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dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p>En <a href="/wiki/Cosmologie" title="Cosmologie">cosmologie</a>, la <b>matière baryonique</b> comprend toute la matière composée de <a href="/wiki/Particule_composite" title="Particule composite">particules composites</a> appelées <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryons</a>. En pratique, elle correspond aux <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> et aux <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, auxquels on adjoint implicitement les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">électrons</a> (qui ne sont pas des baryons, mais des <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">leptons</a>), l'ensemble composant les <a href="/wiki/Atome" title="Atome">atomes</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule" title="Molécule">molécules</a> et toutes les structures visibles dans l'<a href="/wiki/Univers_observable" title="Univers observable">univers observable</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile">étoiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amas_de_galaxies" title="Amas de galaxies">amas de galaxies</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>). Ils constituent 5 % de ce qui existe dans l’<a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le terme de « <b>matière non baryonique</b> » est fréquemment utilisé pour décrire toute forme de <a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_exotique" title="Matière exotique">matière exotique</a> autre que baryons, leptons et <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>. Il est plausible que des formes de matière non baryoniques existent dans l'Univers. Plusieurs modèles proposent que la <a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_noire" title="Matière noire">matière noire</a>, intervenant dans la structure et la dynamique des galaxies et des <a href="/wiki/Amas_de_galaxies" title="Amas de galaxies">amas de galaxies</a> sans toutefois émettre de rayonnement, soit composé de matière non baryonique. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abondance_et_répartition"><span id="Abondance_et_r.C3.A9partition"></span>Abondance et répartition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mati%C3%A8re_baryonique&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Abondance et répartition" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mati%C3%A8re_baryonique&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Abondance et répartition"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La mesure de l'abondance de la matière baryonique, ainsi que sa répartition dans l'<a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a>, est l'un des enjeux majeurs de la <a href="/wiki/Cosmologie" title="Cosmologie">cosmologie</a> moderne. Une étude publiée en 2020 propose d'estimer la densité de matière baryonique dans l'Univers à l'aide des <a href="/wiki/Sursaut_radio_rapide" title="Sursaut radio rapide">sursauts radio rapides</a> dont la localisation a pu être obtenue<sup id="cite_ref-macquart20_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macquart20-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La valeur trouvée<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>a<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> est de 0,051 ± 0,025 atome par mètre cube, ce qui est cohérent avec les modèles faisant consensus<sup id="cite_ref-macquart20_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macquart20-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Un recensement des <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryons</a> de l’Univers indique que 10 % d’entre eux se trouveraient à l’intérieur des <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxies</a>, 50 à 60 % dans le milieu circumgalactique, et les 30 à 40 % restants pourraient être situés dans le <a href="/wiki/Milieu_intergalactique_chaud" title="Milieu intergalactique chaud">milieu intergalactique chaud</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-macquart20_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macquart20-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mati%C3%A8re_baryonique&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mati%C3%A8re_baryonique&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mati%C3%A8re_baryonique&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mati%C3%A8re_baryonique&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small lower-alpha" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">À supposer que la <a href="/wiki/Constante_de_Hubble" title="Constante de Hubble">constante de Hubble</a> vaille 70 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre par seconde mégaparsec">km s<sup>−1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">Mpc</a><sup>−1</sup></abbr>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mati%C3%A8re_baryonique&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mati%C3%A8re_baryonique&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2022">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insu.cnrs.fr/fr/la-matiere-sombre-existe"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Comment les scientifiques savent que la matière sombre existe ?</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_de_l%27univers" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut national des sciences de l'univers">Institut national des sciences de l'univers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">CNRS</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-06-08" data-sort-value="2022-06-08">8 juin 2022</time></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macquart20-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-macquart20_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-macquart20_2-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-macquart20_2-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Macquart2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="J.-P._Macquart2020"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> J.-P. Macquart <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">A census of baryons in the Universe from localized fast radio bursts</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Nature_(revue)" title="Nature (revue)">Nature</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 581, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 499,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-05-27" data-sort-value="2020-05-27">27 mai 2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2300-2">10.1038/s41586-020-2300-2</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.13161">2005.13161</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+census+of+baryons+in+the+Universe+from+localized+fast+radio+bursts&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.issue=499&rft.aulast=Macquart&rft.aufirst=J.-P.&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft.volume=581&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2300-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMati%C3%A8re+baryonique"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/23"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The baryon census in a multiphase intergalactic medium</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">iopscience.iop.org</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-10-12" data-sort-value="2012-10-12">12 octobre 2012</time></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mati%C3%A8re_baryonique&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mati%C3%A8re_baryonique&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asym%C3%A9trie_baryonique" title="Asymétrie baryonique">Asymétrie baryonique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_noire" title="Matière noire">Matière noire</a></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Cosmologie" title="Portail de la cosmologie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Noun_Big_Bang_Icon_58857.svg/24px-Noun_Big_Bang_Icon_58857.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Noun_Big_Bang_Icon_58857.svg/36px-Noun_Big_Bang_Icon_58857.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Noun_Big_Bang_Icon_58857.svg/48px-Noun_Big_Bang_Icon_58857.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Cosmologie" title="Portail:Cosmologie">Portail de la cosmologie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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