CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tian - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6aa9a065-a662-4ac6-9a7c-6e2e706eb0c4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tian","wgTitle":"Tian","wgCurRevisionId":1253842592,"wgRevisionId":1253842592,"wgArticleId":476248,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from March 2024","All articles needing copy edit","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024","All Wikipedia articles needing clarification","Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from March 2024","All articles that are excessively detailed", "Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2024","All articles with style issues","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Pages with Mandarin IPA","Articles containing Vietnamese-language text","Articles containing Korean-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2023","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles needing additional references from November 2012","All articles needing additional references","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","Chinese gods","Locations in Chinese mythology","Conceptions of God","Religious Confucianism","East Asian traditional religion","Heaven","Names of God","Sky and weather gods","Taoist cosmology","Relationship between Heaven and Mankind","Deities in Chinese folk religion","Kyōiku kanji","Concepts in Chinese philosophy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tian","wgRelevantArticleId":476248,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1364799","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg/1200px-%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg/800px-%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg/640px-%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tian - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tian rootpage-Tian skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tian" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tian" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tian" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tian" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etymology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chinese interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chinese_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chinese interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chinese_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Confucianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confucius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Confucius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mozi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mozi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mozi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mozi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_of_cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_of_cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Schools of cosmology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Taoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_folk_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_folk_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Chinese folk religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_folk_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahom_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahom_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Ahom religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahom_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yiguandao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yiguandao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Yiguandao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yiguandao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Japanese interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation_by_Western_sinologists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_by_Western_sinologists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interpretation by Western sinologists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_by_Western_sinologists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tian</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian" title="Tian – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tian" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebesa_(%C4%8C%C3%ADna)" title="Nebesa (Čína) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nebesa (Čína)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian" title="Tian – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tian" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="تیان (اسطوره‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیان (اسطوره‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C_(%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81)" title="천 (사상) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천 (사상)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian" title="Tian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tien" title="Tien – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tien" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian" title="Tian – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tian" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian" title="Tian – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tian" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian" title="Tian – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tian" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian" title="Tian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian" title="Tian – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tian" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_(himmelsgud)" title="Tian (himmelsgud) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tian (himmelsgud)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian" title="Tian – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tian" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn" title="Thiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" title="天 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1364799#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tian" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tian"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tian"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tian" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tian" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&oldid=1253842592" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tian&id=1253842592&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTian"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTian"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tian&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1364799" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese view of Heaven</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tian (disambiguation)">Tian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tian" title="Special:EditPage/Tian">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tian" title="Talk:Tian">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tian" title="Special:EditPage/Tian">editing it</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tian" title="Talk:Tian">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Tian</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg/200px-%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg/300px-%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg/400px-%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Chinese <a href="/wiki/Bronze_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze script">Bronze script</a> character for Tian.</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">天</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">heaven, nature</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">tiān</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄊㄧㄢ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">t'ien<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʰi̯ɛn]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">thi (T1)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Romanization</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Gan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="gan-Latn">tien<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">tīn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">tin1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tʰin˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">thiⁿ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn">tʰen</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Zhengzhang_(1981–1995)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Zhengzhang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">/*qʰl'iːn/</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">thiên</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">天</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">천</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">天</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">cheon</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">てん</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">ten</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:16.0em;border: 4px single #A12F25;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #B1151D;"><span style="color:white">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_folk_religion" title="Category:Chinese folk religion"> <span style="color:White;">a series</span></a> on</span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #B1151D;;font-size:150%; color:#FFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion"><span style="color:White;">Chinese folk religion</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stylisation of the 禄 lù or 子 zi grapheme, respectively meaning "prosperity", "furthering", "welfare" and "son", "offspring". 字 zì, meaning "word" and "symbol", is a cognate of 子 zi and represents a "son" enshrined under a "roof". The symbol is ultimately a representation of the north celestial pole (Běijí 北极) and its spinning constellations, and as such it is equivalent to the Eurasian symbol of the swastika, 卍 wàn."><img alt="Stylisation of the 禄 lù or 子 zi grapheme, respectively meaning "prosperity", "furthering", "welfare" and "son", "offspring". 字 zì, meaning "word" and "symbol", is a cognate of 子 zi and represents a "son" enshrined under a "roof". The symbol is ultimately a representation of the north celestial pole (Běijí 北极) and its spinning constellations, and as such it is equivalent to the Eurasian symbol of the swastika, 卍 wàn." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/75px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/113px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/150px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tian</a>—<a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ling_(Chinese_religion)" title="Ling (Chinese religion)">Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xian_ling_(religion)" title="Xian ling (religion)">Xian ling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yinyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundun" title="Hundun">Hundun</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_yun" title="Ming yun">Mingyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanfen" title="Yuanfen">Yuanfen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_ying" title="Bao ying">Baoying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(Chinese_religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu (Chinese religion)">Wu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Chinese gods and immortals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese creation myth">Chinese creation myth</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_spiritual_world_concepts" title="Chinese spiritual world concepts">Chinese spiritual world concepts</a></li></ul> <p><b>Model humanity:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenren" title="Zhenren">Zhenren</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wen_and_wu" title="Wen and wu">Wen and wu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenxiang" title="Fenxiang">Fenxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingxiang" title="Jingxiang">Jingxiang</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaohui" title="Miaohui">Miaohui</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu shamanism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongji_(spirit_medium)" title="Tongji (spirit medium)">Jitong mediumship</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baojuan" title="Baojuan">Precious scrolls</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Institutions and temples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associations_of_good-doing" title="Associations of good-doing">Associations of good-doing</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_lineage_associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese lineage associations">Lineage associations or churches</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese temple">Chinese temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_shrine" title="Ancestral shrine">Ancestral shrine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Folk_Temples%27_Management_Association" title="Chinese Folk Temples' Management Association">Chinese Folk Temples' Association</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qingming_Festival" title="Qingming Festival">Qingming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">Zhongqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Emperor_Gods_Festival" title="Nine Emperor Gods Festival">Jiuhuangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixi_Festival" title="Qixi Festival">Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanwu_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Duanwu Festival">Duanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Nian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Internal traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><b>Major cultural forms</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestral_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestral religion">Chinese ancestral religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_communal_deity_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese communal deity religion">Chinese communal deity religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_food_therapy" title="Chinese food therapy">Chinese food therapy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Chinese geomancy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mother_goddess_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese mother goddess worship">Chinese mother goddess worship</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_folk_religion" title="Northeast China folk religion">Northeast China folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese Medicine">Traditional Chinese Medicine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li></ul> <p><b>Main philosophical traditions:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Confucian_ritual_religion" title="Confucian ritual religion">state rites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Other schools</a></li></ul> <p><b>Ritual traditions:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk ritual masters' orders</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongji_(spirit_medium)" title="Tongji (spirit medium)">Jitong mediumship</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_shamanism" title="Chinese shamanism">Chinese shamanism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Devotional traditions:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazuism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazuism">Mazuism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ong_Yah" title="Ong Yah">Ong Yah</a> worship</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zhenkong, "Void of Truth"."><img alt="Zhenkong, "Void of Truth"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg/50px-Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg/75px-Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg/100px-Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="143" /></a><figcaption>Zhenkong, "Void of Truth".</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvation churches and sects</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_teaching" title="De teaching">De teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiugongdao" title="Jiugongdao">Jiugongdao</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luo teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_teachings" title="Maitreya teachings">Maitreya teachings</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiandi_teachings" title="Tiandi teachings">Tiandi teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianxian_miaodao" title="Tianxian miaodao">Tianxian miaodao</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanyi_teaching" title="Sanyi teaching">Xia teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaili_teaching" title="Zaili teaching">Zaili teaching</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Confucian_church" title="Confucian church">Confucian churches</a> and sects:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Confucian_Church" title="Holy Confucian Church">Holy Confucian Church</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Confucian_Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia">Indonesian Confucian Church</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Way_and_its_Virtue" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue">Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Gods_according_to_the_Confucian_Tradition" title="Way of the Gods according to the Confucian Tradition">Phoenix churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanyuan_teaching" title="Xuanyuan teaching">Xuanyuanism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taigu_school" title="Taigu school">Taigu school</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongbaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongbaism">Dongbaism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Han Buddhism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang folk religion">Zhuang folk religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_folk_religion" title="Template:Chinese folk religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_folk_religion" title="Template talk:Chinese folk religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_folk_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese folk religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tian</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天</span></span>) is one of the oldest Chinese terms for <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> and a key concept in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">religion</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (17th―11th century BCE), the Chinese referred to their highest god as <i><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></i> or <i>Di</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">帝</span></span>, 'Lord').<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the following <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, Tian became synonymous with this figure. Before the 20th century, worship of Tian was an orthodox <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="How did it change over the years? (April 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, Tian (the celestial aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a>, often translated as "<a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>") is mentioned in relationship to its complementary aspect of <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Dì">Dì</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="地">地</a></span></span>, often translated as "<a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are thought to maintain the two poles of the <a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three Realms</a> of reality, with the middle realm occupied by Humanity (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">人</span></span>, <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">rén</i></span>), and the lower world occupied by demons (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">魔</span></span>, <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">mó</i></span>) and "ghosts", the damned, (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鬼</span></span>, <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">guǐ</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Woolf2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woolf2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tian was variously thought as a "supreme power reigning over lesser gods and human beings"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:024_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:024-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that brought "order and calm...or catastrophe and punishment",<sup id="cite_ref-:05_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a deity,<sup id="cite_ref-:10027_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10027-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">destiny</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:05_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an impersonal force that controls events,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a holy world or <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> containing other worlds or afterlives,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or one or more of these.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A9-seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E5%A4%A9-seal.svg/220px-%E5%A4%A9-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E5%A4%A9-seal.svg/330px-%E5%A4%A9-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E5%A4%A9-seal.svg/440px-%E5%A4%A9-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> for Tian <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天</span></span> 'heaven'</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A9-oracle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%E5%A4%A9-oracle.svg/220px-%E5%A4%A9-oracle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%E5%A4%A9-oracle.svg/330px-%E5%A4%A9-oracle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%E5%A4%A9-oracle.svg/440px-%E5%A4%A9-oracle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Oracle_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle script">Oracle script</a> for Tian <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天</span></span> 'heaven'</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese character</a> <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:天">天</a></span> and early <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a> both combine <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">dà</i></span> <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:大">大</a></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">great; large</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">yī</i></span> <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:一">一</a></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">one</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, but some of the original characters in Shāng <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">oracle bone script</a> and Zhōu <a href="/wiki/Bronzeware_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronzeware script">bronzeware script</a> anthropomorphically portray a large head on a great person. The ancient oracle and bronze <a href="/wiki/Ideograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideograms">ideograms</a> for <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">dà</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大</span></span> depict a <a href="/wiki/Stick_figure" title="Stick figure">stick figure</a> person with arms stretched out denoting "great; large". The oracle and bronze characters for Tian <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天</span></span> emphasize the cranium of this 'great (person)', either with a square or round head, or head marked with one or two lines. Schuessler notes the bronze graphs for Tian, showing a person with a round head, resemble those for <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">dīng</i></span> <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%81#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:丁">丁</a></span> "4th <a href="/wiki/Celestial_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial stem">Celestial stem</a>", and suggests "The anthropomorphic graph may or may not indicate that the original meaning was 'deity', rather than 'sky'."<sup id="cite_ref-harvp|Schuessler|2007|p=495_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvp|Schuessler|2007|p=495-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two <a href="/wiki/Variant_Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Variant Chinese character">variant Chinese characters</a> for <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天</span></span> are <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%BA#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:二人">二人</a></span> (written with <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:二">二</a></span> <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">èr</i></span> 'two' and <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:人">人</a></span> <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">rén</i></span> 'human') and the <a href="/wiki/Daoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoist">Daoist</a> coinage <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:靝">靝</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991068_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991068-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:青">青</a></span> <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">qīng</i></span> 'blue' and <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:氣">氣</a></span> '<a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a>', cf. 'blue sky'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tian <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天</span></span> reconstructions in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th</span>–10th centuries CE) include <i>t'ien</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>t'iɛn</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>tʰɛn</i> > <i>tʰian</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>then</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reconstructions in <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th</span>–3rd centuries BCE) include *<i>t'ien</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> *<i>t'en</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> *<i>hlin</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> *<i>thîn</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and *<i>l̥ˤin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the etymology of Tian, Schuessler links it with the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">and Mongolian</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">tengri</a></i> 'sky', 'heaven', 'deity' or the <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> words <i>taleŋ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Adi_people" title="Adi people">Adi</a>) and <i>tǎ-lyaŋ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a>), both meaning 'sky' or 'God'.<sup id="cite_ref-harvp|Schuessler|2007|p=495_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvp|Schuessler|2007|p=495-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also suggests a likely connection between Tian, <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">diān</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">巔</span></span> 'summit, mountaintop', and <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">diān</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">顛</span></span> 'summit', 'top of the head', 'forehead', which have cognates such as <a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zemeic</a> <a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a> <i>tiŋ</i> 'sky'.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other reconstructions of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天</span></span>'s OC pronunciation *<i>qʰl'iːn</i> <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or *<i>l̥ˤi[n]</i> <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reconstructed a voiceless lateral onset, either a cluster or a single consonant, respectively. Baxter & Sagart pointed to attested dialectal differences in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han Chinese</a>, the use of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天</span></span> as a phonetic component in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_classification#Phono-semantic_compounds" title="Chinese character classification">phono-semantic compound Chinese characters</a>, and the choice of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天</span></span> to transcribe foreign syllables, all of which prompted them to conclude that, around 200 CE, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天</span></span>'s onset had two pronunciations: <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronal consonants">coronal</a> *<i><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_plosives#Varieties" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives">tʰ</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal consonants">dorsal</a> *<i><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></i>, both of which likely originated from an earlier voiceless lateral *<i>l̥ˤ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further etymology is unknown. It is proposed that transcriptions of a <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> word for "sky", <i>haak-lin</i> <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%80%A3#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:赫連">赫連</a></span>, is related.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds">Compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tian is one of the components in hundreds of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounds</a>. Some significant ones include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Questions" title="Heavenly Questions">Heavenly Questions</a>, a section of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chu_Ci" title="Chu Ci">Chu Ci</a></i>.</li> <li><span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">Tiānzǐ</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天子</span></span> '<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Son of Heaven</a>'), an honorific designation for the Emperor;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_under_heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="All under heaven">All under heaven</a></li> <li><span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">Tiāndì</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天地</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">heaven and earth</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) 'the world; the universe'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingtian" title="Xingtian">Xingtian</a></li> <li><span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">Tiānfáng</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天房</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">House of Heaven</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, a Chinese name for the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>, from <i>Bayt Allah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بَيْت ٱللَّٰه</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'House of God').</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_interpretations">Chinese interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chinese interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tian" title="Special:EditPage/Tian">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"Lord Heaven" and "<a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a>" were terms for a supreme deity in Confucianism and Taoism who was an <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropromorphized</a> Tian,<sup id="cite_ref-:10026_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10026-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some conceptions of it thought of the names as synonymous. </p><p>Tian was viewed as "the dwelling place of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">gods</a> and other superhuman beings".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also viewed as "the guardian of both the moral laws of mankind and the physical laws of nature...and is synonymous with the divine will."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chinese culture, heaven tends to be "synonymous with order", "containing the blueprints for creation", "the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">mandate by which earthly rulers govern</a>, and the standards by which to measure beauty, goodness, and truth."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhou dynasty nobles made the worship of heaven a major part of their <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> and viewed it as "many gods" who embodied order and kingship, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">mandate of heaven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confucianism">Confucianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Confucianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Confucianism has a religious side with a deep reverence for Heaven and Earth (<a href="/wiki/Di_(Chinese_concept)" title="Di (Chinese concept)">Di</a>), whose powers regulate the flow of nature and influence human events."<sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a> are also thought to be integral to this relationship and permeate both, as well as humans and man-made constructs.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "cosmos" and its "principles" is something that "[t]he ways of man should conform to, or else" frustration will result.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations#Specific_recommendations" title="Wikipedia:Quotations"><span title="too-lengthy quotation (March 2024)">excessive quote</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many Confucianists, both historically and in current times, use the <i>I Ching</i> to <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divine</a> events through the changes of Tian and other natural forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical and current Confucianists were/are often environmentalists<sup id="cite_ref-:02_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of their respect for Heaven and the other aspects of nature and the principle that comes from their unity and, more generally, harmony as a whole, which is "the basis for a sincere mind."<sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> as <i>Tianzi</i> was formerly vital to Confucianism.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a> is seen as a sacred place in Confucianism and was traditionally the most revered place where <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors">Chinese emperors</a> offered sacrifices to Heaven and Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confucius">Confucius</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Confucius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of Tian is pervasive in <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. Confucius had a deep trust in Heaven and believed that Heaven overruled human efforts. He also believed that he was carrying out the will of Heaven, and that Heaven would not allow its servant, Confucius, to be dead until his work was done and complete.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many attributes of Heaven were delineated in his <i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i>. </p><p>Confucius honored Heaven as the supreme source of goodness: </p> <blockquote><p>The Master said, "Great indeed was Yao as a sovereign! How majestic was he! It is only Heaven that is grand, and only Yao corresponded to it. How vast was his virtue! The people could find no name for it. How majestic was he in the works which he accomplished! How glorious in the elegant regulations which he instituted!"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Confucius felt himself personally dependent upon Heaven: "Wherein I have done improperly, may Heaven reject me! may Heaven reject me!"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confucius believed that Heaven cannot be deceived: </p> <blockquote><p> The Master being very ill, Zi Lu wished the disciples to act as ministers to him. During a remission of his illness, he said, "Long has the conduct of You been deceitful! By pretending to have ministers when I have them not, whom should I impose upon? Should I impose upon Heaven? Moreover, than that I should die in the hands of ministers, is it not better that I should die in the hands of you, my disciples? And though I may not get a great burial, shall I die upon the road?"<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Confucius believed that Heaven gives people tasks to perform to teach them of virtues and morality: </p> <blockquote><p>The Master said, "At fifteen, I had my mind bent on learning. At thirty, I stood firm. At forty, I had no doubts. At fifty, I knew the decrees of Heaven. At sixty, my ear was an obedient organ for the reception of truth. At seventy, I could follow what my heart desired, without transgressing what was right."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>He believed that Heaven knew what he was doing and approved of him, even though none of the rulers on earth might want him as a guide: </p> <blockquote><p>The Master said, "Alas! there is no one that knows me." Zi Gong said, "What do you mean by thus saying - that no one knows you?" The Master replied, "I do not murmur against Heaven. I do not grumble against men. My studies lie low, and my penetration rises high. But there is Heaven - that knows me!" <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Perhaps the most remarkable saying, recorded twice, is one in which Confucius expresses complete trust in the overruling providence of Heaven: </p> <blockquote><p>The Master was put in fear in Kuang. He said, "After the death of King Wen, was not the cause of truth lodged here in me? If Heaven had wished to let this cause of truth perish, then I, a future mortal, should not have got such a relation to that cause. While Heaven does not let the cause of truth perish, what can the people of Kuang do to me?" <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mozi">Mozi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mozi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a>, Heaven is the divine ruler, just as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a> is the earthly ruler. Mozi believed that spirits and minor demons exist or at least rituals should be performed as if they did for social reasons, but their function is to carry out the will of Heaven, watching for evil-doers and punishing them. Mozi taught that Heaven loves all people equally and that each person should similarly love all human beings without distinguishing between his own relatives and those of others.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mozi criticized the Confucians of his own time for not following the teachings of Confucius. In Mozi's <i>Will of Heaven</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天志</span></span>), he writes: </p> <blockquote><p>Moreover, I know Heaven loves men dearly not without reason. Heaven ordered the sun, the moon, and the stars to enlighten and guide them. Heaven ordained the four seasons, Spring, Autumn, Winter, and Summer, to regulate them. Heaven sent down snow, frost, rain, and dew to grow the five grains and flax and silk that so the people could use and enjoy them. Heaven established the hills and rivers, ravines and valleys, and arranged many things to minister to man's good or bring him evil. He appointed the dukes and lords to reward the virtuous and punish the wicked, and to gather metal and wood, birds and beasts, and to engage in cultivating the five grains and flax and silk to provide for the people's food and clothing. This has been so from antiquity to the present."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_of_cosmology">Schools of cosmology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Schools of cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy#Cosmology" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomy § Cosmology</a></div> <p>There are three major schools on the structure of Tian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is the relation between old Chinese scientific cosmology and thoughts on tian? (April 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most other hypothesis were developed from them. </p> <ul><li><i>Gaitian shuo</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蓋天說</span></span>) "Canopy-Heavens hypothesis" originated from the text <a href="/wiki/Zhoubi_Suanjing" title="Zhoubi Suanjing">Zhoubi Suanjing</a>. The earth is covered by a material Tian.</li> <li><i>Huntian shuo</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">渾天說</span></span>) "Egg-like hypothesis". The earth surrounded by a Tian sphere rotating over it. The celestial bodies are attached to the Tian sphere. (See <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Heng#Astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Zhang Heng">Zhang Heng § Astronomy and mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese creation myth">Chinese creation myth</a>.)</li> <li><i>Xuanye shuo</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宣夜說</span></span>) "Firmament hypothesis". The Tian is an infinite space. The celestial bodies were light matters floating on it moved by <i><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></i>. A summary by Ji Meng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郗萌</span></span>) is in the astronomical chapters of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a>.</li></ul> <p>Tian schools influenced popular conception of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> and earth until the <a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a>, when they were replaced by cosmological concepts imported from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes the sky is divided into <i>Jiutian</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">九天</span></span>) 'nine sky divisions'—the middle sky and the eight directions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tian are the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81yastri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Trāyastriṃśa">heaven worlds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">pure lands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a>. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a> are also called Tian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoism">Taoism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of vertical heaven layers in Taoism is different. A common belief in Taoism is that there were 36 Tian "arranged on six levels" that have "different deities".<sup id="cite_ref-:05_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest heaven is the "Great Web" which was sometimes said to be where <a href="/wiki/Yuanshi_Tianzun" title="Yuanshi Tianzun">Yuanshi Tianzun</a> lived.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After death, some Taoists were thought to explore "heavenly realms" and/or become <a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">Taoist immortals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999473_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999473-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These immortals could be good or evil,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there were sometimes rivalries between them. </p><p>Some heavens in Taoism were thought to be evil, as in <a href="/wiki/Shangqing_School" title="Shangqing School">Shangqing Daoism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999691_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999691-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Tian was mostly thought of as a force for good.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heaven is sometimes seen as synonymous with the Dao or a natural energy that can be accessed by living in accordance with the Dao.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a> realm inconceivable and incomprehensible by normal humans and even Confucius and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianists</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was sometimes called "the Heavens".<sup id="cite_ref-:13_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher, spiritual versions of Daoists such as Laozi were thought to exist in there when they were alive and absorb "the purest <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and Yang</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-:13_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <i>xian</i> who were reborn into it after their human selves' spirits were sent there. These spiritual versions were thought to be abstract beings that can manifest in that world as mythical beings such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">dragons</a> who eat yin and yang energy and ride <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_folk_religion">Chinese folk religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chinese folk religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Tian in Chinese folk religion were thought to be many different or a hierarchy of multiple, sphere-like<sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> realms that contained morally ambiguous creatures and spirits such as <a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">fox spirits</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fire-breathing <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">dragons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tao realm was thought to exist by many ancient folk religion practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahom_religion">Ahom religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ahom religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom religion</a> ethnically originated from <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest China">Southwest China</a> has a concept of Mong Phi (Heavenly Kingdom) which is often identified as Tian.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Yiguandao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a>, Tian is divided into three vertical worlds. <i>Li Tian</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">理天</span></span>) 'heaven of truth', <i>Qi Tian</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">氣天</span></span>) 'heaven of spirit' and <i>Xiang Tian</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">象天</span></span>) 'heaven of matter'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_interpretations">Japanese interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Japanese interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases, the heavens in <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> were thought to be a hierarchy of multiple, sphere-like realms that contained <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">fox spirits</a><i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Myths about the kami were told "of their doings on Earth and in heaven."<sup id="cite_ref-:102_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Takamagahara" title="Takamagahara">Heaven</a> was thought to be a clean and orderly place for nature <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">gods</a> in Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_by_Western_sinologists">Interpretation by Western sinologists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Interpretation by Western sinologists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sinologist <a href="/wiki/Herrlee_Creel" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrlee Creel">Herrlee Creel</a>, who wrote a comprehensive study called "The Origin of the Deity T'ien", gives this overview. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For three thousand years it has been believed that from time immemorial all Chinese revered T'ien <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天</span></span>, "Heaven," as the highest deity, and that this same deity was also known as <a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a>, Ti <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">帝</span></span>, or Shang Ti <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">上帝</span></span>. But the new materials that have become available in the present century, and especially the Shang inscriptions, make it evident that this was not the case. It appears rather that T'ien is not named at all in the Shang inscriptions, which instead refer with great frequency to Ti or Shang Ti. T'ien appears only with the Chou, and was apparently a Chou deity. After the conquest the Chou considered T'ien to be identical with the Shang deity Ti (or Shang Ti), much as the Romans identified the Greek <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> with their <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Creel refers to the historical shift in ancient Chinese names for 'god' from Shang oracles that frequently used <i>Di</i> and <i>Shangdi</i> and rarely used "Tian", to Zhou bronzes and texts that used "Tian" more frequently than <i>Shangdi</i>. The chapter "Tang Shi" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">湯誓</span></span> 'Tang's speech') illustrates how early Zhou texts used Tian in contexts with <i>Shangdi</i>. According to tradition, <a href="/wiki/Tang_of_Shang" title="Tang of Shang">Tang of Shang</a> assembled his subjects to overthrow King <a href="/wiki/Jie_of_Xia" title="Jie of Xia">Jie of Xia</a>, the infamous last ruler of the Xia Dynasty, but they were reluctant to attack. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The king said, "Come, ye multitudes of the people, listen all to my words. It is not I, the little child [a humble name used by kings], who dare to undertake <i>what may seem to be</i> a rebellious enterprise; but for the many crimes of the sovereign of Hsiâ [Xia] Heaven has given the charge [...] to destroy him. Now, ye multitudes, you are saying, 'Our prince does not compassionate us, but (is calling us) away from our husbandry to attack and punish <i>the ruler of</i> Hsiâ.' I have indeed heard <i>these</i> words of you all; <i>but</i> the sovereign of Hsiâ is an offender, and, <i>as</i> I fear God [<i>shangdi</i>], I dare not but punish him. Now you are saying, 'What are the crimes of Hsiâ to us?' The king of Hsiâ does nothing but exhaust the strength of his people, and exercise oppression in the cities of Hsiâ. His people have all become idle <i>in his service</i>, and will not assist him. They are saying, 'When will this sun expire? We will all perish with thee.' Such is the course of <i>the sovereign of</i> Hsiâ, and now I must go <i>and punish him</i>. Assist, I pray you, me, the one man, to carry out the punishment appointed by Heaven [<i>tian</i>]. I will greatly reward you. On no account disbelieve me; — I will not eat my words. If you do not obey the words which I have spoken to you, I will put your children with you to death; — you shall find no forgiveness."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Having established that Tian was not a deity of the Shang people, Creel proposes a hypothesis for how it originated. Both the Shang and Zhou peoples pictographically represented <i>da</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大</span></span> as 'a large or great man'. The Zhou subsequently added a head on him to denote <i>tian</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天</span></span> meaning 'king, kings' (cf. <i>wang</i> <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:王">王</a></span> 'king', 'ruler', which had oracle graphs picturing a line under a 'great person' and bronze graphs that added the top line). From 'king', Tian was semantically extended to mean 'dead kings', 'ancestral kings', who controlled 'fate; providence', and ultimately a single omnipotent deity <i>Tian</i> 'Heaven'. In addition, Tian named both 'the heavens' (where ancestral kings and gods supposedly lived) and the visible 'sky'.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possibility is that Tian may be related to <a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a>, hinting at an ultimate origin as a loan word from a prehistoric Central Asian language that contributed to the creation of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kelly_James_Clark" title="Kelly James Clark">Kelly James Clark</a> argued that Confucius himself saw Tian as an anthropomorphic god that Clark hypothetically refers to as 'Heavenly Supreme Emperor', although most other scholars on Confucianism disagree with this view.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenominakanushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenominakanushi">Amenominakanushi</a> – the Japanese concept of God as the ultimate creator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haneullim" class="mw-redirect" title="Haneullim">Haneullim</a> – the Sky God of <a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyi_Tianzun" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiyi Tianzun">Taiyi Tianzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStefon2010" class="citation web cs1">Stefon, Matt (2010-02-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shangdi">"Shangdi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shangdi&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft.aulast=Stefon&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FShangdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodheadPartridgeKawanami2016" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Linda; Partridge, Christopher; Kawanami, Hiroko (2016). <i>Religions in the Modern World</i> (Third ed.). New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 147–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85881-6"><bdi>978-0-415-85881-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+in+the+Modern+World&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=147-148&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-415-85881-6&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Partridge%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Kawanami%2C+Hiroko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Andrew, ed. (1995). <i>World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts</i> (1st paperback ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: <a href="/wiki/Paragon_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Paragon House">Paragon House Publishers</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-723-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-723-1"><bdi>978-1-55778-723-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Scripture%3A+A+Comparative+Anthology+of+Sacred+Texts&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=1st+paperback&rft.pub=Paragon+House+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55778-723-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woolf2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woolf2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2007" class="citation book cs1">Woolf, Greg (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Heaven+earth+humankind+universe+three+realms+saturn"><i>Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a>. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0121-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0121-0"><bdi>978-1-4351-0121-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+civilizations%3A+the+illustrated+guide+to+belief%2C+mythology%2C+and+art&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D94NuSg3tlsgC%26q%3DHeaven%2Bearth%2Bhumankind%2Buniverse%2Bthree%2Brealms%2Bsaturn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/tian">"tian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=tian&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ftian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:024-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:024_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarari2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Harari, Yuval Noah</a> (2015). <i>Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Harari, Yuval Noah</a>; Purcell, John; <a href="/wiki/Haim_Watzman" title="Haim Watzman">Watzman, Haim</a>. London: Penguin Random House UK. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-959008-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-959008-8"><bdi>978-0-09-959008-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910498369">910498369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sapiens%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Humankind&rft.place=London&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+UK&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910498369&rft.isbn=978-0-09-959008-8&rft.aulast=Harari&rft.aufirst=Yuval+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorm2011" class="citation book cs1">Storm, Rachel (2011). Sudell, Helen (ed.). <i>Myths & Legends of India, Egypt, China & Japan</i> (2nd ed.). Wigston, Leicestershire: Lorenz Books. p. 233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+%26+Legends+of+India%2C+Egypt%2C+China+%26+Japan&rft.place=Wigston%2C+Leicestershire&rft.pages=233&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lorenz+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Storm&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10027-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10027_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillard_Gurdon_Oxtoby2002" class="citation book cs1">Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002). <i>World Religions: Eastern Traditions</i> (2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-541521-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-541521-3"><bdi>0-19-541521-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46661540">46661540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+Eastern+Traditions&rft.place=Don+Mills%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=424&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46661540&rft.isbn=0-19-541521-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991096_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999">Carrasco et al. 1999</a>, p. 1096.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/xian-Daoism">"xian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=xian&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fxian-Daoism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlsonFlanaginMartinMartin2010" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.). <i>The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images</i>. Köln: <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-1448-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-1448-4"><bdi>978-3-8365-1448-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Symbols%3A+Reflections+on+Archetypal+Images&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-8365-1448-4&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Kathie&rft.au=Flanagin%2C+Michael+N.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Martin%2C+Mary+E.&rft.au=Mendelsohn%2C+John&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+Priscilla+Young&rft.au=Ronnberg%2C+Ami&rft.au=Salman%2C+Sherry&rft.au=Wesley%2C+Deborah+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvp|Schuessler|2007|p=495-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Schuessler|2007|p=495_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Schuessler|2007|p=495_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuessler2007">Schuessler (2007)</a>, p. 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991068-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds19991068_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999">Carrasco et al. 1999</a>, p. 1068.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlgren1922">Karlgren (1922)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (August 2022)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhou1972">Zhou (1972)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (August 2022)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1991">Pulleyblank (1991)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (August 2022)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (August 2022)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="#CITEREFBaxterSagart2014">Baxter & Sagart (2014)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (August 2022)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhou1972">Zhou (1972)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (August 2022)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (August 2022)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuessler2007">Schuessler (2007)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (August 2022)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxterSagart2014">Baxter & Sagart (2014)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (August 2022)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuessler2007">Schuessler (2007)</a>, p. 211; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/6312">#6312 NEIA *t(s)iŋ celestial / sky / weath (provisional)</a> at Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhengzhang2003">Zhengzhang (2003)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxterSagart2011">Baxter & Sagart (2011)</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxterSagart2014">Baxter & Sagart (2014)</a>, pp. 113–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Sanping (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928134">"Sino-Tokharico-Altaica — Two Linguistic Notes"</a>. <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 24–43. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9192">0008-9192</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928134">41928134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=Sino-Tokharico-Altaica+%E2%80%94+Two+Linguistic+Notes&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-43&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41928134%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0008-9192&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Sanping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41928134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10026-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10026_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillard_Gurdon_Oxtoby2002" class="citation book cs1">Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002). <i>World Religions: Eastern Traditions</i> (2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 326, 393, 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-541521-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-541521-3"><bdi>0-19-541521-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46661540">46661540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+Eastern+Traditions&rft.place=Don+Mills%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=326%2C+393%2C+401&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46661540&rft.isbn=0-19-541521-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaleski2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Zaleski" title="Carol Zaleski">Zaleski, Carol</a> (2023-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/heaven">"Heaven"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heaven&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-12&rft.aulast=Zaleski&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fheaven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonHoldren2021" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Patricia O'Connell; Holdren, John (May 2021). <i>World History: Our Human Story</i>. Versailles, Kentucky: Sheridan Kentucky. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60153-123-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60153-123-0"><bdi>978-1-60153-123-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Our+Human+Story&rft.place=Versailles%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Sheridan+Kentucky&rft.date=2021-05&rft.isbn=978-1-60153-123-0&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Patricia+O%27Connell&rft.au=Holdren%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1998" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Evelyn_Tucker" title="Mary Evelyn Tucker">Tucker, Mary Evelyn</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fore.yale.edu/Publications/Books/Religions-World-and-Ecology-Book-Series/Confucianism-Table-Contents/Confucianism">"Confucianism and Ecology: Potential and Limits"</a>. <i>The Forum on Religion and Ecology at Yale</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forum+on+Religion+and+Ecology+at+Yale&rft.atitle=Confucianism+and+Ecology%3A+Potential+and+Limits&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Mary+Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffore.yale.edu%2FPublications%2FBooks%2FReligions-World-and-Ecology-Book-Series%2FConfucianism-Table-Contents%2FConfucianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuangweiHualingWenzhenZhenguo1999" class="citation book cs1">Guangwei, He; Hualing, Tong; Wenzhen, Yang; Zhenguo, Chang; Zeru, Li; Ruicheng, Dong; Weijan, Gong, eds. (1999). <i>Spectacular China</i>. Translated by Wusun, Lin; Zhongping, Wu. Cologne: Könemann. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-1077-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-1077-1"><bdi>978-3-8290-1077-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spectacular+China&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-8290-1077-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Analects 7.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConfuciusLegge1893">Confucius & Legge (1893)</a>, p.214, VIII, xix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConfuciusLegge1893">Confucius & Legge (1893)</a>, p.193, VI, xxviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConfuciusLegge1893">Confucius & Legge (1893)</a>, pp. 220-221, IX, xi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConfuciusLegge1893">Confucius & Legge (1893)</a>, p.146, book II, chapter iv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConfuciusLegge1893">Confucius & Legge (1893)</a>, 288-9, XIV, xxxv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConfuciusLegge1893">Confucius & Legge (1893)</a>, 217-8, 9.5 and 7.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubs1960">Dubs (1960)</a>, pp. 163–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoziMei1929">Mozi & Mei (1929)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/mozi/will-of-heaven-ii">145</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2006" class="citation web cs1">Liu, Shu-Chiu (2006-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eduhk.hk/apfslt/v7_issue2/liusc/lisc5.htm">"Three early Chinese models"</a>. <i>Asia-Pacific Forum on Science, Learning, and Teaching</i>. Historical models and science instruction: A cross-cultural analysis based on students' views. <a href="/wiki/Education_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Education University of Hong Kong">Education University of Hong Kong</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia-Pacific+Forum+on+Science%2C+Learning%2C+and+Teaching&rft.atitle=Three+early+Chinese+models&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Shu-Chiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eduhk.hk%2Fapfslt%2Fv7_issue2%2Fliusc%2Flisc5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999473-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999473_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999">Carrasco et al. 1999</a>, p. 473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelle2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horst_Helle" title="Horst Helle">Helle, Horst J.</a> (2017). "Daoism: China's Native Religion". <i>China: Promise or Threat?: A Comparison of Cultures</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 75–76. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h29s.12">10.1163/j.ctt1w8h29s.12</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daoism%3A+China%27s+Native+Religion&rft.btitle=China%3A+Promise+or+Threat%3F%3A+A+Comparison+of+Cultures&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w8h29s.12%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Helle&rft.aufirst=Horst+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999691-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999691_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999">Carrasco et al. 1999</a>, p. 691.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:04_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDell2012" class="citation book cs1">Dell, Christopher (2012). <i>Mythology: The Complete Guide to our Imagined Worlds</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51615-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51615-7"><bdi>978-0-500-51615-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythology%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+our+Imagined+Worlds&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51615-7&rft.aulast=Dell&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Andrew, ed. (1995). <i>World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts</i> (1st paperback ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: <a href="/wiki/Paragon_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Paragon House">Paragon House Publishers</a>. pp. 467–468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-723-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-723-1"><bdi>978-1-55778-723-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Scripture%3A+A+Comparative+Anthology+of+Sacred+Texts&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=467-468&rft.edition=1st+paperback&rft.pub=Paragon+House+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55778-723-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinford2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Minford" title="John Minford">Minford, John</a> (2018). <i>Tao Te Ching: The Essential Translation of the Ancient Chinese Book of the Tao</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. pp. ix–x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02498-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02498-8"><bdi>978-0-670-02498-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tao+Te+Ching%3A+The+Essential+Translation+of+the+Ancient+Chinese+Book+of+the+Tao&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=ix-x&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02498-8&rft.aulast=Minford&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHua2016" class="citation web cs1">Hua, Sara Lynn (2016-06-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.tutorabcchinese.com/expats/chinese-dragon-western-difference-lucky">"Difference Between A Chinese Dragon and A Western Dragon"</a>. <i>TutorABC Chinese China Expats & Culture Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TutorABC+Chinese+China+Expats+%26+Culture+Blog&rft.atitle=Difference+Between+A+Chinese+Dragon+and+A+Western+Dragon&rft.date=2016-06-28&rft.aulast=Hua&rft.aufirst=Sara+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.tutorabcchinese.com%2Fexpats%2Fchinese-dragon-western-difference-lucky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Heaven is here Tien a part Yunnan In Southwest China." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGogoi1976" class="citation book cs1">Gogoi, Padmeshwar (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99476"><i>Tai Ahom Religion and Customs</i></a>. Publication Board, Gauhati, Assam. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tai+Ahom+Religion+and+Customs&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Publication+Board%2C+Gauhati%2C+Assam&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Gogoi&rft.aufirst=Padmeshwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.99476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:102-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:102_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:102_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2000" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Jay (2000). <i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Eastern Philosophy</i>. Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Books" title="Alpha Books">Alpha Books</a>. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-863820-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-863820-1"><bdi>978-0-02-863820-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Eastern+Philosophy&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-02-863820-1&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreel1970">Creel (1970)</a>, p. 493</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLegge1865">Legge (1865)</a>, pp. 173–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreel1970">Creel (1970)</a>, pp. 501–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller1870">Müller (1870)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (August 2022)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_FuquaRobert_C._Koons2023" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Fuqua; Robert C. Koons, eds. (2023-02-10). "Searching for the Ineffable: Classical Theism and Eastern Thought about God". <i>Classical Theism: New Essays on the Metaphysics of God</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83688-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83688-2"><bdi>978-1-000-83688-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1353836889">1353836889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Searching+for+the+Ineffable%3A+Classical+Theism+and+Eastern+Thought+about+God&rft.btitle=Classical+Theism%3A+New+Essays+on+the+Metaphysics+of+God&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023-02-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353836889&rft.isbn=978-1-000-83688-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1992" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, William H. (1992). <i>A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology</i>. Mouton de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Old+Chinese+Phonology&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxterSagart2011" class="citation web cs1">Baxter, William; Sagart, Lauren (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927141238/http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207">"Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction"</a> (pdf). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207">the original</a> on 27 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baxter%E2%80%93Sagart+Old+Chinese+Reconstruction&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Sagart%2C+Lauren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrlao.ehess.fr%2Fdocannexe.php%3Fid%3D1207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxterSagart2014" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, William; Sagart, Lauren (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf"><i>Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Chinese%3A+A+New+Reconstruction&rft.pages=113-114&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Sagart%2C+Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Focbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu%2FBaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span> Supplemental materials available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/">their webpage</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Carrasco" title="David Carrasco">Carrasco, David</a>; Warmind, Morten; Hawley, John Stratton; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Reynolds_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Reynolds (academic) (page does not exist)">Reynolds, Frank</a>; Giarardot, Norman; <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan" title="Jaroslav Pelikan">Pelikan, Jaroslav</a>; Campo, Juan; Penner, Hans (1999). <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a> (ed.). <i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i>. United States: <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Carrasco&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Warmind%2C+Morten&rft.au=Hawley%2C+John+Stratton&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Frank&rft.au=Giarardot%2C+Norman&rft.au=Neusner%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Pelikan%2C+Jaroslav&rft.au=Campo%2C+Juan&rft.au=Penner%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2000" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Ruth H. (2000). "Understanding <i>Di</i> and <i>Tian</i>: Deity and Heaven From Shang to Tang". <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i>. <b>108</b>: 1–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Understanding+Di+and+Tian%3A+Deity+and+Heaven+From+Shang+to+Tang&rft.volume=108&rft.pages=1-54&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Ruth+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreel1970" class="citation book cs1">Creel, Herrlee G. (1970). <i>The Origins of Statecraft in China</i>. The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-12043-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-12043-0"><bdi>0-226-12043-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Statecraft+in+China&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-226-12043-0&rft.aulast=Creel&rft.aufirst=Herrlee+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubs1960" class="citation journal cs1">Dubs, Homer H. (1960). "Theism and Naturalism in Ancient Chinese Philosophy". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>9</b> (3–4): 163–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1397096">10.2307/1397096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397096">1397096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Theism+and+Naturalism+in+Ancient+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=163-172&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1397096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dubs&rft.aufirst=Homer+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeng1952" class="citation book cs1">Feng, Yu-Lan (1952). <i>A History of Chinese Philosophy, Vol. I. The Period of the Philosophers</i>. Translated by Bodde, Derk. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Philosophy%2C+Vol.+I.+The+Period+of+the+Philosophers&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Yu-Lan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlgren1922" class="citation journal cs1">Karlgren, Bernhard (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/s2tungpaotoungp21corduoft#page/iv/mode/2up">"The reconstruction of Ancient Chinese"</a>. <i>T'oung Pao</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 1–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853222X00015">10.1163/156853222X00015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=The+reconstruction+of+Ancient+Chinese&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-42&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853222X00015&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fs2tungpaotoungp21corduoft%23page%2Fiv%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegge1865" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseclassics31legg/"><i>The Chinese Classics, Vol. III, The Shoo King</i></a>. Translated by Legge, James. Oxford University Press. 1865 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Classics%2C+Vol.+III%2C+The+Shoo+King&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchineseclassics31legg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConfuciusLegge1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseclassics01legg/"><i>The Chinese Classics, Vol. I, The Confucian Analects, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean</i></a>. Translated by Legge, James. Oxford University Press – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Classics%2C+Vol.+I%2C+The+Confucian+Analects%2C+the+Great+Learning%2C+and+the+Doctrine+of+the+Mean&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Confucius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchineseclassics01legg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoziMei1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> (1929). <i>The Ethical and Political Works of Motse</i>. Translated by Mei, Y. P. London: Probsthain.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethical+and+Political+Works+of+Motse&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Probsthain&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Mozi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1870" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Friedrich Max (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesonscienc00mlle"><i>Lectures on the Science of Religion</i></a>. New York, C. Scribner and company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+Science+of+Religion&rft.pub=New+York%2C+C.+Scribner+and+company&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flecturesonscienc00mlle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1991" class="citation book cs1">Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1991). <i>A Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese and Early Mandarin</i>. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0366-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0366-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-0366-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lexicon+of+Reconstructed+Pronunciation+in+Early+Middle+Chinese%2C+Late+Middle+Chinese+and+Early+Mandarin&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+BC&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0366-3&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuessler2007" class="citation book cs1">Schuessler, Axel (2007). <i>ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese</i>. University of Hawaii Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABC+Etymological+Dictionary+of+Old+Chinese&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Schuessler&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhengzhang2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhang_Shangfang" title="Zhengzhang Shangfang">Zhengzhang, Shangfang 鄭張尚芳</a> (2003). <bdi lang="zh">上古音系</bdi> [<i>Ancient Phonology</i>]. Shanghai Education Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&rft.pub=Shanghai+Education+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Zhengzhang&rft.aufirst=Shangfang+%E9%84%AD%E5%BC%B5%E5%B0%9A%E8%8A%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou1972" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhou, Fagao 周法高 (1972). "Shanggu Hanyu he Han-Zangyu" <bdi lang="zh">上古漢語和漢藏語</bdi> [Ancient Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Languages]. <i>Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong</i> (in Chinese). <b>5</b>: 159–244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institute+of+Chinese+Studies+of+the+Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.atitle=Shanggu+Hanyu+he+Han-Zangyu+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%92%8C%E6%BC%A2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=159-244&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Fagao+%E5%91%A8%E6%B3%95%E9%AB%98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:天">天</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalscientific.org/CharacterASP/CharacterEtymology.aspx?characterInput=%E5%A4%A9+&submitButton1=Etymology">Oracle, Bronze, and Seal characters for 天</a>, Richard Sears</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_mythology" title="Template:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_mythology" title="Template talk:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_creation_myths" title="Chinese creation myths">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_spiritual_world_concepts" title="Chinese spiritual world concepts">Godly world concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astrology" title="Chinese astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Gods and immortals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangu" title="Pangu">Pangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major personages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Gods and immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youchao" title="Youchao">Youchao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Emperor" title="Yan Emperor">Yan Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiyou" title="Chiyou">Chiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Chang'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Yi" title="Hou Yi">Hou Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuafu" title="Kuafu">Kuafu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythological creatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Tortoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Tortoise">Black Tortoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Azure Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Tiger_(mythology)" title="White Tiger (mythology)">White Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Bird" title="Vermilion Bird">Vermilion Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Dragon" title="Yellow Dragon">Yellow Dragon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qilin" title="Qilin">Qilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenghuang" title="Fenghuang">Fenghuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglong" title="Yinglong">Yinglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_turtle" title="Spirit turtle">Spirit turtle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixi" title="Bixi">Bixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Huli jing</a> (Fox spirit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_guardian_lions" title="Chinese guardian lions">Chinese guardian lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixiu" title="Pixiu">Pixiu</a> (Bixie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian" title="Nian">Nian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Horses in Chinese mythology">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundun" title="Hundun">Hundun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiezhi" title="Xiezhi">Xiezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhiqi" title="Wuzhiqi">Wuzhiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeren" title="Yeren">Yeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Fox spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Perils" title="Four Perils">Four Perils</a> (<a href="/wiki/Four_Perils" title="Four Perils">Four Evildoers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_(mythology)" title="Peng (mythology)">Peng (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-headed_Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine-headed Bird">Nine-headed Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianma" title="Tianma">Tianma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-tailed_fox" title="Nine-tailed fox">Nine-tailed fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_China" title="List of legendary creatures from China"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Buzhou" title="Mount Buzhou">Buzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Pillars" title="Eight Pillars">Eight Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Ghosts" title="Gate of the Ghosts">Gate of the Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusang" title="Fusang">Fusang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Mountain_(mythology)" title="Jade Mountain (mythology)">Jade Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_(mythology)" title="Kunlun (mythology)">Kunlun Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmen_(mythology)" title="Longmen (mythology)">Longmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Sands" title="Moving Sands">Moving Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Penglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_(mythology)" title="Red River (mythology)">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_River_(mythology)" title="Weak River (mythology)">Weak River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youdu" title="Youdu">Youdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gu_(poison)" title="Gu (poison)">Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaches_of_Immortality" title="Peaches of Immortality">Peaches of Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirang" title="Xirang">Xirang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Classic of Mountains and Seas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shi_Yi_Ji" title="Shi Yi Ji">Shi Yi Ji</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowuzhi" title="Bowuzhi">Bowuzhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liexian_Zhuan" title="Liexian Zhuan">Liexian Zhuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenxian_Zhuan" title="Shenxian Zhuan">Shenxian Zhuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gods_and_Strange_Things" title="Book of Gods and Strange Things">Shenyi Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peach_Blossom_Spring" title="The Peach Blossom Spring">The Peach Blossom Spring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Journeys" class="mw-redirect" title="The Four Journeys">The Four Journeys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Gods" title="Investiture of the Gods">Investiture of the Gods</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Sui_Quash_the_Demons%27_Revolt" title="The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt">The Sorcerer's Revolt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Tales_from_a_Chinese_Studio" title="Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio">Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_the_Supernatural" title="In Search of the Supernatural">In Search of the Supernatural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Master_Would_Not_Discuss" title="What the Master Would Not Discuss">What the Master Would Not Discuss</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Questions" title="Heavenly Questions">Heavenly Questions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chu_Ci" title="Chu Ci">Chu Ci</a>)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_the_Thatched_Abode_of_Close_Observations" title="Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations">Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other folk tales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_White_Snake" title="Legend of the White Snake">Legend of the White Snake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dong_Yong_and_the_Seventh_Fairy" title="Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy">Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cowherd_and_the_Weaver_Girl" title="The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl">The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Lotus_Lantern" title="The Magic Lotus Lantern">The Magic Lotus Lantern</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mulian_Rescues_His_Mother" title="Mulian Rescues His Mother">Mulian Rescues His Mother</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f3c7b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_philosophy" title="Template:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_philosophy" title="Template talk:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_learning" title="Han learning">Han learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang%E2%80%93Lao" title="Huang–Lao">Huang–Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Marxist_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Marxist Philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Diplomacy" title="School of Diplomacy">School of Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Daoxue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Syncretism (Chinese philosophy)">Mixed School</a></li></ul> <i><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Schools_of_Thought" title="Nine Schools of Thought">Nine Schools of Thought</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a></li></ul></div></i> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_philosophers" title="List of Chinese philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Shang" title="Bu Shang">Bu Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunyu_Kun" title="Chunyu Kun">Chunyu Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xi" title="Deng Xi">Deng Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanmu_Ci" title="Duanmu Ci">Duanmu Ci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaozi" title="Gaozi">Gaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Long" title="Gongsun Long">Gongsun Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Shi" title="Hui Shi">Hui Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Kui_(legalist)" title="Li Kui (legalist)">Li Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_Yukou" title="Lie Yukou">Lie Yukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Buhai" title="Shen Buhai">Shen Buhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Dao" title="Shen Dao">Shen Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Qin" title="Su Qin">Su Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Qi" title="Wu Qi">Wu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximen_Bao" title="Ximen Bao">Ximen Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xing_(philosopher)" title="Xu Xing (philosopher)">Xu Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhu" title="Yang Zhu">Yang Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Xian" title="Yuan Xian">Yuan Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(Warring_States_period)" title="Zhang Yi (Warring States period)">Zhang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuang Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zichan" title="Zichan">Zichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi">Zisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Yan" title="Zou Yan">Zou Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong Zhongshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang_Shuo" title="Dongfang Shuo">Dongfang Shuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Wu" title="Dou Wu">Dou Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Tan" title="Huan Tan">Huan Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Yi" title="Jia Yi">Jia Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Kui_(scholar)" title="Jia Kui (scholar)">Jia Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Fang" title="Jing Fang">Jing Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Anguo" title="Kong Anguo">Kong Anguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_An" title="Liu An">Liu An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jia_(Western_Han)" title="Lu Jia (Western Han)">Lu Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(scholar)" title="Liu Xiang (scholar)">Liu Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rong" title="Ma Rong">Ma Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chong" title="Wang Chong">Wang Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fu_(Han_dynasty)" title="Wang Fu (Han dynasty)">Wang Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Yue" title="Xun Yue">Xun Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiong_(author)" title="Yang Xiong (author)">Yang Xiong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Jingyan" title="Bao Jingyan">Bao Jingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhen" title="Fan Zhen">Fan Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xiang" title="Guo Xiang">Guo Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Xuan" title="Fu Xuan">Fu Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yan" title="He Yan">He Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyuan_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huiyuan (Buddhist)">Huiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Kang" title="Ji Kang">Ji Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Su_(Cao_Wei)" title="Wang Su (Cao Wei)">Wang Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bi" title="Wang Bi">Wang Bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiahou_Xuan" title="Xiahou Xuan">Xiahou Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Daoyun" title="Xie Daoyun">Xie Daoyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Can" title="Xun Can">Xun Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Zhitui" title="Yan Zhitui">Yan Zhitui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi_Dun" title="Zhi Dun">Zhi Dun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Yi" title="Fu Yi">Fu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Tong_(philosopher)" title="Wang Tong (philosopher)">Wang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhihe" title="Zhang Zhihe">Zhang Zhihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Five Dynasties</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Ten Kingdoms</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Cheng Hao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Cheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhongyan" title="Fan Zhongyan">Fan Zhongyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hong" title="Hu Hong">Hu Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiuyuan" title="Lu Jiuyuan">Lu Jiuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yong" title="Shao Yong">Shao Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang Anshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chongyang" title="Wang Chongyang">Wang Chongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chuyi" title="Wang Chuyi">Wang Chuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Shi" title="Ye Shi">Ye Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zai" title="Zhang Zai">Zhang Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiru" title="Chen Jiru">Chen Jiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Zongxi" title="Huang Zongxi">Huang Zongxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Zicheng" title="Hong Zicheng">Hong Zicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Hong" title="Jiao Hong">Jiao Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Yu" title="Jiao Yu">Jiao Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Zhide" title="Lai Zhide">Lai Zhide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(philosopher)" title="Li Zhi (philosopher)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bowen" title="Liu Bowen">Liu Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongzhou" title="Liu Zongzhou">Liu Zongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Rufang_(Ming_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo Rufang (Ming dynasty)">Luo Rufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Dehong" title="Qian Dehong">Qian Dehong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ji_(philosopher)" title="Wang Ji (philosopher)">Wang Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gen" title="Wang Gen">Wang Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng_(philosopher)" title="Wu Cheng (philosopher)">Wu Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Ai" title="Xu Ai">Xu Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_Ruoshui" title="Zhan Ruoshui">Zhan Ruoshui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Hongmou" title="Chen Hongmou">Chen Hongmou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Menglei" title="Chen Menglei">Chen Menglei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhen" title="Dai Zhen">Dai Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Bao" title="Fang Bao">Fang Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lanfen" title="Fang Lanfen">Fang Lanfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Quan" title="Fang Quan">Fang Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Guifen" title="Feng Guifen">Feng Guifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Zizhen" title="Gong Zizhen">Gong Zizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Yanwu" title="Gu Yanwu">Gu Yanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Liangji" title="Hong Liangji">Hong Liangji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Yun" title="Ji Yun">Ji Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yiming" title="Liu Yiming">Liu Yiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pingge" title="Pan Pingge">Pan Pingge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Sitong" title="Tan Sitong">Tan Sitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Zhen" title="Tang Zhen">Tang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuzhi" title="Wang Fuzhi">Wang Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yuan" title="Wei Yuan">Wei Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Yuan_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Yan Yuan (Qing dynasty)">Yan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Yue" title="Yu Yue">Yu Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhengxie" title="Yu Zhengxie">Yu Zhengxie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuecheng" title="Zhang Xuecheng">Zhang Xuecheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Cunyu" title="Zhuang Cunyu">Zhuang Cunyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yuanpei" title="Cai Yuanpei">Cai Yuanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Carsun Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Chang" title="P. C. Chang">P. C. Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Daqi" title="Chen Daqi">Chen Daqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung-ying_Cheng" title="Chung-ying Cheng">Chung-ying Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27ien_Mu" title="Ch'ien Mu">Ch'ien Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Anping" title="Chu Anping">Chu Anping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Keli" title="Fang Keli">Fang Keli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Feng Youlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Su" title="Gu Su">Gu Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Zhun" title="Gu Zhun">Gu Zhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guanghu" title="He Guanghu">He Guanghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Gang" title="Hua Gang">Hua Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Huang" title="Ray Huang">Ray Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(Confucian)" title="Jiang Qing (Confucian)">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Yuelin" title="Jin Yuelin">Jin Yuelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Shui-chuen" title="Lee Shui-chuen">Lee Shui-chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shicen" title="Li Shicen">Li Shicen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li Zehou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Shuming" title="Liang Shuming">Liang Shuming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaofeng_(academic)" title="Liu Xiaofeng (academic)">Liu Xiaofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mou_Zongsan" title="Mou Zongsan">Mou Zongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Renzong" title="Qiu Renzong">Qiu Renzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Chun-i" title="Tang Chun-i">Tang Chun-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Yijie" title="Tang Yijie">Tang Yijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsang_Lap_Chuen" title="Tsang Lap Chuen">Tsang Lap Chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong Shili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fuguan" title="Xu Fuguan">Xu Fuguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Changji" title="Yang Changji">Yang Changji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Haiguang" title="Yin Haiguang">Yin Haiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dunkang" title="Yu Dunkang">Yu Dunkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dongsun" title="Zhang Dongsun">Zhang Dongsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shenfu" title="Zhang Shenfu">Zhang Shenfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Guoping" title="Zhou Guoping">Zhou Guoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Zuoren" title="Zhou Zuoren">Zhou Zuoren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_(philosophy)" title="Fa (philosophy)">Fa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozi#Philosophy" title="Mozi">Jian'ai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_zuo" title="Jing zuo">Jing zuo</a></i></li> <li><i>Li</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Neo-Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ming_yun" title="Ming yun">Ming yun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qing_(philosophy)" title="Qing (philosophy)">Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">Three teachings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Si_(philosophy)" title="Si (philosophy)">Si</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ti_(philosophy)" title="Ti (philosophy)">Ti</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xin_(heart-mind)" title="Xin (heart-mind)">Xin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)#East_Asian_philosophies" title="Nature (philosophy)">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essence-Function" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Function">Yong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhengming" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengming">Zhengming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ziran" title="Ziran">Ziran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_China" title="Logic in China">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics#Classical_China" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy#Ancient_China" title="Political philosophy">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_consequentialism" title="State consequentialism">State consequentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting#Philosophy" title="Ink wash painting">Ink wash</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_shui#Concepts" title="Shan shui">Shan shui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_Chinese_philosophy" title="Legitimacy of Chinese philosophy">Legitimacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_theology" title="Category:Modern pagan theology">Pagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_theology_and_cosmology" title="Slavic Native Faith's theology and cosmology">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Names_of_God" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Names_of_God" title="Template:Names of God"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Names_of_God" title="Template talk:Names of God"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Names_of_God" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Names of God"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Names_of_God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahasranama" title="Sahasranama">In Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">In Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li>Abrahamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_names_for_the_God_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions">In Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">In Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi#Names" title="Hayyi Rabbi">In Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adon" title="Adon">Adonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuda" title="Khuda">Khuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvardigar" title="Parvardigar">Parvardigar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Tad Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukwu" title="Chukwu">Chukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devla" title="Devla">Devla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">El Elyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">God the Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakan_Tanka" title="Wakan Tanka">Wakan Tanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haneunim" title="Haneunim">Haneunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwa" title="Huwa">Huwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Acintya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghyang_Adi_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanghyang Adi Buddha">Sanghyang Adi Buddha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsistos">Hypsistos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahbulon" title="Jahbulon">Jahbulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Jehovah 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawu" title="Mawu">Mawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulungu" title="Mulungu">Mulungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai" title="Ngai">Ngai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyame" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyame">Nyame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzambi_a_Mpungu" title="Nzambi a Mpungu">Nzambi a Mpungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cl%E1%BB%8Drun" title="Ọlọrun">Ọlọrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Olofi">Olofi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osanobua" title="Osanobua">Osanobua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhu_(Chinese_name_of_God)" title="Tianzhu (Chinese name of God)">Tianzhu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabalus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenri-%C5%8C-no-Mikoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto">Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">The One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umvelinqangi" title="Umvelinqangi">Umvelinqangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkulunkulu" title="Unkulunkulu">Unkulunkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">YHWH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_Confucianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_Confucianism" title="Template:Religious Confucianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Religious_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Religious Confucianism (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_Confucianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious Confucianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_Confucianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_Confucianism" title="Religious Confucianism">Religious Confucianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesa" title="Jesa">Jesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_to_Heaven" title="Sacrifice to Heaven">Sacrifice to Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Festival Huế">Festival Huế</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Shan" title="Feng Shan">Feng Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_and_music_system" title="Ritual and music system">Ritual and music system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Li" title="Guan Li">Guan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Li_(ceremony)" title="Ji Li (ceremony)">Ji Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_marriage" title="Traditional Chinese marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ghost_marriage" title="Chinese ghost marriage">Ghost marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_the_living" title="Worship of the living">Worship of the living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shendao_shejiao" title="Shendao shejiao">Shendao shejiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_ritual_religion" title="Confucian ritual religion">Confucian ritual religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_Heaven_and_humanity" title="Unity of Heaven and humanity">Unity of Heaven and humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_Between_Heaven_and_Mankind" title="Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind">Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestor veneration in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianxia" title="Tianxia">Tianxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Huang_Zisun" title="Yan Huang Zisun">Yan Huang Zisun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_and_grain" title="Soil and grain">Soil and grain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_church" title="Confucian church">Confucian church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Confucian_Church" title="Holy Confucian Church">Holy Confucian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanyuan_teaching" title="Xuanyuan teaching">Xuanyuan teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taigu_school" title="Taigu school">Taigu school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengdao" title="Shengdao">Shengdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_Academy" title="Confucian Academy">Confucian Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_Shinto" title="Confucian Shinto">Confucian Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shint%C5%8D_Taiseiky%C5%8D" title="Shintō Taiseikyō">Taiseikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_Shusei" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinto Shusei">Shusei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamazaki_Ansai" title="Yamazaki Ansai">Suika Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" title="Onmyōdō">Onmyōdō</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamazaki_Ansai" title="Yamazaki Ansai">Yamazaki Ansai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">Temple of Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_royal_ancestral_shrine" title="Confucian royal ancestral shrine">Confucian royal ancestral shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_shrine" title="Ancestral shrine">Ancestral shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_goods_store" title="Religious goods store">Religious goods store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero shrine">Hero shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myo_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Myo shrine">Myo shrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_(Seoul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jongmyo (Seoul)">Jongmyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munmyo" title="Munmyo">Munmyo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci_shrine" title="Ci shrine">Ci shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_shrine" title="Miao shrine">Miao shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_miao" title="Yin miao">Yin miao</a></li> <li>Beijing Temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Shejitan" title="Beijing Shejitan">Beijing Shejitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Agriculture" title="Temple of Agriculture">Temple of Agriculture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_tablet" title="Spirit tablet">Spirit tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_censer" title="Tiangong censer">Tiangong censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_money" title="Hell money">Hell money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_coin_charm" title="Confucian coin charm">Confucian coin charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Four Books and Five Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Classics" title="Thirteen Classics">Thirteen Classics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wufang_Shangdi" title="Wufang Shangdi">Wufang Shangdi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidi_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baidi (god)">White Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaohao" title="Shaohao">Shaohao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidi_(god)" title="Heidi (god)">Black Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuanxu" title="Zhuanxu">Zhuanxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_(god)" title="Xuanwu (god)">Xuanwu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangdi" title="Cangdi">Bluegreen Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Xi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fu Xi">Fu Xi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidi_(god)" title="Chidi (god)">Red Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame Emperor">Flame Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong" title="Zhurong">Zhurong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tutelary deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landlord_deity#In_China" title="Landlord deity">Landlord deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudigong" title="Tudigong">Tudigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_God_(China)" title="City God (China)">City God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_God" title="Mountain God">Mountain God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tian&oldid=1253842592">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tian&oldid=1253842592</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_gods" title="Category:Chinese gods">Chinese gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Chinese mythology">Locations in Chinese mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conceptions_of_God" title="Category:Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_Confucianism" title="Category:Religious Confucianism">Religious Confucianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_traditional_religion" title="Category:East Asian traditional religion">East Asian traditional religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heaven" title="Category:Heaven">Heaven</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Names_of_God" title="Category:Names of God">Names of God</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sky_and_weather_gods" title="Category:Sky and weather gods">Sky and weather gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taoist_cosmology" title="Category:Taoist cosmology">Taoist cosmology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Relationship_between_Heaven_and_Mankind" title="Category:Relationship between Heaven and Mankind">Relationship between Heaven and Mankind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deities_in_Chinese_folk_religion" title="Category:Deities in Chinese folk religion">Deities in Chinese folk religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ky%C5%8Diku_kanji" title="Category:Kyōiku kanji">Kyōiku kanji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_Chinese_philosophy" title="Category:Concepts in Chinese philosophy">Concepts in Chinese philosophy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_copy_edit_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from March 2024">Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_copy_edit" title="Category:All articles needing copy edit">All articles needing copy edit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification">All Wikipedia articles needing clarification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from March 2024">Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed" title="Category:All articles that are excessively detailed">All articles that are excessively detailed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2024">Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Mandarin_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Mandarin IPA">Pages with Mandarin IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Vietnamese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Vietnamese-language text">Articles containing Vietnamese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_April_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2012" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2012">Articles needing additional references from November 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 October 2024, at 05:06<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tian&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-xd8tp","wgBackendResponseTime":155,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.582","walltime":"1.816","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10055,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":354304,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20623,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":220044,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1522.962 1 -total"," 28.77% 438.162 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.69% 238.955 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 12.51% 190.503 29 Template:Cite_book"," 9.14% 139.204 8 Template:Cite_web"," 7.87% 119.883 13 Template:Fix"," 7.15% 108.951 10 Template:Pages_needed"," 6.91% 105.300 1 Template:Chinese_folk_religion"," 6.78% 103.188 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.35% 96.748 1 Template:Multiple_issues"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.994","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18944779,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBaxter1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaxterSagart2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaxterSagart2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlsonFlanaginMartinMartin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrascoWarmindHawleyReynolds1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConfuciusLegge1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreel1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubs1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeng1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGogoi1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuangweiHualingWenzhenZhenguo1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelle2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHua2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_FuquaRobert_C._Koons2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlgren1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegge1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinford2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoziMei1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearsonHoldren2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulleyblank1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuessler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStorm2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillard_Gurdon_Oxtoby2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWoodheadPartridgeKawanami2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaleski2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhengzhang2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhou1972\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Chinese folk religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese mythology\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Confusing\"] = 1,\n [\"Copy edit\"] = 1,\n [\"Explain\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 26,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 36,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 11,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit.\"] = 1,\n [\"Long quote\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Names of God\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Overly detailed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pages needed\"] = 10,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religious Confucianism\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Theology\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 15,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-xdg2j","timestamp":"20241128015620","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tian","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tian","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1364799","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1364799","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-19T09:08:32Z","dateModified":"2024-10-28T05:06:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/76\/%E5%A4%A9-bronze-shang.svg","headline":"The Chinese conception of Heaven as a cosmic force, a high god under the Zhou, and the realm of the Taoist celestial bureaucracy"}</script> </body> </html>