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mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=km.wikipedia.org&uselang=km" class=""><span>បរិច្ចាគ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F:%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8&returnto=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="អ្នកត្រូវបានលើកទឹកចិត្តបង្កើតគណនីនិងកត់ឈ្មោះចូល។ ប៉ុន្តែនេះមិនមែនជាការបង្ខំទេ។" class=""><span>បង្កើតគណនី</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F:%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%88%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%84%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B&returnto=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="អ្នកត្រូវបានលើកទឹកចិត្តឱ្យកត់ឈ្មោះចូល។ ប៉ុន្តែនេះមិនមែនជាការបង្ខំទេ។ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>កត់ឈ្មោះចូល</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ជម្រើសផ្សេងទៀត" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ឧបករណ៍ផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ឧបករណ៍ផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="បញ្ជីសម្រាប់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=km.wikipedia.org&uselang=km"><span>បរិច្ចាគ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F:%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8&returnto=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="អ្នកត្រូវបានលើកទឹកចិត្តបង្កើតគណនីនិងកត់ឈ្មោះចូល។ ប៉ុន្តែនេះមិនមែនជាការបង្ខំទេ។"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>បង្កើតគណនី</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F:%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%88%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%84%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B&returnto=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="អ្នកត្រូវបានលើកទឹកចិត្តឱ្យកត់ឈ្មោះចូល។ ប៉ុន្តែនេះមិនមែនជាការបង្ខំទេ។ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>កត់ឈ្មោះចូល</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ទំព័រសម្រាប់អ្នកកែសម្រួលដែលបានកត់ឈ្មោះចេញ <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%99:Introduction" aria-label="ស្វែងយល់បន្ថែមអំពីការកែសម្រួល"><span>ស្វែងយល់បន្ថែម</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F:%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86" title="បញ្ជីកំណែប្រែធ្វើឡើងពីអាសយដ្ឋាន IP នេះ [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ការរួមចំណែក</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F:%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86" title="ការពិភាក្សាអំពីកំណែប្រែដែលធ្វើឡើងចេញពីអាសយដ្ឋាន IP នេះ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ការពិភាក្សា</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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List\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/small\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="មាតិកា" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">មាតិកា</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ប្ដូរទីតាំងទៅរបារចំហៀង</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">លាក់</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ក្បាលទំព័រ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានគឺជាអ្វី_?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានគឺជាអ្វី_?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">១</span> <span>តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានគឺជាអ្វី ?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានគឺជាអ្វី_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-តើធម្មវិន័យក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន_មានអ្វីខ្លះ_?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#តើធម្មវិន័យក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន_មានអ្វីខ្លះ_?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">២</span> <span>តើធម្មវិន័យក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន មានអ្វីខ្លះ ?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-តើធម្មវិន័យក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន_មានអ្វីខ្លះ_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន_បានកកើតរូបរាងឡើងយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច_?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន_បានកកើតរូបរាងឡើងយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច_?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">៣</span> <span>តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន បានកកើតរូបរាងឡើងយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច ?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន_បានកកើតរូបរាងឡើងយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ហេតុអ្វីបានជាពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានឲ្យតម្លៃខ្លាំងទៅលើទ្រឹស្តីពោធិសត្វនិយម_?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ហេតុអ្វីបានជាពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានឲ្យតម្លៃខ្លាំងទៅលើទ្រឹស្តីពោធិសត្វនិយម_?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">៤</span> <span>ហេតុអ្វីបានជាពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានឲ្យតម្លៃខ្លាំងទៅលើទ្រឹស្តីពោធិសត្វនិយម ?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ហេតុអ្វីបានជាពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានឲ្យតម្លៃខ្លាំងទៅលើទ្រឹស្តីពោធិសត្វនិយម_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ហេតុអ្វីបានជានិកាយមហាយានផ្តោតជាសំខាន់ទៅលើពាក្យ_ករុណាធម៌_?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ហេតុអ្វីបានជានិកាយមហាយានផ្តោតជាសំខាន់ទៅលើពាក្យ_ករុណាធម៌_?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">៥</span> <span>ហេតុអ្វីបានជានិកាយមហាយានផ្តោតជាសំខាន់ទៅលើពាក្យ ករុណាធម៌ ?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ហេតុអ្វីបានជានិកាយមហាយានផ្តោតជាសំខាន់ទៅលើពាក្យ_ករុណាធម៌_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-តើវិធីសង្គ្រោះសត្វលោកឲ្យរួចទុក្ខនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានមានលក្ខណៈបែបណា_?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#តើវិធីសង្គ្រោះសត្វលោកឲ្យរួចទុក្ខនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានមានលក្ខណៈបែបណា_?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">៦</span> <span>តើវិធីសង្គ្រោះសត្វលោកឲ្យរួចទុក្ខនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានមានលក្ខណៈបែបណា ?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-តើវិធីសង្គ្រោះសត្វលោកឲ្យរួចទុក្ខនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានមានលក្ខណៈបែបណា_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-តើអ្វីជាសុខុមភាពនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន_?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#តើអ្វីជាសុខុមភាពនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន_?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">៧</span> <span>តើអ្វីជាសុខុមភាពនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន ?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-តើអ្វីជាសុខុមភាពនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-តើភិក្ខុនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានសំអាងគម្ពីរអ្វីខ្លះសម្រាប់សិក្សា_និង_យោងក្នុងការចោទឆ្លើយមតិគ្នា_?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#តើភិក្ខុនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានសំអាងគម្ពីរអ្វីខ្លះសម្រាប់សិក្សា_និង_យោងក្នុងការចោទឆ្លើយមតិគ្នា_?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">៨</span> <span>តើភិក្ខុនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានសំអាងគម្ពីរអ្វីខ្លះសម្រាប់សិក្សា និង យោងក្នុងការចោទឆ្លើយមតិគ្នា ?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-តើភិក្ខុនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានសំអាងគម្ពីរអ្វីខ្លះសម្រាប់សិក្សា_និង_យោងក្នុងការចោទឆ្លើយមតិគ្នា_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានមានប្រភពដើមមកពីណា_?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានមានប្រភពដើមមកពីណា_?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">៩</span> <span>តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានមានប្រភពដើមមកពីណា ?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានមានប្រភពដើមមកពីណា_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-តើមានភស្តុតាងលើសិលាចារិក_នៅទីណាខ្លះសម្រាប់អះអាងដើមកំណើតនៃនិកាយមហាយាន_?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#តើមានភស្តុតាងលើសិលាចារិក_នៅទីណាខ្លះសម្រាប់អះអាងដើមកំណើតនៃនិកាយមហាយាន_?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">១០</span> <span>តើមានភស្តុតាងលើសិលាចារិក នៅទីណាខ្លះសម្រាប់អះអាងដើមកំណើតនៃនិកាយមហាយាន ?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-តើមានភស្តុតាងលើសិលាចារិក_នៅទីណាខ្លះសម្រាប់អះអាងដើមកំណើតនៃនិកាយមហាយាន_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-តើគម្ពីរ_ក្បួនច្បាប់អ្វីខ្លះត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើយនាសម័យក្រោយៗ_?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#តើគម្ពីរ_ក្បួនច្បាប់អ្វីខ្លះត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើយនាសម័យក្រោយៗ_?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">១១</span> <span>តើគម្ពីរ ក្បួនច្បាប់អ្វីខ្លះត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើយនាសម័យក្រោយៗ ?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-តើគម្ពីរ_ក្បួនច្បាប់អ្វីខ្លះត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើយនាសម័យក្រោយៗ_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ការផ្សព្វផ្សាយ_(សតវត្សទី_៥_ដល់ទី_១០_នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ការផ្សព្វផ្សាយ_(សតវត្សទី_៥_ដល់ទី_១០_នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">១២</span> <span>ការផ្សព្វផ្សាយ (សតវត្សទី ៥ ដល់ទី ១០ នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ការផ្សព្វផ្សាយ_(សតវត្សទី_៥_ដល់ទី_១០_នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-មើលបន្ថែម" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#មើលបន្ថែម"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">១៣</span> <span>មើលបន្ថែម</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-មើលបន្ថែម-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="មាតិកា" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">មហាយាន</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in ៩៧ languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">៩៧ ភាសា</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – អាហ្វ្រិកាន" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="អាហ្វ្រិកាន" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماهايانا – អារ៉ាប់" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماهايانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="អារ៉ាប់" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماهايانا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماهايانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মহাযান – អាសាមីស" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মহাযান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="អាសាមីស" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – អាស៊ែបៃហ្សង់" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="អាស៊ែបៃហ្សង់" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махаяна – ប៊ុលហ្ការី" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Махаяна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ប៊ុលហ្ការី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="महायान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="महायान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মহাযান – បង់ក្លាដែស" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাযান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="បង់ក្លាដែស" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ། – ទីបេ" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="ទីបេ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – ប្រ៊ីស្តុន" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ប្រ៊ីស្តុន" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – កាតាឡាន" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="កាតាឡាន" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ماھایانا – ឃើដភាគកណ្តាល" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماھایانا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="ឃើដភាគកណ្តាល" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C3%A1j%C3%A1na" title="Mahájána – ឆែក" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mahájána" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ឆែក" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – វេល" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="វេល" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – ដាណឺម៉ាក" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ដាណឺម៉ាក" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – អាល្លឺម៉ង់" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="អាល្លឺម៉ង់" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Μαχαγιάνα – ក្រិក" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαχαγιάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ក្រិក" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – អង់គ្លេស" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="អង់គ្លេស" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajano" title="Mahajano – អេស្ពេរ៉ាន់តូ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mahajano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="អេស្ពេរ៉ាន់តូ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Mahāyāna – អេស្ប៉ាញ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="អេស្ប៉ាញ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajaana" title="Mahajaana – អេស្តូនី" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mahajaana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="អេស្តូនី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Mahāyāna – បាសខ៍" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="បាសខ៍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="مهایانه – ភឺសៀន" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهایانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ភឺសៀន" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajana" title="Mahajana – ហ្វាំងឡង់" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mahajana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ហ្វាំងឡង់" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouddhisme_mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Bouddhisme mahāyāna – បារាំង" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouddhisme mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="បារាំង" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – ហ្វ្រីស៊ានខាងលិច" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ហ្វ្រីស៊ានខាងលិច" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudism_mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Boudism mahāyāna – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Boudism mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – ហ្កាលីស្យាន" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ហ្កាលីស្យាន" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – ហូសា" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="ហូសា" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מהאיאנה – ហេប្រឺ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהאיאנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ហេប្រឺ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="महायान – ហិណ្ឌី" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महायान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ហិណ្ឌី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajana" title="Mahajana – ក្រូអាត" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mahajana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ក្រូអាត" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C3%A1j%C3%A1na" title="Mahájána – ហុងគ្រី" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mahájána" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ហុងគ្រី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – អ៊ីនធើលីង" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="អ៊ីនធើលីង" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Mahāyāna – ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – អ៊ីឡូកូ" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="អ៊ីឡូកូ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Mahāyāna – អ៊ីស្លង់" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="អ៊ីស្លង់" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismo_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Buddismo Mahāyāna – អ៊ីតាលី" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddismo Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="អ៊ីតាលី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%97%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99" title="大乗仏教 – ជប៉ុន" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大乗仏教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ជប៉ុន" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayaana" title="Mahayaana – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mahayaana" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – ជ្វា" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ជ្វា" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მაჰაიანა – ហ្សកហ្ស៊ី" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაჰაიანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ហ្សកហ្ស៊ី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махаяна – កាហ្សាក់" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Махаяна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="កាហ្សាក់" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%8A%B9%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90" title="대승불교 – កូរ៉េ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대승불교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="កូរ៉េ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махаяна – កៀហ្ស៊ីស" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Махаяна" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="កៀហ្ស៊ីស" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – ឡាតំាង" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ឡាតំាង" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Mahāyāna – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ມະຫາຍານ – ឡាវ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາຍານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ឡាវ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajana" title="Mahajana – លីទុយអានី" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mahajana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="លីទុយអានី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81j%C4%81nas_budisms" title="Mahājānas budisms – ឡាតវី" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mahājānas budisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ឡាតវី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodisma_mahaiana" title="Bodisma mahaiana – ម៉ាឡាហ្គាស៊ី" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bodisma mahaiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ម៉ាឡាហ្គាស៊ី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махајана – ម៉ាសេដូនី" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Махајана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ម៉ាសេដូនី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="മഹായാനം – ម៉ាឡាយ៉ាឡាម" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഹായാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="ម៉ាឡាយ៉ាឡាម" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махаяна – ម៉ុងហ្គោលី" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Махаяна" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="ម៉ុងហ្គោលី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="महायान – ម៉ារ៉ាធី" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="महायान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="ម៉ារ៉ាធី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – ម៉ាឡេ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ម៉ាឡេ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – មីរ៉ានដេស" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="មីរ៉ានដេស" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94" title="မဟာယာန – ភូមា" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဟာယာန" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ភូមា" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="مهایانه – ម៉ាហ្សានដឺរេនី" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مهایانه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="ម៉ាហ្សានដឺរេនី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="महायान – នេប៉ាល់" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="महायान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="នេប៉ាល់" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="महायान – នេវ៉ាវី" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="महायान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="នេវ៉ាវី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – ហូឡង់" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ហូឡង់" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – ន័រវែស នីនូស" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ន័រវែស នីនូស" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Mahāyāna – ន័រវែស បុកម៉ាល់" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ន័រវែស បុកម៉ាល់" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodisme_mahayana" title="Bodisme mahayana – អូសីតាន់" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bodisme mahayana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="អូសីតាន់" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਹਾਯਾਨ – បឹនជាពិ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਯਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="បឹនជាពិ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajana" title="Mahajana – ប៉ូឡូញ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mahajana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ប៉ូឡូញ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مہایان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مہایان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مهايانا – បាស្តូ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مهايانا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="បាស្តូ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaiana" title="Maaiana – ព័រទុយហ្គាល់" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maaiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ព័រទុយហ្គាល់" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Mahāyāna – រូម៉ានី" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mahāyāna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="រូម៉ានី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махаяна – រុស្ស៊ី" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Махаяна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="រុស្ស៊ី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="महायानम् – សំស្ក្រឹត" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="महायानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="សំស្ក្រឹត" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – ស្កុត" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="ស្កុត" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajana" title="Mahajana – សឺបូក្រូអាត" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mahajana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="សឺបូក្រូអាត" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B8" title="මහායාන බුදු දහම – ស្រីលង្កា" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මහායාන බුදු දහම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="ស្រីលង្កា" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C3%A1j%C3%A1na" title="Mahájána – ស្លូវ៉ាគី" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mahájána" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ស្លូវ៉ាគី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajana" title="Mahajana – អាល់បានី" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mahajana" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="អាល់បានី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махајана – ស៊ែប" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Махајана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ស៊ែប" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – ស៊ុយអែត" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ស៊ុយអែត" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மகாயான பௌத்தம் – តាមីល" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மகாயான பௌத்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="តាមីល" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="మహాయానం – តេលុគុ" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మహాయానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="តេលុគុ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="มหายาน – ថៃ" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหายาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ថៃ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismong_Mahayana" title="Budismong Mahayana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Budismong Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – ទួរគី" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ទួរគី" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Махаяна – អ៊ុយក្រែន" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Махаяна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="អ៊ុយក្រែន" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مہایان – អ៊ូរឌូ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مہایان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="អ៊ូរឌូ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – អ៊ូសបេគ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="អ៊ូសបេគ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_th%E1%BB%ABa" title="Đại thừa – វៀតណាម" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại thừa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="វៀតណាម" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana – វ៉ារេយ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mahayana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="វ៉ារេយ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教 – អ៊ូចិន" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大乘佛教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="អ៊ូចិន" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教 – ចិន" 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class="noprint">ពីវិគីភីឌា</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="km" dir="ltr"><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%AF%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A:Translation_to_khmer_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Translation to khmer arrow icon"><img alt="Translation to khmer arrow icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/km/thumb/0/03/Translation_to_khmer_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_khmer_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/km/thumb/0/03/Translation_to_khmer_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_khmer_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, 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translation into Khmer">ច្រកចូលអត្ថបទនេះ</a></b> លើ<a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6:Pages_needing_translation_into_Khmer" class="mw-redirect" title="វិគីភីឌា:Pages needing translation into Khmer">ក្រុមទំព័រដែលត្រូវការបំណកប្រែទៅជាភាសាខ្មែរ</a> ដើម្បីពិភាក្សា ។ ប្រសិនបើ អត្ថបទមិនត្រូវបាន<a class="external text" href="https://km.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit">សរសេរជាភាសាខ្មែរឡើងវិញទេ</a> ក្នុងរយៈពេលពីរសប្ដាហ៍ទៀត អត្ថបទនឹងត្រូវ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6:Articles_for_deletion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="វិគីភីឌា:Articles for deletion (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">ចុះបញ្ជីដើម្បីលុបចោល</a> និង/ឬ ប្ដូរវាទៅកាន់វិគីភីឌាជាភាសាដើមរបស់វាវិញ ។ </p> <hr /> <small>បើសិនជា<b>លោកអ្នក</b> គ្រាន់តែចង់បិទស្លាកទំព័រនេះត្រូវការបំណកប្រែ សូមបញ្ចូល <br /><code>{{អាទេស.:ត្រូវការបកប្រែ | ទំ. = មហាយាន | ភាសា = មិនស្គាល់ | ផ្ដល់យោបល់ = }} ~~~~</code><br />ទៅខាងក្រោម នៃ<a class="external text" href="https://km.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6:Pages_needing_translation_into_Khmer&action=edit&section=3">ផ្នែក នៃ<i>ក្រុមទំព័រនេះត្រូវការបំណកប្រែទៅជាភាសាខ្មែរ</i></a> ។</small><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="float: right; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; clear:right; color:#000; margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px; border: 2px solid #af4630;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ffffdd; color:#000;"> <td>ផ្នែកជា<a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%98:%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6" title="ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា">បន្តបន្ទាប់</a>នៃ<br /><b><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6" title="ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា"><span style="color:#af4630; font-size:large;">ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា</span></a></b><br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%AF%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A:Dharma_Wheel.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/100px-Dharma_Wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/150px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/200px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><br /> <b><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="គម្ពីរធម៌ចិន (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">គម្ពីរធម៌ចិន</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="វិជ្រយាន">វិជ្រយាន</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="គម្ពីរធម៌ទីបេ (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">គម្ពីរធម៌ទីបេ</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style=""><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC:Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="ទំព័រគំរូ:Buddhism"><span title="មើលទំព័រគំរូនេះ" style="">ម</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC:Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ការពិភាក្សាអំពីទំព័រគំរូ:Buddhism (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)"><span title="ពិភាក្សាទំព័រគំរូនេះ" style="">ព</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://km.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC:Buddhism&action=edit"><span title="កែប្រែទំព័រគំរូនេះ" style="">ក</span></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%AF%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A:WLA_haa_Prajnaparamita_Cambodia_Bayon_style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/WLA_haa_Prajnaparamita_Cambodia_Bayon_style.jpg/200px-WLA_haa_Prajnaparamita_Cambodia_Bayon_style.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/WLA_haa_Prajnaparamita_Cambodia_Bayon_style.jpg/300px-WLA_haa_Prajnaparamita_Cambodia_Bayon_style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/WLA_haa_Prajnaparamita_Cambodia_Bayon_style.jpg/400px-WLA_haa_Prajnaparamita_Cambodia_Bayon_style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ព្រះនាងប្រាជ្ញាបារមីតា (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">ព្រះនាងប្រាជ្ញាបារមីតា</a>(ព្រះនាង<a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8" title="ជយរាជទេវី">ជយរាជទេវី </a>),<a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6" title="ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា">ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា</a><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="វិជ្រយាន">វិជ្រយាន</a> សិល្បៈ<a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ព្រះបាទជ័យវរ្ម័នទី៧">ព្រះបាទជ័យវរ្ម័នទី៧</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6" title="ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា">ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា</a> > <a class="mw-selflink selflink">មហាយាន</a></b> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានគឺជាអ្វី_?"><span id=".E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.BE.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.96.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.91.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.92.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B6.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.A0.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.82.E1.9E.BA.E1.9E.87.E1.9E.B6.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.A2.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9C.E1.9E.B8_.3F"></span>តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានគឺជាអ្វី ?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&section=1" title="កែប្រែផ្នែក៖ តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានគឺជាអ្វី ?"><span>កែប្រែ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>មហាយាន</b> (ភាសាសំស្រ្កឹត: महायान, mahāyāna, ប្រែថា"យានធំ ឬសំពៅធំ" គឺជា<a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6" title="ទស្សនវិជ្ជា">ទស្សនវិជ្ជា</a><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ពុទ្ធសាសនា">ពុទ្ធសាសនា</a> ដែលត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងនាសម័យកាលក្រោយព្រះពុទ្ធសមណគោតមបាន<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="បរិនិព្វាន (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">បរិនិព្វាន</a> ហើយត្រូវបានផ្សព្វផ្សាយទៅប្រទេសមួយចំនួននៅភាគខាងជើងនៃប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា ។ ទស្សនវិជ្ជារបស់ពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន មានលក្ខណៈខុសប្លែកពីទស្សនវិជ្ជារបស់ពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយ<a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91" title="ថេរវាទ">ថេរវាទី</a>យ៉ាងច្រើនអន្លើ ក៏ប៉ុន្តែគេឃើញមានសេចក្តីជំនឿរួមគ្នាមួយចំនួន ដែលពុទ្ធសាសនិកជននៃលទ្ធិទាំងពីរអាចយកមកជជែកគ្នាបាន ។ គោលការណ៍សាមញ្ញនៃពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន គឺទាក់ទងនឹងកម្រិតនៃការយល់ពីហេតុផល និង ការប្រតិបត្តិ ដូចជាពោធិសត្វយាន ឬ យានជំនិះនៃព្រះពោធិសត្វ ។ ពុទ្ធសាសនាមហាយាន មានទស្សនៈរបស់និកាយវជរយាន (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vajrayana (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Vajrayana</a>) ឬ យានពេជ្រដែលគ្រប់ដណ្តប់ទាំងស្រុង ហើយបានបែកជានិកាយផ្សេងៗទៀតតាមតំបន់ និង ប្រជាជនដែលកាន់សាសនាមហាយាន ។<br /> </p><p>ពាក្យថា មហាយាន បានចាប់កំណើតឡើងនៅក្រោយទំនាស់រវាងក្រុមភិក្ខុជាសាវ័ករបស់ព្រះពុទ្ធ ដែលមានការបកស្រាយ ជជែកវែកញែកខុសគ្នា ទៅលើ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ធម្មវិន័យ (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">ធម្មវិន័យ</a>របស់ព្រះពុទ្ធសមណគោតម ដោយចោទសួរថា តើអ្វីគឺជាពុទ្ធវចនៈពិត? អ្វីមិនមែនជាពុទ្ធវចនៈពិត ? អ្វីជាវិន័យ ឬ បញ្ញត្តិ ពិត ? អ្វីមិនមែនជាវិន័យ ឬ បញ្ញត្តិពិត ? ពុទ្ធសាសនិកជននៃពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានក៏បានអះអាងដែរថា ទស្សនវិជ្ជានៃពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន គឺជាសេចក្តីបង្រៀនពិត ដែលព្រះសម្មាសម្ពុទ្ធបានសំដែងទុក ។ មានភស្តុតាងមួយចំនួនបានបង្ហាញថា ទស្សនវិជ្ជានៃពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន មានប្រភពចេញពីភូមិភាគទក្សិណ នៃប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា នាសតវត្សទី ១ នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ ហើយបានផ្សព្វផ្សាយដំបូងទៅប្រទេសចិនដោយកុសាន លោកក្សេម (ភាសាចិនៈ 支谶, Zhi Chen, ឈ្មោះពេញថា 支樓迦讖 / 支婁迦讖 ជី លូជាឈិន, ចាប់ពីឆ្នាំ ១៦៤ ទៅឆ្នាំ ១៨៦ នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ) ដែលគាត់ជាមនុស្សទី ១ ដែលបានបកប្រែព្រះសូត្ររបស់ពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន ឲ្យទៅជាភាសាចិន ។ ការពណ៌នាលើកដំបូងបង្អស់នៃមហាយាន បានកើតឡើងក្នុង <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%A7%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ឧទុម្ពរិកសូត្រ (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">ឧទុម្ពរិកសូត្រ</a> ចន្លោះសតវត្សទី ១ មុនគ្រិស្តសករាជ និង សតវត្សទី ១ នៃ គ្រិស្តសករាជ ។ ពុទ្ធសាសនាមហាយានដំបូងបំផុតប្រហែលជាមានដើមកំណើតរវាងគ្រិស្តសតវត្សទី ១ ក្នុងឧបទ្វីបឥណ្ឌា ។ នៅគ្រិស្តសតវត្សទី ៥ ពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយ<a class="mw-selflink selflink">មហាយាន</a>បានមានឥទ្ធិពលតាមសាលារៀនមួយចំនួននៅ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%A5%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">ប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា</a> ។ <br /> </p><p>ឯកសារប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រជាច្រើនបានបង្ហាញថា <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ពុទ្ធសាសនាមហាយាន (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">ពុទ្ធសាសនាមហាយាន</a>បានរីកសាយភាយនៅបណ្តាប្រទេសអាស៊ីមួយចំនួនដូចជា ប្រទេស <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="នេប៉ាល (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">នេប៉ាល</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%81" title="ទីបេ">ទីបេ</a> (សព្វថ្ងៃស្ថិតនៅក្នុងប្រទេសចិន), <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="ភូតាន">ភូតាន</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="ចិន">ចិន</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ម៉ុងហ្គោល (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">ម៉ុងហ្គោល</a>, សាធារណៈរដ្ឋ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="កាល់មីគា (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">កាល់មីគា</a> (នៃសហព័ន្ធ<a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="រុស្ស៊ី">រុស្ស៊ី</a>), <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B" title="តៃវ៉ាន់">តៃវ៉ាន់</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="ជប៉ុន">ជប៉ុន</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%81" title="កូរ៉េ">កូរ៉េ</a> និង <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="វៀតណាម">វៀតណាម</a> ។ កាលពីអតីតកាល ប្រជាជននៃបណ្តាប្រទេសមួយចំនួននៅតំបន់អាស៊ីភាគខាងត្បូងដូចជា <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="អាប់ហ្គានីស្ថាន (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">អាប់ហ្គានីស្ថាន</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="ប៉ាគីស្ថាន">ប៉ាគីស្ថាន</a>, ប្រទេស<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="កម្ពុជា (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">កម្ពុជា</a>, នេប៉ាល, ភូតាន, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ស្រីលង្ការ (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">ស្រីលង្ការ</a> និង <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9F" title="បង់ក្លាដែស">បង់ក្លាដែស</a> ព្រមទាំងប្រទេសនៅតំបន់អាស៊ីភាគអគ្នេយ៍ ដូចជា <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A" title="ខ្មែរ">ខ្មែរ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%83" title="ថៃ">ថៃ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C" title="ឡាវ">ឡាវ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ភូមា">ភូមា</a> (សព្វថ្ងៃហៅថា មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា), <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%A5%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី">ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A1%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ម៉ាឡេស៊ី">ម៉ាឡេស៊ី</a> ធ្លាប់ជឿតាមទស្សនវិជ្ជា នៃពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន ។ សព្វថ្ងៃ នៅក្នុងបណ្តាប្រទេសទាំងនោះ ក៏នៅមានពុទ្ធសាសនិកជន នៃពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានមួយចំនួនផងដែរ ។ សូម្បីតែនៅក្នុងវត្តអារាមនៃពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយថេរវាទីមួយចំនួននៅប្រទេសថៃបច្ចុប្បន្ន ក៏មានការសាងសង់រូបសំណាកផ្សេងៗ សម្រាប់ពុទ្ធសាសនិកជន ដែលគោរពជឿតាមទស្សនវិជ្ជានៃពុទ្ធសាសនាមហាយាន ចូលមកគោរព និង បូជាផងដែរ ។ ការធ្វើដូច្នោះប្រហែលជាវិធីទាក់ទាញរកអតិថិជនឲ្យបានចំនួនច្រើន ដោយជួយសម្រួលពួកគាត់កុំឲ្យពិបាកបើកបរទៅរកទីវត្ត (មហាយាន) ផ្សេងៗទៀតដែលនៅទីកន្លែងឆ្ងាយៗ ។ យើងអាចប្រដូចចំណុចនេះ ទៅនឹងពាក្យថា "មជ្ឈមណ្ឌលលក់ដូរងាយរកទំនិញគ្រប់ប្រភេទ" (one-stop shopping center) ។ <br /> </p><p>លទ្ធិវជ្រយាន (Vajrayana) គ្រប់ដណ្តប់លើធម៌វិន័យរបស់ ១៨ និកាយធំៗ ក្នុងអតីតកាល ។ គម្ពីរ (ឬសូត្រ) របស់ពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយសំខាន់ៗមួយចំនួន ត្រូវបានគេចងក្រងជាភាសាសំស្រ្កឹត ដែលមិនបានរស់រានយូរលង់ ហើយបានបាត់បង់ទៅវិញយ៉ាងឆាប់រហ័ស ។ មានកំណែប្រែក្រោយៗមកត្រូវបានគេប្រែជាភាសាទីបេ និង ភាសាចិន ដែលបានបន្តរហូតដល់សព្វថ្ងៃនេះ ។ ពុទ្ធសាសនិកជននៃនិកាយធំៗរបស់ពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន គោរពប្រតិបត្តិតាមទស្សនវិជ្ជា ហ្សិន (Zen) បែបជប៉ុន, ទស្សនវិជ្ជា ចាន់ បែបចិន (Chinese Chan), លទ្ធិដែនដីបរិសុទ្ធិ (Pure Land), លទ្ធិធានថៃចុង (Tiantai zong) ដែលជឿលើគម្ពីរបទុមសូត្រ (Lotus Sutra) ឬ បក្សផ្កាឈូក (The Lotus School), លទ្ធិនិឈិរ៉ិន (Nichiren) បែបជប៉ុន, លទ្ធិវជ្រយាន (Vajrayana) នៃនិកាយស្ហ៊ិនហ្គុន (Shingon), លទ្ធិថិនដាយ (Tendai) និង ពុទ្ធសាសនាបែបទីបេ (Tibetan Buddhism) ដែលបន្ថែមសេចក្តីបង្រៀនដ៏អាថ៌កំបាំង (esoteric teachings) មួយចំនួន ទៅលើប្រពៃណីនៃជំនឿបែបពុទ្ធសាសនាមហាយាន ។ <br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="តើធម្មវិន័យក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន_មានអ្វីខ្លះ_?"><span id=".E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.BE.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.92.E1.9E.98.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.9C.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.93.E1.9F.90.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.80.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.84.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.A0.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B_.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.A2.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9C.E1.9E.B8.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.81.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9B.E1.9F.87_.3F"></span>តើធម្មវិន័យក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន មានអ្វីខ្លះ ?</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&section=2" title="កែប្រែផ្នែក៖ តើធម្មវិន័យក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន មានអ្វីខ្លះ ?"><span>កែប្រែ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>មានរឿងមួយចំនួនអាចនិយាយបានយ៉ាងប្រាកដអំពីព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនាមហាយាន ជាពិសេសទម្រង់ឥណ្ឌាដើមរបស់វា ក្រៅពីថាព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនាដែលអនុវត្តនៅក្នុងប្រទេសចិន វៀតណាម កូរ៉េ ទីបេ និងជប៉ុន គឺជាព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនាមហាយាន។<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>១<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>២<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> មហាយានអាចត្រូវបានពិពណ៌នាថាជាបណ្តុំនៃការបង្រៀនជាច្រើនដែលចងភ្ជាប់យ៉ាងរលុង ដែលអាចផ្ទុកនូវភាពផ្ទុយគ្នាជាច្រើនដែលបានរកឃើញរវាងការបង្រៀនខុសៗគ្នាដែលវារួមបញ្ចូល។<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>៣<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahayana is a vast religious and philosophical structure. It constitutes an inclusive <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faith (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">faith</a> characterized by the adoption of new, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahayana_sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahayana sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Mahayana sutras</a>, in addition to the traditional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali_canon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pali canon (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Pali canon</a> or Agama texts, and a shift in the basic purpose and concepts of Buddhism. Mahayana sees itself as penetrating further and more profoundly into the Buddha's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dharma (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Dharma</a>. In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahaparinirvana_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahaparinirvana Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a>, for instance, the Buddha tells of how his initial teachings on suffering, impermanence and non-Self were given to those who were still like "small children", unable to digest the full "meal" of Truth, whereas when those spiritual students "grow up" and are no longer satisfied by the preliminary ingredients of the Dharmic meal fed to them and require fuller sustenance, they are then ready to assimilate the full and balanced fare of the Mahayana teachings (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahaparinirvana_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahaparinirvana Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a>). </p><p>Mahayana Buddhist schools de-emphasize the ideal, emphasized in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theravada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theravada (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Theravada</a>, of the release from individual <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dukkha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dukkha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Suffering</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dukkha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dukkha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Dukkha</a>) and attainment of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nirvana (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Awakening</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nirvana (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Nirvana</a>). The Lotus Sutra says, successively, that the Buddha's lifetime is extremely long, and that it is infinite. Mahayana authorities differ on which of these statements to take literally. On the whole, Chinese and Japanese prefer the former, Tibetans the latter. In addition, most Mahayana schools believe in a pantheon of quasi-divine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhisattvas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodhisattvas (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Bodhisattvas</a> (菩薩) that devote themselves to personal excellence, ultimate knowledge, and the salvation of humanity and all other sentient beings (animals, ghosts, demigods, etc.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zen (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Zen</a> Buddhism is a school of Mahayana which often de-emphasizes the pantheon of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhisattvas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodhisattvas (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Bodhisattvas</a> and instead focuses on the meditative aspects of the religion. In Mahayana, the Buddha is seen as the ultimate, highest being, present in all times, in all beings, and in all places, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhisattvas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodhisattvas (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Bodhisattvas</a> come to represent the universal ideal of altruistic excellence. </p><p>The fundamental principles of Mahayana doctrine were based around the possibility of universal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">liberation</a> from suffering for all beings (hence "great vehicle") and the existence of Buddhas and Bodhisattva embodying transcendent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddha-nature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddha-nature (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Buddha-nature</a> (佛性) (the eternal Buddha essence present, but hidden and unrecognised, in all beings). Some Mahayana schools simplify the expression of faith by allowing salvation to be alternatively obtained through the grace of the Buddha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amitabha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amitabha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Amitabha</a> (阿彌陀佛) by having faith and devoting oneself to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nianfo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nianfo (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">chanting to Amitabha</a>. This devotional lifestyle of Buddhism is most strongly emphasized by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pure Land (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Pure Land</a> schools and has greatly contributed to the success of Mahayana in East Asia, where spiritual elements traditionally relied upon chanting of a Buddha's name, of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mantra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mantra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">mantras</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dharani (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">dharanis</a>; reading of Mahayana sutras and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mysticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mysticism (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">mysticism</a>. In Chinese Buddhism, most monks, let alone lay people, practise Pure Land, some combining it with Chan (Zen).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>៤<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a tendency in Mahayana sutras to regard adherence to Mahayana sutras as generating spiritual benefits greater than those which arise from being a follower of the non-Mahayana approaches to Dharma. Thus in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Srimala_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srimala Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Srimala Sutra</a> it is asserted by the Buddha that devotion to Mahayana is inherently superior in its virtues to the following of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sravaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sravaka (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Sravaka</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyekabuddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pratyekabuddha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Pratyekabuddha</a> path: </p><p>" ...just as the magnificence of the finest thorough-bred among cattle outshines the rest of the herd in height and weight and so on, so even to uphold the Saddharma [True Dharma] of the Mahayana, even a little, is greater and vaster than all the wholesome dharmas of the Shravaka and Pratyekabuddha yanas [vehicles]." (<i>The Shrimaladevi Sutra</i>, tr. by Dr. Shenpen Hookham, Longchen Foundation, Oxford 1998, p.27). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន_បានកកើតរូបរាងឡើងយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច_?"><span id=".E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.BE.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.96.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.91.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.92.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B6.E2.80.8B.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.A0.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B_.E1.9E.94.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.BE.E1.9E.8F.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9A.E1.9E.BC.E1.9E.94.E1.9E.9A.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.84.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.A1.E1.9E.BE.E1.9E.84.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.99.E1.9F.89.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.84.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.8A.E1.9E.BC.E1.9E.85.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.8F.E1.9F.81.E1.9E.85_.3F"></span>តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន បានកកើតរូបរាងឡើងយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច ?</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&section=3" title="កែប្រែផ្នែក៖ តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន បានកកើតរូបរាងឡើងយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច ?"><span>កែប្រែ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many scholars contend that Mahayana scriptures are rooted in the earliest teachings of Buddhism, "It is proper to say that Mahayana Buddhism is an extension or continuation of Theravada Buddhism, but without there first being Theravada, there could be no Mahayana." <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>៥<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sasaki (1999) in a critique of Shimoda (1997) conveys a key premise of Shimoda's work, being: that the origins of the Mahayana and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nirvana_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nirvana Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Nirvana Sutra</a></i> are entwined.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>៦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ven. Dr. W. Rahula contends that upon extensive study of both Mahayana and Theravada scriptures, there is hardly any difference between the two traditions with regard to the most fundamental teachings of Buddhism and that the seeds of many of the Mahayana teachings can be found in the earliest Theravada scriptures. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>៧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two different schools gave different teachings greater emphasis. Although great faith in the Buddha as a "savior" and "Bhagavat"(Lord) and the Bodhisatva ideal were a part of both schools as emphasized in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jataka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jataka (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Jataka</a>, the more supernatural and awe inspiring aspects became emphasized in Mahayana schools and Mahayana Sutras more than in Theravada. </p><p>The earliest canon contain several faith inspiring stories of Buddha's supernatural birth from Tushita heaven and millions of Gods, dragons and other beings coming to pay homage to Buddha as the most powerful being, different realms and thousandfold universes and Buddha's great powers to appear in these other worlds and teach and deliver salvation without restriction<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>៨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>Maha Samaya Sutta</b> (DN 20) is just one example of the early Tipitika canon that resembles in composition the later Mahayana sutras in description of the supernatural assemblies that appear before the Buddha. Many of these early Tipitika sutras lay the groundwork for the later Mahayana Sutras. </p><p><br /> Mahayana Buddhism can in general be characterized by: </p> <ul><li><b>Universalism</b>, in that, in those schools of Mahayana that still have large followings, everyone will become a Buddha (see, for example, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotus_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lotus Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Lotus Sutra</a>);</li> <li><b>Bodhicitta</b> as the main focus of realization (see, for example, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nirvana_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nirvana Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Nirvana Sutra</a> and various <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prajnaparamita_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prajnaparamita Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Prajnaparamita Sutras</a>);</li> <li><b>Compassion</b> through the transferral of merit;</li> <li><b>Transcendental immanence</b>, in that the immortal Buddha Principle (see, for example, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddha-nature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddha-nature (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Buddha-nature</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahaparinirvana_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahaparinirvana Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angulimaliya_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angulimaliya Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Angulimaliya Sutra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Srimala_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srimala Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Srimala Sutra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tathagatagarbha_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tathagatagarbha Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Tathagatagarbha Sutra</a>) is present within all beings.</li></ul> <p>“Philosophical” Mahayana tends to focus on the first three characteristics (universalism, enlightened wisdom, compassion) and, in some schools, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddha-nature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddha-nature (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Buddha-nature</a>, without showing much interest in supernatural constructions, while “devotional” Mahayana focuses mainly on salvation towards other-worldly realms (see, for example, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukhavati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukhavati (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Sukhavati</a> sutras). </p><p>Mahayana traditions generally consider that attainment of the level of an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arhat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arhat (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">arhat</a> is not final. This is based on a subtle doctrinal distinction between the Mahayana and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Buddhist_schools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Buddhist schools (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">early Buddhist schools</a> concerning the issues of <i>nirvana-with-remainder</i> and <i>nirvana-without-remainder</i>. </p><p>The early schools considered that nirvana-without-remainder always follows nirvana-with-remainder (buddhas first achieve enlightenment and then, at 'death', <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahaparinirvana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahaparinirvana (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">mahaparinirvana</a>) and that nirvana-without-remainder is final; whereas the Mahayana traditions consider that nirvana-without-remainder is always followed by nirvana-with-remainder – the state of attainment of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinayana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinayana (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Hinayana</a> arhat is not final, and is eventually succeeded by the state of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samyaksam-Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samyaksam-Buddha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">buddhahood</a>, or total Awakening. </p><p>This distinction is most evident regarding doctrinal concerns about the capability of a buddha after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nirvana (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">nirvana</a> (which is identified by the early schools as being nirvana-without-remainder). Most importantly, amongst the early schools, a samyaksambuddha is not able to directly point the way to nirvana after death. This is a major distinction between the early schools and some schools of the Mahayana, who conversely state that once a samyaksambuddha arises, he or she continues to directly and actively point the way to nirvana until there are no beings left in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samsara (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">samsara</a> (輪迴). Because the views of early schools and Mahayana differ in this respect, this is exactly why some Mahayana schools do not talk about a bodhisattva postponing nirvana, and exactly why the early schools do. However, some Mahayana schools do talk of a bodhisattva deliberately refraining from Buddhahood.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>៩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the early schools held that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitreya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maitreya (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Maitreya</a> (彌勒菩薩) will not attain nirvana while Gautama Buddha's teachings still exist. In contrast, some Mahayana schools hold that Maitreya will be the next buddha manifest in this world and will introduce the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dharma (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">dharma</a> when it no longer exists; he is not postponing his nirvana to do so, and when he dies (or enters mahaparinirvana), he will likewise continue to teach the dharma for all time. Moreover, some Mahayana schools argue that although it is true that for this world-system, Maitreya will be the next buddha to manifest, there are an infinite number of world-systems, many of which have currently active buddhas or buddhas-to-be manifesting. </p><p>Because the Mahayana traditions assert that eventually everyone will achieve <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhahood (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">samyaksam (buddhahood)</a> or total enlightenment, the Mahayana is labelled universalist, whereas because the Nikaya traditions assert that there are three routes to nirvana, which are distinct, they are considered not to be universalist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="ហេតុអ្វីបានជាពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានឲ្យតម្លៃខ្លាំងទៅលើទ្រឹស្តីពោធិសត្វនិយម_?"><span id=".E1.9E.A0.E1.9F.81.E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.BB.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.A2.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9C.E1.9E.B8.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.94.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.87.E1.9E.B6.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.96.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.91.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.92.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B6.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.A0.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.B2.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.98.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9B.E1.9F.83.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.81.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9B.E1.9E.B6.E1.9F.86.E1.9E.84.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.91.E1.9F.85.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9B.E1.9E.BE.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.91.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9A.E1.9E.B9.E1.9E.9F.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.B8.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.96.E1.9F.84.E1.9E.92.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.8F.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9C.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.99.E1.9E.98_.3F"></span>ហេតុអ្វីបានជាពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានឲ្យតម្លៃខ្លាំងទៅលើទ្រឹស្តីពោធិសត្វនិយម ?</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&section=4" title="កែប្រែផ្នែក៖ ហេតុអ្វីបានជាពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានឲ្យតម្លៃខ្លាំងទៅលើទ្រឹស្តីពោធិសត្វនិយម ?"><span>កែប្រែ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC:Weasel_words&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ទំព័រគំរូ:Weasel words (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">ទំព័រគំរូ:Weasel words</a> </p> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6:%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%88%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="វិគីភីឌា:ទស្សនៈអព្យាក្រឹត (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">អព្យាក្រឹតភាព</a> នៃ sectionនេះគឺត្រូវបានគេ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6:NPOV_dispute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="វិគីភីឌា:NPOV dispute (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">ជំទាស់</a></b> ។ សូមមើលការពិភាក្សាលើ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6:%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ការពិភាក្សា:មហាយាន (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">ទំព័រពិភាក្សា</a> ។ សូមកុំដកចេញនូវសារនេះរហូតដល់ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6:NPOVD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="វិគីភីឌា:NPOVD (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">ការជំទាស់នេះត្រូវបានដោះស្រាយ ។</a> <small><i>(December 2007)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Mahayana school holds that pursuing only the basic path of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinayana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinayana (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Hinayana</a> Buddhism is too narrow an aspiration, as it lacks the ultimate moral motivation (from the Mahayana perspective) of actively resolving to liberate all other beings from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samsara (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">samsara</a>, as well as oneself. Such a "Hinayana" approach to Dharma tends to focus on an ascetic, individual orientation towards the attainment of nirvana (rather than the ulta-altruistic quest of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhisattva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodhisattva (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Bodhisattva</a>): suppression of desire, removal from the world, solitude. Its followers are referred to as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sravaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sravaka (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">śrāvakas</a> (聲聞) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyekabuddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pratyekabuddha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">pratyekabuddhas</a> (緣覺) in the Mahayana sutras. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ananda_Coomaraswamy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Ananda Coomaraswamy</a>, the 20th century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaphysician (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">metaphysician</a>, made the following note on the Mahayanist Bodhisattva ideal: </p> <blockquote> <p>"Mahayanists do not hesitate to describe the Hinayana ideal as selfish... but the Mayananists... do not sufficiently realize that a selfish being could not possibly become an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arhat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arhat (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Arahat</a>, who must be free from even the conception of ego, and still more from every form of ego-assertion. The selfishness of the would-be Arahat is more apparent than real. The ideal of self-culture is not opposed to that of self-sacrifice: in any perfectly harmonious development these seemingly opposite tendencies are reconciled... If the ideal of the Private Buddha seems to be a selfish one, we may reply that the Great Man can render to his fellows no higher service than to realize the highest possible state of his being."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>១០<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The primary focus of some Mahayana schools is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhicitta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodhicitta (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">bodhicitta</a> (菩提心), the vow to strive for buddhahood or awakened mind both for oneself and for the benefit of all other sentient beings. As Ananda Coomaraswamy notes, "The most essential part of the Mahanyana is its emphasis on the Bodhisattva ideal, which replaces the Arhatta, or ranks before it."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>១១<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being a high-level bodhisattva involves (according to Mahayana teachings) possessing a mind of great compassion conjoined with insight into reality (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prajna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prajna (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">prajna</a>, 般若), realizing emptiness (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunyata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shunyata (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">shunyata</a>, 空), and/or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tathagatagarbha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tathagatagarbha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">tathagatagarbha</a> (buddhic essence of all things, 如來藏). With this mind the practitioner will realize the final goal of full Awakening, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhahood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhahood (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Buddhahood</a>: an omniscient, blissful mind completely free from suffering and its causes, that is able to work tirelessly for the benefit of all living beings. Six virtues or perfections (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramitas (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">paramitas</a>) are listed for the bodhisattva: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dana_(Buddhism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dana (Buddhism) (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">generosity</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sila (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">morality</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksanti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ksanti (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">patience</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virya (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">energy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhyana (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">meditation</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prajna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prajna (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">wisdom</a>. </p><p>Many “philosophical” schools and sutras of Mahayana Buddhism have focused on the nature of enlightenment and nirvana itself, from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhyamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhyamika (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Madhyamika</a> (中観派) and its rival, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogacara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogacara (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Yogacara</a> (瑜伽行), to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tathagatagarbha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tathagatagarbha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Tathagatagarbha</a> (如來藏) teachings and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zen (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Zen</a> (禪宗). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="ហេតុអ្វីបានជានិកាយមហាយានផ្តោតជាសំខាន់ទៅលើពាក្យ_ករុណាធម៌_?"><span id=".E2.80.8B.E1.9E.A0.E1.9F.81.E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.BB.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.A2.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9C.E1.9E.B8.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.94.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.87.E1.9E.B6.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.A0.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.95.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.8F.E1.9F.84.E1.9E.8F.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.87.E1.9E.B6.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9F.E1.9F.86.E1.9E.81.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E1.9F.8B.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.91.E1.9F.85.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9B.E1.9E.BE.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.96.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.80.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.99_.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.9A.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.8E.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.92.E1.9E.98.E1.9F.8C_.3F"></span>ហេតុអ្វីបានជានិកាយមហាយានផ្តោតជាសំខាន់ទៅលើពាក្យ ករុណាធម៌ ?</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&section=5" title="កែប្រែផ្នែក៖ ហេតុអ្វីបានជានិកាយមហាយានផ្តោតជាសំខាន់ទៅលើពាក្យ ករុណាធម៌ ?"><span>កែប្រែ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compassion, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karuna (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Karuna</a> (悲), is the other key concept of Mahayana, and is a necessity to Bodhicitta. Compassion is important in all schools of Buddhism, but is particularly emphasized in Mahayana. It is also linked to the idea that acquired merit can be transmitted to others. </p><p>The bodhisattvas are the main actors of compassion, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avalokitesvara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avalokitesvara (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Avalokitesvara</a> (known in East Asia as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Yin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guan Yin (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Guan Yin</a>, 觀音菩薩) being foremost among them. Although having reached enlightenment, bodhisattvas usually make a vow to postpone entering into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nirvana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nirvana (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">nirvana</a> (涅槃) until all other beings have also been saved. They devote themselves to helping others reach enlightenment. </p><p>The Mahayana idea that liberation is universal (see below) also allows for one to focus less on the release of personal suffering and more on humanity's salvation, and is consequently described to be more universally compassionate and caring for the welfare of others than other traditions of Buddhism.<sup title="References are needed for the previous part of the text." class="noprint">[<a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6:%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="វិគីភីឌា:ប្រភពដែលមានអាគតដ្ឋាន"><i>ប្រភព?</i></a>]</sup> </p><p>A comparison between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinayana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinayana (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Hinayana</a> (the name given by Mahayanists to the earlier Buddhist traditions) and Mahayana made by the 10th century Tibetan author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gampopa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gampopa (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Jé Gampopa</a> in <i>The Jewel Ornament of Liberation</i> follows: </p> <blockquote><p>‘Clinging to the well-being of mere peace' signifies the lower capacity [Hinayana] attitude wherein the longing to transcend suffering is focused on oneself alone. This precludes the cherishing of others and hence there is little development of altruism. [...] When loving kindness and compassion become part of one, there is so much care for other conscious beings that one could not bear to liberate oneself alone. [...] Master Manjushriikiirti has said: ‘A Mahayana follower should not be without loving kindness and compassion for even a single moment', and ‘It is not anger and hatred but loving kindness and compassion that vouchsafe the welfare of others'.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="តើវិធីសង្គ្រោះសត្វលោកឲ្យរួចទុក្ខនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានមានលក្ខណៈបែបណា_?"><span id=".E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.BE.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9C.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.92.E1.9E.B8.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.84.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.82.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9A.E1.9F.84.E1.9F.87.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.8F.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9C.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9B.E1.9F.84.E1.9E.80.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.B2.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9A.E1.9E.BD.E1.9E.85.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.91.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.80.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.81.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9F.85.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.80.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.84.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.A0.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9B.E1.9E.80.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.81.E1.9E.8E.E1.9F.88.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.94.E1.9F.82.E1.9E.94.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.8E.E1.9E.B6_.3F"></span>តើវិធីសង្គ្រោះសត្វលោកឲ្យរួចទុក្ខនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានមានលក្ខណៈបែបណា ?</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&section=6" title="កែប្រែផ្នែក៖ តើវិធីសង្គ្រោះសត្វលោកឲ្យរួចទុក្ខនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានមានលក្ខណៈបែបណា ?"><span>កែប្រែ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“Devotional” Mahayana developed a rich cosmography, with various supernatural Buddhas and Bodhisattvas residing in paradisiacal realms. The concept of trinity, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trikaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trikaya (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">trikaya</a> (三身), supports these constructions, making the Buddha himself into a transcendental god-like figure. </p><p>Under various conditions, these realms could be attained by devotees after their death so that when reborn they could strive towards buddhahood in the best possible conditions. Depending on the sect, this salvation to “paradise” can be obtained by faith, imaging, or sometimes even by the simple invocation of the Buddha’s name. This approach to salvation is at the origin of the mass appeal of devotional Buddhism, especially ។ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="តើអ្វីជាសុខុមភាពនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន_?"><span id=".E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.BE.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.A2.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9C.E1.9E.B8.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.87.E1.9E.B6.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.81.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.97.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.96.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9F.85.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.80.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.84.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.A0.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93_.3F"></span>តើអ្វីជាសុខុមភាពនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន ?</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&section=7" title="កែប្រែផ្នែក៖ តើអ្វីជាសុខុមភាពនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយាន ?"><span>កែប្រែ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The teaching of a "Buddha Principle" (<i>Buddha-dhatu</i>) or "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddha_Nature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddha Nature (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Buddha Nature</a>" innate to and inseparable from all sentient beings is a doctrine which is indicated by the Buddha in a number of Mahayana sutras to constitute the "absolutely final culmination" of his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dharma (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Dharma</a> (see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nirvana_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nirvana Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Nirvana Sutra</a>). The essential idea (articulated in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tathagatagarbha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tathagatagarbha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Tathagatagarbha</a> sutras, but not accepted by all Mahayana) is that no being is without a concealed but indestructible interior link to Awakening (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodhi (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">bodhi</a>), and that this link is an uncreated element [<i>dhatu</i>] or principle deep inside each being which constitutes nothing less than the deathless, diamond-like "essence of the Self" (<i>Nirvana Sutra</i>). In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahaparinirvana_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahaparinirvana Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a>, the Buddha declares: "The essence of the Self (<i>atman</i>) is the subtle <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tathagatagarbha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tathagatagarbha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Tathagatagarbha</a> ..." </p><p>"The <i>Buddha-dhatu</i> [Buddha Principle, "Buddha Nature"] of beings inheres / abides within the five <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandhas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skandhas (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">skandhas</a> [transitory components of the being]." </p><p>"The <i>Buddha-dhatu</i> is the True Self and, like a diamond, for example, it cannot be destroyed". </p><p>The actual "seeing and knowing" of this <i>Buddha-dhatu</i> (co-terminous with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmakaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dharmakaya (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Dharmakaya</a> or Self of Buddha) is said to usher in nirvanic Liberation. This <i>Buddha-dhatu</i> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tathagatagarbha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tathagatagarbha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Tathagatagarbha</a> is revealed to be both immanent (found in every single person, ghost, god and creature, etc.) and transcendental (it is uncreated, deathless and ultimately beyond rational grasping or conceptualisation). Yet it is this already real and present, hidden internal element of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodhi (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">bodhi</a> (Awakeness) which, according to the Tathagatagarbha sutras, prompts beings to seek after Liberation from worldly suffering and enables them to attain the spotless bliss which lies at the heart of their being. Once the veils of negative thoughts, feelings and unwholesome behaviour (the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klesha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klesha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">kleshas</a>) have been eliminated from the mind and character, the indwelling <i>Buddha-dhatu</i> (Buddha Principle / "Buddha Nature") is enabled to shine forth unimpededly and to transform the seer of it into a Buddha. Thus the <i>Buddha-dhatu</i> teaching is both an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontology (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">ontological</a> and a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soteriology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soteriology (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">soteriological</a> doctrine: it reveals the immortal, Buddhic "True Self" (as the Buddha in the <i>Mahaparinirvana Sutra</i> repeatedly terms it) which is found to lie at the core of each being when all the obscuring, transient elements of the false ego are seen through and transcended, and it further verbalises the liberative and transformative power inherent in the Tathagatagarbha when once that vision of the innermost essence or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svabhava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svabhava (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">svabhava</a> of oneself and all other beings has been secured. </p><p>This immanentist and essentialist doctrine is by no means universal in Mahayana Buddhism and has long been a subject of vigorous debate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="តើភិក្ខុនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានសំអាងគម្ពីរអ្វីខ្លះសម្រាប់សិក្សា_និង_យោងក្នុងការចោទឆ្លើយមតិគ្នា_?"><span id=".E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.BE.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.97.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.80.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.81.E1.9E.BB.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9F.85.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.80.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.84.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.A0.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9F.E1.9F.86.E1.9E.A2.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.84.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.82.E1.9E.98.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.96.E1.9E.B8.E1.9E.9A.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.A2.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9C.E1.9E.B8.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.81.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9B.E1.9F.87.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.98.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9A.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.94.E1.9F.8B.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.80.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.B6_.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.84_.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.99.E1.9F.84.E1.9E.84.E2.80.8B.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.80.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.84.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.9A.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.85.E1.9F.84.E1.9E.91.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.86.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9B.E1.9E.BE.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.B7.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.82.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B6_.3F"></span>តើភិក្ខុនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានសំអាងគម្ពីរអ្វីខ្លះសម្រាប់សិក្សា និង យោងក្នុងការចោទឆ្លើយមតិគ្នា ?</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&section=8" title="កែប្រែផ្នែក៖ តើភិក្ខុនៅក្នុងនិកាយមហាយានសំអាងគម្ពីរអ្វីខ្លះសម្រាប់សិក្សា និង យោងក្នុងការចោទឆ្លើយមតិគ្នា ?"><span>កែប្រែ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r295577">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">អត្ថបទដើម: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahayana_Sutras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahayana Sutras (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Mahayana Sutras</a></div> <p>ដូចជាពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយថេរវាទី (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Therav%C4%81da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theravāda (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Theravāda</a> Buddhism) ដែរ ពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន (Mahāyāna Buddhism) ប្រើប្រាស់សេចក្តីបង្រៀនជាមូលដ្ឋាន (basic teachings) របស់ព្រះពុទ្ធសមណគោតម ដែលត្រូវបានកត់ត្រាទុកតាំងពីសម័យដើម ធ្វើជាចំណុចចាប់ផ្តើមនៃសេចក្តីបង្រៀនរបស់ពួកគេ ដូចជាសេចក្តីបង្រៀនអំពីទ្រឹស្តីអំពីកម្ម (karma, kamma) និង ការត្រឡប់មកចាប់កំណើតវិញ (rebirth), ចតុរារិយសច្ច (Four Noble Truths), មជ្ឈិមបដិបទា (Middle Way) និង អដ្ឋង្គិកមគ្គ (Eightfold Path) ។ ទោះបីសេចក្តីបង្រៀនជាមូលដ្ឋានរបស់ព្រះពុទ្ធសមណគោតម ត្រូវបានរក្សាទុកនៅក្នុងគម្ពីរជាភាសាបាលី () និង ផ្សព្វផ្សាយបន្តដោយមនុស្សកាន់តាមនិកាយថេរវាទីក៏ដោយ ក៏ពុទ្ធសាសនិកជននៃនិកាយមហាយាន បានកែប្រែសេចក្តីបង្រៀនទាំងនោះជាច្រើនអន្លើ ដែលគេស្គាល់ថា អាគមៈ (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Agama</a>) ឬ អាគម (អានថា អាគុំ ប្រែថា គម្ពីរ ឬ សេចក្តីបង្រៀន) ដែលមានសេចក្តីបង្រៀនមួយចំនួនធំជាន់គ្នា ជាមួយនឹងសេចក្តីបង្រៀននៅក្នុងគម្ពីរភាសាបាលី ។ គម្ពីរ អាគមៈ ដែលត្រូវបានបកប្រែជាភាសាចិន និង នៅសល់ដល់បច្ចុប្បន្ននេះ គឺជាគម្ពីរដែលពុទ្ធសាសនិកនិកាយមហាយានពីរក្រុមយកទៅសិក្សា ចំណែកឯគម្ពីរអាគមៈមួយចំនួនធំ មិនធ្លាប់ត្រូវបានបកប្រែទៅជាភាសាទីបីទេ ។ ក្រៅពីទទួលយកគម្ពីរជាច្រើនរបស់ពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយថេរវាទី ធ្វើជាគម្ពីរសម្រាប់សិក្សាប្រចាំនិកាយរបស់ខ្លួន ពុទ្ធសាសនិកជននៃពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន ក៏រក្សាទុកកម្រងសូត្រ (គម្ពីរ) ជាច្រើនទៀត ដែលពុទ្ធសាសនិកជននៃពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយថេរវាទី មិនធ្លាប់ប្រទះ ឬ មិនទទួលស្គាល់ ។ នៅក្នុងពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន គម្ពីរ (សូត្រ) នៃមហាយាន ដើរតួសំខាន់ជាងគម្ពីរ អាគមៈ ។ ទោះបីពុទ្ធសាសនិកជននៃពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានអះអាងថាគម្ពីរទាំងនោះជាសេចក្តីបង្រៀនពិតដែលព្រះពុទ្ធសមណគោតមបានសំដែងទុកក៏ដោយ អ្នកសិក្សាស្រាវជ្រាវជាច្រើនជឿថា គម្ពីរទាំងនោះត្រូវបានភិក្ខុជាច្រើនតាក់តែងឡើង ដោយសារពួកភិក្ខុទាំងនោះត្រូវការពោលសារជាថ្មីឡើងវិញ និង ផ្លាស់ប្តូរនូវគោលលទ្ធិទាំងឡាយ របស់ពុទ្ធសាសនាសម័យដើម ។ អ្នកនិពន្ធ AK Warder នៃសៀវភៅ "Indian Buddhism" កំណែលើកទី ៣ ត្រង់ទំព័រ ៣៣៥ បានអះអាងថា "សម័យមួយបន្ទាប់ពីការបង្កើតឡើងនូវសាលារៀនឈ្មោះ បុវ៌សេលៈ (Purva Saila school) ឬ អបរសេលៈ និង ឧត្តរសេលៈ (ប្រហែលជាបុព្វសេលៈ ឬ ភ្នំខាងកើត ឬ ភ្នំថ្ងៃរះ) កាលពីសតវត្សទី ១ មុនគ្រិស្តសករាជ ពួកភិក្ខុមួយចំនួនមិនត្រឹមតែត្រូវការឲ្យមានការបកស្រាយជាថ្មីនូវគម្ពីរ (សូត្រ) ច្បាប់ដើមប៉ុណ្ណោះទេ (ដូចជា អត្ថបទអភិធម្មរបស់សាលានោះ) ប៉ុន្តែពួកភិក្ខុទាំងនោះថែមទាំងត្រូវការសរសេរជាថ្មីនូវគោលលទ្ធិជាច្រើន ។ នៅក្នុងគោលបំណងនេះ ពួកភិក្ខុទាំងនោះបានចាប់សរសេរសាជាថ្មីនូវគម្ពីរ (សូត្រ) ជាច្រើន ឬ សរសេរបន្ថែមសូត្រថ្មីៗច្រើនទៀត ។" </p><p>អ្នកស្រាវជ្រាវជាច្រើនក៏បានជឿដូចគ្នាផងដែរថា គម្ពីរព្រះត្រៃបិដកជាភាសាបាលី មួយភាគធំត្រូវបានកែប្រែ ឬ សរសេរបន្ថែម ទោះជាយ៉ាងនោះក៏ដោយ អ្នកស្រាវជ្រាវទាំងនោះមិនមានទស្សនៈដូចគ្នាទេ នៅត្រង់ចំណុចថា តើមានការកែប្រែប៉ុន្មានភាគ និង នៅត្រង់សៀវភៅណា ។ </p><p><br /> </p><p>The first of the Mahayana-specific writings were written probably around the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_century_BCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st century BCE (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">1st century BCE</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_century_CE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st century CE (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">1st century CE</a>. Some of the Mahayana Sutras, such as certain parts of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfection_of_Wisdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perfection of Wisdom (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Perfection of Wisdom</a> sutras (般若波羅蜜多經), are presented as actual <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sermon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sermon (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">sermons</a> of the Buddha that had been hidden. By some accounts, these sermons were passed on by oral tradition, as with other sutras; other accounts state that they were hidden and then revealed several centuries later by some mythological route. In addition to sutras, some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_texts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhist texts (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Mahayana texts</a> are essentially commentaries. </p><p>Among the earliest major Mahayana scriptures attested to historically are the Perfection of Wisdom (Prajna-Paramita) sutras, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avatamsaka_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avatamsaka Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Avatamsaka Sutra</a> (華嚴經), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotus_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lotus Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Lotus Sutra</a> (妙法蓮華經), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vimalakirti_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vimalakirti Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Vimalakīrti Sutra</a> (維摩詰經), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nirvana_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nirvana Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Nirvana Sutra</a> (涅槃經). </p><p>The Tibetan tradition classifies <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakyamuni_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakyamuni Buddha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Shakyamuni Buddha</a>'s teachings into three hierarchical categories, based on levels of understanding the nature of reality, known as "turnings of the wheel of dharma (truth)": those sutra discourses containing the basic doctrines supposedly aimed at the initial disciples or <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Ar%C4%81vakas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śrāvakas (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Śrāvakas</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emptiness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emptiness (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">emptiness</a> teachings associated with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhyamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhyamika (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Madhyamika</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prajna_Paramita" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna Paramita">Prajna Paramita</a> sutras (般若波羅蜜多經), and the doctrines associated with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogācāra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Yogācāra</a> which present the most accurate view of reality according to this scheme. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tathagatagarbha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tathagatagarbha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Tathagatagarbha</a> (如來藏) teachings are normally included in the third turning of the wheel if the need arises to classify them. The Chinese tradition has a different scheme. </p><p>The Mahayana canon was further expanded somewhat after Buddhism was transmitted to other countries such as <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-redirect" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibet (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Tibet</a>, where the existing texts were translated. New texts, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platform_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platform Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Platform Sutra</a> (六祖壇經) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment</a> (圓覺經) were explicitly not of Indian origin, but were widely accepted as valid scriptures on their own merits. Other later writings included the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linji_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linji Lu (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Linji Lu</a> (臨済錄), a commentary by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chán (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Chán</a> (禪宗) master <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linji_Yixuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linji Yixuan (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Linji Yixuan</a> (臨済義玄). In the course of the development of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean Buddhism (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Korean Buddhism</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese Buddhism (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Japanese Buddhism</a>, further important commentaries were composed. These included, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea">Korea</a>, some of the writings of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinul (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Jinul</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan">Japan</a>, works such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dōgen (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Dōgen</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Db%C5%8Dgenz%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shōbōgenzō (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Shōbōgenzō</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានមានប្រភពដើមមកពីណា_?"><span id=".E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.BE.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.96.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.91.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.92.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B6.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.A0.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.94.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9A.E1.9E.97.E1.9E.96.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.8A.E1.9E.BE.E1.9E.98.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.80.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.96.E1.9E.B8.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.8E.E1.9E.B6_.3F"></span>តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានមានប្រភពដើមមកពីណា ?</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&section=9" title="កែប្រែផ្នែក៖ តើពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយានមានប្រភពដើមមកពីណា ?"><span>កែប្រែ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mahayana's exact origin is unknown. However, a number of common elements and background are suggested by various scholars and theologians. The earliest origins of Mahayana-like thinking depend on precisely what one means by Mahayana. Some Mahayana scriptures were transmitted from India to China in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_century_CE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second century CE (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">second century CE</a>. </p><p>Buddhism became increasingly fragmented due to the many splits in the Sangha into the various <a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Buddhist_schools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Buddhist schools (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">early Buddhist schools</a>. This might have led to a widening distance between laity and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">sangha</a>, who were increasingly preoccupied with theological <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidhamma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abhidhamma (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Abhidhammic</a> speculation. The Mahayana movement, on the other hand, was ecumenical, reflecting a wide range of theology from both the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sthaviravada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sthaviravada (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Sthaviravada</a> (上座部) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahasanghika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahasanghika (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Mahasanghika</a> (大眾部) sects<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>១២<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Early Mahayana did not have a taboo regarding the composition of new sutras. With the creation of new <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahayana_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahayana Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Mahayana Sutras</a>, the Mahayana movement was rejected by the early schools as heretical. </p><p>Another important element is the lay practice of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stupa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stupa (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">stupa</a> devotion, which was actively encouraged by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashoka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashoka (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Ashoka</a>. According to Akira Hirakawa (<i>A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana</i>), stupas — which were initially mere monuments to Gautama Buddha — increasingly became the place of devotion and of spreading Buddhism to the masses, the majority of whom were illiterate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindus (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Hindus</a>. On the inside wall of the stupa, pictures were drawn or sculpted depicting the life of Buddha and his previous lives as a bodhisattva. This has given rise to devotion to the transcendent omnipresent and always-present Buddha and the bodhisattvas <sup title="References are needed for the previous part of the text." class="noprint">[<a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6:%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="វិគីភីឌា:ប្រភពដែលមានអាគតដ្ឋាន"><i>ប្រភព?</i></a>]</sup>, distinct from the purely monastic sangha (see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Buddhist_schools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Buddhist schools (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Early Buddhist schools</a>). However, this theory has been rejected by a number of scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>១៣<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="តើមានភស្តុតាងលើសិលាចារិក_នៅទីណាខ្លះសម្រាប់អះអាងដើមកំណើតនៃនិកាយមហាយាន_?"><span id=".E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.BE.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.97.E1.9E.9F.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.BB.E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.84.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9B.E1.9E.BE.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.9B.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.85.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.9A.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.80_.E1.9E.93.E1.9F.85.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.91.E1.9E.B8.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.8E.E1.9E.B6.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.81.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9B.E1.9F.87.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.98.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9A.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.94.E1.9F.8B.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.A2.E1.9F.87.E1.9E.A2.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.84.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.8A.E1.9E.BE.E1.9E.98.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.80.E1.9F.86.E1.9E.8E.E1.9E.BE.E1.9E.8F.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9F.83.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.98.E1.9E.A0.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93_.3F"></span>តើមានភស្តុតាងលើសិលាចារិក នៅទីណាខ្លះសម្រាប់អះអាងដើមកំណើតនៃនិកាយមហាយាន ?</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&section=10" title="កែប្រែផ្នែក៖ តើមានភស្តុតាងលើសិលាចារិក នៅទីណាខ្លះសម្រាប់អះអាងដើមកំណើតនៃនិកាយមហាយាន ?"><span>កែប្រែ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%AF%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A:BuddhistTriad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BuddhistTriad.JPG/220px-BuddhistTriad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BuddhistTriad.JPG/330px-BuddhistTriad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BuddhistTriad.JPG/440px-BuddhistTriad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>តួអង្គបីនៅក្នុងពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន ។ រូបភាពពីខាងឆ្វេងទៅខាងស្តាំដៃ ឧបាសក/ឧបាសិកានៃនគរ កុសាណ (Kushan) ឬប្រទេសអាប់ហ្គានីស្ថានបច្ចុប្បន្ន, ព្រះពោធិសត្វមេត្តេយ្យ (Bodhisattva Maitreya), ព្រះពុទ្ធ, ព្រះពោធិសត្វ អវលោកិតិស្វារ (Avalokitesvara), និង ភិក្ខុពុទ្ធសាសនាមួយអង្គ ។ សតវត្សទី ២ ដល់ទី ៣ នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ, នគរ គន្ធារៈ (Gandhara) ឬ តំបន់ជ្រលងភ្នំស្វ័ត (Swat) នៃប្រទេសប៉ាគីស្ថានបច្ចុប្បន្ន ។</figcaption></figure> <p>សិលាចារិកដំបូងៗ ដែលមានព័ត៌មានរៀបរាប់ អំពីការស្ថាបនាគោលលទ្ធិ របស់ពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាន និង ការនិយាយយោងទៅដល់តួអង្គព្រះពុទ្ធ អមិតាភៈ (Buddha Amitabha) ត្រូវបានគេរកឃើញនៅឧបទ្វីបឥណ្ឌា នៅក្រុងមធុរា (Mathura) (រដ្ឋឧត្តរប្រទេស នៃប្រទេសឥណ្ឌាបច្ចុប្បន្ន) ដែលបានចាប់ផ្តើមតាំងពីឆ្នាំ ១៨០ នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ ។ នៅឯសារមន្ទីរក្រុងមធុរា (Mathura Museum) សំណល់នៃបំណែករូបសំណាកព្រះពុទ្ធ មានសិលាចារិកអក្សរព្រាហ្មី (Brahmi) ដែលសរសេរថា ៖ "បានបង្កើតឡើងនៅឆ្នាំ ២៨ នៃការគ្រងរាជ្យរបស់ស្តេច ហ៊ុវិស្កា (Huvishka), ... ដើម្បីបូជាដល់ព្រះពុទ្ធ អមិតាភៈ ។"<br /> </p><p>ទោះជាយ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ រូបភាពនេះមិនតំណាងឲ្យផ្នត់គំនិតរបស់មនុស្សភាគច្រើន ជាពិសេសនៅក្នុងបរិបទនៃពុទ្ធសាសនានៅប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា រូបភាពនេះត្រូវបានគេមិនរាប់រកនៅសម័យកាលនោះ ហើយវាក៏គ្មានឥទ្ធិពលអ្វីជាដុំកំភួនឡើយ ។<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>១៤<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ភស្តុតាងផ្នែកសិលាចារិកសម្រាប់និកាយមហាយាន នៅសម័យកាលមុនសតវត្សទី ៥ មានចំនួនតិចតួចបំផុត បើប្រៀបធៀបជាមួយនឹងអត្ថបទដ៏ច្រើនសន្ធឹកនៃនិកាយមហាយាន ដែលត្រូវបានចម្លងបញ្ជូនពីតំបន់អាស៊ីកណ្តាល ទៅកាន់ប្រទេសចិន នៅសម័យនោះ ។<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>១៥<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>១៦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="តើគម្ពីរ_ក្បួនច្បាប់អ្វីខ្លះត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើយនាសម័យក្រោយៗ_?"><span id=".E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.BE.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.82.E1.9E.98.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.96.E1.9E.B8.E1.9E.9A.E2.80.8B_.E1.9E.80.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.94.E1.9E.BD.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.85.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.94.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.94.E1.9F.8B.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.A2.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9C.E1.9E.B8.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.81.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9B.E1.9F.87.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.8F.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9A.E1.9E.BC.E1.9E.9C.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.94.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.93.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.94.E1.9E.84.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.BE.E1.9E.8F.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.A1.E1.9E.BE.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.93.E1.9E.B6.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.98.E1.9F.90.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9E.80.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9A.E1.9F.84.E1.9E.99.E2.80.8B.E1.9F.97_.3F"></span>តើគម្ពីរ ក្បួនច្បាប់អ្វីខ្លះត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើយនាសម័យក្រោយៗ ?</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&section=11" title="កែប្រែផ្នែក៖ តើគម្ពីរ ក្បួនច្បាប់អ្វីខ្លះត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើយនាសម័យក្រោយៗ ?"><span>កែប្រែ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known Mahayana texts are translations made into <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kushan (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Kushan</a> monk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokaksema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lokaksema (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Lokaksema</a> (支娄迦谶) in the Chinese capital of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luoyang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luoyang (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Luoyang</a>, between 178 and 189 CE<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>១៧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. But, to equate evidence for the presence of a body of Mahayana scripture with the existence at the time of Mahayana as a religious movement, has been described as being an assumption leading to a serious misstep<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>១៨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Lokaksema's work includes the translation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyutpanna_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pratyutpanna Sutra (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Pratyutpanna Sutra</a>, containing the first known mentions of the Buddha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amitabha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amitabha (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Amitabha</a> and his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pure Land (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Pure Land</a>, said to be at the origin of Pure Land practice in <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-redirect" title="China">China</a>, and the first known translations of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfection_of_Wisdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perfection of Wisdom (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra</a>, a founding text of Mahayana Buddhism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="ការផ្សព្វផ្សាយ_(សតវត្សទី_៥_ដល់ទី_១០_នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ)"><span id=".E1.9E.80.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.9A.E1.9E.95.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.96.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9C.E1.9E.95.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.99_.28.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.9C.E1.9E.8F.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.91.E1.9E.B8_.E1.9F.A5_.E1.9E.8A.E1.9E.9B.E1.9F.8B.E1.9E.91.E1.9E.B8_.E1.9F.A1.E1.9F.A0_.E1.9E.93.E1.9F.83.E1.9E.82.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.9A.E1.9E.B7.E1.9E.9F.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.8F.E1.9E.9F.E1.9E.80.E1.9E.9A.E1.9E.B6.E1.9E.87.29"></span>ការផ្សព្វផ្សាយ (សតវត្សទី ៥ ដល់ទី ១០ នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ)</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93&action=edit&section=12" title="កែប្រែផ្នែក៖ ការផ្សព្វផ្សាយ (សតវត្សទី ៥ ដល់ទី ១០ នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ)"><span>កែប្រែ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 5th century CE Mahayana was a strong movement in India, possibly owing to support by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gupta (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Gupta</a> dynasty. It spread from India to <a href="/w/index.php?title=South-East_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South-East Asia (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">South-East Asia</a>, and towards the north to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Asia (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-redirect" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan">Japan</a>. The influence of Mahayana in China seems to have been reached at an earlier time than in India, where Mahayan remained an obscure group until the 5th century. </p><p>Buddhism (and Mahayana) disappeared from India during the 11th century, and consequently lost its influence in <a href="/w/index.php?title=South-East_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South-East Asia (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">South-East Asia</a> where it was replaced by Theravada Buddhism from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. </p><p>មហាយានបច្ចុប្បន្នមានអ្នកកាន់តាមច្រើនជាងថេរវាទ ដែលជាសាលាពុទ្ធសាសនាដែលនៅសេសសល់ផ្សេងទៀត ដូច្នេះហើយបានជាគេគោរពតាមគោលលទ្ធិព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនាច្រើនជាងគេរហូតមកដល់សព្វថ្ងៃនេះនៅអាស៊ីបូព៌ា និងពិភពលោក។ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="មើលបន្ថែម"><span id=".E1.9E.98.E1.9E.BE.E1.9E.9B.E1.9E.94.E1.9E.93.E1.9F.92.E1.9E.90.E1.9F.82.E1.9E.98"></span>មើលបន្ថែម</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> វិគីមេឌាទូទៅមានមេឌាដែលទាក់ទងទៅនឹង: <i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93">មហាយាន</a></b></i> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>There are, it seems, very few things that can be said with certainty about Mahayana Buddhism</i>, Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004, page 492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>But apart from the fact that it can be said with some certainty that the Buddhism embedded in China, Korea, Tibet, and Japan is Mahayana Buddhism, it is no longer clear what else can be said with certainty about Mahayana Buddhism itself, and especially about its earlier, and presumably formative, period in India.</i>, Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004, page 492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>It has become increasingly clear that Mahayana Buddhism was never one thing, but rather, it seems, a loosely bound bundle of many, and — like Walt Whitman — was large and could contain, in both senses of the term, contradictions, or at least antipodal elements.</i>, Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004, page 492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch, <i>Practice of Chinese Buddhism</i>, Harvard, 1967, page 396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r312616">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702080506/http://www.religioustolerance.org/budd_mah.htm">"Mahayana Buddhism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/budd_mah.htm">the original</a> on 2007-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahayana+Buddhism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fbudd_mah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fkm.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sasaki, Shizuka (1999). <i>Review Article: The Mahaparinirvana Sutra and the Origins of Mahayana Buddhism</i>. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 1999 26/1-2. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/539.pdf">[១]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409072753/http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/539.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-04-09 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%81_%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="វេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន (ទំព័រនេះមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេ)">វេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន</a>. (accessed: January 29, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Theravada - Mahayana Buddhism By Ven. Dr. W. Rahula <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.buddhistinformation.com/theravada.htm">http://www.buddhistinformation.com/theravada.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Teacher of the Devas by Susan Elbaum Jootla <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/jootla/wheel414.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/jootla/wheel414.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, <i>Hua-Yen Buddhism</i>, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Coomaraswamy, Ananda (1975). <i>Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism</i>. Boston: University Books, Inc.. pp. 228-229.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddha+and+the+Gospel+of+Buddhism&rft.aulast=Coomaraswamy&rft.aufirst=Ananda&rft.au=Coomaraswamy%2C%26%2332%3BAnanda&rft.date=1975&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B228-229&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=University+Books%2C+Inc.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Coomaraswamy, Ananda (1975). <i>Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism</i>. Boston: University Books, Inc.. pp. 229.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddha+and+the+Gospel+of+Buddhism&rft.aulast=Coomaraswamy&rft.aufirst=Ananda&rft.au=Coomaraswamy%2C%26%2332%3BAnanda&rft.date=1975&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B229&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=University+Books%2C+Inc.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Williams, "Mahayana Buddhism", 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. Williams, <i>Mahayana Buddhism</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> យោងតាមសៀវភៅវិជ្ជាសមោធានពុទ្ធសាសនា (បោះពុម្ពដោយក្រុមហ៊ុន McMillan ឆ្នាំ ២០០៤ ទំព័រ ៤៩៣) មានសេចក្តីអះអាងថា <i>ម្យ៉ាងទៀត នៅពេលភស្តុតាងដែលមិនមែនជាអត្ថបទ ត្រូវបានគេយកមកពិចារណា ពេលនោះរូបភាពក៏ប្រែប្រួលដោយច្រើនអន្លើ ។ ជាជាងត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកវាថាជាវត្ថុដែលអាចរាប់ថ្ងៃខែឆ្នាំថយក្រោយទៅដល់សតវត្សដំបូងៗនៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ វត្ថុតាងដ៏តូចមួយនៃពុទ្ធសាសនានិកាយមហាយាននេះ ហាក់បីដូចជាគ្មានឥទ្ធិពលអ្វីសោះទៅលើការអនុវត្តន៍សេចក្តីជំនឿតាមបែបពុទ្ធសាសនានៅឥណ្ឌា រហូតមកដល់សតវត្សទី ២ ហើយសូម្បីនៅពេលនោះ ឥទ្ធិពលរបស់វាទៅលើផ្នត់គំនិតមហាជន គឺមានដ៏តិចតួចបំផុត ហើយមនុស្សភាគច្រើនក៏មិនបានរាប់រកវាផង រីឯឥទ្ធិពលរបស់វាក៏មានតិចតួច ។ គ្មានឯកសារយោងដទៃណាផ្សេងទៀតដែលនិយាយយោងទៅដល់តួអង្គព្រះពុទ្ធ អមិតាភៈ នៅក្នុងសិលាចារិករូបភាពរបស់ឥណ្ឌាទេ ។ គម្រូស្រដៀងគ្នានេះលេចឡើង (ទាក់ទងនឹងនិកាយមហាយាន) នៅក្នុងទ្រង់ទ្រាយធំ នៅពេលគេពិចារណាលើភស្តុតាងដែលមិនមែនជាអក្សរ ។</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> យោងតាមសៀវភៅវិជ្ជាសមោធានពុទ្ធសាសនា (បោះពុម្ពដោយក្រុមហ៊ុន McMillan ឆ្នាំ ២០០៤ ទំព័រ ៤៩៣) មានសេចក្តីអះអាងថា <i>ពិតមែនហើយ នៅក្នុងសម័យកាលនេះ យើងមានឯកសារអត្ថបទដ៏ច្រើនសន្ធឹក ដែលបានមកស្ទើរពីគ្រប់ច្រកល្ហកនៃប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា ។ ... ក៏ប៉ុន្តែ មុនសតវត្សទី ៥ គ្មានឃើញនិយាយយោងបន្តិចសោះទៅដល់ពាក្យថា មហាយាន នៅក្នុងចំណោមឯកសារដ៏ច្រើនសន្ធឹកនេះ ។ </i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> យោងតាមសៀវភៅវិជ្ជាសមោធានពុទ្ធសាសនា (បោះពុម្ពដោយក្រុមហ៊ុន McMillan ឆ្នាំ ២០០៤ ទំព័រ ៤៩៤) មានសេចក្តីអះអាងថា <i>អ្វីៗដែលធ្វើឲ្យគេយល់ច្រឡំ និង ច្របូកច្របល់រវាងការរំពឹងទុក និង ភាពជាក់ស្តែង ៖ យើងដឹងតាមរយៈអត្ថបទបកប្រែរបស់ចិនថា គម្ពីរ (សូត្រ) ដ៏ច្រើនសន្ធឹករបស់និកាយមហាយាន ត្រូវបានគេនិពន្ធឡើងនៅចន្លោះសតវតស្សទី ១ និង សតវត្សទី ៥ នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ ។ ប៉ុន្តែក្រៅពីឯកសារទាំងនោះ យ៉ាងហោចណាស់នៅប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា នៅក្នុងសម័យកាលដដែលនោះ (ឬប្រហែលមុននោះ) គំនិតខុសគ្នា និង បំណងប្រាថ្នាជាច្រើន ហាក់បីដូចជាកំពុងជំរុញឥរិយាបថពិតប្រាកដ ចំណែកនិកាយហីនយានជាច្រើនក្រុម ដែលជាក្រុមកើតមុនគេ និង មានវត្តមាននៅក្នុងសង្គមនោះ ហាក់បីដូចជាមានមនុស្សគាំទ្រ និង ជួយឧបត្ថម្ភ ។</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The most important evidence — in fact the only evidence — for situating the emergence of the Mahayana around the beginning of the common era was not Indian evidence at all, but came from China. Already by the last quarter of the second century C.E. there was a small, seemingly idiosyncratic collection of substantial Mahayana sutras translated into what Erik Zürcher calls “broken Chinese” by an Indoscythian, whose Indian name has been reconstructed as Lokaksema.</i>, Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004, page 492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>But even apart from the obvious weaknesses inherent in arguments of this kind there is here the tacit equation of a body of literature with a religious movement, an assumption that evidence for the presence of one proves the existence of the other, and this may be a serious misstep.</i>, Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004, page 493</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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