CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sirenomelia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ac32c5e8-6018-43a9-b79a-647124f7f304","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sirenomelia","wgTitle":"Sirenomelia","wgCurRevisionId":1185408648,"wgRevisionId":1185408648,"wgArticleId":1460251,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2012","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 maint: others","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021","Congenital disorders","Rare diseases","Mermaids"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sirenomelia","wgRelevantArticleId":1460251,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q795024","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Sirenomelia_preparate.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Sirenomelia_preparate.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sirenomelia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomelia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomelia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sirenomelia rootpage-Sirenomelia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sirenomelia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sirenomelia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sirenomelia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sirenomelia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Presentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notable individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tiffany_Yorks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiffany_Yorks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Tiffany Yorks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiffany_Yorks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shiloh_Pepin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shiloh_Pepin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Shiloh Pepin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shiloh_Pepin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milagros_Cerrón" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milagros_Cerrón"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Milagros Cerrón</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milagros_Cerrón-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sirenomelia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="متلازمة حورية البحر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متلازمة حورية البحر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սիրենոմելիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սիրենոմելիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="একানড়ে রোগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="একানড়ে রোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сиреномелия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сиреномелия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomelie" title="Sirenomelie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sirenomelie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomelia" title="Sirenomelia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sirenomelia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="سندرم پری دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سندرم پری دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%C3%A9nom%C3%A9lie" title="Sirénomélie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sirénomélie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomelia" title="Sirenomelia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sirenomelia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Су перісі синдромы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Су перісі синдромы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomelija" title="Sirenomelija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sirenomelija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomelie" title="Sirenomelie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sirenomelie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="シレノメリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シレノメリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomeli" title="Sirenomeli – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sirenomeli" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomelia" title="Sirenomelia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sirenomelia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomelia" title="Sirenomelia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sirenomelia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сиреномелия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сиреномелия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomelia" title="Sirenomelia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sirenomelia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomelia" title="Sirenomelia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sirenomelia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomelia" title="Sirenomelia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sirenomelia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenomelia" title="Sirenomelia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sirenomelia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сиреномелія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сиреномелія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A9ng_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_c%C3%A1" title="Hội chứng người cá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hội chứng người cá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E4%BA%BA%E9%B1%BC%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%97%87" title="美人鱼综合症 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美人鱼综合症" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q795024#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sirenomelia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sirenomelia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sirenomelia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sirenomelia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sirenomelia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sirenomelia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&oldid=1185408648" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sirenomelia&id=1185408648&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSirenomelia"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSirenomelia"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sirenomelia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sirenomelia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q795024" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rare congenital deformity in which the legs are fused together</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Sirenomelia</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirenomelia_preparate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sirenomelia_preparate.jpg/220px-Sirenomelia_preparate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sirenomelia_preparate.jpg/330px-Sirenomelia_preparate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Sirenomelia_preparate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i>Sirenomelia</i>, Lyon natural history and anatomy museum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q795024?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fused legs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Malformations of organs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Birth</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Causes">Causes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">?</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Surgery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Usually die in infancy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">?</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirenomelia2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sirenomelia2.jpg/170px-Sirenomelia2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="455" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sirenomelia2.jpg/255px-Sirenomelia2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sirenomelia2.jpg/340px-Sirenomelia2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>Sirenomelia</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sirenomelia</b>, also called <b>mermaid syndrome</b>, is a rare <a href="/wiki/Congenital_deformity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital deformity">congenital deformity</a> in which the legs are fused together, giving the appearance of a <a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">mermaid</a>'s tail, hence the nickname. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirenomelia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sirenomelia.svg/220px-Sirenomelia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sirenomelia.svg/330px-Sirenomelia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sirenomelia.svg/440px-Sirenomelia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Classification of sirenomelia by the presence or absence of bones within the lower limb.<br /> I) all bones of thigh and lower leg present<br /> II) fused <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a><br /> III) fibula absent<br /> IV) partially fused femur, fused fibula<br /> V) partially fused femur<br /> VI) fused femur, fused <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a><br /> VII) fused femur, tibia absent</figcaption></figure><p>Sirenomelia is classified by the skeletal structure of the lower limb, ranging from class I, where all bones are present and only the soft tissues are fused, to class VII where the only bone present is a fused <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been classified as an expanded part of the <a href="/wiki/VACTERL_association" title="VACTERL association">VACTERL association</a> and as a form of <a href="/wiki/Caudal_regression_syndrome" title="Caudal regression syndrome">caudal regression syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presentation">Presentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sirenomelia is mainly characterized by the fusion of both legs with rotation of the <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a>. It may include the absence of the lower spine, as well as abnormalities of the pelvis and renal organs. It was previously thought to be a severe form of sacral agensis/caudal regression syndrome, but more recent research confirms that these two conditions are not related.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the more severe cases of limb fusion correlate with more severe dysplasia in the pelvis. Rather than the two iliac arteries present in fetuses with complete renal agenesis, fetuses with sirenomelia display no branching of the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aorta" title="Abdominal aorta">abdominal aorta</a>, which is always absent.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Associated defects recorded in cases of sirenomelia include <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defect" title="Neural tube defect">neural tube defects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rachischisis" title="Rachischisis">rachischisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anencephaly" title="Anencephaly">anencephaly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spina_bifida" title="Spina bifida">spina bifida</a>), <a href="/wiki/Holoprosencephaly" title="Holoprosencephaly">holoprosencephaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoplastic_left_heart_syndrome" title="Hypoplastic left heart syndrome">hypoplastic left heart syndrome</a>, other heart defects, <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_atresia" title="Esophageal atresia">esophageal atresia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omphalocele" title="Omphalocele">omphalocele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_malrotation" title="Intestinal malrotation">intestinal malrotation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persistent_cloaca" title="Persistent cloaca">persistent cloaca</a>, and other limb defects (most commonly absence of the radius).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ultimate cause of sirenomelia is a subject of debate. The first hypothesis of its origin was developed in 1927 and proposed that a lack of blood supply to the lower limbs during their development is responsible for the defect. This "vascular steal" hypothesis was developed in response to the observed absence or severe underdevelopment of the aorta below the umbilical artery, which "steals" the blood supply from the lower limbs. Other hypotheses involve an insult to the embryo between 28 and 32 days affecting the <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">caudal mesoderm</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">teratogen</a> exposure affecting the neural tube during <a href="/wiki/Neurulation" title="Neurulation">neurulation</a>, and a defect in the twinning process that either stops the process of caudal differentiation or generates a second <a href="/wiki/Primitive_streak" title="Primitive streak">primitive streak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maternal <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Caudal_regression_syndrome" title="Caudal regression syndrome">caudal regression syndrome</a> and sirenomelia,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a few sources question this association.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prenatal <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> exposure has also been suggested as an association with sirenomelia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In animal models, several genes have been found to cause or be associated with sirenomelia. The <i>srn</i> (<i>siren</i>) gene is observed to cause hindlimb fusion in homozygous mice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mice with knockouts or mutations in both <i><a href="/wiki/TSG101" title="TSG101">tsg1</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 7">bmp7</a></i> will also have hindlimb fusion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though obvious at birth, sirenomelia can be diagnosed as early as 14 weeks gestation on <a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">prenatal ultrasound</a>. When there is low amniotic fluid around the fetus (<a href="/wiki/Oligohydramnios" title="Oligohydramnios">oligohydramnios</a>), the diagnosis is more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sirenomelia is usually fatal. Many pregnancies with a sirenomelic fetus spontaneously <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarry</a>. One-third to one-half of infants are <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillborn</a>, with all but a few dying in the <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal period">neonatal period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In cases of <a href="/wiki/Monoamniotic_twins" title="Monoamniotic twins">monoamniotic twins</a> where one is affected, the twin with sirenomelia is protected from <a href="/wiki/Potter_sequence" title="Potter sequence">Potter sequence</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypoplasia" title="Pulmonary hypoplasia">pulmonary hypoplasia</a> and abnormal facies) by the normal twin's production of amniotic fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This condition is found in approximately one out of every 100,000 live births; studies produce rates from 1 in 68,741 to 1 in 97,807.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kallen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kallen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is 100 to 150 times more likely in identical (monozygotic) twins than in singletons or fraternal twins.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sirenomelia is not associated with any ethnic background, but fetuses with sirenomelia are more likely to be male.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>sirenomelia</i> derives from the ancient Greek word <i>seirēn,</i> referring to the mythological <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a>, who were sometimes depicted as mermaids, and <i>melos</i>, meaning "limb". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_%C3%A9carts_de_la_nature_page8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Les_%C3%A9carts_de_la_nature_page8.jpg/220px-Les_%C3%A9carts_de_la_nature_page8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Les_%C3%A9carts_de_la_nature_page8.jpg/330px-Les_%C3%A9carts_de_la_nature_page8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Les_%C3%A9carts_de_la_nature_page8.jpg/440px-Les_%C3%A9carts_de_la_nature_page8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4044" data-file-height="6246" /></a><figcaption>Sirenomelia in <i>Les écarts de la nature</i>, 1775</figcaption></figure> <p>Sirenomelia was first reported in 1542. In 1927, Otto Kampmeier discovered the association between sirenomelia and <a href="/wiki/Single_umbilical_artery" title="Single umbilical artery">single umbilical artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_individuals">Notable individuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only a few individuals who had some functioning kidney tissues have survived the neonatal period.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tiffany_Yorks">Tiffany Yorks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tiffany Yorks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tiffany Yorks of <a href="/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida" title="Clearwater, Florida">Clearwater, Florida</a> (May 7, 1988 – February 24, 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> underwent successful <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> in order to separate her legs before she was a year old. She was the longest-surviving sirenomelia patient to date. She had mobility issues due to her fragile leg bones and compensated by using crutches or a wheelchair. She died on February 24, 2016, at the age of 27.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shiloh_Pepin">Shiloh Pepin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shiloh Pepin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shiloh Jade Pepin (August 4, 1999 – October 23, 2009) was born in <a href="/wiki/Kennebunkport,_Maine" title="Kennebunkport, Maine">Kennebunkport, Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> with her lower extremities fused, no <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>, only 6 inches of <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, only one quarter of a <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovary</a>. Her parents initially anticipated she could expect only a few months of life. At age 4 months, her natural kidney failed, and she began <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplantation" title="Kidney transplantation">kidney transplant</a> at age 2 lasted a number of years, and in 2007 a second kidney transplant was successful. She attended Consolidated <a href="/wiki/Elementary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary School">Elementary School</a>. She remained hopeful about her disease and joked often and lived her life happily, despite her challenges, as seen in her <a href="/wiki/TLC_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TLC (TV channel)">TLC</a> documentary in "Extraordinary People: Mermaid Girl". Shiloh and her family were debating surgery because of the risks involved, even though it would improve her quality of life. Many people who have this condition undergo surgery when they are young, but Shiloh was already 8 years old in the documentary and had not undergone surgery. Shiloh was the only one of the three survivors of sirenomelia without surgery for separation of the conjoined legs.<sup id="cite_ref-aolhealth_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aolhealth-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> on October 23, 2009, at <a href="/wiki/Maine_Medical_Center" title="Maine Medical Center">Maine Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a>, at the age of 10;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having appeared on the <i><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Oprah Winfrey Show">Oprah Winfrey Show</a></i> on September 22, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shiloh gained a following of admirers by documenting her condition on <a href="/wiki/TV" class="mw-redirect" title="TV">TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milagros_Cerrón"><span id="Milagros_Cerr.C3.B3n"></span>Milagros Cerrón</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Milagros Cerrón"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milagros Cerrón Arauco (April 27, 2004 – October 24, 2019) was born in <a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. Although most of Milagros' internal organs, including her heart and lungs, were in perfect condition, she was born with serious internal defects, including a deformed left <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> and a very small right one located very low in her body. In addition, her <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">digestive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary tracts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">genitals</a> shared a single tube. This birth defect occurs during the gastrulation week (week 3) of embryonic development. Gastrulation establishes the three germ layers: <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a>, mesoderm and <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a>. It seems that complications such as defects in the urogenital system as mentioned above can be possibly due to malformations in the intermediate mesoderm. </p><p>A four-hour operation to insert silicone bags between her legs to stretch the skin was successfully completed on February 8, 2005. A successful operation to separate her legs to just above the knee took place May 31, 2005, in a "Solidarity Hospital" in the district of <a href="/wiki/Surquillo" title="Surquillo">Surquillo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>. The procedure, however, was so intensive that she became <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">traumatized</a> to the degree of losing her ability to form proper speech patterns, leaving her nearly <a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">mute</a>. It is not known if this was a <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> condition. However, at Milagros' second birthday, her mother reported that she knew more than 50 words. A second operation to complete the separation up to the groin took place on September 7, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-legssplit_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legssplit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her doctor Luis Rubio said he was pleased with the progress Milagros had made, but cautioned that she still needed 10 to 15 years of rehabilitation and more operations before she could lead a normal life, particularly reconstructive surgery to rebuild her rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">anus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a> and genitalia. </p><p>Milagros' parents are from a poor village in Peru's <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes Mountains</a>; the Solidarity Hospital had given a job to her father Ricardo Cerrón so that the family could remain in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, while the City of Lima pledged to pay for many of the operations.<sup id="cite_ref-firststeps_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firststeps-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She died on October 24, 2019, at the age of 15.<sup id="cite_ref-sirendeath_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sirendeath-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sirendeath1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sirendeath1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFB.2011" class="citation book cs1">B., Holmes, Lewis (2011). <i>Common malformations</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199722785" title="Special:BookSources/9780199722785"><bdi>9780199722785</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/751694637">751694637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+malformations.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F751694637&rft.isbn=9780199722785&rft.aulast=B.&rft.aufirst=Holmes%2C+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnyeijeShererHandwerkerShah2008" class="citation journal cs1">Onyeije, Chukwuma; Sherer, David; Handwerker, Sara; Shah, Leena (2008). "Prenatal Diagnosis of Sirenomelia with Bilateral Hydrocephalus: Report of a Previously Undocumented form of VACTERL-H Association". <i>American Journal of Perinatology</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 193–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2007-993925">10.1055/s-2007-993925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9572377">9572377</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259998582">259998582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Perinatology&rft.atitle=Prenatal+Diagnosis+of+Sirenomelia+with+Bilateral+Hydrocephalus%3A+Report+of+a+Previously+Undocumented+form+of+VACTERL-H+Association&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=193-7&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259998582%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9572377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-2007-993925&rft.aulast=Onyeije&rft.aufirst=Chukwuma&rft.au=Sherer%2C+David&rft.au=Handwerker%2C+Sara&rft.au=Shah%2C+Leena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.2014" class="citation book cs1">M., Carlson, Bruce (2014). <i>Human embryology and developmental biology</i> (5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier/Saunders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781455727971" title="Special:BookSources/9781455727971"><bdi>9781455727971</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828737906">828737906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+embryology+and+developmental+biology&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FSaunders&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828737906&rft.isbn=9781455727971&rft.aulast=M.&rft.aufirst=Carlson%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">reference: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sirenomelia/">https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sirenomelia/</a> and Das BB, Rajegowda BK, Bainbridge R, Giampietro PF. Caudal regression syndrome versus sirenomelia: a case report. J Peritnatol. 2002;22:169-170)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_D.2017" class="citation book cs1">Peter D., Turnpenny (2017). <i>Emery's elements of medical genetics</i>. Ellard, Sian (Edition 15 ed.). [Philadelphia, Pa.]: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702066894" title="Special:BookSources/9780702066894"><bdi>9780702066894</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/965492903">965492903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emery%27s+elements+of+medical+genetics&rft.place=%5BPhiladelphia%2C+Pa.%5D&rft.edition=Edition+15&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F965492903&rft.isbn=9780702066894&rft.aulast=Peter+D.&rft.aufirst=Turnpenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_M._RudolphRobert_K._KameiKim_J._Overby2002" class="citation book cs1">Abraham M. Rudolph; Robert K. Kamei; Kim J. Overby (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsQWI-v50MwC&q=sirenomelia+%22maternal+diabetes%22+incidence&pg=PA217"><i>Rudolph's Fundamentals of Pediatrics</i></a>. McGraw Hill. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-8450-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-8450-7"><bdi>978-0-8385-8450-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rudolph%27s+Fundamentals+of+Pediatrics&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8385-8450-7&rft.au=Abraham+M.+Rudolph&rft.au=Robert+K.+Kamei&rft.au=Kim+J.+Overby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqsQWI-v50MwC%26q%3Dsirenomelia%2B%2522maternal%2Bdiabetes%2522%2Bincidence%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2012)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssimakopoulosAthanasiadisZafrakasDragoumis2004" class="citation journal cs1">Assimakopoulos, E; Athanasiadis, A; Zafrakas, M; Dragoumis, K; Bontis, J (2004). "Caudal regression syndrome and sirenomelia in only one twin in two diabetic pregnancies". <i>Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 151–3. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15266776">15266776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Obstetrics+%26+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Caudal+regression+syndrome+and+sirenomelia+in+only+one+twin+in+two+diabetic+pregnancies&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-3&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15266776&rft.aulast=Assimakopoulos&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Athanasiadis%2C+A&rft.au=Zafrakas%2C+M&rft.au=Dragoumis%2C+K&rft.au=Bontis%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/20812">"srn siren [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ]"</a>. <i>NCBI Gene</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI+Gene&rft.atitle=srn+siren+%5B+Mus+musculus+%28house+mouse%29+%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fgene%2F20812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/65960">"Twsg1 twisted gastrulation BMP signaling modulator 1 [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ]"</a>. <i>NCBI Gene</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI+Gene&rft.atitle=Twsg1+twisted+gastrulation+BMP+signaling+modulator+1+%5B+Mus+musculus+%28house+mouse%29+%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fgene%2F65960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:98421">"srn MGI Mouse Gene Detail - MGI:98421 - siren"</a>. <i>www.informatics.jax.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.informatics.jax.org&rft.atitle=srn+MGI+Mouse+Gene+Detail+-+MGI%3A98421+-+siren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informatics.jax.org%2Fmarker%2FMGI%3A98421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Creasy and Resnik's maternal-fetal medicine : principles and practice</i>. Creasy, Robert K.,, Resnik, Robert,, Greene, Michael F.,, Iams, Jay D.,, Lockwood, Charles J. (Seventh ed.). Philadelphia, PA. 2013-09-17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323186650" title="Special:BookSources/9780323186650"><bdi>9780323186650</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859526325">859526325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creasy+and+Resnik%27s+maternal-fetal+medicine+%3A+principles+and+practice&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859526325&rft.isbn=9780323186650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kallen-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kallen_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallenCastillaLancasterMutchinick1992" class="citation journal cs1">Kallen, B; Castilla, E E; Lancaster, P A; Mutchinick, O; Knudsen, L B; Martinez-Frias, M L; Mastroiacovo, P; Robert, E (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1015818">"The cyclops and the mermaid: An epidemiological study of two types of rare malformation"</a>. <i>Journal of Medical Genetics</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 30–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmg.29.1.30">10.1136/jmg.29.1.30</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1015818">1015818</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1552541">1552541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+cyclops+and+the+mermaid%3A+An+epidemiological+study+of+two+types+of+rare+malformation&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-5&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1015818%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1552541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjmg.29.1.30&rft.aulast=Kallen&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Castilla%2C+E+E&rft.au=Lancaster%2C+P+A&rft.au=Mutchinick%2C+O&rft.au=Knudsen%2C+L+B&rft.au=Martinez-Frias%2C+M+L&rft.au=Mastroiacovo%2C+P&rft.au=Robert%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1015818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiffany_Yorks2016" class="citation web cs1">Tiffany Yorks [@TiffanyYorks] (24 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/TiffanyYorks/status/702573145534783489">"This is Tiffanys cousin Jessica Tannehill. Tiffany passed away this morning after a hard fight and she stayed..."</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+is+Tiffanys+cousin+Jessica+Tannehill.+Tiffany+passed+away+this+morning+after+a+hard+fight+and+she+stayed...&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft.au=Tiffany+Yorks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FTiffanyYorks%2Fstatus%2F702573145534783489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TV program <i>Body Shock</i>, 10–11 pm, 18 May 2010, <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aolhealth-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aolhealth_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammons2009" class="citation web cs1">Sammons, Mary Beth (November 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126004109/http://www.aolhealth.com/health/mermaid-syndrome-sirenomelia">"10-Year-Old Girl Born With Legs Fused Together"</a>. AOL. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aolhealth.com/health/mermaid-syndrome-sirenomelia">the original</a> on November 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10-Year-Old+Girl+Born+With+Legs+Fused+Together&rft.pub=AOL&rft.date=2009-11-26&rft.aulast=Sammons&rft.aufirst=Mary+Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aolhealth.com%2Fhealth%2Fmermaid-syndrome-sirenomelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Dolce2009" class="citation web cs1">Laura Dolce (2009-10-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512085421/http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20091023-NEWS-910239966">"Community saddened at 'Mermaid girl' Shiloh Pepin's passing"</a>. SeacoastOnline.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20091023-NEWS-910239966">the original</a> on 2012-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+saddened+at+%27Mermaid+girl%27+Shiloh+Pepin%27s+passing&rft.pub=SeacoastOnline.com&rft.date=2009-10-23&rft.au=Laura+Dolce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seacoastonline.com%2Farticles%2F20091023-NEWS-910239966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/In-Memoriam-Remembering-Oprah-Show-Guests/10">"SHILOH PEPIN"</a>. <i>The Oprah Show</i>. oprah.com. May 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>In Memoriam: The Oprah Show has hosted a number of unforgettable guests over the years. Look back at some of those who are no longer with us.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oprah+Show&rft.atitle=SHILOH+PEPIN&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oprah.com%2Foprahshow%2FIn-Memoriam-Remembering-Oprah-Show-Guests%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legssplit-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legssplit_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5325082.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Mermaid" girl's legs separated"</a>. BBC News. 7 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Mermaid%22+girl%27s+legs+separated&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2006-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F5325082.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-firststeps-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-firststeps_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5381616.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Mermaid" girl takes first steps"</a>. BBC News. 28 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Mermaid%22+girl+takes+first+steps&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2006-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F5381616.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sirendeath-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sirendeath_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vaaju.com/perueng/milagros-the-little-mermaid-girl-died-at-the-age-of-15">"Milagros, the "little mermaid girl", died at the age of 15"</a>. Vaaju. 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milagros%2C+the+%22little+mermaid+girl%22%2C+died+at+the+age+of+15&rft.pub=Vaaju&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvaaju.com%2Fperueng%2Fmilagros-the-little-mermaid-girl-died-at-the-age-of-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sirendeath1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sirendeath1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elcomercio.pe/lima/sucesos/reportan-muerte-de-milagros-cerron-arauco-conocida-como-la-nina-sirenita-noticia/">"Niña sirenita': fallece Milagros Cerrón Arauco a los 15 años"</a>. <i>El Comercio</i>. Diario El Comercio. 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Comercio&rft.atitle=Ni%C3%B1a+sirenita%27%3A+fallece+Milagros+Cerr%C3%B3n+Arauco+a+los+15+a%C3%B1os&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felcomercio.pe%2Flima%2Fsucesos%2Freportan-muerte-de-milagros-cerron-arauco-conocida-como-la-nina-sirenita-noticia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirenomelia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q795024" class="extiw" title="d:Q795024">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Q87.2">Q87.2</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=759.89">759.89</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004480">D004480</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Congenital_abnormality_syndromes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Congenital_abnormality_syndromes" title="Template:Congenital abnormality syndromes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Congenital_abnormality_syndromes" title="Template talk:Congenital abnormality syndromes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Congenital_abnormality_syndromes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Congenital abnormality syndromes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Congenital_abnormality_syndromes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congenital_abnormality" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital abnormality">Congenital abnormality</a> syndromes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Craniofacial_abnormality" title="Craniofacial abnormality">Craniofacial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrocephalosyndactyly" title="Acrocephalosyndactyly">Acrocephalosyndactyly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apert_syndrome" title="Apert syndrome">Apert syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_syndrome" title="Carpenter syndrome">Carpenter syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfeiffer_syndrome" title="Pfeiffer syndrome">Pfeiffer syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saethre%E2%80%93Chotzen_syndrome" title="Saethre–Chotzen syndrome">Saethre–Chotzen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakati%E2%80%93Nyhan%E2%80%93Tisdale_syndrome" title="Sakati–Nyhan–Tisdale syndrome">Sakati–Nyhan–Tisdale syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnet%E2%80%93Dechaume%E2%80%93Blanc_syndrome" title="Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc syndrome">Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baller%E2%80%93Gerold_syndrome" title="Baller–Gerold syndrome">Baller–Gerold syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopia" title="Cyclopia">Cyclopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldenhar_syndrome" title="Goldenhar syndrome">Goldenhar syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moebius_syndrome" title="Moebius syndrome">Moebius syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Robin_sequence" title="Pierre Robin sequence">Pierre Robin sequence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Short_stature" title="Short stature">Short stature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1q21.1_deletion_syndrome" title="1q21.1 deletion syndrome">1q21.1 deletion syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarskog%E2%80%93Scott_syndrome" title="Aarskog–Scott syndrome">Aarskog–Scott syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockayne_syndrome" title="Cockayne syndrome">Cockayne syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_de_Lange_syndrome" title="Cornelia de Lange syndrome">Cornelia de Lange syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubowitz_syndrome" title="Dubowitz syndrome">Dubowitz syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noonan_syndrome" title="Noonan syndrome">Noonan syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinow_syndrome" title="Robinow syndrome">Robinow syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver%E2%80%93Russell_syndrome" title="Silver–Russell syndrome">Silver–Russell syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seckel_syndrome" title="Seckel syndrome">Seckel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Lemli%E2%80%93Opitz_syndrome" title="Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome">Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snyder%E2%80%93Robinson_syndrome" title="Snyder–Robinson syndrome">Snyder–Robinson syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_syndrome" title="Turner syndrome">Turner syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congenital_limb_deformities" title="Congenital limb deformities">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adducted_thumb_syndrome" title="Adducted thumb syndrome">Adducted thumb syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt%E2%80%93Oram_syndrome" title="Holt–Oram syndrome">Holt–Oram syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klippel%E2%80%93Tr%C3%A9naunay_syndrome" title="Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome">Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail%E2%80%93patella_syndrome" title="Nail–patella syndrome">Nail–patella syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubinstein%E2%80%93Taybi_syndrome" title="Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome">Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrulation" title="Gastrulation">Gastrulation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_regression_syndrome" title="Caudal regression syndrome">Caudal regression syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectromelia" title="Ectromelia">Ectromelia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sirenomelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VACTERL_association" title="VACTERL association">VACTERL association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overgrowth_syndrome" title="Overgrowth syndrome">Overgrowth syndromes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannayan%E2%80%93Riley%E2%80%93Ruvalcaba_syndrome" title="Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome">Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beckwith%E2%80%93Wiedemann_syndrome" title="Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome">Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_symmetric_lipomatosis" title="Benign symmetric lipomatosis">Benign symmetric lipomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klippel%E2%80%93Tr%C3%A9naunay_syndrome" title="Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome">Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibromatosis_type_I" title="Neurofibromatosis type I">Neurofibromatosis type I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlman_syndrome" title="Perlman syndrome">Perlman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_syndrome" title="Proteus syndrome">Proteus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotos_syndrome" title="Sotos syndrome">Sotos syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatton-Brown%E2%80%93Rahman_syndrome" title="Tatton-Brown–Rahman syndrome">Tatton-Brown–Rahman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaver_syndrome" title="Weaver syndrome">Weaver syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laurence–Moon–Bardet–Biedl</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardet%E2%80%93Biedl_syndrome" title="Bardet–Biedl syndrome">Bardet–Biedl syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence%E2%80%93Moon_syndrome" title="Laurence–Moon syndrome">Laurence–Moon syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined/other,<br />known locus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_2_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 2 (human)">2</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Feingold_syndrome" title="Feingold syndrome">Feingold syndrome</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_3_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 3 (human)">3</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Zimmermann%E2%80%93Laband_syndrome" title="Zimmermann–Laband syndrome">Zimmermann–Laband syndrome</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_4_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 4 (human)">4</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chromosome_13_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 13 (human)">13</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fraser_syndrome" title="Fraser syndrome">Fraser syndrome</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_8_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 8 (human)">8</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Branchio-oto-renal_syndrome" title="Branchio-oto-renal syndrome">Branchio-oto-renal syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/CHARGE_syndrome" title="CHARGE syndrome">CHARGE syndrome</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 12 (human)">12</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Keutel_syndrome" title="Keutel syndrome">Keutel syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_syndrome" title="Timothy syndrome">Timothy syndrome</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_15_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 15 (human)">15</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Marfan_syndrome" title="Marfan syndrome">Marfan syndrome</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_19_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 19 (human)">19</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Donohue_syndrome" title="Donohue syndrome">Donohue syndrome</a>)</li> <li>Multiple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fryns_syndrome" title="Fryns syndrome">Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&oldid=1185408648">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&oldid=1185408648</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Congenital_disorders" title="Category:Congenital disorders">Congenital disorders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rare_diseases" title="Category:Rare diseases">Rare diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mermaids" title="Category:Mermaids">Mermaids</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_November_2012" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2012">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2023, at 15:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirenomelia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-tg2g5","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.442","walltime":"0.611","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2515,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":64748,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2838,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":85975,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 531.300 1 -total"," 38.13% 202.591 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.57% 93.348 5 Template:Cite_book"," 17.37% 92.312 2 Template:Navbox"," 15.78% 83.836 2 Template:Short_description"," 15.58% 82.786 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"," 14.37% 76.329 1 Template:Medical_resources"," 12.56% 66.724 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.02% 53.253 2 Template:Fix"," 9.95% 52.881 1 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.275","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6455944,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.canary-687bc74f68-lfx6s","timestamp":"20241122141317","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sirenomelia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sirenomelia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q795024","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q795024","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-02-02T20:28:56Z","dateModified":"2023-11-16T15:17:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fa\/Sirenomelia_preparate.jpg","headline":"disease"}</script> </body> </html>