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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dalvik (software)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="آلة دالفيك الافتراضية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلة دالفيك الافتراضية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik" title="Dalvik – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dalvik" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dalvik (software)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_Virtual_Machine" title="Dalvik Virtual Machine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dalvik Virtual Machine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik" title="Dalvik – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dalvik" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9_(%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="دالویک (نرم‌افزار) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دالویک (نرم‌افزار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_(machine_virtuelle)" title="Dalvik (machine virtuelle) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dalvik (machine virtuelle)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%AC%EB%B9%85_(%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4)" title="달빅 (소프트웨어) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="달빅 (소프트웨어)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_(perangkat_lunak)" title="Dalvik (perangkat lunak) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dalvik (perangkat lunak)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik" title="Dalvik – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dalvik" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dalvik (software)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik" title="Dalvik – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dalvik" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik" title="Dalvik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dalvik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dalvik (software)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik%E4%BB%AE%E6%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="Dalvik仮想マシン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Dalvik仮想マシン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_(maszyna_wirtualna)" title="Dalvik (maszyna wirtualna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dalvik (maszyna wirtualna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_virtual_machine" title="Dalvik virtual machine – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dalvik virtual machine" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik" title="Dalvik – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Dalvik" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_(softv%C3%A9r)" title="Dalvik (softvér) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dalvik (softvér)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Далвик (софтвер) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Далвик (софтвер)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik-virtuaalikone" title="Dalvik-virtuaalikone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dalvik-virtuaalikone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_(programvara)" title="Dalvik (programvara) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dalvik (programvara)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_(yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m)" title="Dalvik (yazılım) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dalvik (yazılım)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik" title="Dalvik – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Dalvik" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Virtual machine used by Android for executing Java apps</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Dalvik</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dan Bornstein</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/dalvik">android<wbr />.googlesource<wbr />.com<wbr />/platform<wbr />/dalvik</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754752#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> 2.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/dalvik/index.html">source<wbr />.android<wbr />.com<wbr />/devices<wbr />/tech<wbr />/dalvik<wbr />/index<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dalvik</b> is a discontinued <a href="/wiki/Process_virtual_machine#Process_virtual_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Process virtual machine">process virtual machine</a> (VM) in the <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android operating system</a> that executes applications written for Android.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Dalvik bytecode format is still used as a distribution format, but no longer at runtime in newer Android versions.) Dalvik was an integral part of the Android software stack in the (now unsupported) <a href="/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Android versions</a> <a href="/wiki/Android_KitKat" title="Android KitKat">4.4 "KitKat"</a> and earlier, which were commonly used on mobile devices such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a>, and more in some devices such as <a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TVs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wearables" class="mw-redirect" title="Wearables">wearables</a>. Dalvik is <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>, originally written by Dan Bornstein, who named it after the fishing village of <a href="/wiki/Dalv%C3%ADk" title="Dalvík">Dalvík</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eyjafj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Eyjafjörður">Eyjafjörður</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-onlamp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">Programs</a> for Android are commonly written in <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and compiled to <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java Virtual Machine</a>, which is then translated to Dalvik bytecode and stored in <code>.dex</code> (<i>Dalvik EXecutable</i>) and <code>.odex</code> (<i>Optimized Dalvik EXecutable</i>) files; related terms <i>odex</i> and <i>de-odex</i> are associated with respective bytecode conversions. The compact Dalvik Executable format is designed for systems that are constrained in terms of <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">processor</a> speed. </p><p>The successor of Dalvik is <a href="/wiki/Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a> (ART), which uses the same bytecode and .dex files (but not .odex files), with the succession aiming at performance improvements. The new runtime environment was included for the first time in Android 4.4 "KitKat" as a <a href="/wiki/Technology_preview" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology preview">technology preview</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and replaced Dalvik entirely in later versions; <a href="/wiki/Android_Lollipop" title="Android Lollipop">Android 5.0 "Lollipop"</a> is the first version in which ART is the only included runtime. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalvik_(software)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalvik, named after <a href="/wiki/Dalv%C3%ADk" title="Dalvík">a town in Iceland</a> by its creator Dan Bornstein,<sup id="cite_ref-danama_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danama-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was designed for embedded devices with very low RAM and CPU<sup id="cite_ref-dan08_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dan08-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to run Java code, and eventually support <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> for "heavy-duty apps" and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> for "light-weight widget-like apps" as first-class languages with Java catering to the rest. <a href="/wiki/Android_NDK" title="Android NDK">Android Native Development Kit</a> which eventually paved way for C++ support has existed since Dalvik's first public release. According to Bornstein, <a href="/wiki/Mmap" title="Mmap">Memory-mapping</a> executables and libraries across multiple process and building a faster interpreter with register-based semantics drove much of the early design of the byte-aligned instruction set and the Virtual Machine. Experience working with <a href="/wiki/J2ME" class="mw-redirect" title="J2ME">J2ME</a> on <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_Sidekick" class="mw-redirect" title="T-Mobile Sidekick">Sidekick</a> at <a href="/wiki/Danger_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danger (company)">Danger</a>, Bornstein found it was too stripped down and fairly constrained for Android. While improvements such as <a href="/wiki/Application_Isolation_API" title="Application Isolation API">Isolates</a> as then planned by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> made <a href="/wiki/Process_isolation" title="Process isolation">process isolation</a> infeasible as it broke Android's intra-Device security model. For Dalvik VM, Bornstein particularly took inspiration from <em>The Case for Register Machines</em><sup id="cite_ref-danama_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danama-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> authored by Brian Davis et al of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College</a>, Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalvik was open sourced under <a href="/wiki/Apache_License_v2" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License v2">Apache License v2</a> as rest of the <a href="/wiki/Android_Open_Source_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Open Source Project">Android Open Source Project</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalvik_(software)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ART_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ART_view.png/400px-ART_view.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ART_view.png/600px-ART_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ART_view.png/800px-ART_view.png 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A comparison of Dalvik and <a href="/wiki/Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">ART</a> architectures</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java Virtual Machines</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">stack machines</a>, the Dalvik VM uses a <a href="/wiki/Register_machine" title="Register machine">register-based architecture</a> that requires fewer, typically more complex, virtual machine instructions. Dalvik programs are written in Java using the Android <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interface</a> (API), compiled to Java bytecode, and converted to Dalvik instructions as necessary. </p><p>A tool called <code>dx</code> is used to convert Java <a href="/wiki/Class_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (file format)">.class</a> files into the .dex format. Multiple <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a> are included in a single .dex file. Duplicate <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">strings</a> and other constants used in multiple class files are included only once in the .dex output to conserve space. Java <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> is also converted into an alternative <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a> used by the Dalvik VM. An uncompressed .dex file is typically a few percent smaller in size than a <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compressed</a> <a href="/wiki/JAR_(file_format)" title="JAR (file format)">Java archive</a> (JAR) derived from the same .class files.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dalvik executables may be modified again when installed onto a mobile device. In order to gain further <a href="/wiki/Optimization_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization (computer science)">optimizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">byte order</a> may be swapped in certain data, simple <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Function_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (computer science)">function</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a> may be <a href="/wiki/Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">linked</a> <a href="/wiki/Inline_function" title="Inline function">inline</a>, and empty class objects may be short-circuited, for example. </p><p>Being optimized for low memory requirements, Dalvik has some specific characteristics that differentiate it from other standard VMs:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The VM was slimmed down to use less space.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Class_(file_format)#The_constant_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (file format)">constant pool</a> has been modified to use only <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> indices to simplify the <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>.</li> <li>Standard <a href="/wiki/Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java bytecode</a> executes <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> stack instructions. Local variables must be copied to or from the operand stack by separate instructions. Dalvik instead uses its own <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> instruction set that works directly on local variables. The local variable is commonly picked by a <a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a> "virtual register" field. This lowers Dalvik's instruction count and raises its interpreter speed.</li></ul> <p>The design of Dalvik permits a device to run multiple instances of the VM efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-ramanan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramanan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Android 2.2 "Froyo"</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Tracing_just-in-time_compilation" title="Tracing just-in-time compilation">trace-based just-in-time (JIT) compilation</a> into Dalvik, optimizing the execution of applications by continually <a href="/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">profiling</a> applications each time they run and dynamically <a href="/wiki/Compiler_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler (computing)">compiling</a> frequently executed short segments of their bytecode into native <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a>. While Dalvik <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interprets</a> the rest of application's bytecode, native execution of those short bytecode segments, called "traces", provides significant performance improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The potential trace heads are identified in the front-end of the compiler at the parsing stage and after the bytecode conversion. A translation cache is maintained during the runtime. Multiple traces can be chained to reduce synchronisation between the compiler and the interpreter. The trace is optimized by converting it into the <a href="/wiki/Single_Static_Assignment" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Static Assignment">Single Static Assignment</a> form, enabling optimizations like dead store elimination, variable folding, and inlining getters and setters.<sup id="cite_ref-ramanan_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramanan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalvik_(software)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_RAZR_XT910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Motorola_RAZR_XT910.jpg/220px-Motorola_RAZR_XT910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Motorola_RAZR_XT910.jpg/330px-Motorola_RAZR_XT910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Motorola_RAZR_XT910.jpg/440px-Motorola_RAZR_XT910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption>A Dalvik-powered phone</figcaption></figure> <p>The relative merits of <a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">stack machines</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Register_machine" title="Register machine">register</a>-based approaches are a subject of ongoing debate.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, stack-based machines must use <a href="/wiki/Instruction_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction (computer science)">instructions</a> to load data on the stack and manipulate that data, and, thus, require more instructions than register machines to implement the same <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level code</a>, but the instructions in a register machine must encode the source and destination registers and, therefore, tend to be larger. This difference is of importance to VM interpreters, for which <a href="/wiki/Opcode" title="Opcode">opcode</a> dispatch tends to be expensive, along with other factors similarly relevant to <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a>. </p><p>Tests performed on <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family#32-bit_architecture" title="ARM architecture family">ARMv7</a> devices in 2010 by <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> (owner of the Java technology) with standard non-graphical Java benchmarks showed the <a href="/wiki/HotSpot_(virtual_machine)" title="HotSpot (virtual machine)">HotSpot</a> VM of <a href="/wiki/Embedded_Java#Java_SE_embedded" title="Embedded Java">Java SE embedded</a> to be 2–3 times faster than the <a href="/wiki/JIT_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="JIT compiler">JIT</a>-based Dalvik VM of <a href="/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Android 2.2</a> (the initial Android release that included a JIT compiler).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, academic benchmarks confirmed the factor of 3 between <a href="/wiki/HotSpot_(virtual_machine)" title="HotSpot (virtual machine)">HotSpot</a> and Dalvik on the same Android board, also noting that Dalvik code was not smaller than Hotspot.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, as of March 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalvik_(software)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, benchmarks performed on an Android device still show up to a factor 100 between native applications and a Dalvik application on the same Android device.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (June 2014)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (June 2014)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup> Upon running benchmarks using the early interpreter of 2009, both <a href="/wiki/Java_Native_Interface" title="Java Native Interface">Java Native Interface</a> (JNI) and native code showed an order of magnitude speedup.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing_and_patents">Licensing and patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalvik_(software)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Licensing and patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oracle_v._Google" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle v. Google">Oracle v. Google</a></div> <p>Dalvik is published under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> say that Dalvik is a <a href="/wiki/Clean-room_design" title="Clean-room design">clean-room</a> implementation rather than a development on top of a standard Java runtime, which would mean it does not inherit copyright-based license restrictions from either the standard-edition or open-source-edition Java runtimes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> and some reviewers dispute this.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 12, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>, which acquired <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> in April 2009 and therefore owns the rights to Java, sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents. Oracle alleged that Google, in developing Android, knowingly, directly and repeatedly infringed Oracle's Java-related intellectual property.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2012, the jury in this case found that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parties agreed to zero dollars in <a href="/wiki/Statutory_damages" title="Statutory damages">statutory damages</a> for 9 lines of copied code.<sup id="cite_ref-damages_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-damages-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nine_lines_of_code_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nine_lines_of_code-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalvik_(software)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Android software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_virtualization" title="Application virtualization">Application virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_application_virtualization_software" title="Comparison of application virtualization software">Comparison of application virtualization software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Java_and_Android_API" title="Comparison of Java and Android API">Comparison of Java and Android API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEB_decompiler" title="JEB decompiler">JEB decompiler</a> – a Dalvik (DEX and APK) decompiler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalvik_Turbo_virtual_machine" title="Dalvik Turbo virtual machine">Dalvik Turbo virtual machine</a> – a proprietary alternative Dalvik implementation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalvik_(software)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/dalvik/gc-debug.html">"Debugging ART Garbage Collection"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>The Dalvik runtime is no longer maintained or available [in current versions of Android] and its byte-code format is now used by ART.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debugging+ART+Garbage+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsource.android.com%2Fdevices%2Ftech%2Fdalvik%2Fgc-debug.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uke.livejournal.com/25660.html">Journal entry</a> referencing the source of the name</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onlamp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onlamp_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110110729/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2007/11/12/google-calling-inside-the-gphone-sdk.html">"Google Calling: Inside Android, the gPhone SDK"</a>. <i>onlamp.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2007/11/12/google-calling-inside-the-gphone-sdk.html">the original</a> on 2017-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=onlamp.com&rft.atitle=Google+Calling%3A+Inside+Android%2C+the+gPhone+SDK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlamp.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Fonlamp%2F2007%2F11%2F12%2Fgoogle-calling-inside-the-gphone-sdk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_Buckley2013" class="citation web cs1">Sean Buckley (2013-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2013/11/06/new-android-runtime-could-improve-battery-life/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'ART' experiment in Android KitKat improves battery life and speeds up apps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27ART%27+experiment+in+Android+KitKat+improves+battery+life+and+speeds+up+apps&rft.pub=Engadget&rft.date=2013-11-06&rft.au=Sean+Buckley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2013%2F11%2F06%2Fnew-android-runtime-could-improve-battery-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_P.2013" class="citation web cs1">Daniel P. (2013-11-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phonearena.com/news/Experimental-Google-ART-runtime-in-Android-KitKat-can-bring-twice-faster-app-executions_id49139">"Experimental Google ART runtime in Android KitKat can bring twice faster app executions"</a>. <i>phonearena.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phonearena.com&rft.atitle=Experimental+Google+ART+runtime+in+Android+KitKat+can+bring+twice+faster+app+executions&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft.au=Daniel+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phonearena.com%2Fnews%2FExperimental-Google-ART-runtime-in-Android-KitKat-can-bring-twice-faster-app-executions_id49139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-danama-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-danama_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-danama_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FO1Xe7bF2VY"><i>Live Q&A with Dan Bornstein, Creator of the Dalvik VM</i></a>. <i>InfoQ</i>. 29 Sep 2015 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Live+Q%26A+with+Dan+Bornstein%2C+Creator+of+the+Dalvik+VM&rft.date=2015-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DFO1Xe7bF2VY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dan08-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dan08_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptjedOZEXPM"><i>Google I/O 2008 - Dalvik Virtual Machine Internals</i></a>. <i>Google</i>. 4 Jun 2008 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+I%2FO+2008+-+Dalvik+Virtual+Machine+Internals&rft.date=2008-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DptjedOZEXPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisBeattyCaseyGregg2003" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Brian; Beatty, Andrew; Casey, Kevin; Gregg, David; T Waldron, John (8 Jun 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201175416/https://www.scss.tcd.ie/David.Gregg/papers/Gregg-SoCP-2005.pdf">"The case for virtual register machines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 2003 workshop on Interpreters, virtual machines and emulators</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F858570.858575">10.1145/858570.858575</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58113-655-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58113-655-2"><bdi>1-58113-655-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/10190/1/KC-Case-2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 Feb 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+case+for+virtual+register+machines&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2003+workshop+on+Interpreters%2C+virtual+machines+and+emulators&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2003-06-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F858570.858575&rft.isbn=1-58113-655-2&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Beatty%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Casey%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Gregg%2C+David&rft.au=T+Waldron%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.maynoothuniversity.ie%2F10190%2F1%2FKC-Case-2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeschizza2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Beschizza, Rob (12 Nov 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240131161213/https://www.wired.com/2007/11/android-sdk-ope/">"Android SDK Open For Code"</a>. <i>WIRED</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2007/11/android-sdk-ope/">the original</a> on 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIRED&rft.atitle=Android+SDK+Open+For+Code&rft.date=2007-11-12&rft.aulast=Beschizza&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2007%2F11%2Fandroid-sdk-ope%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBornstein2008" class="citation web cs1">Bornstein, Dan (2008-05-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416064828/https://sites.google.com/site/io/dalvik-vm-internals/2008-05-29-Presentation-Of-Dalvik-VM-Internals.pdf?attredirects=0">"Presentation of Dalvik VM Internals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/io/dalvik-vm-internals/2008-05-29-Presentation-Of-Dalvik-VM-Internals.pdf?attredirects=0">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-27</span></span>. <q>The definition of a "clean room" implementation is that the engineers writing the code have no direct exposure to the original, copyrighted material, including code, specifications, and other documentation. That's a problem for Google, as I noted in yesterday's post, because there is substantial evidence that the engineers working on the project had direct access to the copyrighted material.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+real+history+of+Java+and+Android%2C+as+told+by+Google&rft.pub=ZDNet&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft.au=Ed+Bott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-real-history-of-java-and-android-as-told-by-google%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/oracle-sues-google-over-java-in-android-devices/">"Oracle Sues Google Over Java in Android Devices"</a>. digitaltrends.com. 2010-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oracle+Sues+Google+Over+Java+in+Android+Devices&rft.pub=digitaltrends.com&rft.date=2010-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltrends.com%2Fmobile%2Foracle-sues-google-over-java-in-android-devices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Niccolai2010" class="citation web cs1">James Niccolai (2010-08-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9180678/Update_Oracle_sues_Google_over_Java_use_in_Android?taxonomyId=13">"Oracle sues Google over Java use in Android"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Oracle+sues+Google+over+Java+use+in+Android&rft.date=2010-08-12&rft.au=James+Niccolai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F9180678%2FUpdate_Oracle_sues_Google_over_Java_use_in_Android%3FtaxonomyId%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Hachman2010" class="citation web cs1">Mark Hachman (2010-08-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2367761,00.asp">"Oracle Sues Google Over Android Java Use"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ziff_Davis" title="Ziff Davis">Ziff Davis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Oracle+Sues+Google+Over+Android+Java+Use&rft.date=2010-08-13&rft.au=Mark+Hachman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2367761%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosh_Lowensohn2012" class="citation web cs1">Josh Lowensohn (May 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/jury-clears-google-of-infringing-on-oracle-patents/">"Jury clears Google of infringing on Oracle's patents"</a>. <i>ZDNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Jury+clears+Google+of+infringing+on+Oracle%27s+patents&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft.au=Josh+Lowensohn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fjury-clears-google-of-infringing-on-oracle-patents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Mullin2012" class="citation web cs1">Joe Mullin (May 31, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/05/google-wins-crucial-api-ruling-oracles-case-decimated/">"Google wins crucial API ruling, Oracle's case decimated"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Google+wins+crucial+API+ruling%2C+Oracle%27s+case+decimated&rft.date=2012-05-31&rft.au=Joe+Mullin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2012%2F05%2Fgoogle-wins-crucial-api-ruling-oracles-case-decimated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-damages-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-damages_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiccolai2012" class="citation web cs1">Niccolai, James (June 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230401114703/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2722368/oracle-agrees-to--zero--damages-in-google-lawsuit--eyes-appeal.html">"Oracle agrees to 'zero' damages in Google lawsuit, eyes appeal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9228298/Oracle_agrees_to_zero_damages_in_Google_lawsuit_eyes_appeal">the original</a> on 2023-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oracle+agrees+to+%27zero%27+damages+in+Google+lawsuit%2C+eyes+appeal&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.aulast=Niccolai&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F9228298%2FOracle_agrees_to_zero_damages_in_Google_lawsuit_eyes_appeal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nine_lines_of_code-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nine_lines_of_code_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Outler2012" class="citation web cs1">Adam Outler (May 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516201945/http://www.xda-developers.com/android/update-on-the-oracle-versus-google-trial/">"Update on the Oracle Versus Google Trial"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xda-developers.com/android/update-on-the-oracle-versus-google-trial/">the original</a> on 2013-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-18</span></span>. <q>A major portion of the Oracle's claims are based on 9 lines of code contained within Java.Util.Arrays.rangeCheck(). Here is the code in question:...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Update+on+the+Oracle+Versus+Google+Trial&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft.au=Adam+Outler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xda-developers.com%2Fandroid%2Fupdate-on-the-oracle-versus-google-trial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADalvik+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalvik_(software)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/dalvik/dalvik-bytecode.html">Dalvik bytecode</a> – official Android documentation of the <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/dalvik/dex-format.html">Dex Executable format</a> – official Android documentation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ls0tM-c4Vfo"><span class="plainlinks">A JIT Compiler for Android's Dalvik VM</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, Google I/O 2010, by Ben Cheng and Bill Buzbee</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/io/dalvik-vm-internals">Dalvik VM Internals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301173652/http://sites.google.com/site/io/dalvik-vm-internals">Archived</a> 2010-03-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Google I/O 2008, by Dan Bornstein</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnkoenig.com/the-800-million-dollar-question-whats-the-difference-between-trademark-and-copyright/">The $800 Million Dollar Question: What’s the Difference Between Trademark and Copyright?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="RenderScript">RenderScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skia_Graphics_Engine" title="Skia Graphics Engine">Skia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdMob" title="AdMob">AdMob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Design" title="Material Design">Material Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Fonts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droid_(typeface)" title="Droid (typeface)">Droid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roboto" title="Roboto">Roboto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noto_fonts" title="Noto fonts">Noto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developers" title="Google Developers">Google Developers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenBinder" title="OpenBinder">OpenBinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradle" title="Gradle">Gradle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated<br />development<br />environments</a> (IDE)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)#Android_Development_Tools" title="Eclipse (software)">Android Development Tools</a> (ADT)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/App_Inventor_for_Android" class="mw-redirect" title="App Inventor for Android">App Inventor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality (XR)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Daydream</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events, <a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Challenge" title="Android Developer Challenge">Developer Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Lab" title="Android Developer Lab">Developer Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Open_Source_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Open Source Project">Android Open Source Project</a> (AOSP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Releases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Cupcake" title="Android Cupcake">Cupcake (1.5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Donut" title="Android Donut">Donut (1.6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Eclair" title="Android Eclair">Eclair (2.0–2.1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo (2.2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Gingerbread" title="Android Gingerbread">Gingerbread (2.3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Honeycomb" title="Android Honeycomb">Honeycomb (3.x)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Ice_Cream_Sandwich" title="Android Ice Cream Sandwich">Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Jelly_Bean" title="Android Jelly Bean">Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_KitKat" title="Android KitKat">KitKat (4.4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Lollipop" title="Android Lollipop">Lollipop (5.x)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Marshmallow" title="Android Marshmallow">Marshmallow (6.0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Nougat" title="Android Nougat">Nougat (7.x)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Oreo" title="Android Oreo">Oreo (8.x)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Pie" title="Android Pie">Pie (9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_10" title="Android 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_11" title="Android 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_12" title="Android 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_13" title="Android 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_14" title="Android 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_15" title="Android 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_16" title="Android 16">16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Automotive" title="Android Automotive">Android Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Things" title="Android Things">Android Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_TV" title="Android TV">TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_TV_devices" title="List of Android TV devices">devices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_OS" title="Wear OS">Wear OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_C" title="Pixel C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_(1st_generation)" title="Pixel (1st generation)">Pixel & Pixel XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_2" title="Pixel 2">2 & 2 XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_3" title="Pixel 3">3 & 3 XL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_3a" title="Pixel 3a">3a & 3a XL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_4" title="Pixel 4">4 & 4 XL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_4a" title="Pixel 4a">4a & 4a (5G)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_5" title="Pixel 5">5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_5a" title="Pixel 5a">5a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_6" title="Pixel 6">6 & 6 Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_6a" title="Pixel 6a">6a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_7" title="Pixel 7">7 & 7 Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_7a" title="Pixel 7a">7a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Fold" title="Pixel Fold">Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Tablet" title="Pixel Tablet">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8" title="Pixel 8">8 & 8 Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8a" title="Pixel 8a">8a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8" title="Pixel 8">9, 9 Pro & 9 Pro XL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_9_Pro_Fold" title="Pixel 9 Pro Fold">9 Pro Fold</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy Nexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_4" title="Nexus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_10" title="Nexus 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Q" title="Nexus Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_5" title="Nexus 5">5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_5X" title="Nexus 5X">5X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_6" title="Nexus 6">6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_6P" title="Nexus 6P">6P</a></li></ul></li> <li>7 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_7_(2012)" title="Nexus 7 (2012)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_7_(2013)" title="Nexus 7 (2013)">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_9" title="Nexus 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Player" title="Nexus Player">Player</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_Play_edition_devices" title="List of Google Play edition devices">Play edition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTC_One_(M7)" title="HTC One (M7)">HTC One (M7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC_One_(M8)" title="HTC One (M8)">HTC One (M8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_G_Pad_8.3" title="LG G Pad 8.3">LG G Pad 8.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moto_G_(1st_generation)" title="Moto G (1st generation)">Moto G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4" title="Samsung Galaxy S4">Samsung Galaxy S4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_Z_Ultra" title="Sony Xperia Z Ultra">Sony Xperia Z Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_One" title="Android One">Android One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_smartphones" title="List of Android smartphones">other smartphones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom <br /> distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AliOS" title="AliOS">AliOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remix_OS" title="Remix OS">Remix OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOKP" title="AOKP">AOKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidu_Yi" title="Baidu Yi">Baidu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CalyxOS" title="CalyxOS">CalyxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Realme" title="Realme">realme UI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CopperheadOS" title="CopperheadOS">CopperheadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Magic UI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_OS" title="Fire OS">Fire OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizu#Flyme" title="Meizu">Flyme OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GrapheneOS" title="GrapheneOS">GrapheneOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaomi_HyperOS" title="Xiaomi HyperOS">Xiaomi HyperOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIUI" title="MIUI">MIUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POCO_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="POCO (company)">MIUI for POCO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeWa_OS" title="LeWa OS">LeWa OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LineageOS" title="LineageOS">LineageOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//e/_(operating_system)" title="/e/ (operating system)">/e/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrDroid" title="CrDroid">CrDroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivestOS" title="DivestOS">DivestOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iod%C3%A9OS" title="IodéOS">iodéOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_NetHunter" title="Kali NetHunter">Kali NetHunter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteOS" title="LiteOS">LiteOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Horizon OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroG" title="MicroG">MicroG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_X_family#Nokia_X_software_platform" title="Nokia X family">Nokia X software platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniROM" title="OmniROM">OmniROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPhone" title="OPhone">OPhone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OxygenOS" title="OxygenOS">OxygenOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PixelExperience" title="PixelExperience">PixelExperience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel#Pixel_UI_(Pixel_Launcher)" title="Google Pixel">Pixel UI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicant_(operating_system)" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Remix_OS" title="Resurrection Remix OS">Resurrection Remix OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlimRoms" title="SlimRoms">SlimRoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCL_Technology" title="TCL Technology">TCL UI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_for_Android" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu for Android">Ubuntu for Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XobotOS" title="XobotOS">XobotOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo_smartphones" title="Lenovo smartphones">ZUI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Booting and<br />recovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">Booting process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_recovery_mode" title="Android recovery mode">Recovery mode</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TWRP_(software)" title="TWRP (software)">TWRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClockworkMod" title="ClockworkMod">ClockworkMod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Services" title="Google Play Services">Google Play Services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SafetyNet_API" class="mw-redirect" title="SafetyNet API">SafetyNet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">UIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asus_ZenUI" class="mw-redirect" title="Asus ZenUI">Asus ZenUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_OS_(operating_system)" title="Cherry OS (operating system)">Cherry OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funtouch_OS" title="Funtouch OS">Funtouch OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizu#Flyme" title="Meizu">Flyme OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiOS" title="HiOS">HiOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_UI" title="Hive UI">Hive UI (XOLO Hive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC_Sense" title="HTC Sense">HTC Sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_UX" title="LG UX">LG UX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optimus_UI" title="Optimus UI">Optimus UI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoblur" title="Motoblur">Motoblur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_UI" title="One UI">One UI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_OS" title="Origin OS">Origin OS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Experience" title="Samsung Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TouchWiz" title="TouchWiz">TouchWiz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OxygenOS" title="OxygenOS">OxygenOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel#Pixel_UI_(Pixel_Launcher)" title="Google Pixel">Pixel UI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XOS_(operating_system)" title="XOS (operating system)">XOS</a></li> <li>Xperia UI</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">Rooting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SuperSU" title="SuperSU">SuperSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisk_(software)" title="Magisk (software)">Magisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingo_Root" title="Kingo Root">Kingo Root</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_in_Android" title="List of features in Android">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Free and open-source applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_apps_by_Google" title="List of Android apps by Google">Google apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_launchers" title="List of Android launchers">Launchers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Android_OS_articles" title="Index of Android OS articles">Index of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androidland" title="Androidland">Androidland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromecast" title="Chromecast">Chromecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Java_and_Android_API" title="Comparison of Java and Android API">Java vs. Android API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_lawn_statues" title="Android lawn statues">Lawn statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueStacks" title="BlueStacks">BlueStacks</a></li> <li>Legal issues <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google v. Oracle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Android_(operating_system)_development_software" title="Category:Android (operating system) development software">Category:Android development</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_telecommunications" title="Category:Mobile telecommunications">Category:Mobile telecommunications</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Hypervisor">hypervisors</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Native</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Domain_Environment_for_Operating_Systems" title="Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems">Adeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/CMS" title="CP/CMS">CP/CMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine" title="Kernel-based Virtual Machine">KVM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OVirt" title="OVirt">oVirt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KubeVirt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KubeVirt (page does not exist)">KubeVirt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_VM_Server_for_SPARC" title="Oracle VM Server for SPARC">LDoms / Oracle VM Server for SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_partition" title="Logical partition">Logical partition</a> (LPAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LynxSecure" title="LynxSecure">LynxSecure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PikeOS" title="PikeOS">PikeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxmox_Virtual_Environment" title="Proxmox Virtual Environment">Proxmox VE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMMON" title="SIMMON">SIMMON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_ESXi" title="VMware ESXi">VMware ESXi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VMware_vSphere" title="VMware vSphere">VMware vSphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCloud_Air" title="VCloud Air">vCloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_Infrastructure" title="VMware Infrastructure">VMware Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Xen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XenServer" class="mw-redirect" title="XenServer">XenServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCP-ng" title="XCP-ng">XCP-ng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XtratuM" title="XtratuM">XtratuM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hosted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_II" title="Basilisk II">Basilisk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochs" title="Bochs">Bochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Linux" title="Cooperative Linux">Cooperative Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOSBox" title="DOSBox">DOSBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOSEMU" title="DOSEMU">DOSEMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCem" class="mw-redirect" title="PCem">PCem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/86Box" title="86Box">86Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PikeOS" title="PikeOS">PikeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SheepShaver" title="SheepShaver">SheepShaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMH" title="SIMH">SIMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_on_Windows" title="Windows on Windows">Windows on Windows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">Virtual DOS machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Win4Lin" title="Win4Lin">Win4Lin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhyve" title="Bhyve">bhyve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Virtual_Server" title="Microsoft Virtual Server">Microsoft Virtual Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_Workstation" title="Parallels Workstation">Parallels Workstation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parallels_Workstation_Extreme" title="Parallels Workstation Extreme">Extreme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_Desktop_for_Mac" title="Parallels Desktop for Mac">Parallels Desktop for Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_Server_for_Mac" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels Server for Mac">Parallels Server for Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PearPC" title="PearPC">PearPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Iron" title="Virtual Iron">Virtual Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_PC" title="Virtual PC">Virtual PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_Fusion" title="VMware Fusion">VMware Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_Server" title="VMware Server">VMware Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_Workstation" title="VMware Workstation">VMware Workstation</a> (<a href="/wiki/VMware_Workstation_Player" title="VMware Workstation Player">Player</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganeti" title="Ganeti">Ganeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Center_Virtual_Machine_Manager" title="System Center Virtual Machine Manager">System Center Virtual Machine Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virt-manager" title="Virt-manager">Virt-manager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/OS-level_virtualization" title="OS-level virtualization">Operating<br />system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">OS containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_jail" title="FreeBSD jail">FreeBSD jail</a></li> <li>iCore Virtual Accounts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-VServer" title="Linux-VServer">Linux-VServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LXC" title="LXC">Linux Containers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVZ" title="OpenVZ">OpenVZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_Containers" title="Solaris Containers">Solaris Containers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuozzo_(company)#Software" title="Virtuozzo (company)">Virtuozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workload_Partitions" title="Workload Partitions">Workload Partitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Application containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Docker_(software)" title="Docker (software)">Docker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podman" title="Podman">Podman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lmctfy" title="Lmctfy">lmctfy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Linux#Overview" title="Container Linux">rkt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtual kernel architectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-mode_Linux" title="User-mode Linux">User-mode Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related kernel features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_Containers#Branded_zones" title="Solaris Containers">BrandZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cgroups" title="Cgroups">cgroups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot">chroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_namespaces" title="Linux namespaces">namespaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBPF" title="EBPF">eBPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seccomp" title="Seccomp">seccomp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon ECS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubernetes" title="Kubernetes">Kubernetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenShift" title="OpenShift">OpenShift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Desktop_virtualization" title="Desktop virtualization">Desktop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrix_Virtual_Apps" title="Citrix Virtual Apps">Citrix Virtual Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrix_Virtual_Desktops" title="Citrix Virtual Desktops">Citrix Virtual Desktops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Services" title="Remote Desktop Services">Remote Desktop Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_Horizon" title="VMware Horizon">VMware Horizon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Application_virtualization" title="Application virtualization">Application</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceedo" title="Ceedo">Ceedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrix_Virtual_Apps" title="Citrix Virtual Apps">Citrix Virtual Apps</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dalvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InstallFree" title="InstallFree">InstallFree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_App-V" title="Microsoft App-V">Microsoft App-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Services" title="Remote Desktop Services">Remote Desktop Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symantec_Workspace_Virtualization" title="Symantec Workspace Virtualization">Symantec Workspace Virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_(software)" title="Turbo (software)">Turbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_ThinApp" title="VMware ThinApp">VMware ThinApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeroVM" title="ZeroVM">ZeroVM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_virtualization" title="Network virtualization">Network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Overlay_Virtual_Ethernet" title="Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet">Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet</a> (DOVE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_VPN" title="Ethernet VPN">Ethernet VPN</a> (EVPN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Virtualization_using_Generic_Routing_Encapsulation" title="Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation">NVGRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_vSwitch" title="Open vSwitch">Open vSwitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_security_switch" title="Virtual security switch">Virtual security switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Extensible_LAN" title="Virtual Extensible LAN">Virtual Extensible LAN</a> (VXLAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Network_Virtualization_Encapsulation" title="Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation">Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation</a> (GENEVE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlueStacks" title="BlueStacks">BlueStacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_emulators" title="List of emulators">List of emulators</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators" title="List of computer system emulators">List of computer system emulators</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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