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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>Die <b>Etrusker</b> (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latein">lateinisch</a></span> <span lang="la-Latn" style="font-style:italic"><i>Etrusci</i></span>, <span lang="la"><i>Tusci</i></span> „Tusker“; Eigenbezeichnung möglicherweise <b>Rasenna</b>) waren ein <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antike?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antike">antikes</a> Volk in <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrurien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etrurien">Etrurien</a>, das im nördlichen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mittelitalien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mittelitalien">Mittelitalien</a> im Raum der heutigen Regionen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toskana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toskana">Toskana</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umbrien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umbrien">Umbrien</a> und <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latium">Latium</a> lebte. Die etruskische Kultur ist in diesem Gebiet zwischen 800 v. Chr. und der zweiten Hälfte des 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. nachweisbar. Nach der Eroberung durch die Römer (300 bis 90 v. Chr.) gingen die Etrusker weitgehend in der Kultur des <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%B6misches_Reich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Römisches Reich">Römischen Reichs</a> auf. Doch berichtet noch <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prokopios_von_Caesarea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prokopios von Caesarea">Prokop</a> im 6. Jahrhundert n. Chr. von Etruskern unter seinen Zeitgenossen. Mit der Erforschung der etruskischen Geschichte, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskische_Sprache?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskische Sprache">Sprache</a> und Kultur beschäftigt sich die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskologie">Etruskologie</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datei:Italie_-800.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Italie_-800.png/170px-Italie_-800.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Italie_-800.png/255px-Italie_-800.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Italie_-800.png/340px-Italie_-800.png 2x" data-file-width="4488" data-file-height="4840"></a> <figcaption> Völker auf der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apenninhalbinsel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apenninhalbinsel">Apenninhalbinsel</a> zu Beginn der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eisenzeit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eisenzeit">Eisenzeit</a> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #3200f7; margin-right: 0.4em; box-shadow: 0 0 0 .1em #ffffff" title="Blau"></span><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligurer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligurer">Ligurer</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; margin: 0;"><span 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1.2em solid; border-left-color: #80FF80; margin-right: 0.4em; box-shadow: 0 0 0 .1em #ffffff" title="Hellgrün"></span><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umbrer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umbrer">Umbrer</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #C0B000; margin-right: 0.4em; box-shadow: 0 0 0 .1em #ffffff" title="Ocker"></span><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latiner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latiner">Latiner</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #008000; margin-right: 0.4em; box-shadow: 0 0 0 .1em #ffffff" title="Grün"></span><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osker">Osker</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #FF8040; margin-right: 0.4em; box-shadow: 0 0 0 .1em #ffffff" title="Orange"></span><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messapier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messapier">Messapier</a></li> <li style="list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; margin: 0;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid; border-left-color: #FFFF80; margin-right: 0.4em; box-shadow: 0 0 0 .1em #ffffff" title="Hellgelb"></span><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magna_Graecia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magna Graecia">Westgriechen</a></li> </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="de" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bezeichnungen"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Bezeichnungen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Die_Villanovakultur"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Die Villanovakultur</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Theorien_%C3%BCber_die_Herkunft"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Theorien über die Herkunft</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Einwanderungstheorie"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Einwanderungstheorie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Autochthone_Theorie"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Autochthone Theorie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Synthese"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Synthese</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geschichte"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Geschichte</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%9Cberblick"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Überblick</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zeittafel"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Zeittafel</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kultur"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Kultur</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Schrift_und_Sprache"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Schrift und Sprache</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Anatomisches_Wissen"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Anatomisches Wissen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ausstellungen"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Ausstellungen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literatur"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Literatur</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Filme"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Filme</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Weblinks"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Weblinks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Anmerkungen"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Anmerkungen</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Bezeichnungen">Bezeichnungen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Bezeichnungen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Erwähnungen der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volksbezeichnung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volksbezeichnung">Volksbezeichnung</a> „Etrusker“ finden sich am häufigsten in den zwei Hauptsprachen der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antike_Geschichtsschreibung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antike Geschichtsschreibung">antiken Geschichtsschreibung</a>, dem <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latein">Lateinischen</a> und dem <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altgriechische_Sprache?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Altgriechische Sprache">Altgriechischen</a>. Im Lateinischen existieren die beiden Varianten <i>Etrusci</i> („Etrusker“) und <i>Tusci</i> („Tusker“). Im Griechischen finden sich die Varianten <span lang="grc-Grek" class="Grek">Τυρσηνοί</span> <span lang="grc-Latn" style="font-style:italic"><i>Tyrsenoi</i></span> („<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tyrsener?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tyrsener">Tyrsener</a>“) und <span lang="grc-Grek" class="Grek">Τυρρηνοί</span> <span lang="grc-Latn" style="font-style:italic"><i>Tyrrhenoi</i></span> („Tyrrhener“).</p> <p>Der griechische Geschichtsschreiber <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dionysios_von_Halikarnassos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dionysios von Halikarnassos">Dionysios von Halikarnassos</a> überliefert in seinem Werk über die römische Frühgeschichte die Information, dass sich die Etrusker selbst als <i>Rasenna</i> bezeichneten.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allerdings existiert in der modernen Forschung auch die Vermutung, dass Dionysios die Bedeutung dieses Begriffs missverstanden habe und es sich in Wirklichkeit um ein etruskisches Wort für „Volk“ oder „Staatsgemeinschaft“ handele, ähnlich den lateinischen Begriffen <i>populus</i> oder <i>res publica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Statt der heutigen deutschen Standardbezeichnung „Etrusker“ findet sich in älterer Literatur teilweise auch die veraltete Form <i>Etrurier</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-brockhaus_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brockhaus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Die_Villanovakultur">Die Villanovakultur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Die Villanovakultur" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datei:Museo_guarnacci,_urne_cinerarie_villanoviane_03.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Museo_guarnacci%2C_urne_cinerarie_villanoviane_03.JPG/220px-Museo_guarnacci%2C_urne_cinerarie_villanoviane_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="1413"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 258px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Museo_guarnacci%2C_urne_cinerarie_villanoviane_03.JPG/220px-Museo_guarnacci%2C_urne_cinerarie_villanoviane_03.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Museo_guarnacci%2C_urne_cinerarie_villanoviane_03.JPG/330px-Museo_guarnacci%2C_urne_cinerarie_villanoviane_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Museo_guarnacci%2C_urne_cinerarie_villanoviane_03.JPG/440px-Museo_guarnacci%2C_urne_cinerarie_villanoviane_03.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Urne und Fibeln der Villanovakultur (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_Etrusco_Guarnacci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museo Etrusco Guarnacci">Museo Etrusco Guarnacci</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volterra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volterra">Volterra</a>) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Seit etwa 1000 v. Chr. blühte im Raum um Bologna die eisenzeitliche <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovakultur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villanovakultur">Villanovakultur</a>, die vor allem durch ihre Friedhöfe bekannt ist. Die Menschen, die ihr angehörten, verbrannten ihre Toten und bestatteten die Asche in hohen Urnen, die oftmals einen helmartigen Deckel hatten. Die Urnen waren mit geometrischen Motiven dekoriert, daneben gab es <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hausurne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hausurne">Hausurnen</a>, die Wohnbauten kopierten. Typische Grabbeigaben waren <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fibel_(Schlie%C3%9Fe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fibel (Schließe)">Fibeln</a> und Waffen. Im Laufe der Zeit griff diese Kultur auch in den Raum der Toskana über. Zu beobachten sind starke Veränderungen ab etwa 750 v. Chr.: Es gab immer mehr <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nekropole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nekropole">Nekropolen</a>, was auf Bevölkerungswachstum schließen lässt. In den Gräbern dieser Zeit finden sich vermehrt Importe, vor allem auch aus Griechenland; außerdem wurden die Gräber zunehmend reicher ausgestattet, was auf wachsenden Wohlstand hindeutet. Eine weitere bemerkenswerte Veränderung war die Einführung der Körperbestattung, die die Urnen verdrängte. Mit diesen Veränderungen entstand die Kultur der Etrusker, wobei ihre Herkunft in der Forschung heftig diskutiert wird.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Theorien_über_die_Herkunft"><span id="Theorien_.C3.BCber_die_Herkunft"></span>Theorien über die Herkunft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Theorien über die Herkunft" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datei:Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg/220px-Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg/220px-Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg/330px-Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg/440px-Sarcophagus_of_the_Spouses_from_Villa_Giulia_in_Rome.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ehegatten-Sarkophag_von_Cerveteri_(Villa_Giulia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ehegatten-Sarkophag von Cerveteri (Villa Giulia)">Ehegatten-Sarkophag</a>, Banditaccia-Nekropole, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cerveteri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a>, spätes 6. Jh. v. Chr. (heute in der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villa_Giulia_(Rom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villa Giulia (Rom)">Villa Giulia</a> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rom">Rom</a>) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datei:Terracotta_sarcophagus_in_shape_of_an_etruscan_woman_bg.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Terracotta_sarcophagus_in_shape_of_an_etruscan_woman_bg.jpg/220px-Terracotta_sarcophagus_in_shape_of_an_etruscan_woman_bg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1406"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Terracotta_sarcophagus_in_shape_of_an_etruscan_woman_bg.jpg/220px-Terracotta_sarcophagus_in_shape_of_an_etruscan_woman_bg.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Terracotta_sarcophagus_in_shape_of_an_etruscan_woman_bg.jpg/330px-Terracotta_sarcophagus_in_shape_of_an_etruscan_woman_bg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Terracotta_sarcophagus_in_shape_of_an_etruscan_woman_bg.jpg/440px-Terracotta_sarcophagus_in_shape_of_an_etruscan_woman_bg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Etruskerin, Terrakottafigur aus <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiusi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chiusi">Chiusi</a>, 150–120 v. Chr., <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Badisches_Landesmuseum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Badisches Landesmuseum">Badisches Landesmuseum</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datei:Etruscan_civilization_map-de.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Etruscan_civilization_map-de.png/170px-Etruscan_civilization_map-de.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1807"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 206px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Etruscan_civilization_map-de.png/170px-Etruscan_civilization_map-de.png" data-width="170" data-height="206" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Etruscan_civilization_map-de.png/255px-Etruscan_civilization_map-de.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Etruscan_civilization_map-de.png/340px-Etruscan_civilization_map-de.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Herrschaftsgebiet der Etrusker </figcaption> </figure> <p>Die etruskische Kultur hat sich wohl erst auf dem Boden <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrurien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etrurien">Etruriens</a> entwickelt. Jedoch ist unklar, ob die Bevölkerungsmehrheit erst unmittelbar vor Entstehen dieser Kultur eingewandert ist. Ebenso wenig konnte sicher geklärt werden, woher die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskische_Sprache?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskische Sprache">etruskische Sprache</a> stammt. Schon im Altertum wurden zu diesen Fragen zwei Hypothesen vertreten.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Einwanderungstheorie">Einwanderungstheorie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Einwanderungstheorie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Laut der durch vielfältige Gen-Analysen belegten Einwanderungstheorie kamen die Etrusker vom <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kleinasien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kleinasien">kleinasiatischen</a> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lydien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lydien">Lydien</a> (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herodot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herodot">Herodot</a>) um 1000 v. Chr. in die heutige Toskana. Als Indiz dafür galt die Verwandtschaft des Etruskischen mit einer auf <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limnos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limnos">Lemnos</a> gefundenen, dem Frühetruskischen nahestehenden Inschrift in <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lemnische_Sprache?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lemnische Sprache">lemnischer Sprache</a> sowie Parallelen zum <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lydische_Sprache?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lydische Sprache">Lydischen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbujani_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barbujani-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch die künstlerische Entwicklung im frühen ersten Jahrtausend im <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orientalisierender_Stil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orientalisierender Stil">orientalisierenden Stil</a> zeigt erstaunliche Parallelen zum lydischen Raum. Eine Studie des Erbguts toskanischer Rinder zeigte, dass sie einst aus Kleinasien eingeführt wurden.<sup id="cite_ref-Pellecchia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pellecchia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Auch Genforschungen der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Turin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universität Turin">Universität Turin</a> legten eine Herkunft aus dem antiken Lydien nahe (Alberto Piazza u. a., 2007).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nach Guido Barbujani sollen Erbgut-Vergleiche ergeben haben, dass ein Drittel der mitochondrialen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allel">Allele</a> denen der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kleinasien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kleinasien">anatolischen</a> Bevölkerung entspreche und nicht der italischen.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zudem bestehe ein homogenes Gen-Kontinuum in der geografischen Verteilung und im Zeitverlauf vom 7. zum 2. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Dieses sei einheitlicher als das der heutigen italienischen oder europäischen Bevölkerung, so dass es zumindest in der sozialen Oberschicht kaum zu Vermischungen kam.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbujani_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barbujani-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Autochthone_Theorie">Autochthone Theorie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Autochthone Theorie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Die autochthone Theorie sieht die etruskische Kultur in Mittelitalien als Nachfolger der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovakultur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villanovakultur">Villanovakultur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die etruskische Sprache wäre als vorindogermanische Sprache durch die recht späte Einwanderung indogermanischer <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italiker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italiker">Italiker</a> auf die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apenninhalbinsel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apenninhalbinsel">Apenninhalbinsel</a> isoliert worden. Die kulturelle Blüte der Etrusker sei Folge der Einbindung der Toskana in den Handel im Mittelmeerraum durch <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nizier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phönizier">Phönizier</a> und <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Griechen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Griechen">Griechen</a> im frühen 8. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Der Abbau reicher Erzvorkommen ermöglichte einen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung. Die Theorie wird durch den nahtlosen Übergang der Villanovakultur in die etruskische Kultur vor allem im Norden, zum Beispiel in Felsina (heute <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bologna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>), unterstützt. Um die Zeitenwende vertrat <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dionysios_von_Halikarnassos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dionysios von Halikarnassos">Dionysios von Halikarnassos</a> jene Theorie.</p> <p>Eine <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populationsgenetik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populationsgenetik">populationsgenetische</a> Studie (Posth et al. 2021) analysierte <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ADNA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ADNA">alte DNA</a> versteinerter Knochen und Zähne von 82 <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Individuum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Individuum">Individuen</a> aus zwölf archäologischen Stätten im Gebiet der Etrusker über einen Zeitraum von 800 v. Chr. bis 1000 n. Chr. Von den 48 Individuen der etruskischen Zeit über acht Jahrhunderte konnten dabei 40 einem gemeinsamen genetischen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cluster_(Datenanalyse)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cluster (Datenanalyse)">Cluster</a> zugeordnet werden, das deutliche Übereinstimmungen mit dem <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genom">Erbgut</a> heutiger Spanier aufweist. Die Forscher folgern daraus, dass der etruskische <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genpool">Genpool</a> nicht durch Bevölkerungsbewegungen aus dem <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naher_Osten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naher Osten">Nahen Osten</a> entstanden zu sein scheint. Die Etrusker besäßen eher ein lokales genetisches Profil, das sie mit anderen benachbarten Populationen wie den Latinern aus Rom und Umgebung teilen; zum besseren Verständnis seien weitere Untersuchungen alter DNA aus ganz Italien nötig.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Synthese">Synthese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Synthese" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Die heutige Etruskologie geht von einer altmediterranen Volksschicht aus, die bis um 1000 v. Chr. eine sesshafte <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ackerbau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ackerbau">Bauernkultur</a> entwickelte und in die Fremde vom Osten (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nizier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phönizier">phönizische</a> Seefahrer) sowie indogermanische Italiker eindrangen. Dadurch entstand die Villanovakultur. Hinzu kam eine sehr dünne Schicht von Einwanderern aus <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kleinasien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kleinasien">Kleinasien</a> (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tyrsener?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tyrsener">Tyrrhener</a>). Aus der Vermischung mit der lokalen Bevölkerung entwickelte sich die etruskische Kultur.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Geschichte" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datei:Norchia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Norchia.jpg/220px-Norchia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Norchia.jpg/220px-Norchia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Norchia.jpg/330px-Norchia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Norchia.jpg/440px-Norchia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Etruskische <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nekropole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nekropole">Nekropole</a> in <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norchia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norchia">Norchia</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Überblick"><span id=".C3.9Cberblick"></span>Überblick</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Überblick" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Die ersten Grabfunde stammen aus dem 9. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Es sind steinerne Urnenbehälter in <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pozzo-Gr%C3%A4ber&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pozzo-Gräber (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Pozzo-Gräbern</a> (kleinen Erdeintiefungen), die belegen, dass die Protoetrusker ursprünglich die Feuerbestattung pflegten. Ab dem 8. Jahrhundert entstand das sogenannte <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fossagrab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fossagrab">Fossagrab</a>, eine Mulde, in die der intakte Körper gelegt und die mit einer Platte verschlossen wurde. Um 750 v. Chr. entwickelte sich die etruskische Seeherrschaft über das Tyrrhenische Meer. Dabei ging die Entwicklung vor allem von den Städten im südlichen Etrurien aus. Um 600 v. Chr. standen die Etrusker auf der Höhe ihrer Macht. Sie beherrschten zusammen mit den verbündeten <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karthago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karthago">Karthagern</a> das westliche Mittelmeer und expandierten sowohl nach Süden bis in die Gegend des heutigen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kampanien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kampanien">Kampanien</a> (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salerno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>) wie nach Norden in die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Po-Ebene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Po-Ebene">Po-Ebene</a> (Bologna).</p> <p>Die Städte waren in einem losen Städtebund (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zw%C3%B6lfst%C3%A4dtebund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zwölfstädtebund">Zwölfstädtebund</a>) zusammengeschlossen, der vor allem religiösen, weniger politischen Charakter hatte. Religiöses Zentrum war das bei <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orvieto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a> oder <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolsena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolsena">Bolsena</a> gelegene <i><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fanum_Voltumnae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Fanum Voltumnae (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Fanum Voltumnae</a></i>. Einen etruskischen Zentralstaat gab es nicht. Zwischen den Etruskern und der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latiale_Kultur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latiale Kultur">latialen Kultur</a> im Süden bestand ein intensives Verhältnis, das sich durch große Mengen an Prestigegütern aus Südetrurien in Latium zeigte und besonders durch die Könige Roms, die einem etruskischen Geschlecht entsprangen. Auch in der Architektur gab es wechselseitige Beeinflussung. Von einer etruskischen Herrschaft über Latium ist keinesfalls zu sprechen<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Die Herrschaftsform in den Städten war monarchisch. In lateinischer Umschrift bezeichnete <i>lucumo</i> den etruskischen König einer Stadt. Ansonsten ist nur wenig über die inneren Verhältnisse bekannt, auch wenn viele etruskische Elemente von den Römern übernommen wurden. Dazu zählen unter anderem die Purpurtunika und der Purpurmantel, die Rutenbündel mit Beil (<i><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fasces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fasces">fasces</a></i>) und die Vorzeichenschau (<i><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auspizien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auspizien">Auspizien</a></i>, vor allem durch Deutung des Vogelflugs). Wahrscheinlich lebte der Großteil der Bevölkerung in einem starken Abhängigkeitsverhältnis zum Adel. Außergewöhnlich war die Stellung der Frau, der ein recht hohes Maß an Prestige zukam.<sup> + Ref</sup></p> <p>In Küstennähe und im Süden Etruriens waren die wichtigsten Zentren der etruskischen Kultur: Pupluna (Populonia) mit der Verhüttung des Eisenerzes der Insel <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elba">Elba</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarquinia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a> mit der Bronzeverarbeitung, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caere">Caere</a> (Cerveteri), das die Kupfer-, Eisen- und Bleigruben der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tolfaberge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tolfaberge">Tolfaberge</a> ausnutzte, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vulci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vulci">Vulci</a> und schließlich <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veji">Veji</a> im südlichen Landesinneren. Im Norden und im Landesinneren entwickelten sich <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cortona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cortona">Cortona</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arezzo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perugia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiusi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chiusi">Chiusi</a> und <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volterra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volterra">Volterra</a> zu wichtigen Zentren. Dabei waren hier vor allem die Metallverarbeitung, die Keramikproduktion und wohl auch die Produktion landwirtschaftlicher Erzeugnisse vorherrschend. In kultureller Hinsicht gab es trotz verschiedener militärischer Konflikte auch einen fruchtbaren Austausch mit der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antikes_Griechenland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antikes Griechenland">griechischen Welt</a>. So war die etruskische Kunst von der griechischen beeinflusst.</p> <p>Seit dem 7. Jahrhundert v. Chr. gab es Bestrebungen seitens der Etrusker, sich nach Norden und Süden auszubreiten. Im Norden überquerten sie seit dem Ende des 7. Jahrhunderts den <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apennin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apennin">Apennin</a> und gründeten in der Po-Ebene eigene Städte. Vor allem zwischen den Jahren 550 bis 520 v. Chr. begann eine starke Etruskisierung. Die vorher auch hier verbreitete Villanovakultur verschwand fast völlig. Wegen des Fehlens direkter schriftlicher Quellen sind die Vorgänge im Einzelnen jedoch unsicher. Zunächst kam es vermehrt zu Importen aus Griechenland, was auf die Errichtung eines Handelsnetzes deutet. Man hat auch etruskische Inschriften aus der Zeit um 500 v. Chr. gefunden.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karthago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karthago">Karthago</a> und die Etrusker bezwangen um 535 v. Chr. in der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schlacht_von_Alalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schlacht von Alalia">Seeschlacht vor Alalia</a> in einer gemeinsamen Aktion <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Griechen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Griechen">griechische</a> Siedler aus <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phokaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phokaia">Phokaia</a> und konnten damit die phokaische Kolonie Massilia (das heutige <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marseille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>) durch eine Blockade der Meerenge zwischen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korsika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korsika">Korsika</a> und <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elba">Elba</a> von ihrer Verbindung zur phokaischen Kolonie <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elea">Elea</a> abschneiden. Wohl nicht im Jahre 510 v. Chr. (wie die Sage berichtet), sondern erst einige Zeit später begann mit der Vertreibung der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarquinius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarquinius">Tarquinier</a> aus Rom der langsame, aber stetige Niedergang der Etrusker. Die Niederlage gegen eine griechische Flotte in der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schlacht_von_Kyme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schlacht von Kyme">Schlacht von Kyme</a> im Jahr 474 v. Chr. schwächte die Seeherrschaft Etruriens nachhaltig. In Kampanien brach einige Zeit später die etruskische Herrschaft infolge von Kriegszügen der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samniten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samniten">Samniten</a> zusammen. Um 396 v. Chr. wurde Veji von Rom erobert und zerstört. Wenig später überrannten die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallier">Gallier</a> das etruskische Gebiet im Norden; wenngleich sie es nicht dauerhaft besetzten, trug dies zusätzlich zur Schwächung der Etrusker bei. Bis 265 v. Chr. wurde das südliche Etrurien Zug um Zug von Rom erobert. Die Städte im Norden (Arezzo, Volterra, Perugia, Cortona) schlossen Bündnisverträge mit Rom ab und erreichten damit eine weniger dramatisch verlaufende Assimilation ins Römische Reich. Mit der Gewährung der uneingeschränkten <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%B6misches_B%C3%BCrgerrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Römisches Bürgerrecht">römischen Bürgerrechte</a> wurde sie im Jahr 90 v. Chr. auch formal abgeschlossen.</p> <p>Die kulturellen Besonderheiten der Etrusker verloren sich in den folgenden Jahrzehnten und Jahrhunderten langsam, auch wenn die Städte Etruriens bis in die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%B6mische_Kaiserzeit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Römische Kaiserzeit">Römische Kaiserzeit</a> einige Besonderheiten im kultisch-religiösen Bereich pflegten.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Versinnbildlicht wird das Aufgehen der etruskischen Kultur im Römischen Reich etwa durch die Person des <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaius Maecenas">Gaius Maecenas</a>, der aus einer altadligen etruskischen Familie stammte und ein Vertrauter des ersten römischen Kaisers <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> war. Noch in der Mitte des 3. nachchristlichen Jahrhunderts wurde auf Münzen der Ehefrau des römischen Kaisers <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decius_(Kaiser)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Decius (Kaiser)">Decius</a> (regierte von 249 bis 251) mit der Nennung der Namen der Kaiserin <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herennia_Cupressenia_Etruscilla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herennia Cupressenia Etruscilla">Herennia Cupressenia Etruscilla</a> und des gemeinsamen Sohnes <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a> auf die Abstammung aus einer alten etruskischen Familie Bezug genommen.</p> <p>Einer der letzten römischen Kenner etruskischer Kultur und Sprache war Kaiser <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, der vor seinem Regierungsantritt eine 20 Bücher umfassende Geschichte der Etrusker verfasste; allerdings ist dieses Werk nicht überliefert.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Zeittafel">Zeittafel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Zeittafel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datei:Etruscan_Horse_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Etruscan_Horse_1.jpg/220px-Etruscan_Horse_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Etruscan_Horse_1.jpg/220px-Etruscan_Horse_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Etruscan_Horse_1.jpg/330px-Etruscan_Horse_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Etruscan_Horse_1.jpg/440px-Etruscan_Horse_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Bronzenes Pferd, Grabbeilage, 600 v. Chr. (Replik) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datei:Danseurs_et_musiciens,_tombe_des_l%C3%A9opards.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Danseurs_et_musiciens%2C_tombe_des_l%C3%A9opards.jpg/220px-Danseurs_et_musiciens%2C_tombe_des_l%C3%A9opards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2892" data-file-height="1603"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Danseurs_et_musiciens%2C_tombe_des_l%C3%A9opards.jpg/220px-Danseurs_et_musiciens%2C_tombe_des_l%C3%A9opards.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Danseurs_et_musiciens%2C_tombe_des_l%C3%A9opards.jpg/330px-Danseurs_et_musiciens%2C_tombe_des_l%C3%A9opards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Danseurs_et_musiciens%2C_tombe_des_l%C3%A9opards.jpg/440px-Danseurs_et_musiciens%2C_tombe_des_l%C3%A9opards.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Wandmalerei mit Musikern und Dienern, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tomba_dei_Leopardi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tomba dei Leopardi">Tomba dei Leopardi</a>, 400–450 v. Chr. <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monterozzi-Nekropole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monterozzi-Nekropole">Monterozzi-Nekropole</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarquinia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datei:Etruscan_riders_BM_3-2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Etruscan_riders_BM_3-2.jpg/220px-Etruscan_riders_BM_3-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="1860"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Etruscan_riders_BM_3-2.jpg/220px-Etruscan_riders_BM_3-2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Etruscan_riders_BM_3-2.jpg/330px-Etruscan_riders_BM_3-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Etruscan_riders_BM_3-2.jpg/440px-Etruscan_riders_BM_3-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Etruskische Reiter, 540–520 v. Chr., Castel San Marino </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>um 800 v. Chr.: Anfänge der etruskischen Kultur und Städtebildung in Etrurien</li> <li>um 750 v. Chr.: Aufstieg zur Seemacht</li> <li>um 700 v. Chr.: <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%BCgelgrab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hügelgrab">Tumulus</a>-Gräber und Grabmalerei; reiche Grabbeigaben</li> <li>um 600 v. Chr.: <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronze">Bronze</a>kunst im orientalisierenden Stil, Produktion von <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bucchero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bucchero">Bucchero</a>-Keramik</li> <li>550 v. Chr.: Etrurisch-<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karthago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karthago">karthagische</a> Koalition gegen Griechenland</li> <li>540 v. Chr.: <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schlacht_von_Alalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schlacht von Alalia">Seesieg bei Alalia</a></li> <li>524 v. Chr.: Niederlage bei <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumae">Kyme</a> gegen die Griechen</li> <li>um 500 v. Chr.: Blüte des etruskischen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capua">Capua</a></li> <li>um 500 v. Chr.: Sturz der etruskischen Königsherrschaft des <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a> in Rom, der Sage nach im Jahre 510 v. Chr.</li> <li>482 v. Chr.: Beginn der Auseinandersetzung zwischen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veji">Veji</a> und Rom</li> <li>474 v. Chr.: Niederlage der Etrusker gegen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syrakus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syrakus">Syrakus</a> in der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schlacht_von_Kyme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schlacht von Kyme">Schlacht von Kyme</a> (auch Cumae)</li> <li>430 v. Chr.: Niederlage gegen die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samniten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samniten">Samniten</a> in <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kampanien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kampanien">Kampanien</a></li> <li>406 v. Chr.: Belagerung von Veji durch Rom</li> <li>396 v. Chr.: Zerstörung von Veji durch Rom</li> <li>ab 396 v. Chr.: Einfall der Kelten in die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Po-Ebene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Po-Ebene">Po-Ebene</a></li> <li>384 v. Chr.: Plünderung von <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyrgi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyrgi">Pyrgi</a> (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Severa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Severa">Santa Severa</a>) durch <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dionysios_I._von_Syrakus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dionysios I. von Syrakus">Dionysios I. von Syrakus</a></li> <li>358 v. Chr.: Bündnis von <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarquinia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a> und <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cerveteri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a> gegen Rom</li> <li>310 v. Chr.: Niederlage gegen die Römer am Vadimone-See</li> <li>300 v. Chr.: Pyrgi wird römische Kolonie</li> <li>280 v. Chr.: Niederlage von <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vulci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vulci">Vulci</a> gegen Rom</li> <li>264 v. Chr.: Niederlage von <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volsinii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volsinii">Volsinii</a> gegen Rom</li> <li>260 v. Chr.: Unterwerfung durch die Gallier in der Po-Ebene</li> <li>205 v. Chr.: Unterstützung <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_Africanus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus">Scipios</a> im Feldzug gegen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hannibal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a></li> <li>183 v. Chr.: Gründung der römischen Kolonie in <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saturnia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saturnia">Saturnia</a></li> <li>90 v. Chr.: Gewährung des <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%B6misches_B%C3%BCrgerrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Römisches Bürgerrecht">römischen Bürgerrechts</a></li> <li>82 v. Chr.: Repressionen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla_Felix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix">Sullas</a> in Etrurien</li> <li>79 v. Chr.: Kapitulation von <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volterra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volterra">Volterra</a></li> <li>ab 40 v. Chr.: Endgültige Romanisierung Etruriens</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Kultur">Kultur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Kultur" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datei:Museo_guarnacci,_tomba_del_guerriero_di_poggio_alle_croci,_elmo_crestato_01.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Museo_guarnacci%2C_tomba_del_guerriero_di_poggio_alle_croci%2C_elmo_crestato_01.JPG/220px-Museo_guarnacci%2C_tomba_del_guerriero_di_poggio_alle_croci%2C_elmo_crestato_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 283px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Museo_guarnacci%2C_tomba_del_guerriero_di_poggio_alle_croci%2C_elmo_crestato_01.JPG/220px-Museo_guarnacci%2C_tomba_del_guerriero_di_poggio_alle_croci%2C_elmo_crestato_01.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="283" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Museo_guarnacci%2C_tomba_del_guerriero_di_poggio_alle_croci%2C_elmo_crestato_01.JPG/330px-Museo_guarnacci%2C_tomba_del_guerriero_di_poggio_alle_croci%2C_elmo_crestato_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Museo_guarnacci%2C_tomba_del_guerriero_di_poggio_alle_croci%2C_elmo_crestato_01.JPG/440px-Museo_guarnacci%2C_tomba_del_guerriero_di_poggio_alle_croci%2C_elmo_crestato_01.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskischer_Kammhelm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskischer Kammhelm">Etruskischer Kammhelm</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Die Epochen der etruskischen Kultur entwickelten sich parallel zu denen Griechenlands und zeugen von intensiven Kontakten im Mittelmeerraum:</p> <ul> <li>Orientalisierende Kunst (800 bis 650 v. Chr.): Parallelen der Kultur der Etrusker sind sowohl zum Nahen Osten (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kleinasien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kleinasien">Kleinasien</a>) als auch zu <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karthago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karthago">Karthago</a> festzustellen.</li> <li>Archaische etruskische Kunst (650 bis 500 v. Chr.): starker Einfluss der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ionien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ionien">ionischen</a> und <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korinth_(antike_Stadt)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korinth (antike Stadt)">korinthischen</a> Kultur. Eine Reihe griechischer Künstler und Handwerker sind in Etrurien nachweisbar.</li> <li>Blütezeit (500 bis 300 v. Chr.): Der griechische Einfluss ist sehr groß, in <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Griechische_Klassik_(Kunst)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Griechische Klassik (Kunst)">klassischer</a> wie auch in <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellenismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellenismus">hellenistischer</a> Zeit. Die Kunst erlebt ihre Blütephase trotz des langsamen wirtschaftlichen und politischen Niedergangs.</li> <li>Spätzeit (300 bis 100 v. Chr.): Man kann von einem Dialekt des Hellenismus sprechen. Der etruskische Charakter ging im Hellenismus auf.</li> </ul> <p>Der größte Teil der Kunstgegenstände wurde in den etruskischen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nekropole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nekropole">Nekropolen</a> (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cerveteri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarquinia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Populonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populonia">Populonia</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orvieto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vetulonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vetulonia">Vetulonia</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norchia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norchia">Norchia</a>) ausgegraben. Bauliche Hinterlassenschaften fand man nur selten; meist handelt es sich lediglich um die Fundamente größerer Komplexe. Die am häufigsten vertretene Gruppe bilden dabei die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskischer_Tempel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskischer Tempel">etruskischen Tempel</a>, die seit ca. 1870 systematisch ergraben werden. Erst in letzter Zeit sind auch Reste der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Profanbau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Profanbau">Profanarchitektur</a> (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Murlo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Murlo">Murlo</a> bei Siena, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marzabotto_(antike_Stadt)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marzabotto (antike Stadt)">Marzabotto</a> bei Bologna, Acquarossa bei Viterbo, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talamone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Talamone">Talamone</a>) wissenschaftlich ausgegraben und ausgewertet worden.</p> <p>Die wichtigsten Museen für etruskische Kunstgegenstände sind das <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villa_Giulia_(Rom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villa Giulia (Rom)">Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia</a> in Rom und das <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Nationalmuseum_Florenz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archäologisches Nationalmuseum Florenz">Archäologische Museum in Florenz</a>. Daneben sind die Sammlungen in Tarquinia, Chiusi, Orvieto, Arezzo, Volterra und Cortona wichtig.</p> <p>Die berühmte <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bucchero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bucchero">Bucchero</a>-Keramik, die Metallgefäße imitiert, war ebenfalls aus etruskischer Produktion und ein verbreitetes Exportgut.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"> <span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskische_Religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskische Religion">Etruskische Religion</a></i> </div> <p>Auch die Religion der Etrusker wurde von der griechischen Überlieferung beeinflusst. Obwohl es sich – im Gegensatz zu allen anderen vorchristlichen Religionen des Abendlandes – um eine <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Offenbarungsreligion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Offenbarungsreligion">Offenbarungsreligion</a> handelt, wurden die Gottheiten durch griechischen Einfluss <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthropomorphismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthropomorphismus">anthropomorphisiert</a> und lehnten sich, vor allem in der Spätzeit, stark an die des griechischen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olymp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olymp">Olymp</a> an.</p> <p>Im Altertum berühmt war die <i><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusca_disciplina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etrusca disciplina">Etrusca disciplina</a></i>, die Lehre von der Interpretation göttlicher Signale und vom korrekten Umgang mit der Götterwelt. <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leberschau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leberschau">Leberschau</a> (Haruspizium) und eine Interpretation des <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fliegen_(Fortbewegung)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vogelflug" title="Fliegen (Fortbewegung)">Vogelfluges</a> und der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blitzlehre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blitzlehre">Blitze</a> waren ebenso Teil dieser Lehre wie das korrekte Vorgehen bei der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geod%C3%A4sie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geodäsie">Landvermessung</a>. Diese Überlieferungen wurden von der etruskischen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Priester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priester">Priesterschaft</a> streng gehütet.</p> <p><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voltumna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voltumna">Voltumna</a> galt als oberster Gott der Etrusker.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Schrift_und_Sprache">Schrift und Sprache</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Schrift und Sprache" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"> <span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskische_Schrift?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskische Schrift">Etruskische Schrift</a> und <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskische_Sprache?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskische Sprache">Etruskische Sprache</a></i> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datei:D442-inscriptions_%C3%A9trusques.-L2-Ch10.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/D442-inscriptions_%C3%A9trusques.-L2-Ch10.png/220px-D442-inscriptions_%C3%A9trusques.-L2-Ch10.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="1092"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 306px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/D442-inscriptions_%C3%A9trusques.-L2-Ch10.png/220px-D442-inscriptions_%C3%A9trusques.-L2-Ch10.png" data-width="220" data-height="306" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/D442-inscriptions_%C3%A9trusques.-L2-Ch10.png/330px-D442-inscriptions_%C3%A9trusques.-L2-Ch10.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/D442-inscriptions_%C3%A9trusques.-L2-Ch10.png/440px-D442-inscriptions_%C3%A9trusques.-L2-Ch10.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Etruskische Inschriften </figcaption> </figure> <p>Es sind nur wenige längere Schriftstücke in etruskischer Schrift erhalten. Die vielen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Grabinschrift&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Grabinschrift (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Grabinschriften</a> sind sehr kurz und geben keinen tieferen Einblick in die Sprache. Von den längeren Schriftstücken sind vor allem die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agramer_Mumienbinde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agramer Mumienbinde">Agramer Mumienbinde</a>, die schon seit dem 19. Jahrhundert bekannt und im Archäologischen Museum <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zagreb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> ausgestellt ist, die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tabula_Capuana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tabula Capuana">Tontafel von Capua</a>, die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goldbleche_von_Pyrgi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goldbleche von Pyrgi">Goldbleche von Pyrgi</a> und die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bleiplatte_von_Magliano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bleiplatte von Magliano">Bleiplatte von Magliano</a> zu nennen.</p> <p>Die etruskische Schrift hat sich aus einem frühen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Griechisches_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Griechisches Alphabet">griechischen Alphabet</a> entwickelt, wird von rechts nach links geschrieben und kann leicht abgelesen werden. Die Sprache ist wegen des spärlichen Materials unvollständig entschlüsselt. Vorhandene Texte können jedoch, mit einigen Unschärfen, übersetzt werden. Gegenwärtig ist ein <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wortschatz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wortschatz">Wortschatz</a> von etwa 150 Wörtern bekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-Metzler_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Metzler-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse des Etruskischen zu anderen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sprachgruppe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sprachgruppe">Sprachgruppen</a> sind unklar.<sup id="cite_ref-Metzler_17-1" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Metzler-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Anatomisches_Wissen">Anatomisches Wissen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Anatomisches Wissen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>Eine im Pariser Museum <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louvre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> ausgestellte steinerne Skulptur, wahrscheinlich aus dem 3. oder 2. Jahrhundert vor Christus und der etruskischen Kultur zugeordnet, demonstriert in Einzelheiten besondere <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatomie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatomie">anatomische</a> Kenntnisse. Sie zeigt als 68 cm hohe Büste den Torso eines jugendlichen Menschen, bekleidet bis auf den Bereich, der die vordere Leibeswand unterhalb des Brustkorbs gefenstert darstellt, mit Blick auf die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inneres_Organ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inneres Organ">inneren Organe</a>. Der Louvre hat die Büste 2011 für eine Viertelmillion Euro aus dem Besitz eines französischen Arztes ersteigert, der sie 1960 erworben hatte. Die Skulptur soll nach dessen Angaben aus der Grabungsstätte Canino nordwestlich von Rom stammen, dem antiken <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vulci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vulci">Vulci</a>, und war wohl eine <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Votivgabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Votivgabe">Votivgabe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anatomisches_Wissen_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Anatomisches_Wissen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Ausstellungen">Ausstellungen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Ausstellungen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li>2017/2018: <i>Die Etrusker. Weltkultur im antiken Italien</i>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Badisches_Landesmuseum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Badisches Landesmuseum">Badisches Landesmuseum</a>. Katalog.</li> <li>2017/2018: <i>Etrusker. Antike Hochkultur im Schatten Roms,</i> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museum_zu_Allerheiligen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museum zu Allerheiligen">Museum zu Allerheiligen</a> Schaffhausen. Katalog.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Literatur" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <p>Für Literatur zu Spezialthemen siehe unter anderem die Literaturverzeichnisse in den Artikeln <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskologie">Etruskologie</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskische_Religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskische Religion">Etruskische Religion</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskische_Sprache?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskische Sprache">Etruskische Sprache</a> und <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskische_Schrift?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskische Schrift">Etruskische Schrift</a>. Die folgende Aufstellung ist nach Erscheinungsdatum sortiert.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maja_Sprenger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maja Sprenger">Maja Sprenger</a>, Gilda Bartoloni: <i>Die Etrusker. Kunst und Geschichte</i>. Hirmer, München 1976, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3777428906?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7774-2890-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massimo_Pallottino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massimo Pallottino">Massimo Pallottino</a>: <i>Etruskologie. Geschichte und Kultur der Etrusker.</i> Birkhäuser, Basel u. a. 1988, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3764318740?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7643-1874-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ambros_Josef_Pfiffig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ambros Josef Pfiffig">Ambros Josef Pfiffig</a>: <i>Einführung in die Etruskologie.</i> 4. Auflage. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1991, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3534060687?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-534-06068-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedhelm_Prayon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedhelm Prayon">Friedhelm Prayon</a>: <i>Die Etrusker.</i> C. H. Beck, München 1996, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3805336195?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8053-3619-5</a>.</li> <li>Graeme Barker, Tom Rasmussen: <i>The Etruscans.</i> Blackwell, Malden (MA)/Oxford/Victoria 2000, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9780631220381?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-631-22038-1</a></li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mario_Torelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mario Torelli">Mario Torelli</a> (Hrsg.): <i>The Etruscans.</i> Bompiani, Mailand 2000, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9788845247385?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-88-452-4738-5</a>.</li> <li>Franco Falchetti, Antonella Romualdi: <i>Die Etrusker.</i> Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3806216304?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8062-1630-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luciana_Aigner-Foresti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luciana Aigner-Foresti">Luciana Aigner-Foresti</a>: <i>Die Etrusker und das frühe Rom.</i> Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2003, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3534154959?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-534-15495-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giovannangelo_Camporeale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giovannangelo Camporeale">Giovannangelo Camporeale</a>: <i>Die Etrusker. Geschichte und Kultur.</i> Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf 2003, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3760823009?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7608-2300-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Andreae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Andreae">Bernard Andreae</a>, Heinz Spielmann (Hrsg.): <i>Die Etrusker.</i> Ausstellungskatalog Hamburg. Hirmer, München 2004, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3777420557?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7774-2055-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sybille_Haynes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sybille Haynes">Sybille Haynes</a>: <i>Kulturgeschichte der Etrusker.</i> Zabern, Mainz 2005, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3805333811?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8053-3381-1</a>.</li> <li>Luciana Aigner-Foresti, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Siewert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Siewert">Peter Siewert</a> (Hrsg.): <i>Entstehung von Staat und Stadt bei den Etruskern. Probleme und Möglichkeiten der Erforschung früher Gemeinschaften in Etrurien im Vergleich zu anderen mittelmeerischen Kulturen</i> (<i>Sitzungsberichte der philologisch-historischen Klasse.</i> Band 725). Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2006, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3700135092?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7001-3509-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mauro_Cristofani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mauro Cristofani">Mauro Cristofani</a> (Hrsg.): <i>Die Etrusker. Geheimnisvolle Kultur im antiken Italien.</i> Belser, Stuttgart 2006, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3763022708?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7630-2270-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_MacIntosh_Turfa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean MacIntosh Turfa">Jean MacIntosh Turfa</a> (Hrsg.): <i>The Etruscan World.</i> Routledge, London 2013, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9780415673082?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-67308-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friederike_Bubenheimer-Erhart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friederike Bubenheimer-Erhart">Friederike Bubenheimer-Erhart</a>: <i>Die Etrusker</i>. Philipp von Zabern, Darmstadt 2014, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783805348058?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-8053-4805-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Smith_(Althistoriker)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Smith (Althistoriker)">Christopher Smith</a>: <i>Die Etrusker.</i> Reclam 2016, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783150204030?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-15-020403-0</a>.</li> <li>Claus Hattler (Hrsg.): <i>Die Etrusker. Weltkultur im antiken Italien.</i> Katalog zur Ausstellung im Badischen Landesmuseum Karlsruhe vom 16. Dezember 2017 bis zum 1. Januar 2018. Theiss, Darmstadt 2017, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783806236217?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-8062-3621-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dirk_Steuernagel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dirk Steuernagel">Dirk Steuernagel</a>: <i>Die Etrusker. Ursprünge – Geschichte – Zivilisation.</i> Marixverlag, Wiesbaden 2020, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783737411387?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-7374-1138-7</a></li> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luciana_Aigner-Foresti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luciana Aigner-Foresti">Luciana Aigner-Foresti</a>: <i>Geschichte und Erbe der Etrusker.</i> Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2024, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783170425170?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-17-042517-0</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Filme">Filme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Filme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul> <li><i>Die Etrusker – Eine antike Supermacht.</i> 90-minütige Filmdokumentation von Alexis de Favitski (Frankreich 2020).</li> <li><i>Die Botschaft der 12. Etruskerstadt.</i> 45-minütige Dokumentation zur Ausgrabung von Vetulonia. (Deutschland 2010)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"> <div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div><b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Etruscan_art?uselang%3Dde"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Etruskische Kunst</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien </div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"> <span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/16px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/16px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/24px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/32px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Etrusker" class="extiw" title="wikt:Etrusker">Wiktionary: Etrusker</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen </div> <ul> <li>Sebastian Kirschner: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.br.de/mediathek/podcast/radiowissen/die-etrusker-roms-maechtige-vorfahren/1853182"><i>Die Etrusker – Roms mächtige Vorfahren</i></a> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bayern_2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bayern 2">Bayern 2</a> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radiowissen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radiowissen">Radiowissen</a>. Ausstrahlung am 28. März 2022. (Podcast)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Anmerkungen">Anmerkungen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Anmerkungen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysios von Halikarnassos: Ῥωμαϊκὴ ἀρχαιολογία (<i>Antiquitates Romanae</i>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/1B*.html%2330">1,30</a> (englische Übersetzung); siehe <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedhelm_Prayon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedhelm Prayon">Friedhelm Prayon</a>: <i>Die Etrusker. Geschichte – Religion – Kunst.</i> 5., überarbeitete Auflage. C. H. Beck, München 2010, S. 31.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Helmut Rix: <i>Etr. meχ rasnal = lat. res publica.</i> In: Maria Grazi Marzi Costagli (Hrsg.): <i>Studi di antichità in onore di Guglielmo Maetzke.</i> Band 2, Rom 1984, S. 455–468; <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dirk_Steuernagel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dirk Steuernagel">Dirk Steuernagel</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2025/2025.02.22">Rezension zu Luciana Aigner-Foresti, Geschichte und Erbe der Etrusker</a>.</i> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_Classical_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bryn Mawr Classical Review">Bryn Mawr Classical Review</a> 2025.02.22.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-brockhaus-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brockhaus_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siehe Brockhaus Conversations-Lexikon, Band 1, Amsterdam 1809, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.zeno.org/nid/20000750379">S. 395</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Barbujani-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barbujani_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barbujani_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Guido Barbujani: <i>Die Etrusker – eine populationsgenetische Studie.</i> In: Günter Hauska (Hrsg.): <i>Gene, Sprachen und ihre Evolution.</i> Universitätsverlag, Regensburg 2005, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3930480468?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-930480-46-8</a>, S. 185 ff.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Pellecchia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Pellecchia_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marco Pellecchia: <i>The mystery of Etruscan origins – novel clues from Bos taurus mitochondrial DNA.</i> In: <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B.</i> Nr. 274, London 2007, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0258" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0258">doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0258</a>, <span class="plainlinks-print"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t%3Diss%253D%25220080-4649%2522%26key%3Dcql">0080-4649</a></span></span>, S. 1175–1179.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alessandro Achilli, Anna Olivieri, Maria Pala, Ene Metspalu, Simona Fornarino, Vincenza Battaglia, Matteo Accetturo, Ildus Kutuev, Elsa Khusnutdinova, Erwan Pennarun, Nicoletta Cerutti, Cornelia Di Gaetano, Francesca Crobu, Domenico Palli, Giuseppe Matullo, A. Silvana Santachiara-Benerecetti, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Ornella Semino, Richard Villems, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, Alberto Piazza, Antonio Torroni: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Mitochondrial DNA Variation of Modern Tuscans Supports the Near Eastern Origin of Etruscans</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The American Journal of Human Genetics">The American Journal of Human Genetics</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>80(4)</span>. Elsevier, 2007, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t%3Diss%253D%25220002-9297%2522%26key%3Dcql">0002-9297</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>759–768</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852723/">PMC 1852723</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Etrusker&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+Variation+of+Modern+Tuscans+Supports+the+Near+Eastern+Origin+of+Etruscans&rft.au=Alessandro+Achilli%2C+Anna+Olivieri%2C+Maria+Pala%2C+...&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft.issue=80%284%29&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.pages=759-768&rft.place=The+American+Society+of+Human+Genetics&rft.pmc=1852723&rft.pub=Elsevier" style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.scinexx.de/news/geowissen/etrusker-stammten-aus-anatolien/"><i>Etrusker stammten aus Anatolien.</i></a> DNA-Vergleich beantwortet Frage nach dem Ursprung der rätselhaften Kultur. Scinexx, das Wissensmagazin, 19. Juni 2007<span style="display:none">;</span><span class="Abrufdatum" style="display:none"> abgerufen am 4. Oktober 2021</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AEtrusker&rft.title=Etrusker+stammten+aus+Anatolien&rft.description=Etrusker+stammten+aus+Anatolien&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scinexx.de%2Fnews%2Fgeowissen%2Fetrusker-stammten-aus-anatolien%2F&rft.publisher=Scinexx%2C+das+Wissensmagazin&rft.date=2007-06-19"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20070928200118/http://www.ntv-online.de/815441.html"><i>Herkunft der Etrusker geklärt. Genvergleich mit Ergebnis.</i></a> Archiviert vom <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">.mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-position:center right!important;background-repeat:no-repeat!important}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr-progressive.svg")!important;background-size:10px!important;padding-right:13px!important}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/MediaWiki_external_link_icon.svg")!important;padding-right:13px!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg")!important;background-size:0.857em!important;padding-right:1em!important}</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.ntv-online.de%252F815441.html">Original</a></span> am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">28. September 2007</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 6. März 2018</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AEtrusker&rft.title=Herkunft+der+Etrusker+gekl%C3%A4rt.+Genvergleich+mit+Ergebnis.&rft.description=Herkunft+der+Etrusker+gekl%C3%A4rt.+Genvergleich+mit+Ergebnis.&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.is%2F20070928200118%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntv-online.de%2F815441.html&rft.source=http://www.ntv-online.de/815441.html"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jun/18/science/sci-etruscans18">„Genetic tests: Italians were from Turkey. DNA of men whose forebears probably were Etruscans show they weren’t local, but migrated, study says.</a>“, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, Juni 2007</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Vernesi, D. Caramelli, I. Dupanloup, G. Bertorelle, M. Lari, E. Cappellini, J. Moggi-Cecchi, B. Chiarelli, L. Castrì, A. Casoli, F. Mallegni, C. Lalueza-Fox, G. Barbujani: <i>The Etruscans: a population-genetic study.</i> In: <i><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The American Journal of Human Genetics">The American Journal of Human Genetics</a>.</i> Band 74, Nummer 4, April 2004, S. 694–704, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1086/383284">10.1086/383284</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15015132?dopt%3DAbstract">PMID 15015132</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181945/">PMC 1181945</a> (freier Volltext). Zitat: <dl> <dd> „Die kürzesten genetischen Distanzen der Etrusker bestehen zu modernen Toskanern (FST=0,036; P=.0017) und Türken (FST=0,037; P=.0001); […]. Mutmaßliche Beiträge der einzelnen Ursprungsvölker bzw. die Vermischungskoeffizienten sind für die drei modernen italienischen Populationen ähnlich, doch unterscheiden sich Etrusker in zweierlei Hinsicht: Sie zeigen engere Beziehungen zu Nordafrikanern als auch zu Türken als jede andere zeitgenössische Population. Insbesondere ist die türkische Komponente in ihrem Genpool dreimal so groß wie in den anderen Populationen.[…] die Ähnlichkeit zwischen dem etruskischen und dem türkischen Genpool könnte einen gewissen Genfluss widerspiegeln.“ </dd> </dl></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barker, Rasmussen: <i>The Etruscans</i>, 83-84</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wissenschaft.de/geschichte-archaeologie/neue-hinweise-zum-ursprung-der-etrusker/"><i>Neue Hinweise zum Ursprung der Etrusker</i></a> auf wissenschaft.de vom 24. September 2021; abgerufen am 10. Juni 2022.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cosimo Posth, Valentina Zaro, Maria A. Spyrou, Stefania Vai, Guido A. Gnecchi-Ruscone, Alessandra Modi, Alexander Peltzer, Angela Mötsch, Kathrin Nägele, Johannes Krause u. a.: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_Advances?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>39</span>. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2021, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t%3Diss%253D%25222375-2548%2522%26key%3Dcql">2375-2548</a></span>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi7673">10.1126/sciadv.abi7673</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Etrusker&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+legacy+of+the+Etruscans+through+a+2000-year+archeogenomic+time+transect&rft.au=Cosimo+Posth%2C+Valentina+Zaro%2C+Maria+A.+Spyrou%2C+...&rft.date=2021&rft.doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.abi7673&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.issue=39&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.pub=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentz, Martin, “2.3.5. Etrurien, Etrusker”, in: Der Neue Pauly Supplemente II Online - Band 10 : Frühgeschichte der Mittelmeerkulturen, Herausgegeben von Anne-Maria Wittke. Serie: Der Neue Pauly – Supplemente, 2. Staffel, herausgegeben von Manfred Landfester und Helmuth Schneider, Band 10. Stuttgart. J.B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung und Carl Ernst Poeschel Verlag GmbH (2015). <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-3418_dnpo10_COM_005794">10.1163/2468-3418_dnpo10_COM_005794</a></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graeme Barker, Tom Rasmussen: <i>The Etruscans.</i> Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford 1998, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0631220380?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-631-22038-0</a>, S. 140</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zur Religionsgeschichte des kaiserzeitlichen Etrurien siehe Annalisa Calapà: <i>Sacra civitatium Etruriae. Untersuchungen zur Religionsgeschichte des römischen Etrurien.</i> W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2022, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783170410107?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-17-041010-7</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Metzler-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Metzler_17-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Metzler_17-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helmut_Gl%C3%BCck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helmut Glück">Helmut Glück</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Etruskisch</cite>. In: Helmut Glück (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Metzler Lexikon Sprache</cite>. 3. Auflage. J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart 2005, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3476020568?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-476-02056-8</a>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>182</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Sp.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Etrusker&rft.atitle=Etruskisch&rft.au=Helmut+Gl%C3%BCck&rft.btitle=Metzler+Lexikon+Sprache&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=3.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3476020568&rft.pages=182&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=J.+B.+Metzler" style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Anatomisches_Wissen-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Anatomisches_Wissen_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/medizin/0,1518,783803,00.html">Spiegel online-Artikel</a> <i>Antike Statue zeigt menschliche Innereien</i> vom 1. September 2011</span></li> </ol> <div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten"> <div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;"> <div> Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="plainlinks-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015627-8">4015627-8</a></span> <span class="noprint">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lobid.org/gnd/4015627-8">lobid</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://swb.bsz-bw.de/DB%3D2.104/SET%3D1/TTL%3D1/CMD?retrace%3D0%26trm_old%3D%26ACT%3DSRCHA%26IKT%3D2999%26SRT%3DRLV%26TRM%3D4015627-8">OGND</a><span class="metadata">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://prometheus.lmu.de/gnd/4015627-8">AKS</a></span>)</span> <span class="metadata"></span> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Abgerufen von „<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DEtrusker%26oldid%3D253270694">https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&oldid=253270694</a>“ </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Etrusker&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="DerMaxdorfer" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1739388017"> <span>Zuletzt bearbeitet am 12. Februar 2025 um 20:20</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Sprachen</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruskers" title="Etruskers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Etruskers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrusker" title="Etrusker – Schweizerdeutsch" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Etrusker" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Schweizerdeutsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B6%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="الحضارة الإترورية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحضارة الإترورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A5%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586" title="إتروسكيين – Marokkanisches Arabisch" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إتروسكيين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Marokkanisches Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscos" title="Etruscos – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Etruscos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrusklar" title="Etrusklar – Aserbaidschanisch" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Etrusklar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25DA%25A9%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1" title="اتروسکلار – Südaserbaidschanisch" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اتروسکلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="Südaserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596" title="Этрускі – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Этрускі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596" title="Этрускі – Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Этрускі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8" title="Етруски – Bulgarisch" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Етруски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="इत्रिस्की सभ्यता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इत्रिस्की सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%258F%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="এট্রুস্কান সভ্যতা – Bengalisch" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এট্রুস্কান সভ্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrusked" title="Etrusked – Bretonisch" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Etrusked" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscs" title="Etruscs – Katalanisch" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Etruscs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruschi" title="Etruschi – Korsisch" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Etruschi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruskov%25C3%25A9" title="Etruskové – Tschechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Etruskové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tschechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC" title="Этрусксем – Tschuwaschisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Этрусксем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tschuwaschisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrwsciaid" title="Etrwsciaid – Walisisch" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Etrwsciaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Walisisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruskere" title="Etruskere – Dänisch" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Etruskere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dänisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2595%25CF%2584%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CF%258D%25CF%2583%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B9" title="Ετρούσκοι – Griechisch" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ετρούσκοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Griechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrosch" title="Etrosch – Emilianisch" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Etrosch" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emilianisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization – Englisch" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Etruscan civilization" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruskoj" title="Etruskoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Etruskoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscos" title="Etruscos – Spanisch" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etruscos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruskid" title="Etruskid – Estnisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Etruskid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruriar" title="Etruriar – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Etruriar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscus" title="Etruscus – Extremadurisch" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Etruscus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25DA%25A9" title="تمدن اتروسک – Persisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمدن اتروسک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruskit" title="Etruskit – Finnisch" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etruskit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589trusques" title="Étrusques – Französisch" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étrusques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Französisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrusken" title="Etrusken – Westfriesisch" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Etrusken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Westfriesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscos" title="Etruscos – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Etruscos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%2598%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%25A1%25D7%25A7%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="אטרוסקים – Hebräisch" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אטרוסקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebräisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="इत्रस्की सभ्यता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इत्रस्की सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etru%25C5%25A1%25C4%258Dani" title="Etruščani – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Etruščani" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruszkok" title="Etruszkok – Ungarisch" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Etruszkok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ungarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B7%25D5%25BF%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25BD%25D5%25AF%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Էտրուսկներ – Armenisch" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էտրուսկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscos" title="Etruscos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Etruscos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peradaban_Etruria" title="Peradaban Etruria – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peradaban Etruria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruriani" title="Etruriani – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Etruriani" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruschi" title="Etruschi – Italienisch" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etruschi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italienisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25A8%25E3%2583%2588%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2582%25A2%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="エトルリア人 – Japanisch" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エトルリア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="ეტრუსკები – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეტრუსკები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Этрустар – Kasachisch" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Этрустар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kasachisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2597%2590%25ED%258A%25B8%25EB%25A3%25A8%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EC%2595%2584%25EC%259D%25B8" title="에트루리아인 – Koreanisch" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에트루리아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etr%25C3%25BBsk" title="Etrûsk – Kurdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Etrûsk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrusci" title="Etrusci – Latein" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Etrusci" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latein" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrusker" title="Etrusker – Luxemburgisch" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Etrusker" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrusca_(sivilia)" title="Etrusca (sivilia) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Etrusca (sivilia)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolo_etrusco" title="Popolo etrusco – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Popolo etrusco" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrusch" title="Etrusch – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Etrusch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruskai" title="Etruskai – Litauisch" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Etruskai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litauisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruski" title="Etruski – Lettisch" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Etruski" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lettisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etroska_(vahoaka)" title="Etroska (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Etroska (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Етрурци – Mazedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Етрурци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Mazedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamadun_Etruria" title="Tamadun Etruria – Malaiisch" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tamadun Etruria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malaiisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrusche" title="Etrusche – Neapolitanisch" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Etrusche" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="exzellenter Artikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrusken" title="Etrusken – Niederländisch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Etrusken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Niederländisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruskarar" title="Etruskarar – Norwegisch (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Etruskarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegisch (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruskere" title="Etruskere – Norwegisch (Bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Etruskere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegisch (Bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589tr%25C3%25BBques" title="Étrûques – Normannisch" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Étrûques" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Normannisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscs" title="Etruscs – Okzitanisch" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Etruscs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Okzitanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruskowie" title="Etruskowie – Polnisch" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Etruskowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%2586" title="ایتروسکان تمدن – Paschtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایتروسکان تمدن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paschtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscos" title="Etruscos – Portugiesisch" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Etruscos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugiesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliza%25C8%259Bia_etrusc%25C4%2583" title="Civilizația etruscă – Rumänisch" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Civilizația etruscă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumänisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8" title="Этруски – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этруски" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscos" title="Etruscos – Sardisch" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Etruscos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruschi" title="Etruschi – Sizilianisch" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Etruschi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sizilianisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_ceevilisation" title="Etruscan ceevilisation – Schottisch" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Etruscan ceevilisation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schottisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrurci" title="Etrurci – Serbokroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Etrurci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbokroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization – einfaches Englisch" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Etruscan civilization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="einfaches Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruskovia" title="Etruskovia – Slowakisch" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Etruskovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowakisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25DA%25A9_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C%25D8%25B4%25D9%2586" title="اتروسک سویلائزیشن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اتروسک سویلائزیشن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etru%25C5%25A1%25C4%258Dani" title="Etruščani – Slowenisch" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Etruščani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slowenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrusk%25C3%25ABt" title="Etruskët – Albanisch" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Etruskët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Етрурци – Serbisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Етрурци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrusker" title="Etrusker – Schwedisch" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Etrusker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Schwedisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waetruski" title="Waetruski – Suaheli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waetruski" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Suaheli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2599" title="อารยธรรมอิทรัสคัน – Thailändisch" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อารยธรรมอิทรัสคัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thailändisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabihasnang_Etrusko" title="Kabihasnang Etrusko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabihasnang Etrusko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etr%25C3%25BCskler" title="Etrüskler – Türkisch" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Etrüskler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Türkisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8" title="Етруски – Ukrainisch" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Етруски" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25DA%25A9_%25D8%25AA%25DB%2581%25D8%25B0%25DB%258C%25D8%25A8" title="اتروسک تہذیب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اتروسک تہذیب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etrusklar" title="Etrusklar – Usbekisch" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Etrusklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Usbekisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruschi" title="Etruschi – Venetisch" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Etruschi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C4%2583n_minh_Etrusca" title="Văn minh Etrusca – Vietnamesisch" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn minh Etrusca" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilisasyon_Etrusko" title="Sibilisasyon Etrusko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sibilisasyon Etrusko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BC%258A%25E7%2589%25B9%25E9%25B2%2581%25E9%2587%258C%25E4%25BA%259A%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E" title="伊特鲁里亚文明 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊特鲁里亚文明" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2598" title="ეტრუსკეფი – Mingrelisch" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეტრუსკეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BC%258A%25E7%2589%25B9%25E6%258B%2589%25E6%2596%25AF%25E5%259D%258E%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E" title="伊特拉斯坎文明 – Chinesisch" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊特拉斯坎文明" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BC%258A%25E6%25A5%259A%25E6%2596%25AF%25E8%2582%25AF%25E6%2596%2587%25E6%2598%258E" title="伊楚斯肯文明 – Kantonesisch" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊楚斯肯文明" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 12. 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