of_the_Alex_Christian_family.jpg/220px-Kp%27itl%27els_%28Brilliant%2C_BC%29%2C_Sinixt_village_site_and_historic_home_of_the_Alex_Christian_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kp%27itl%27els_%28Brilliant%2C_BC%29%2C_Sinixt_village_site_and_historic_home_of_the_Alex_Christian_family.jpg/330px-Kp%27itl%27els_%28Brilliant%2C_BC%29%2C_Sinixt_village_site_and_historic_home_of_the_Alex_Christian_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kp%27itl%27els_%28Brilliant%2C_BC%29%2C_Sinixt_village_site_and_historic_home_of_the_Alex_Christian_family.jpg/440px-Kp%27itl%27els_%28Brilliant%2C_BC%29%2C_Sinixt_village_site_and_historic_home_of_the_Alex_Christian_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Kp'itl'els (<a href="/wiki/Brilliant,_British_Columbia" title="Brilliant, British Columbia">Brilliant</a>), Sinixt village site at the confluence of the Kootenay and Columbia Rivers</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable state = uncollapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">Tributary</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Average discharge </th> <th colspan="2">Drainage basin </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cubic_feet_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic feet per second">ft3/s</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cubic_meters_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic meters per second">m3/s</a> </th> <th>mi2 </th> <th>km2 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake River</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,900 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,610<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-7">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">107,500 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">278,400<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Willamette_River" title="Willamette River">Willamette River</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,400 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,060<a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-7">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,500 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,780<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kootenay_River" title="Kootenay River">Kootenay River</a> (Kootenai) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,650 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">868<a href="#cite_note-nwcouncil-224">[223]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,420 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,300<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pend_Oreille_River" title="Pend Oreille River">Pend Oreille River</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,430 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">748<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,800 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,800<a href="#cite_note-bchydro-227">[226]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_River" title="Cowlitz River">Cowlitz River</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,140 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">259<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,586 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,700<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spokane_River" title="Spokane River">Spokane River</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,900 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">224<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005650-230">[229]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,680 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,300<a href="#cite_note-USGS-rivers-231">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lewis_River_(Washington)" title="Lewis River (Washington)">Lewis River</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,125 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">173<a href="#cite_note-subbasin_plan-232">[231]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,046 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,710<a href="#cite_note-vulcan-233">[232]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deschutes_River_(Oregon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deschutes River (Oregon)">Deschutes River</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,845 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">166<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoyAllanBuckleyMeacham2001164–65-9">[9]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,700<a href="#cite_note-USGS-rivers-231">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yakima_River" title="Yakima River">Yakima River</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,542 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,150 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,900<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wenatchee_River" title="Wenatchee River">Wenatchee River</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,079 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">87<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,350 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,500<a href="#cite_note-USGS-rivers-231">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Okanogan_River" title="Okanogan River">Okanogan River</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,039 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">86<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,200<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kettle_River_(Columbia_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle River (Columbia River)">Kettle River</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,925 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">83<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,880<a href="#cite_note-upper_columbia-240">[239]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_(Oregon)" title="Sandy River (Oregon)">Sandy River</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,257 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">64<a href="#cite_note-usgs-241">[240]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">508 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,316<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-242">[241]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Day_River" title="John Day River">John Day River</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,060 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,010 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,750<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/32px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/48px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/64px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pacific_Northwest" title="Portal:Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/32px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/48px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/64px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rivers" title="Portal:Rivers">Rivers portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Park_(Kennewick,_Washington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Park (Kennewick, Washington)">Columbia Park (Kennewick, Washington)</a>, a 400-acre (160 ha) recreational area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Estuary" title="Columbia River Estuary">Columbia River Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Maritime_Museum" title="Columbia River Maritime Museum">Columbia River Maritime Museum</a>, Astoria, Oregon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Builder" title="Empire Builder">Empire Builder</a>, an Amtrak rail line that follows the river from Portland to Pasco, Washington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estella_Mine" title="Estella Mine">Estella Mine</a>, an abandoned mine with a view of the Columbia River Valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Columbia_River_Highway" title="Historic Columbia River Highway">Historic Columbia River Highway</a>, a scenic highway on the Oregon side</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Columbia_River" title="List of crossings of the Columbia River">List of crossings of the Columbia River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_in_the_Columbia_River_watershed" title="List of dams in the Columbia River watershed">List of dams in the Columbia River watershed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of longest rivers of Canada">List of longest rivers of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_the_United_States_(by_main_stem)" title="List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)">List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_streams_of_Oregon" title="List of longest streams of Oregon">List of longest streams of Oregon</a></li> <li>Lists of ecoregions in <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_North_America_(CEC)" title="List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Oregon" title="List of ecoregions in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Lists of rivers of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_British_Columbia" title="List of rivers of British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Oregon" title="List of rivers of Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Washington_(state)" title="List of rivers of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Trail" title="Okanagan Trail">Okanagan Trail</a>, a historic trail that followed the Columbia and Okanagan rivers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gray%27s_Columbia_River_expedition" title="Robert Gray's Columbia River expedition">Robert Gray's Columbia River expedition</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Fourth at 7,500 m3/s after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> that forms the boundary between New York and Canada, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> which is only 5,897 m3/s where it meets the Ohio, and <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> at 7,957 m3/s </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbrook1956-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbrook1956_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolbrook1956">Holbrook 1956</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNational_Park_Service2021" class="citation web cs1">National Park Service (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/naming-the-columbia-river.htm">"Naming the Columbia River"</a>.</cite><span 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id="cite_note-USGS_14246900_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_PORT_WESTWARD,_NEAR_QUINCY,_OR-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_14246900_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_PORT_WESTWARD,_NEAR_QUINCY,_OR_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_14246900_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_PORT_WESTWARD,_NEAR_QUINCY,_OR_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_14246900_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_PORT_WESTWARD,_NEAR_QUINCY,_OR_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/inventory?site_no=14246900&agency_cd=USGS">"USGS 14246900 COLUMBIA RIVER AT PORT WESTWARD, NEAR QUINCY, OR"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+14246900+COLUMBIA+RIVER+AT+PORT+WESTWARD%2C+NEAR+QUINCY%2C+OR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaterdata.usgs.gov%2Fnwis%2Finventory%3Fsite_no%3D14246900%26agency_cd%3DUSGS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14105700_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_THE_DALLES,_OR-11"><a href="#cite_ref-14105700_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_THE_DALLES,_OR_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=113459&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=14105700&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=">"14105700 COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES, OR"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=14105700+COLUMBIA+RIVER+AT+THE+DALLES%2C+OR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaterdata.usgs.gov%2Fnwis%2Fwys_rpt%3Fdv_ts_ids%3D113459%26wys_water_yr%3D2023%26site_no%3D14105700%26agency_cd%3DUSGS%26adr_water_years%3D2006%252C2007%252C2008%252C2009%252C2010%252C2011%252C2012%252C2013%252C2014%252C2015%252C2016%252C2017%252C2018%252C2019%252C2020%252C2021%252C2022%252C2023%26referred_module%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12472800_COLUMBIA_RIVER_BELOW_PRIEST_RAPIDS_DAM,_WA-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-12472800_COLUMBIA_RIVER_BELOW_PRIEST_RAPIDS_DAM,_WA_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-12472800_COLUMBIA_RIVER_BELOW_PRIEST_RAPIDS_DAM,_WA_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-12472800_COLUMBIA_RIVER_BELOW_PRIEST_RAPIDS_DAM,_WA_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=149896&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=12472800&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=">"12472800 COLUMBIA RIVER BELOW PRIEST RAPIDS DAM, WA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12472800+COLUMBIA+RIVER+BELOW+PRIEST+RAPIDS+DAM%2C+WA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaterdata.usgs.gov%2Fnwis%2Fwys_rpt%3Fdv_ts_ids%3D149896%26wys_water_yr%3D2023%26site_no%3D12472800%26agency_cd%3DUSGS%26adr_water_years%3D2006%252C2007%252C2008%252C2009%252C2010%252C2011%252C2012%252C2013%252C2014%252C2015%252C2016%252C2017%252C2018%252C2019%252C2020%252C2021%252C2022%252C2023%26referred_module%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12399500_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_INTERNATIONAL_BOUNDARY-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-12399500_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_INTERNATIONAL_BOUNDARY_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-12399500_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_INTERNATIONAL_BOUNDARY_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-12399500_COLUMBIA_RIVER_AT_INTERNATIONAL_BOUNDARY_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=296266&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=12399500&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=">"12399500 COLUMBIA RIVER AT INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12399500+COLUMBIA+RIVER+AT+INTERNATIONAL+BOUNDARY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaterdata.usgs.gov%2Fnwis%2Fwys_rpt%3Fdv_ts_ids%3D296266%26wys_water_yr%3D2023%26site_no%3D12399500%26agency_cd%3DUSGS%26adr_water_years%3D2006%252C2007%252C2008%252C2010%252C2011%252C2012%252C2013%252C2014%252C2015%252C2016%252C2017%252C2018%252C2019%252C2020%252C2021%252C2022%252C2023%26referred_module%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> According to the United States Geological Survey fact sheet, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/pdf/ofr87242.pdf">"Largest Rivers in the United States"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709115552/https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/pdf/ofr87242.pdf">Archived</a> July 9, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Rivers are considered large on the basis of one or more of three characteristics: total length from source to mouth, area of basin (watershed) drained by the stream, and average rate of flow (discharge) at the mouth." 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oregon.gov/DSL/NAV/navigwaterways.shtml">the original</a> on May 27, 2010. Retrieved March 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Ownership+of+Submerged+and+Submersible+Land&rft.atitle=Oregon%27s+Publicly-Owned+Waterways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregon.gov%2FDSL%2FNAV%2Fnavigwaterways.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209080927/http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/columbia/">"Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area"</a>. U.S. Department of Agriculture: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">Forest Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/columbia/">the original</a> on December 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+River+Gorge+National+Scenic+Area&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture%3A+Forest+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fr6%2Fcolumbia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacklet2004" class="citation news cs1">Jacklet, Ben (October 19, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206213802/http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=26722">"Columbia Pilot Pay Attracts Port's Eye"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Portland_Tribune" title="Portland Tribune">Portland Tribune</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=26722">the original</a> on February 6, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portland+Tribune&rft.atitle=Columbia+Pilot+Pay+Attracts+Port%27s+Eye&rft.date=2004-10-19&rft.aulast=Jacklet&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portlandtribune.com%2Fnews%2Fstory.php%3Fstory_id%3D26722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1954" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs, Rafe (May 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oN0DAAAAMBAJ&q=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&pg=PA128">"Guarding the Graveyard of Ships"</a>. Popular Mechanics: 128–32. Retrieved March 1, 2012 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Guarding+the+Graveyard+of+Ships&rft.pages=128-32&rft.date=1954-05&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Rafe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoN0DAAAAMBAJ%26q%3D1954%2BPopular%2BMechanics%2BJanuary%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccrh-hist-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ccrh-hist_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccrh-hist_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccrh-hist_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccrh-hist_23-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2008" class="citation web cs1">Lang, Bill (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccrh.org/river/history.htm">"Columbia River"</a>. Center for Columbia River History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910111556/http://www.ccrh.org/river/history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+River&rft.pub=Center+for+Columbia+River+History&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccrh.org%2Friver%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> This number was derived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060520164022/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/rivers.html">rivers list</a> published in The Atlas of Canada by Natural Resources Canada. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060604034510/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/faq.html">"Frequently Asked Questions About Canada"</a>. 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Peakbagger.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peakbagger.com&rft.atitle=Commissary+Ridge+North%2C+Wyoming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D5429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=3248">"Sproats Meadow Northwest, Oregon"</a>. Peakbagger.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peakbagger.com&rft.atitle=Sproats+Meadow+Northwest%2C+Oregon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D3248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wdr2007us-221"><a href="#cite_ref-wdr2007us_221-0">^</a> Calculated mainly with data from: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206000126/http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/search.jsp">"Water-resources data for the United States, Water Year 2007"</a>. United States Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/search.jsp">the original</a> on December 6, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water-resources+data+for+the+United+States%2C+Water+Year+2007&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwdr.water.usgs.gov%2Fwy2007%2Fsearch.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc_name.html">"USGS Water Resources of the United States: Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions, Subregions, Accounting Units and Cataloging Units"</a>. United States Geological Survey. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625160942/https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc_name.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Water+Resources+of+the+United+States%3A+Boundary+Descriptions+and+Names+of+Regions%2C+Subregions%2C+Accounting+Units+and+Cataloging+Units&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.usgs.gov%2FGIS%2Fhuc_name.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> Sum of Subregion 1704, Upper Snake, Subregion 1705, Middle Snake, and Subregion 1706, Lower Snake. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=32749">"Willamette Watershed"</a>. Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415010826/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/30938">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Willamette+Watershed&rft.pub=Portland+Bureau+of+Environmental+Services&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portlandonline.com%2Fbes%2Findex.cfm%3Fc%3D32749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nwcouncil-224"><a href="#cite_ref-nwcouncil_224-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/kootenai/plan/Assessment_01IntroOverview.pdf">Subbasin Overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325213657/http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/kootenai/plan/Assessment_01IntroOverview.pdf">Archived</a> March 25, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/kootenai/plan/">Kootenai Subbasin Plan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921122638/http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/kootenai/plan/">Archived</a> September 21, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Northwest Power and Conservation Council </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106161101/http://virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Hydro/en/stories/rivers.php">"Balance of Power: Hydroelectric Development in Southeastern British Columbia"</a>. Touchstones Nelson: Museum of Art and History. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Hydro/en/stories/rivers.php">the original</a> on November 6, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balance+of+Power%3A+Hydroelectric+Development+in+Southeastern+British+Columbia&rft.pub=Touchstones+Nelson%3A+Museum+of+Art+and+History&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvirtualmuseum.ca%2FExhibitions%2FHydro%2Fen%2Fstories%2Frivers.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure48.pdf">"Pend Oreille, Kettle, and Colville River Basins, and the Columbia River from the International Boundary to the confluence with the Spokane River"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081018080145/http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure48.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 18, 2008. Retrieved October 19, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pend+Oreille%2C+Kettle%2C+and+Colville+River+Basins%2C+and+the+Columbia+River+from+the+International+Boundary+to+the+confluence+with+the+Spokane+River&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fwdr%2F2005%2Fwdr-wa-05-1%2Fpdf%2Fwa00103ADR2005_Figure48.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> Discharge data taken from a gauge at the US–Canada border, 16.1 miles (25.9 km) from the mouth, measuring data from about 25,200 square miles (65,000 km2), about 98 percent of the total watershed. </li> <li id="cite_note-bchydro-227"><a href="#cite_ref-bchydro_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822011818/http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs/409063/seven_mile_project.pdf">"Seven Mile Project Water Use Plan"</a> (PDF). BC Hydro. December 8, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs/409063/seven_mile_project.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seven+Mile+Project+Water+Use+Plan&rft.pub=BC+Hydro&rft.date=2006-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llbc.leg.bc.ca%2Fpublic%2Fpubdocs%2Fbcdocs%2F409063%2Fseven_mile_project.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029095450/http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14243000.2007.pdf">"Water-data report 2007: USGS 14243000 Cowlitz River at Castle Rock, WA"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14243000.2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 29, 2008. Retrieved October 24, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water-data+report+2007%3A+USGS+14243000+Cowlitz+River+at+Castle+Rock%2C+WA&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwdr.water.usgs.gov%2Fwy2007%2Fpdfs%2F14243000.2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> Discharge data taken from gauge 14243000 at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rock,_Washington" title="Castle Rock, Washington">Castle Rock</a>, 17.3 miles (27.8 km) from the mouth, measuring the flow from about 2,238 square miles (5,800 km2) or 85 percent of the total watershed. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Calculated by summing subbasin sizes listed in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/lowerColumbia/plan/Vol%20II%20H--L%20Columbia%20Tribs.pdf">Lower Columbia Tributaries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002170752/http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/lowerColumbia/plan/Vol%20II%20H--L%20Columbia%20Tribs.pdf">Archived</a> October 2, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , Northwest Power and Conservation Council; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/lowerColumbia/plan/2004_05/ManagementPlan/VolumeII/MP%20Vol%20II%20Ch%2008%20Toutle2.pdf">Toutle Management Plan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002170813/http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/lowerColumbia/plan/2004_05/ManagementPlan/VolumeII/MP%20Vol%20II%20Ch%2008%20Toutle2.pdf">Archived</a> October 2, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Retrieved on September 16, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005650-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenkeCushing2005650_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenkeCushing2005">Benke & Cushing 2005</a>, p. 650. </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-rivers-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS-rivers_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS-rivers_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS-rivers_231-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc_name.html">"Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions"</a>. United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427215107/http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc_name.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boundary+Descriptions+and+Names+of+Regions&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.usgs.gov%2FGIS%2Fhuc_name.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-subbasin_plan-232"><a href="#cite_ref-subbasin_plan_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLower_Columbia_Fish_Recovery_Board2004" class="citation web cs1">Lower Columbia Fish Recovery Board (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823103132/http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/lowerColumbia/plan/Vol%20II%20G--Lewis.pdf">"volume II – Subbasin Plan Chapter G – NF and EF Lewis"</a> (PDF). Lower Columbia Salmon Recovery and Fish & Wildlife Subbasin Plan. Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/lowerColumbia/plan/Vol%20II%20G--Lewis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 23, 2006. Retrieved October 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lower+Columbia+Salmon+Recovery+and+Fish+%26+Wildlife+Subbasin+Plan&rft.atitle=volume+II+%E2%80%93+Subbasin+Plan+Chapter+G+%E2%80%93+NF+and+EF+Lewis&rft.date=2004-12&rft.au=Lower+Columbia+Fish+Recovery+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwcouncil.org%2Ffw%2Fsubbasinplanning%2FlowerColumbia%2Fplan%2FVol%2520II%2520G--Lewis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vulcan-233"><a href="#cite_ref-vulcan_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/Hydrology/Drainages/Lewis/description_lewis.html">"Description: Lewis River Drainage, Mount St. Helens, Washington"</a>. United States Geological Survey. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006201419/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/Hydrology/Drainages/Lewis/description_lewis.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Description%3A+Lewis+River+Drainage%2C+Mount+St.+Helens%2C+Washington&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvulcan.wr.usgs.gov%2FVolcanoes%2FMSH%2FHydrology%2FDrainages%2FLewis%2Fdescription_lewis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure60.pdf">"Yakima River and Esquatzel Coulee Basins and the Columbia River from Richland to Kennewick, Water Resources Data-Washington Water Year 2005"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081018074714/http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure60.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 18, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yakima+River+and+Esquatzel+Coulee+Basins+and+the+Columbia+River+from+Richland+to+Kennewick%2C+Water+Resources+Data-Washington+Water+Year+2005&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fwdr%2F2005%2Fwdr-wa-05-1%2Fpdf%2Fwa00103ADR2005_Figure60.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> Discharge data from gauge 12510500 at Kiona, 29.9 miles (48.1 km) from the mouth, measuring the flow from about 91 percent of the total watershed. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002170908/http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/yakima/plan/1_Overview.pdf">"Yakima Subbasin Plan Overview"</a> (PDF). Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/yakima/plan/1_Overview.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 2, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yakima+Subbasin+Plan+Overview&rft.pub=Northwest+Power+and+Conservation+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwcouncil.org%2Ffw%2Fsubbasinplanning%2Fyakima%2Fplan%2F1_Overview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-WA-02-1/data/12459000.2002.sw.pdf">"Wenatchee River Basin: 12459000 Wenatchee River at Peshastin, WA"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008191739/http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-WA-02-1/data/12459000.2002.sw.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 8, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wenatchee+River+Basin%3A+12459000+Wenatchee+River+at+Peshastin%2C+WA&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fwdr%2FWDR-WA-02-1%2Fdata%2F12459000.2002.sw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988">. Discharge data from gauge 12459000 at Peshastin, 21.5 miles (34.6 km) from the mouth, measuring the flow from about 1,000 square miles (2,600 km2) or 77 percent of the total watershed. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/">Water Data Report WA-05-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429052414/http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/">Archived</a> April 29, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure52.pdf">Okanagan River Basin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081018075111/http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure52.pdf">Archived</a> October 18, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on April 20, 2007. Discharge data taken at <a href="/wiki/Malott,_Washington" title="Malott, Washington">Malott, Washington</a>, 17 miles (27 km) from the mouth, measuring the flow from about 8,080 square miles (20,900 km2), about 97 percent of the total watershed. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchool_of_Natural_Resources2001" class="citation web cs1">School of Natural Resources (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snre.umich.edu/ecomgt//pubs/transboundary/Okanagan.pdf">"Okanagan River Basin"</a> (PDF). University of Michigan. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701065515/http://www.snre.umich.edu/ecomgt/pubs/transboundary/Okanagan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Okanagan+River+Basin&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2001&rft.au=School+of+Natural+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snre.umich.edu%2Fecomgt%2F%2Fpubs%2Ftransboundary%2FOkanagan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220145826/http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/12404500.2007.pdf">"Water-Data Report 2007: 12404500 Kettle River near Laurier, WA"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/12404500.2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 20, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water-Data+Report+2007%3A+12404500+Kettle+River+near+Laurier%2C+WA&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwdr.water.usgs.gov%2Fwy2007%2Fpdfs%2F12404500.2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> Discharge data from a gauge near Laurier, 29.71 miles (47.81 km) from the mouth, measuring the flow from about 3,800 square miles (9,800 km2), about 90 percent of the total watershed. </li> <li id="cite_note-upper_columbia-240"><a href="#cite_ref-upper_columbia_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002170918/http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/admin/level2/intermtn/plan/29_uprcol_overview.pdf">"Upper Columbia Subbasin Overview"</a> (PDF). Northwest Power and Conservation Council. pp. 29–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/admin/level2/intermtn/plan/29_uprcol_overview.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 2, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Upper+Columbia+Subbasin+Overview&rft.pages=29-8&rft.pub=Northwest+Power+and+Conservation+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwcouncil.org%2Ffw%2Fsubbasinplanning%2Fadmin%2Flevel2%2Fintermtn%2Fplan%2F29_uprcol_overview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs-241"><a href="#cite_ref-usgs_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220145835/http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14142500.2007.pdf">"Water-Data Report 2007: 14142500 Sandy River Below Bull Run River, near Bull Run, OR"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14142500.2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 20, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water-Data+Report+2007%3A+14142500+Sandy+River+Below+Bull+Run+River%2C+near+Bull+Run%2C+OR&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwdr.water.usgs.gov%2Fwy2007%2Fpdfs%2F14142500.2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> Discharge data from a gauge near Bull Run, 18.4 miles (29.6 km) from the mouth, measuring the flow from about 436 square miles (1,130 km2), about 86 percent of the total watershed. </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1998" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Barbara (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427184240/https://www.portlandgeneral.com/community_environment/initiatives/protecting_fish/sandy_river/docs/sandy_river_history_full.pdf">"Salmon and Steelhead Runs and Related Events of the Sandy River Basin – A Historical Perspective"</a> (PDF). Portland General Electric. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portlandgeneral.com/community_environment/initiatives/protecting_fish/sandy_river/docs/sandy_river_history_full.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 27, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salmon+and+Steelhead+Runs+and+Related+Events+of+the+Sandy+River+Basin+%E2%80%93+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Portland+General+Electric&rft.date=1998-12&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portlandgeneral.com%2Fcommunity_environment%2Finitiatives%2Fprotecting_fish%2Fsandy_river%2Fdocs%2Fsandy_river_history_full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220145844/http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14048000.2007.pdf">"Water-Data Report 2007: 14048000 John Day River at McDonald Ferry, OR"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14048000.2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 20, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water-Data+Report+2007%3A+14048000+John+Day+River+at+McDonald+Ferry%2C+OR&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwdr.water.usgs.gov%2Fwy2007%2Fpdfs%2F14048000.2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> Discharge data from a gauge at McDonald Ferry, 20.9 miles (33.6 km) from the mouth, measuring the flow from about 7,580 square miles (19,600 km2), about 95 percent of the total watershed. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellDelano2004" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Russ; Delano, Kenneth (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029095450/http://pisces.bpa.gov/release/documents/documentviewer.aspx?pub=H00005632-3.pdf">"John Day River Subbasin Fish Habitat Enhancement Project"</a> (PDF). Bonneville Power Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pisces.bpa.gov/release/documents/documentviewer.aspx?pub=H00005632-3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 29, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Day+River+Subbasin+Fish+Habitat+Enhancement+Project&rft.pub=Bonneville+Power+Administration&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft.au=Delano%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpisces.bpa.gov%2Frelease%2Fdocuments%2Fdocumentviewer.aspx%3Fpub%3DH00005632-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbellOlsenDinersteinHurley2000" class="citation book cs1">Abell, Robin A.; Olsen, David; Dinerstein, Eric; Hurley, Patrick T. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freshwaterecoreg0000unse">Freshwater Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment</a>. Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-734-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-734-3"><bdi>978-1-55963-734-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freshwater+Ecoregions+of+North+America%3A+A+Conservation+Assessment&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55963-734-3&rft.aulast=Abell&rft.aufirst=Robin+A.&rft.au=Olsen%2C+David&rft.au=Dinerstein%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hurley%2C+Patrick+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreshwaterecoreg0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAffleck2000" class="citation book cs1">Affleck, Edward L. (2000). A Century of Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, the Yukon, and Alaska. Vancouver, British Columbia: Alexander Nicholls Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920034-08-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920034-08-8"><bdi>978-0-920034-08-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Paddlewheelers+in+the+Pacific+Northwest%2C+the+Yukon%2C+and+Alaska&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pub=Alexander+Nicholls+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-920034-08-8&rft.aulast=Affleck&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2005" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Katrine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathofcelilofal0000barb">Death of Celilo Falls</a>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98546-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98546-6"><bdi>978-0-295-98546-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+of+Celilo+Falls&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98546-6&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Katrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathofcelilofal0000barb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Benson_(Oregon_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank W. Benson (Oregon governor)">Benson, Frank W.</a> (June 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HsNAAAAYAAJ">A Pamphlet Containing All Measures ...</a> State of Oregon – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pamphlet+Containing+All+Measures+...&rft.pub=State+of+Oregon&rft.date=1908-06&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HsNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2003" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Ellen Morris (2003). In Search of Ancient Oregon: A Geological and Natural History. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-789-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-789-4"><bdi>978-0-88192-789-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Ancient+Oregon%3A+A+Geological+and+Natural+History&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-789-4&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Ellen+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenkeCushing2005" class="citation book cs1">Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riversofnorthame0000unse">Rivers of North America</a>. New York: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088253-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088253-3"><bdi>978-0-12-088253-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivers+of+North+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-12-088253-3&rft.aulast=Benke&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.&rft.au=Cushing%2C+Colbert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friversofnorthame0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1996" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleofdallesin0000boyd">People of the Dalles: The Indians of Wascopam Mission</a>. Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1236-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1236-7"><bdi>978-0-8032-1236-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+the+Dalles%3A+The+Indians+of+Wascopam+Mission&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1236-7&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleofdallesin0000boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2003" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Ella E. (2003). Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest. Berkeley, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23926-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23926-5"><bdi>978-0-520-23926-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Legends+of+the+Pacific+Northwest&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23926-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ella+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorning1977" class="citation book cs1">Corning, Howard McKinley (1977). Willamette Landings (2nd ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87595-042-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87595-042-6"><bdi>978-0-87595-042-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Willamette+Landings&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oregon+Historical+Society&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-87595-042-6&rft.aulast=Corning&rft.aufirst=Howard+McKinley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenton1924" class="citation book cs1">Denton, V. L. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farwestcoast0000dent">The Far West Coast</a>. Toronto: Dent. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/918309366">918309366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+West+Coast&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F918309366&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=V.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffarwestcoast0000dent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietrich1995" class="citation book cs1">Dietrich, William (1995). Northwest Passage: The Great Columbia River. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97546-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97546-7"><bdi>978-0-295-97546-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northwest+Passage%3A+The+Great+Columbia+River&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97546-7&rft.aulast=Dietrich&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDohnal2003" class="citation book cs1">Dohnal, Cheri (2003). Columbia River Gorge: National Treasure on the Old Oregon Trail. <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing" title="Arcadia Publishing">Arcadia Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-2432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-2432-0"><bdi>978-0-7385-2432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+River+Gorge%3A+National+Treasure+on+the+Old+Oregon+Trail&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-2432-0&rft.aulast=Dohnal&rft.aufirst=Cheri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDove_(Quintasket)1990" class="citation book cs1">Dove (Quintasket), Mourning (Christine) (1990) [1933]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780803281691">Coyote Stories</a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8169-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8169-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-8169-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coyote+Stories&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-8169-1&rft.aulast=Dove+%28Quintasket%29&rft.aufirst=Mourning+%28Christine%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780803281691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Egan" title="Timothy Egan">Egan, Timothy</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goodrainthe00timo">The Good Rain</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57724-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57724-1"><bdi>978-0-394-57724-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+Rain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-394-57724-1&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoodrainthe00timo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2003" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Ralph (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofwester00frie">In Search of Western Oregon</a>. Caldwell, Idaho: <a href="/wiki/Caxton_Press_(United_States)" title="Caxton Press (United States)">Caxton Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87004-332-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87004-332-1"><bdi>978-0-87004-332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Western+Oregon&rft.place=Caldwell%2C+Idaho&rft.pub=Caxton+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87004-332-1&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofwester00frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Gibbs" title="James A. Gibbs">Gibbs, James A.</a> (1964). Pacific Graveyard (3rd ed.). Portland, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/Binford_%26_Mort" title="Binford & Mort">Binford & Mort</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Graveyard&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Binford+%26+Mort&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarden1996" class="citation book cs1">Harden, Blaine (1996). A River Lost: The Life and Death of the Columbia. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03936-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03936-8"><bdi>978-0-393-03936-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+River+Lost%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+the+Columbia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03936-8&rft.aulast=Harden&rft.aufirst=Blaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1988" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Stephen L. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firemountainsofw00harr">Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes</a>. Missoula, Montana: <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Press_Publishing_Company" title="Mountain Press Publishing Company">Mountain Press Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87842-220-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87842-220-3"><bdi>978-0-87842-220-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+Mountains+of+the+West%3A+The+Cascade+and+Mono+Lake+Volcanoes&rft.place=Missoula%2C+Montana&rft.pub=Mountain+Press+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87842-220-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffiremountainsofw00harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1999" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Derek (1999). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of Exploration and Discovery. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/Sasquatch_Books" title="Sasquatch Books">Sasquatch Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57061-215-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57061-215-2"><bdi>978-1-57061-215-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Pacific+Northwest%3A+Maps+of+Exploration+and+Discovery&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Sasquatch+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57061-215-2&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1999a" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Derek (1999a). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of Exploration and Discovery. Seattle: Sasquatch Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57061-215-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57061-215-2"><bdi>978-1-57061-215-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Pacific+Northwest%3A+Maps+of+Exploration+and+Discovery&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Sasquatch+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57061-215-2&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbrook1956" class="citation book cs1">Holbrook, Stewart (1956). The Columbia. San Francisco: Comstock Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89174-051-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89174-051-3"><bdi>978-0-89174-051-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Comstock+Editions&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-89174-051-3&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouckCody2000" class="citation book cs1">Houck, Michael C.; Cody, M. J. (2000). Wild in the City. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87595-273-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87595-273-4"><bdi>978-0-87595-273-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+in+the+City&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Oregon+Historical+Society&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87595-273-4&rft.aulast=Houck&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft.au=Cody%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunn1990" class="citation book cs1">Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nchiwanathebigri0000hunn">Nch'i-Wàna: The Big River</a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-96851-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-96851-3"><bdi>978-0-295-96851-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nch%27i-W%C3%A0na%3A+The+Big+River&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-295-96851-3&rft.aulast=Hunn&rft.aufirst=Eugene+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnchiwanathebigri0000hunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1938" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Melvin C. (1938). Winning Oregon: A Study of an Expansionist Movement. Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9474314">9474314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winning+Oregon%3A+A+Study+of+an+Expansionist+Movement&rft.place=Caldwell%2C+Idaho&rft.pub=The+Caxton+Printers&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9474314&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Melvin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoyAllanBuckleyMeacham2001" class="citation book cs1">Loy, William G.; Allan, Stuart; Buckley, Aileen R.; Meacham, James E. (2001) [1976]. Atlas of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon_Press" title="University of Oregon Press">University of Oregon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87114-102-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87114-102-6"><bdi>978-0-87114-102-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Oregon&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=University+of+Oregon+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87114-102-6&rft.aulast=Loy&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft.au=Allan%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Buckley%2C+Aileen+R.&rft.au=Meacham%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman1909" class="citation book cs1">Lyman, William Denison (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.168767">The Columbia River: Its History, Its Myths, Its Scenery, Its Commerce</a>. G. P. Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+River%3A+Its+History%2C+Its+Myths%2C+Its+Scenery%2C+Its+Commerce&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=William+Denison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.168767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"> (see <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:The_Columbia_River:_Its_History,_Its_Myths,_Its_Scenery,_Its_Commerce" class="extiw" title="s:en:The Columbia River: Its History, Its Myths, Its Scenery, Its Commerce">here</a> for full online transcription)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGibbon1904" class="citation book cs1">MacGibbon, Elma (1904). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Leaves_of_Knowledge/Chapter_10">"Columbia River and Pullman" </a>. Leaves of Knowledge. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection. Shaw & Borden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-110-68495-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-110-68495-3"><bdi>978-1-110-68495-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columbia+River+and+Pullman&rft.btitle=Leaves+of+Knowledge&rft.series=Washington+State+Library%27s+Classics+in+Washington+History+collection&rft.pub=Shaw+%26+Borden&rft.date=1904&rft.isbn=978-1-110-68495-3&rft.aulast=MacGibbon&rft.aufirst=Elma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1997" class="citation book cs1">Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997). Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793–1843. Vancouver: <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Press" title="University of British Columbia Press">University of British Columbia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0613-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0613-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0613-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trading+Beyond+the+Mountains%3A+The+British+Fur+Trade+on+the+Pacific+1793%E2%80%931843&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0613-8&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Richard+Somerset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinig1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D.W._Meinig" class="mw-redirect" title="D.W. Meinig">Meinig, D. W.</a> (1995) [1968]. The Great Columbia Plain (Weyerhaeuser Environmental Classic ed.). University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97485-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97485-9"><bdi>978-0-295-97485-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Columbia+Plain&rft.edition=Weyerhaeuser+Environmental+Classic&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97485-9&rft.aulast=Meinig&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller1997" class="citation book cs1">Mueller, Ted (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firefaultsfloods00muel">Fire, Faults, and Floods: A Road and Trail Guide Exploring the Origins of the Columbia River Basin</a>. Moscow, Idaho: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Idaho_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Idaho Press">University of Idaho Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89301-206-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89301-206-9"><bdi>978-0-89301-206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire%2C+Faults%2C+and+Floods%3A+A+Road+and+Trail+Guide+Exploring+the+Origins+of+the+Columbia+River+Basin&rft.place=Moscow%2C+Idaho&rft.pub=University+of+Idaho+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89301-206-9&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirefaultsfloods00muel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(U.S.)2004" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council (U.S.) (2004). Managing the Columbia River: Instream Flows, Water Withdrawals, and Salmon Survival. <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_Press" title="National Academies Press">National Academies Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-09155-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-09155-8"><bdi>978-0-309-09155-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+the+Columbia+River%3A+Instream+Flows%2C+Water+Withdrawals%2C+and+Salmon+Survival&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-309-09155-8&rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetboy1980" class="citation book cs1">Netboy, Anthony (1980). The Columbia River Salmon and Steelhead Trout. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95768-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95768-5"><bdi>978-0-295-95768-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+River+Salmon+and+Steelhead+Trout&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-295-95768-5&rft.aulast=Netboy&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerThorington1921" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Howard; Thorington, James Monroe (1921). A Climber's Guide to the Rocky Mountains of Canada. New York: <a href="/wiki/Knickerbocker_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Knickerbocker Press">Knickerbocker Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Climber%27s+Guide+to+the+Rocky+Mountains+of+Canada&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knickerbocker+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Thorington%2C+James+Monroe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitzer1994" class="citation book cs1">Pitzer, Paul (1994). Grand Coulee: Harnessing a Dream. Pullman, Washington: <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University_Press" title="Washington State University Press">Washington State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87422-110-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87422-110-7"><bdi>978-0-87422-110-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Coulee%3A+Harnessing+a+Dream&rft.place=Pullman%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Washington+State+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87422-110-7&rft.aulast=Pitzer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1926" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Nellie Bowden (1926). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Oregon_Historical_Quarterly/Volume_27/Articles_in_the_Oregon_Historical_Quarterly_Relating_to_the_Columbia_River">"Articles in the Oregon Historical Quarterly Relating to the Columbia River, Settlement of Astoria, Lewis and Clark Expedition" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Quarterly" title="Oregon Historical Quarterly">Oregon Historical Quarterly</a>. Vol. 27. <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society" title="Oregon Historical Society">Oregon Historical Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Articles+in+the+Oregon+Historical+Quarterly+Relating+to+the+Columbia+River%2C+Settlement+of+Astoria%2C+Lewis+and+Clark+Expedition&rft.btitle=Oregon+Historical+Quarterly&rft.pub=Oregon+Historical+Society&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Nellie+Bowden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryce1999" class="citation book cs1">Pryce, Paula (1999). Keeping the Lakes' Way: Reburial and Re-creation of a Moral World among an Invisible People. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8223-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8223-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-8223-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keeping+the+Lakes%27+Way%3A+Reburial+and+Re-creation+of+a+Moral+World+among+an+Invisible+People&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8223-7&rft.aulast=Pryce&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, John E. (2005). A Discovery Journal: George Vancouver's First Survey Season – 1792. <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Publishing" title="Trafford Publishing">Trafford Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-7097-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-7097-3"><bdi>978-1-4120-7097-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Discovery+Journal%3A+George+Vancouver%27s+First+Survey+Season+%E2%80%93+1792&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-7097-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonda1984" class="citation book cs1">Ronda, James P. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewisclarkamongt00jame">Lewis & Clark Among the Indians</a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8990-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8990-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-8990-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lewis+%26+Clark+Among+the+Indians&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-8990-1&rft.aulast=Ronda&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flewisclarkamongt00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybářStemberkWagner2002" class="citation book cs1">Rybář, Jan; Stemberk, Josef; Wagner, Peter (2002). Landslides: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Landslides, Prague, Czech Republic, June 24–26, 2002. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5809-393-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5809-393-6"><bdi>978-90-5809-393-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landslides%3A+Proceedings+of+the+First+European+Conference+on+Landslides%2C+Prague%2C+Czech+Republic%2C+June+24%E2%80%9326%2C+2002&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-5809-393-6&rft.aulast=Ryb%C3%A1%C5%99&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Stemberk%2C+Josef&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatterfield2003" class="citation book cs1">Satterfield, Archie (2003) [1989]. Country Roads of Washington. Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/IUniverse" title="IUniverse">iUniverse</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-26863-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-26863-4"><bdi>978-0-595-26863-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Roads+of+Washington&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-595-26863-4&rft.aulast=Satterfield&rft.aufirst=Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottScott1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_W._Scott" title="Harvey W. Scott">Scott, Harvey W.</a>; Scott, Leslie M. (1924). History of the Oregon Country. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Riverside Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-16710-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-16710-2"><bdi>978-0-665-16710-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Oregon+Country&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Riverside+Press&rft.date=1924&rft.isbn=978-0-665-16710-2&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Harvey+W.&rft.au=Scott%2C+Leslie+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStellingTucker2007" class="citation book cs1">Stelling, Peter L.; Tucker, David S. (2007). Floods, Faults, and Fire. Bellingham, Washington: Geological Society of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-0009-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-0009-0"><bdi>978-0-8137-0009-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Floods%2C+Faults%2C+and+Fire&rft.place=Bellingham%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8137-0009-0&rft.aulast=Stelling&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rft.au=Tucker%2C+David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimmen1972" class="citation book cs1">Timmen, Fritz (1972). Blow for the Landing. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87004-221-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87004-221-8"><bdi>978-0-87004-221-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blow+for+the+Landing&rft.place=Caldwell%2C+Idaho&rft.pub=Caxton+Printers&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-87004-221-8&rft.aulast=Timmen&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich2007" class="citation book cs1">Ulrich, Roberta (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emptynetsindians00ulri">Empty Nets: Indians, Dams, and the Columbia River</a>. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87071-469-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87071-469-6"><bdi>978-0-87071-469-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empty+Nets%3A+Indians%2C+Dams%2C+and+the+Columbia+River&rft.place=Corvallis%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87071-469-6&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femptynetsindians00ulri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Charles F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodstruggleris00wilk">Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations</a>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05149-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05149-0"><bdi>978-0-393-05149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Struggle%3A+The+Rise+of+Modern+Indian+Nations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05149-0&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodstruggleris00wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>White, Richard. The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River (Hill and Wang, 1996)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Columbia_River" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Columbia River">Columbia River</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bchydro.com/index.html">BC Hydro</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82">Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law</a> Peace Palace Library</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Columbia_River">"Columbia River" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columbia+River&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Columbia_River">"Columbia River" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columbia+River&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.epa.gov/columbiariver">Columbia River</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160929021732/http://www2.epa.gov/columbiariver">Archived</a> September 29, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> US Environmental Protection Agency</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/crgnsa">Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area</a> from the US Forest Service</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.critfc.org/">Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.fdr.353.3.4">"The Columbia (1949)"</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102084202/http://www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html">"Timeline of exploration of the Columbia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html">the original</a> on January 2, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+of+exploration+of+the+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iinet.com%2F~englishriver%2FLewisClarkColumbiaRiver%2FRegions%2FPlaces%2Fcolumbia_river.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+River" class="Z3988">, dating to the 17th century</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/tollcan/searchterm/columbia/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/order/title/ad/asc">University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Tollman and Canaris Photographs</a> Photographs document the salmon fishing industry on the southern Washington coast and in the lower Columbia River around the year 1897 and offer insights about commercial salmon fishing and the techniques used at the beginning of the 20th century.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228163006/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/00/earthpulse/columbia/index_flash.html">Virtual World: Columbia River</a> National Geographic via Internet Archive</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbia River</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> traversed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_on_the_Columbia_River" title="List of cities on the Columbia River">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Columbia_River" title="List of crossings of the Columbia River">Crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_in_the_Columbia_River_watershed" title="List of dams in the Columbia River watershed">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rapids_of_the_Columbia_River" title="List of rapids of the Columbia River">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Columbia_River" title="List of tributaries of the Columbia River">Tributaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geology and geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Geology of the Pacific Northwest">Geology of the Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Basalt_Group" title="Columbia River Basalt Group">Columbia River Basalt Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Gorge" title="Columbia River Gorge">Columbia River Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missoula_Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Missoula Floods">Missoula Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Gods_(land_bridge)" title="Bridge of the Gods (land bridge)">Bonneville Slide/Bridge of the Gods land bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Mountains" title="Columbia Mountains">Columbia Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Falls and rapids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascades_Rapids" title="Cascades Rapids">Cascades Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celilo_Falls" title="Celilo Falls">Celilo Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_Falls" title="Kettle Falls">Kettle Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalles_des_Morts" title="Dalles des Morts">Dalles des Morts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gray%27s_Columbia_River_expedition" title="Robert Gray's Columbia River expedition">Robert Gray exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(explorer)" title="David Thompson (explorer)">David Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fur_Company" title="Pacific Fur Company">Pacific Fur Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Vancouver" title="Fort Vancouver">Fort Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Columbia_River" title="Steamboats of the Columbia River">Steamboats of the Columbia River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_Gold_Rush" title="Big Bend Gold Rush">Big Bend Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Arrow_Lakes" title="Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes">Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_upper_Columbia_and_Kootenay_Rivers" title="Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers">Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Treaty" title="Columbia River Treaty">Columbia River Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Columbia_River_Highway" title="Historic Columbia River Highway">Historic Columbia River Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Basin_Project" title="Columbia Basin Project">Columbia Basin Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Power_Administration" title="Bonneville Power Administration">Bonneville Power Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohappy_v._Smith" title="Sohappy v. Smith">Sohappy v. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Washington" title="United States v. Washington">Boldt Decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanport_City,_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanport City, Oregon">Vanport flood of 1948</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecology and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Pacific salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_On,_Columbia,_Roll_On" title="Roll On, Columbia, Roll On">Roll On, Columbia, Roll On</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confluence_Project" title="Confluence Project">Confluence Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Columbia_River_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="The Columbia River Collection">The Columbia River Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Washington" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Washington" title="Template:Washington"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Washington" title="Template talk:Washington"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Washington" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Washington"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Washington" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;"><div><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Washington_(state)-related_articles" title="Index of Washington (state)-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Washington_(state)" title="Outline of Washington (state)">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Washington (state)">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Washington" title="List of municipalities in Washington">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Washington" title="List of census-designated places in Washington">Census-designated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_lands_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal lands in Washington (state)">Federal lands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_Washington" title="List of Indian reservations in Washington">Indian reservations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)#Geography" title="Washington (state)">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Washington" title="List of earthquakes in Washington">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_highways_in_Washington" title="State highways in Washington">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington_(state)" title="Music of Washington (state)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_state_parks" title="List of Washington state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Washington_(state)" title="List of people from Washington (state)">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_state_symbols" title="List of Washington state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Washington_(state)" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Washington (state)">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Washington_(state)" title="Abortion in Washington (state)">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_(state)" title="Cannabis in Washington (state)">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Washington_(state)" title="Crime in Washington (state)">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Washington (state)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Washington (state)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Washington_(state)" title="Economy of Washington (state)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Washington (state)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Washington_(state)" title="Gun laws in Washington (state)">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Washington (state)">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Washington (state)">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)#Politics" title="Washington (state)">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#B4DDB4"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Washington_(state)" title="Government of Washington (state)">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Washington_(state)" title="Law of Washington (state)">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Washington" title="Constitution of Washington">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Washington" title="List of governors of Washington">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Legislature" title="Washington State Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)_legislative_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (state) legislative districts">Legislative districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_House_of_Representatives" title="Washington House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Senate" title="Washington State Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_(state)_ballot_measures" title="List of Washington (state) ballot measures">Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Washington" title="United States congressional delegations from Washington">Congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_congressional_districts" title="Washington's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_government_in_Washington_(state)" title="City government in Washington (state)">City governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#B4DDB4"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_state_agencies" title="List of Washington state agencies">State agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Agriculture" title="Washington State Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Archaeology_and_Historic_Preservation" title="Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation">Archaeology and Historic Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Commerce" title="Washington State Department of Commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Corrections" title="Washington State Department of Corrections">Corrections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Early_Learning" title="Washington State Department of Early Learning">Early Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Ecology" title="Washington State Department of Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Employment_Security_Department" title="Washington State Employment Security Department">Employment Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Financial_Institutions" title="Washington State Department of Financial Institutions">Financial Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Department_of_Fish_and_Wildlife" title="Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife">Fish and Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Health" title="Washington State Department of Health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Information_Services" title="Washington State Department of Information Services">Information Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Labor_and_Industries" title="Washington State Department of Labor and Industries">Labor and Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Licensing" title="Washington State Department of Licensing">Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Liquor_and_Cannabis_Board" title="Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board">Liquor and Cannabis Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Military_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Military Department">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Washington State Department of Natural Resources">Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_state_parks" title="List of Washington state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Institute_for_Public_Policy" title="Washington State Institute for Public Policy">Institute for Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Public_Disclosure_Commission" title="Washington State Public Disclosure Commission">Public Disclosure Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Public_Stadium_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State Public Stadium Authority">Public Stadium Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Social_and_Health_Services" title="Washington State Department of Social and Health Services">Social and Health Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Patrol" title="Washington State Patrol">State Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Student_Achievement_Council" title="Washington Student Achievement Council">Student Achievement Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Transportation" title="Washington State Department of Transportation">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Utilities_and_Transportation_Commission" title="Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission">Utilities and Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Washington" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#B4DDB4"><a href="/wiki/Western_Washington" title="Western Washington">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitsap_Peninsula" title="Kitsap Peninsula">Kitsap Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach_Peninsula" title="Long Beach Peninsula">Long Beach Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula" title="Olympic Peninsula">Olympic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islands" title="San Juan Islands">San Juan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagit_Valley" title="Skagit Valley">Skagit Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#B4DDB4"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Washington" title="Eastern Washington">Eastern</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inland_Northwest" title="Inland Northwest">Inland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Washington" title="Central Washington">Central Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Plateau" title="Columbia Plateau">Columbia Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methow_River" title="Methow River">Methow Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Country" title="Okanagan Country">Okanogan Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palouse" title="Palouse">Palouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_River" title="Yakima River">Yakima Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#B4DDB4">Shared</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Gorge" title="Columbia River Gorge">Columbia Gorge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbia River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Washington" title="List of municipalities in Washington">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington" title="Bellevue, Washington">Bellevue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent,_Washington" title="Kent, Washington">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Washington" title="Everett, Washington">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renton,_Washington" title="Renton, Washington">Renton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane_Valley,_Washington" title="Spokane Valley, Washington">Spokane Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Way,_Washington" title="Federal Way, Washington">Federal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima,_Washington" title="Yakima, Washington">Yakima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkland,_Washington" title="Kirkland, Washington">Kirkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington" title="Bellingham, Washington">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Washington" title="Auburn, Washington">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick,_Washington" title="Kennewick, Washington">Kennewick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasco,_Washington" title="Pasco, Washington">Pasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marysville,_Washington" title="Marysville, Washington">Marysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammamish,_Washington" title="Sammamish, Washington">Sammamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Washington" title="Lakewood, Washington">Lakewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland,_Washington" title="Richland, Washington">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoreline,_Washington" title="Shoreline, Washington">Shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacey,_Washington" title="Lacey, Washington">Lacey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burien,_Washington" title="Burien, Washington">Burien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#B4DDB4">Metropolitan areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area" title="Seattle metropolitan area">Greater Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane_metropolitan_area" title="Spokane metropolitan area">Greater Spokane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Washington" title="Tri-Cities, Washington">Tri-Cities metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenatchee%E2%80%93East_Wenatchee_metropolitan_area" title="Wenatchee–East Wenatchee metropolitan area">Wenatchee metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area,_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland metropolitan area, Oregon">Greater Portland and Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Washington" title="List of counties in Washington">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Washington" title="Adams County, Washington">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asotin_County,_Washington" title="Asotin County, Washington">Asotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Washington" title="Benton County, Washington">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelan_County,_Washington" title="Chelan County, Washington">Chelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clallam_County,_Washington" title="Clallam County, Washington">Clallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Washington" title="Clark County, Washington">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_Washington" title="Columbia County, Washington">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_County,_Washington" title="Cowlitz County, Washington">Cowlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Washington" title="Douglas County, Washington">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry_County,_Washington" title="Ferry County, Washington">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Washington" title="Franklin County, Washington">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_County,_Washington" title="Garfield County, Washington">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_Washington" title="Grant County, Washington">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grays_Harbor_County,_Washington" title="Grays Harbor County, Washington">Grays Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_County,_Washington" title="Island County, Washington">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Washington" title="Jefferson County, Washington">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsap_County,_Washington" title="Kitsap County, Washington">Kitsap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittitas_County,_Washington" title="Kittitas County, Washington">Kittitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klickitat_County,_Washington" title="Klickitat County, Washington">Klickitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_Washington" title="Lewis County, Washington">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Washington" title="Lincoln County, Washington">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_County,_Washington" title="Mason County, Washington">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanogan_County,_Washington" title="Okanogan County, Washington">Okanogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_County,_Washington" title="Pacific County, Washington">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pend_Oreille_County,_Washington" title="Pend Oreille County, Washington">Pend Oreille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington" title="Pierce County, Washington">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_County,_Washington" title="San Juan County, Washington">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagit_County,_Washington" title="Skagit County, Washington">Skagit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skamania_County,_Washington" title="Skamania County, Washington">Skamania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snohomish_County,_Washington" title="Snohomish County, Washington">Snohomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane_County,_Washington" title="Spokane County, Washington">Spokane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_County,_Washington" title="Stevens County, Washington">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurston_County,_Washington" title="Thurston County, Washington">Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkiakum_County,_Washington" title="Wahkiakum County, Washington">Wahkiakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_County,_Washington" title="Walla Walla County, Washington">Walla Walla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whatcom_County,_Washington" title="Whatcom County, Washington">Whatcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitman_County,_Washington" title="Whitman County, Washington">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_County,_Washington" title="Yakima County, Washington">Yakima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/32px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/48px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/64px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="658" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Washington_(state)" title="Portal:Washington (state)">Washington (state) portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/32px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/48px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/64px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pacific_Northwest" title="Portal:Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydrography_of_British_Columbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CDDEFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Columbia_hydrography" title="Template:British Columbia hydrography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Columbia_hydrography" title="Template talk:British Columbia hydrography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Columbia_hydrography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Columbia hydrography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydrography_of_British_Columbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_British_Columbia" title="List of rivers of British Columbia">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowichan_River" title="Cowichan River">Cowichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kootenay_River" title="Kootenay River">Kootenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liard_River" title="Liard River">Liard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaimo_River" title="Nanaimo River">Nanaimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nass_River" title="Nass River">Nass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechako_River" title="Nechako River">Nechako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_River" title="Peace River">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quesnel_River" title="Quesnel River">Quesnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeena_River" title="Skeena River">Skeena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stikine_River" title="Stikine River">Stikine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_River" title="Thompson River">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_British_Columbia" title="List of rivers of British Columbia">more</a>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_British_Columbia" title="List of lakes of British Columbia">Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlin_Lake" title="Atlin Lake">Atlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babine_Lake" title="Babine Lake">Babine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowichan_Lake" title="Cowichan Lake">Cowichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Central_Lake" title="Great Central Lake">Great Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Lake" title="Harrison Lake">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinbasket_Lake" title="Kinbasket Lake">Kinbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kootenay_Lake" title="Kootenay Lake">Kootenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechako_Reservoir" title="Nechako Reservoir">Nechako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Lake" title="Okanagan Lake">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_Lake" title="Shuswap Lake">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_Lake" title="Tagish Lake">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teslin_Lake" title="Teslin Lake">Teslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williston_Lake" title="Williston Lake">Williston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_British_Columbia" title="List of lakes of British Columbia">more</a>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast" title="British Columbia Coast">Coastal features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumshewa_Inlet" title="Cumshewa Inlet">Cumshewa Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Sound_(Canada)" title="Darwin Sound (Canada)">Darwin Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laskeek_Bay" title="Laskeek Bay">Laskeek Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masset_Inlet" title="Masset Inlet">Masset Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennell_Sound" title="Rennell Sound">Rennell Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidegate_Channel" title="Skidegate Channel">Skidegate Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidegate_Inlet" title="Skidegate Inlet">Skidegate Inlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast" title="British Columbia Coast">North Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Passage" title="Arthur Passage">Arthur Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burke_Channel" title="Burke Channel">Burke Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Sound" title="Chatham Sound">Chatham Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Entrance" title="Dixon Entrance">Dixon Entrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Channel" title="Douglas Channel">Douglas Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlayson_Channel" title="Finlayson Channel">Finlayson Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Channel" title="Fisher Channel">Fisher Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitz_Hugh_Sound" title="Fitz Hugh Sound">Fitz Hugh Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Canal" title="Gardner Canal">Gardner Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_Channel" title="Grenville Channel">Grenville Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate_Strait" title="Hecate Strait">Hecate Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Perez_Sound" title="Juan Perez Sound">Juan Perez Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_Passage" title="Lama Passage">Lama Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo_Channel" title="Laredo Channel">Laredo Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milbanke_Sound" title="Milbanke Sound">Milbanke Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Inlet" title="Portland Inlet">Portland Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rupert Harbour">Prince Rupert Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Royal_Channel" title="Princess Royal Channel">Princess Royal Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principe_Channel" title="Principe Channel">Principe Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Sound_(Canada)" title="Queen Charlotte Sound (Canada)">Queen Charlotte Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_Inlet" title="Rivers Inlet">Rivers Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaforth_Channel" title="Seaforth Channel">Seaforth Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Inlet_(British_Columbia)" title="Smith Inlet (British Columbia)">Smith Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Sound_(British_Columbia)" title="Smith Sound (British Columbia)">Smith Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Sound" title="Wright Sound">Wright Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast" title="British Columbia Coast">Central Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize_Inlet" title="Belize Inlet">Belize Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_Inlet" title="Bute Inlet">Bute Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_Inlet" title="Call Inlet">Call Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordero_Channel" title="Cordero Channel">Cordero Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drury_Inlet" title="Drury Inlet">Drury Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Arm" title="Frederick Arm">Frederick Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goletas_Channel" title="Goletas Channel">Goletas Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnstone_Strait" title="Johnstone Strait">Johnstone Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingcome_Inlet" title="Kingcome Inlet">Kingcome Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Inlet" title="Knight Inlet">Knight Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughborough_Inlet" title="Loughborough Inlet">Loughborough Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodales_Channel" title="Nodales Channel">Nodales Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phillips_Arm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phillips Arm (page does not exist)">Phillips Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pryce_Channel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pryce Channel (page does not exist)">Pryce Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Strait" title="Queen Charlotte Strait">Queen Charlotte Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Inlet" title="Seymour Inlet">Seymour Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutlej_Channel" title="Sutlej Channel">Sutlej Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_Passage" title="Wells Passage">Wells Passage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Pass" title="Active Pass">Active Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baynes_Sound" title="Baynes Sound">Baynes Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Bay" title="Boundary Bay">Boundary Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Pass" title="Boundary Pass">Boundary Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burrard_Inlet" title="Burrard Inlet">Burrard Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calm_Channel" title="Calm Channel">Calm Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captain_Passage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captain Passage (page does not exist)">Captain Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desolation_Sound" title="Desolation Sound">Desolation Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Passage" title="Discovery Passage">Discovery Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haro_Strait" title="Haro Strait">Haro Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homfray_Channel" title="Homfray Channel">Homfray Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoskyn_Channel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoskyn Channel (page does not exist)">Hoskyn Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howe_Sound" title="Howe Sound">Howe Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jervis_Inlet" title="Jervis Inlet">Jervis Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaspina_Strait" title="Malaspina Strait">Malaspina Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okisollo_Channel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okisollo Channel (page does not exist)">Okisollo Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_San_Juan" title="Port San Juan">Port San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_Arm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramsay Arm (page does not exist)">Ramsay Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_Inlet" title="Saanich Inlet">Saanich Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansum_Narrows" title="Sansum Narrows">Sansum Narrows</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_Channel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satellite Channel (page does not exist)">Satellite Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechelt_Inlet" title="Sechelt Inlet">Sechelt Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Channel" title="Stuart Channel">Stuart Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Strait of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca">Strait of Juan de Fuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutil_Channel" title="Sutil Channel">Sutil Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Inlet" title="Toba Inlet">Toba Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomali_Channel" title="Trincomali Channel">Trincomali Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Harbour_(British_Columbia)" title="Victoria Harbour (British Columbia)">Victoria Harbour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CDDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkley_Sound" title="Barkley Sound">Barkley Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooks_Bay_(British_Columbia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooks Bay (British Columbia) (page does not exist)">Brooks Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checleset_Bay" title="Checleset Bay">Checleset Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayoquot_Sound" title="Clayoquot Sound">Clayoquot Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hansen_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hansen Bay (page does not exist)">Hansen Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyuquot_Sound" title="Kyuquot Sound">Kyuquot Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound" title="Nootka Sound">Nootka Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachena_Bay" title="Pachena Bay">Pachena Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatsino_Sound" title="Quatsino Sound">Quatsino Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Josef_Bay" title="San Josef Bay">San Josef Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rivers_and_streams_of_Portland,_Oregon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_and_streams_of_Portland,_Oregon" title="Template:Rivers and streams of Portland, Oregon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_and_streams_of_Portland,_Oregon" title="Template talk:Rivers and streams of Portland, Oregon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_and_streams_of_Portland,_Oregon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers and streams of Portland, Oregon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers_and_streams_of_Portland,_Oregon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rivers and streams of Portland, Oregon</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columbia River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willamette_River" title="Willamette River">Willamette River</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_creek_SE_41st_weir_P.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lower Johnson Creek rejoins itself after forming a small island near Southeast 42nd Avenue."><img alt="Two stream channels join below land covered with trees and shrubs and protected by a stone wall. The wall, about six feet (two meters) high, extends across the right-hand stream channel, which plunges over the wall. Downstream, the combined channels are about 30 feet (9 meters) wide and turbulent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Johnson_creek_SE_41st_weir_P.jpg/120px-Johnson_creek_SE_41st_weir_P.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Johnson_creek_SE_41st_weir_P.jpg/180px-Johnson_creek_SE_41st_weir_P.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Johnson_creek_SE_41st_weir_P.jpg/240px-Johnson_creek_SE_41st_weir_P.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3159" data-file-height="1832" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balch_Creek" title="Balch Creek">Balch Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Slough" title="Columbia Slough">Columbia Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Springs_Creek" title="Crystal Springs Creek">Crystal Springs Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanno_Creek" title="Fanno Creek">Fanno Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Creek_(Willamette_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson Creek (Willamette River)">Johnson Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multnomah_Channel" title="Multnomah Channel">Multnomah Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Portland_Harbor" title="North Portland Harbor">North Portland Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephens_Creek_(Oregon)" title="Stephens Creek (Oregon)">Stephens Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Creek" title="Tanner Creek">Tanner Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryon_Creek" title="Tryon Creek">Tryon Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drinking water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Run_River_(Oregon)" title="Bull Run River (Oregon)">Bull Run River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2251#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2251#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2251#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1237148632965530630004">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1240046/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4010416-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85028740">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge138084&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284732105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10042637">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&oldid=1257465107">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River&oldid=1257465107</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Columbia_River" title="Category:Columbia River">Columbia River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Columbia_River_Gorge" title="Category:Columbia River Gorge">Columbia River Gorge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Oregon" title="Category:Borders of Oregon">Borders of Oregon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Washington_(state)" title="Category:Borders of Washington (state)">Borders of Washington (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drainage_basins_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="Category:Drainage basins of the Pacific Ocean">Drainage basins of the Pacific Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_rivers_of_North_America" title="Category:International rivers of North America">International rivers of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Benton_County,_Washington" title="Category:Rivers of Benton County, Washington">Rivers of Benton County, Washington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_British_Columbia" title="Category:Rivers of British Columbia">Rivers of British Columbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Chelan_County,_Washington" title="Category:Rivers of Chelan County, Washington">Rivers of Chelan County, Washington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Clark_County,_Washington" title="Category:Rivers of Clark County, Washington">Rivers of Clark County, Washington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Clatsop_County,_Oregon" title="Category:Rivers of Clatsop County, Oregon">Rivers of Clatsop County, Oregon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Cowlitz_County,_Washington" title="Category:Rivers of Cowlitz County, Washington">Rivers of Cowlitz County, Washington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Franklin_County,_Washington" title="Category:Rivers of Franklin County, Washington">Rivers of Franklin County, Washington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Hood_River_County,_Oregon" title="Category:Rivers of Hood River County, Oregon">Rivers of Hood River County, Oregon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Multnomah_County,_Oregon" title="Category:Rivers of Multnomah County, Oregon">Rivers of Multnomah County, Oregon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Oregon" title="Category:Rivers of Oregon">Rivers of Oregon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Wasco_County,_Oregon" title="Category:Rivers of Wasco County, Oregon">Rivers of Wasco County, Oregon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Washington_(state)" title="Category:Rivers of Washington (state)">Rivers of Washington (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Douglas_County,_Washington" title="Category:Rivers of Douglas County, Washington">Rivers of Douglas County, Washington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_with_fish_ladders" title="Category:Rivers with fish ladders">Rivers with fish ladders</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_May_2018" title="Category:Use mdy dates from May 2018">Use mdy dates 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