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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_and_medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early and medieval history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_and_medieval_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_and_early_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_early_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Foundation and early modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_early_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_modern_and_contemporary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_modern_and_contemporary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Later modern and contemporary history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_modern_and_contemporary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_public_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_public_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Government and public services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_public_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and public services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_public_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civic_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Civic administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utility_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utility_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Utility services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utility_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_and_pastimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_pastimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sports and pastimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_pastimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mangalore</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" > 76 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مانغلور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانغلور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manqalur" title="Manqalur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Manqalur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="منقلور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="منقلور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81" title="মাঙ্গলুরু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাঙ্গলুরু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Мангалур – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мангалур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" title="मंगलुरु – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मंगलुरु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Мангалуру – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мангалуру" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaluru" title="Mangaluru – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mangaluru" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore_(lungsod_sa_Indiya)" title="Mangalore (lungsod sa Indiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mangalore (lungsod sa Indiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangal%C3%BAr" title="Mangalúr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mangalúr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaluru" title="Mangaluru – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mangaluru" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaloro" title="Mangaloro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mangaloro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="منگلور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منگلور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0" title="મેંગલોર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મેંગલોર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಂಗ್ಳುರ್ – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ಮಂಗ್ಳುರ್" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EA%B0%88%EB%A1%9C%EB%A5%B4" title="망갈로르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="망갈로르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" title="मंगलूरु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मंगलूरु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0" title="মাঙ্গালোর – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মাঙ্গালোর" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaluru" title="Mangaluru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mangaluru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Мангалур – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мангалур" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מנגלור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנגלור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಮಂಗಳೂರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಂಗಳೂರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მანგალური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანგალური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangal%C5%ABru" title="Mangalūru – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mangalūru" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangal%C5%ABru" title="Mangalūru – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mangalūru" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalor" title="Mangalor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mangalor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="मंगलोर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मंगलोर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81" title="മംഗളൂരു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മംഗളൂരു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="मंगळूर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मंगळूर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مانجلور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مانجلور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="मङ्गलोर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मङ्गलोर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" title="मङ्गलूरु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मङ्गलूरु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="マンガルール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マンガルール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87" title="ମାଙ୍ଗାଲୋରେ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାଙ୍ଗାଲୋରେ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalor" title="Mangalor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mangalor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮੰਗਲੌਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੰਗਲੌਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="منگلور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منگلور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaluru" title="Mangaluru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mangaluru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalor" title="Mangalor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mangalor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Мангалур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мангалур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" title="मङ्गळूरु – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मङ्गळूरु" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱢᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱳᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱳᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мангалор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мангалор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalor" title="Mangalor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mangalor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaluru" title="Mangaluru – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mangaluru" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மங்களூர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மங்களூர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мангалор – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мангалор" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="మంగళూరు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మంగళూరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="มังคาลอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มังคาลอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2" title="ಕುಡ್ಲ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕುಡ್ಲ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Мангалур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мангалур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="منگلور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منگلور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mangalore" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E6%A0%BC%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%94" title="门格洛尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="门格洛尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E6%A0%BC%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%94" title="门格洛尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="门格洛尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q127041#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mangalore&params=12_52_18_N_74_50_33_E_region:IN_type:city">12°52′18″N 74°50′33″E / 12.87167°N 74.84250°E / 12.87167; 74.84250</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mangalore (disambiguation)">Mangalore (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Karnataka, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Mangalore</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Kudla (<a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>) Mangaluru (<a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>) Kodiyal (<a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mangaluru</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Falnir_skylines_viewed_from_Kankanady.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Falnir_skylines_viewed_from_Kankanady.jpg/288px-Falnir_skylines_viewed_from_Kankanady.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Falnir_skylines_viewed_from_Kankanady.jpg/432px-Falnir_skylines_viewed_from_Kankanady.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Falnir_skylines_viewed_from_Kankanady.jpg/576px-Falnir_skylines_viewed_from_Kankanady.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2536" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Mangalore CBD skyline</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bendoorwell-Kankanady_Road_beside_Colaco_Hospital_and_Shalimar_Liverpool_in_Mangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bendoorwell-Kankanady_Road_beside_Colaco_Hospital_and_Shalimar_Liverpool_in_Mangalore.jpg/142px-Bendoorwell-Kankanady_Road_beside_Colaco_Hospital_and_Shalimar_Liverpool_in_Mangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bendoorwell-Kankanady_Road_beside_Colaco_Hospital_and_Shalimar_Liverpool_in_Mangalore.jpg/213px-Bendoorwell-Kankanady_Road_beside_Colaco_Hospital_and_Shalimar_Liverpool_in_Mangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bendoorwell-Kankanady_Road_beside_Colaco_Hospital_and_Shalimar_Liverpool_in_Mangalore.jpg/284px-Bendoorwell-Kankanady_Road_beside_Colaco_Hospital_and_Shalimar_Liverpool_in_Mangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kankanadi" title="Kankanadi">Kankanadi</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivory_Towers_apartments_at_Falnir_in_Mangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ivory_Towers_apartments_at_Falnir_in_Mangalore.jpg/142px-Ivory_Towers_apartments_at_Falnir_in_Mangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ivory_Towers_apartments_at_Falnir_in_Mangalore.jpg/213px-Ivory_Towers_apartments_at_Falnir_in_Mangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ivory_Towers_apartments_at_Falnir_in_Mangalore.jpg/284px-Ivory_Towers_apartments_at_Falnir_in_Mangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Falnir" title="Falnir">Falnir</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_our_Balcony_-_Industrial_Mangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_our_Balcony_-_Industrial_Mangalore.jpg/150px-View_from_our_Balcony_-_Industrial_Mangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_our_Balcony_-_Industrial_Mangalore.jpg/225px-View_from_our_Balcony_-_Industrial_Mangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_our_Balcony_-_Industrial_Mangalore.jpg/300px-View_from_our_Balcony_-_Industrial_Mangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mangalore_Chemicals_%26_Fertilizers" title="Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers">Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangalore_infosys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mangalore_infosys.jpg/134px-Mangalore_infosys.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mangalore_infosys.jpg/201px-Mangalore_infosys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mangalore_infosys.jpg/268px-Mangalore_infosys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Infosys" title="Infosys">Infosys campus</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MRPL_Refinery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/MRPL_Refinery.jpg/169px-MRPL_Refinery.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/MRPL_Refinery.jpg/254px-MRPL_Refinery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/MRPL_Refinery.jpg/338px-MRPL_Refinery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3126" data-file-height="1596" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/MRPL" class="mw-redirect" title="MRPL">MRPL</a> Refinery</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Ore_factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Iron_Ore_factory.jpg/115px-Iron_Ore_factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Iron_Ore_factory.jpg/173px-Iron_Ore_factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Iron_Ore_factory.jpg/230px-Iron_Ore_factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kudremukh_Iron_Ore_Company" title="Kudremukh Iron Ore Company">KIOCL</a> Pellet plant</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Mangalore_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/New_Mangalore_Port.jpg/288px-New_Mangalore_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/New_Mangalore_Port.jpg/432px-New_Mangalore_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/New_Mangalore_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="240" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/New_Mangalore_Port" title="New Mangalore Port">New Mangalore Port</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 300px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="300" data-zoom="13" data-lat="12.871666666667" data-lon="74.8425" data-overlays="["_5273945f073c0c72cf757098bbf2472a7f6b5f50"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/12.871666666667/74.8425/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,12.871666666667,74.8425,300x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mangalore&revid=1259268912&groups=_5273945f073c0c72cf757098bbf2472a7f6b5f50" width="300" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,12.871666666667,74.8425,300x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mangalore&revid=1259268912&groups=_5273945f073c0c72cf757098bbf2472a7f6b5f50 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Mangalore City</div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Karnataka_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mangalore is located in Karnataka"><img alt="Mangalore is located in Karnataka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/India_Karnataka_location_map.svg/250px-India_Karnataka_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/India_Karnataka_location_map.svg/375px-India_Karnataka_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/India_Karnataka_location_map.svg/500px-India_Karnataka_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1273" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.26%;left:24.147%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Mangalore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mangalore</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Karnataka</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mangalore is located in India"><img alt="Mangalore is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/250px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/375px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/500px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.779%;left:24.508%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Mangalore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mangalore</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of India</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mangalore&params=12_52_18_N_74_50_33_E_region:IN_type:city">12°52′18″N 74°50′33″E / 12.87167°N 74.84250°E / 12.87167; 74.84250</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of India">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluk">Taluk</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mangalore_taluk" title="Mangalore taluk">Mangalore</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mangaladevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangaladevi">Mangaladevi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation_(India)" title="Municipal corporation (India)">Municipal Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Mangalore_City_Corporation" title="Mangalore City Corporation">Mangalore City Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Manoj Kumar<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-area-info-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">170 km2 (70 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 m (72 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">724,159<a href="#cite_note-pop2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,250/km2 (11,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalorean">Mangalorean</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Administrative</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">PIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">575001 to 575030</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Telephone code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_India" title="Telephone numbers in India">+91-(0824)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">KA-19, KA-62<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">Sex ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.016<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.83 (as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangalore&action=edit">[update]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-hdi-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Literacy</th><td class="infobox-data">94.03%<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mangalurucity.mrc.gov.in">www.mangalurucity.mrc.gov.in</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mangalore (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmæŋɡəlɔːr, ˌmæŋɡəˈlɔːr/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MANG-gə-lor, -⁠LOR</a>), officially known as Mangaluru (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Kannada: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[mɐŋɡɐɭuːru]</a>), is a major industrial port city in the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and on the west coast of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It is located between the <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> about 352 km (219 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">state capital</a>, 14 km north of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> border and 297 km south of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>. Mangalore is the state's only city to have all four modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea. The population of the <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a> was 619,664 according to the 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangalore&action=edit">[update]</a> national census of India. It is known for being one of the locations of the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve_(India)" title="Strategic Petroleum Reserve (India)">Indian strategic petroleum reserves</a>. The city developed as a port in the Laccadive Sea during ancient times, and after Independence a new <a href="/wiki/New_Mangalore_Port" title="New Mangalore Port">port</a> was constructed in 1968 and has since become a major <a href="/wiki/Ports_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports in India">port of India</a> that handles 75 percent of India's coffee and cashew exports. It is also the country's seventh largest <a href="/wiki/Container_port" title="Container port">container port</a>. Mangalore has been ruled by several major powers, including the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadambas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alupas">Alupas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar Empire">Vijayanagar Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Nayaks</a>. The city was a source of contention between the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> rulers <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, and was eventually annexed by the British in 1799. Mangalore remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> until <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">India's independence</a> in 1947 and was unified with <a href="/wiki/Mysore_State" title="Mysore State">Mysore State</a> (now called Karnataka) in 1956. Mangalore is one of the fastest developing cities in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a> district with its administrative headquarters at Mangalore has the highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bangalore. Mangalore is a commercial, industrial, business, educational, healthcare, and startup hub. <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_City_Corporation" title="Mangalore City Corporation">Mangalore City Corporation</a> is responsible for the civic administration which manages the 60 wards of the city. Its landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, rivers, and hard laterite soil. Mangalore is included as one of the cities in the <a href="/wiki/Smart_Cities_Mission" title="Smart Cities Mission">Smart Cities Mission</a> list and is among the 100 smart cities to be developed in India. It has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean sea level">mean sea level</a>. It has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the influence of the southwest monsoon. It has its own <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_International_Airport" title="Mangalore International Airport">International Airport</a> which is around 15 km from the city centre. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg/220px-1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg/330px-1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg/440px-1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption>1652 Sanson Map of India</figcaption></figure> Mangalore was named after the deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the <a href="/wiki/Mangaladevi_Temple" title="Mangaladevi Temple">Mangaladevi Temple</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> or a synonym of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> sect.<a href="#cite_note-Sadasivan-10">[10]</a> According to local legend, a princess named Parimala or Premaladevi from Malabar<a href="#cite_note-Swami2013-11">[11]</a> renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranath</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-namespast-12">[12]</a> Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi.<a href="#cite_note-Swami2013-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-matsyendranath-13">[13]</a> She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle near <a href="/wiki/Bolar,_Mangalore" title="Bolar, Mangalore">Bolar</a> in Mangalore because she fell ill on the way.<a href="#cite_note-matsyendranath-13">[13]</a> When she died, the people consecrated the Mangaladevi temple at Bolar in her honour.<a href="#cite_note-Kudva1972-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swami2013-11">[11]</a> The city was named for the temple.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> One of the earliest references to the city's name was in 715 CE when <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Kingdom">Pandyan</a> King Chettian called the city Mangalapuram.<a href="#cite_note-namespast-12">[12]</a> The city and the coastal region were part of the Pandyan Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-namespast-12">[12]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/K.V._Ramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="K.V. Ramesh">K.V. Ramesh</a>, president of the Place Names Society of India, Mangaluru was first used in 1345 CE during <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a> rule.<a href="#cite_note-can-16">[16]</a> Many shilashasanas (stones) of the Vijayanagara period refer the city as Mangalapura.<a href="#cite_note-can-16">[16]</a> During the Alupa dynasty period, it was referred to as Mangalapura (Mangala means 'auspicious').<a href="#cite_note-can-16">[16]</a> In the Kannada language, the city is known as Mangaluru, a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix uru means town or city).<a href="#cite_note-can-16">[16]</a> Mangalore was historically an important centre of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Manjalūr-17">[17]</a> Hence, it was also known by the name Manjalūr in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Manjalūr-17">[17]</a> During British rule from 1799, the <a href="/wiki/Anglicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicization">anglicised</a> version Mangalore became the official appellation.<a href="#cite_note-can-16">[16]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">George M. Moraes</a>, however, the word Mangalore is the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> corruption of Mangaluru.<a href="#cite_note-far-18">[18]</a>: 2  The city's name appears on maps as far back as the 1652 <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sanson" title="Nicolas Sanson">Sanson</a> Map of India.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Mangalore's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages.<a href="#cite_note-manynames-20">[20]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>, which is the region's primary spoken language, the city is called Kudla, meaning junction because it is situated at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Netravati_River" title="Netravati River">Netravati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurupura_River" title="Gurupura River">Gurupura</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In Konkani, Mangalore is referred to as Kodiyal and the Beary name for the city is Maikala.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, the city is called "Mangalapuram".<a href="#cite_note-manynames-20">[20]</a> Mangalore was officially renamed "Mangaluru" by the Karnataka government on 1 November 2014.<a href="#cite_note-officialname-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mangalore" title="History of Mangalore">History of Mangalore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_and_medieval_history">Early and medieval history</h3></div> Mangalore's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travellers.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> During the first century CE, the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> referred to a place called "Nitrias" and said it was an undesirable place for disembarkation because of the pirates who frequented its vicinity,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> while Greek second-century historian <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> referenced a place named "Nitra".<a href="#cite_note-decayrevival-26">[26]</a> These references were probably about an area with the Netravati River which flows through Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-decayrevival-26">[26]</a> In his sixth-century work <a href="/wiki/Christian_Topography" title="Christian Topography">Christian Topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a> (a Greek monk) mentions Malabar as being the chief seat of the pepper trade and Mangarouth (port of Mangalore) as one of the five pepper markets which exported pepper.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Kerala Muslim</a> tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Zeenath_Baksh" title="Masjid Zeenath Baksh">Masjid Zeenath Baksh</a> at Mangalore is one of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">oldest mosques</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Cheraman_Perumals" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend of Cheraman Perumals">Legend of Cheraman Perumals</a>, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a> with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a>, who left from <a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> during the lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> (c. 570–632).<a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_Goldstein_1999_123-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonKresse2008-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kupferschmidt1987-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raṇṭattāṇi2007-33">[33]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Qissat_Shakarwati_Farmad" title="Qissat Shakarwati Farmad">Qissat Shakarwati Farmad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Masjids</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madayi" title="Madayi">Madayi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barkur" title="Barkur">Barkur</a>, Mangalore, <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharmadam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmadam">Dharmadam</a>, Panthalayani (<a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>, were built during the era of <a href="/wiki/Malik_Dinar" title="Malik Dinar">Malik Dinar</a>; they are among the oldest Masjids in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prange,_Sebastian_R._2018-34">[34]</a> It is believed that <a href="/wiki/Malik_Dinar" title="Malik Dinar">Malik Dinar</a> died at <a href="/wiki/Thalangara" title="Thalangara">Thalangara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> town.<a href="#cite_note-ch-35">[35]</a> Three of them, Mangalore, <a href="/wiki/Barkur" title="Barkur">Barkur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a>, are in <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ch-35">[35]</a> Mangalore is considered the heart of a distinct multi-linguistic cultural region, the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people.<a href="#cite_note-Shatkin2013-36">[36]</a> In the third century BCE, the town formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya">Maurya</a> Empire, which was ruled by the Buddhist emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Swami2013-11">[11]</a> From the third to the sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty, whose capital was based in <a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="North Canara">North Canara</a>, ruled over the entire <a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Canara</a> region as independent rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Puttaswamaiah19802-37">[37]</a> From the middle of the seventh century to the end of the 14th century, the South Canara region was ruled by its native Alupa rulers,<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a>: 17 <a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-tuluacademy-40">[40]</a> who ruled over the region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas of Badami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malkheda" title="Malkheda">Manyakheta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukyas">Chalukyas of Kalyani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hoysalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysalas">Hoysalas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Halebidu_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halebidu (town)">Dwarasamudra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Old_Malayalam" title="Old Malayalam">Old Malayalam</a> inscription (part of the <a href="/wiki/Ramanthali_inscriptions" title="Ramanthali inscriptions">Ramanthali inscriptions</a> which date to 1075 CE), mentions king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa dynasty</a> of Mangalore. It can be found at <a href="/wiki/Ezhimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhimala">Ezhimala</a> (the former headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Mushika_dynasty" title="Mushika dynasty">Mushika dynasty</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> During the 1130s and 1140s, during the reign of the Alupa king Kavi Alupendra (1110–1160), the city was home to the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian people">Tunisian</a> Jewish merchant <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ben_Yiju" title="Abraham Ben Yiju">Abraham Ben Yiju</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan people">Moroccan</a> traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, who visited Mangalore in 1342, referred to it as Manjarur and stated the town was situated on a large estuary called the Estuary of the wolf, which was the greatest estuary in the country of Malabar.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doddamane1993-44">[44]</a>: 30  By 1345 the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a>: 17  During the Vijayanagara period (1345–1550), South Canara was divided into Mangalore and Barkur rajyas (provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore and <a href="/wiki/Barkur" title="Barkur">Barkur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Often a single governor ruled over both Mangalore and Barkur rajyas; when the authority passed to the Keladi rulers (1550–1763), they only had a governor at Barkur.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a>: 19  In 1448 <a href="/wiki/Abd-al-Razz%C4%81q_Samarqand%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī">Abdur Razzaq</a> who was the Persian ambassador of <a href="/wiki/Shahrukh_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrukh Mirza">Sultan Shah Rukh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, visited Mangalore en route to the Vijayanagara court.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doddamane1993-44">[44]</a>: 31  The Italian traveller <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a>, who visited India in 1506, said he saw nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready to sail from the port of Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a>: 20  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_early_modern_history">Foundation and early modern history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lopo_Vaz_de_Sampaio_(Archaeological_Survey_of_India,_Goa).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lopo_Vaz_de_Sampaio_%28Archaeological_Survey_of_India%2C_Goa%29.png/220px-Lopo_Vaz_de_Sampaio_%28Archaeological_Survey_of_India%2C_Goa%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lopo_Vaz_de_Sampaio_%28Archaeological_Survey_of_India%2C_Goa%29.png/330px-Lopo_Vaz_de_Sampaio_%28Archaeological_Survey_of_India%2C_Goa%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lopo_Vaz_de_Sampaio_%28Archaeological_Survey_of_India%2C_Goa%29.png/440px-Lopo_Vaz_de_Sampaio_%28Archaeological_Survey_of_India%2C_Goa%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lopo_Vaz_de_Sampaio" title="Lopo Vaz de Sampaio">Lopo Vaz de Sampaio</a>, Viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>, established Portuguese factories in Mangalore in 1526,<a href="#cite_note-Wenger2017-47">[47]</a> which lasted until 1695.<a href="#cite_note-Muthanna_1977-48">[48]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangalorefort1783.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A fort with two-tiered ramparts and many bastions rises above the far bank of a river. Some human settlements are visible nearby." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mangalorefort1783.jpg/220px-Mangalorefort1783.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mangalorefort1783.jpg/330px-Mangalorefort1783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mangalorefort1783.jpg/440px-Mangalorefort1783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>A pen and ink drawing of Mangalore Fort made in 1783, after it had been taken over by the British East India Company</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_House_at_Tagore_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Light_House_at_Tagore_park.jpg/220px-Light_House_at_Tagore_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Light_House_at_Tagore_park.jpg/330px-Light_House_at_Tagore_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Light_House_at_Tagore_park.jpg/440px-Light_House_at_Tagore_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The tower at <a href="/wiki/Light_House_Hill" title="Light House Hill">Light House Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampankatta" title="Hampankatta">Hampankatta</a>, served as a lookout for the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1498, European influence in Mangalore began when the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> landed at the nearby <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Island,_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary's Island, Karnataka">St Mary's Islands</a>, just after his arrival at <a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The Portuguese acquired many commercial interests in Canara in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> (1509–1529), the ruler of the Vijaynagara empire maintained a friendly relationship with the Portuguese,<a href="#cite_note-Jayapalan2001-52">[52]</a> whose trade slowly grew and they strove to destroy the coastal Arab and <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappila</a> trade.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a> In 1524, <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> ordered the blockading of rivers after he heard the Muslim merchants of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> had agents at Mangalore and <a href="/wiki/Basrur" title="Basrur">Basrur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a> In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-Wenger2017-47">[47]</a> The coastal trade passed into Portuguese hands.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a>: 20  In 1550, the Vijayanagara ruler <a href="/wiki/Sadashiva_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadashiva Raya">Sadashiva Raya</a> entrusted to Sadashiv Nayaka of Keladi with administering the coastal region of Canara.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a> By 1554, he established political authority over South Canara.<a href="#cite_note-Shastry2000-53">[53]</a> The 16th century work <a href="/wiki/Tuhfat_Ul_Mujahideen" title="Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen">Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Zainuddin_Makhdoom_II" title="Zainuddin Makhdoom II">Zainuddin Makhdoom II</a> appears to be the first historical work written in detail about the contemporary history of Mangalore. It is written in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of <a href="/wiki/Kunjali_Marakkar" title="Kunjali Marakkar">Kunjali Marakkar</a> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-A._Sreedhara_Menon_2011-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-frontline.in-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-56">[56]</a> After the disintegration of the Vijaynagara Empire in 1565, the rulers of Keladi attained greater power in dealing with the coastal Canara region.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a>: 27  They continued the Vijayanagara administrative system<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a> and the provinces of Mangalore and Barkur continued to exist.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-tuluacademy-40">[40]</a> The governor of Mangalore also acted as the governor of the Keladi army in his province.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a>: 30  The Italian traveller <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Della_Valle" title="Pietro Della Valle">Pietro Della Valle</a> visited here in 1623–1624.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 1695, Arabs burnt the town in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.<a href="#cite_note-Muthanna_1977-48">[48]</a> In 1763, <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a>, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangalore,<a href="#cite_note-sch64-59">[59]</a> which was brought under his administration until 1767. Mangalore was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Honourable_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable East India Company">British East India Company</a> from 1767 to 1783,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-60">[60]</a> but Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan took it from their control in 1783 and renamed it "Jalalabad".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo–Mysore War</a> ended with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mangalore" title="Treaty of Mangalore">Treaty of Mangalore</a> by Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> After the defeat of Tipu at the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo–Mysore War</a>, the city remained under British control. South Canara district was the headquarters under the Madras Presidency.<a href="#cite_note-can-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thornton-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Buchanan">Francis Buchanan</a>, a Scottish physician who visited Mangalore in 1801, said the city was a prosperous port with plentiful trade.<a href="#cite_note-jp0687-66">[66]</a> The main commodity of export was rice; it went to <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malabar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar district">Malabar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a> Supari (<a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Betel-nut</a>) was exported to Bombay, <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">Sandalwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a> were exported to Bombay.<a href="#cite_note-sk-38">[38]</a> Local capital was mainly invested in land and money lending, leading to the regional development of banking because the British colonial government did not support industrialisation there.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> After European missionaries arrived in the early 19th century, educational institutions and modern industries modelled on European ones were developed in the region.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> Swiss <a href="/wiki/Basel_Mission" title="Basel Mission">Basel Mission</a> in 1834 was an important step towards industrialisation.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Missionaries set up printing presses, textile mills and factories that made <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_tiles" title="Mangalore tiles">Mangalore tiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shatkin2013-36">[36]</a> When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was split into North Canara and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore became the headquarters of South Canara,<a href="#cite_note-Bhat2001-70">[70]</a>: 5  which remained under Madras Presidency while in 1862, North Canara was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bhat2001-70">[70]</a>: 6  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_modern_and_contemporary_history">Later modern and contemporary history</h3></div> On 23 May 1866, a municipal council for Mangalore with responsibility for civic amenities and urban planning was mandated by the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865).<a href="#cite_note-far-18">[18]</a>: 178  The Italian <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> who arrived in the city in 1878, played an important role in the city's education, economy, health, and social welfare.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Mangalore was linked to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway (India)">Southern Railway</a> in 1907 and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country.<a href="#cite_note-so-72">[72]</a> Mangalore was a major source of educated workers to <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, Bangalore, and the Middle East by the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Shatkin2013-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="States Reorganisation Act">States Reorganisation Act</a> (1956) led to Mangalore being incorporated into the newly created Mysore State, which was later renamed Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-sorg1956-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-skdg-74">[74]</a>: 415  Mangalore is the seventh-largest port of India, giving the state access to the Laccadive Sea coastline.<a href="#cite_note-Shatkin2013-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-container-port-75">[75]</a> Between 1970 and 1980, Mangalore experienced significant growth with the opening of <a href="/wiki/New_Mangalore_Port" title="New Mangalore Port">New Mangalore Port</a> in 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Panda1991-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw Mangalore develop as a commercial and petrochemical hub.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ullal_Bridge_Mangalore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ullal_Bridge_Mangalore.JPG/220px-Ullal_Bridge_Mangalore.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ullal_Bridge_Mangalore.JPG/330px-Ullal_Bridge_Mangalore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ullal_Bridge_Mangalore.JPG/440px-Ullal_Bridge_Mangalore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2231" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>Sunset at <a href="/wiki/Netravati_Bridge" title="Netravati Bridge">Netravati Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> Mangalore is located on the western coast of India at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mangalore&params=12.87_N_74.88_E_">12°52′N 74°53′E / 12.87°N 74.88°E / 12.87; 74.88</a> in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state.<a href="#cite_note-Mangalore,_India_Page-80">[80]</a> It has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) above mean sea level.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The city is the administrative headquarters of Dakshina Kannada district and is the state's largest coastal urban centre.<a href="#cite_note-urb-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangalore_Tourist_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mangalore_Tourist_Map.png/220px-Mangalore_Tourist_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mangalore_Tourist_Map.png/330px-Mangalore_Tourist_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mangalore_Tourist_Map.png/440px-Mangalore_Tourist_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A schematic map showing tourist attractions in Mangalore city</figcaption></figure> Mangalore is bounded by the Laccadive Sea to its west and by the Western Ghats to its east.<a href="#cite_note-Mangalore,_India_Page-80">[80]</a> As a municipal entity the city spans 170 km2 (65.64 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-area-info-3">[3]</a> The Netravati and Gurupura rivers encircle the city; the Gurupura flows around the north and the Netravati flows around the south of the city.<a href="#cite_note-vegetation-info-83">[83]</a> The rivers form an estuary in the south-western region of the city, from where they flow into the Laccadive Sea.<a href="#cite_note-MCCwater-84">[84]</a> Coconut, <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">ashoka</a> trees comprise the primary vegetation of the city.<a href="#cite_note-vegetation-info-83">[83]</a> The city's <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> consists of a <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plain</a> that stretches up to 30 km (18.64 mi) from the coast and undulating, hilly terrain towards the east near the Western Ghats.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The local geology is characterised by hard <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a> in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore.<a href="#cite_note-urb-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a> has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the city in the Seismic III Zone.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> Under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Mangalore has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a> and is under the direct influence of the Laccadive Sea branch of the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest monsoon">southwest monsoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-climatetype-87">[87]</a> It receives about 95 percent of its total annual rainfall between May and September but remains extremely dry from December to March.<a href="#cite_note-climatetype-87">[87]</a> Humidity is approximately 75 percent on average and peaks during June, July and August.<a href="#cite_note-shri-88">[88]</a> The maximum average humidity is 93 percent in July and average minimum humidity is 56 percent in January.<a href="#cite_note-shri-88">[88]</a> Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The driest and least humid months are from December to February.<a href="#cite_note-Wbase-90">[90]</a> During this time of year temperatures during the day stay below 34 °C (93 °F) and drop to about 19 °C (66 °F) at night.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The lowest temperature recorded at <a href="/wiki/Panambur" title="Panambur">Panambur</a> is 15.6 °C (60 °F) on 8 January 1992 and at Bajpe it is 15.9 °C (61 °F) on 19 November 1974.<a href="#cite_note-imd-weather-92">[92]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a> (IMD), the temperature in Mangalore has never reached 40 °C (104 °F).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences the highest precipitation of all urban centres in India due to the influence of the Western Ghats.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre-94">[94]</a> The rains subside in September but there is occasional rainfall in October.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The highest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 330.8 mm (13 in) on 22 June 2003.<a href="#cite_note-imd-weather-92">[92]</a> In 1994, Mangalore recorded its highest annual rainfall at 5,018.52 mm (198 in).<a href="#cite_note-tutiempo-96">[96]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mangalore (1961–1990, extremes 1901–1981) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3 (97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4 (99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6 (97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6 (94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7 (89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7 (89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9 (85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7 (89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.9 (87.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4 (72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.01) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (0.14) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (0.10) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (1.38) </td> <td style="background: #00D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">199.5 (7.85) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">955.8 (37.63) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1,160.3 (45.68) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">792.6 (31.20) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">331.5 (13.05) </td> <td style="background: #00EB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.0 (7.24) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.2 (2.96) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (1.33) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,774.1 (148.59) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24.5 </td> <td style="background: #000093; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">29.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">25.4 </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.3 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">119.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>) </th> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDextremes-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mangalore, India (<a href="/wiki/Panambur" title="Panambur">Panambur</a>) 1981–2010, extremes 1968–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9 (98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8 (101.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.1 (100.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9 (96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9 (94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8 (89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8 (92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9 (96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9 (98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.8 (101.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9 (85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8 (83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7 (65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (0.11) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (0.09) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (1.11) </td> <td style="background: #00E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.4 (7.38) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1,053.4 (41.47) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">975.4 (38.40) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">699.0 (27.52) </td> <td style="background: #004500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">285.8 (11.25) </td> <td style="background: #00BC00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">216.0 (8.50) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.8 (3.30) </td> <td style="background: #EAFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (0.55) </td> <td style="background: #003D00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,548.4 (139.70) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">26.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000CE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24.6 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">111.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>) </th> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDnormals-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDextremes-97">[97]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mangalore, India (<a href="/wiki/Mangalore_International_Airport" title="Mangalore International Airport">Mangalore International Airport</a>) 1991–2020, extremes 1956–2012 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2 (100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8 (103.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0 (100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4 (97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4 (95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6 (97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.8 (103.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5 (92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8 (83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.9 (89.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (0.19) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (1.35) </td> <td style="background: #01FF01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">169.8 (6.69) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1,033.8 (40.70) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1,095.8 (43.14) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">743.5 (29.27) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">341.1 (13.43) </td> <td style="background: #00A600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">230.5 (9.07) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.7 (3.18) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (0.50) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,747.6 (147.54) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000A3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">28.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">25.4 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.0 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">115.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>) </th> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.8 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.1 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.7 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">258.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220.1 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.0 </td> <td style="background: #656565; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.8 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.9 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">156.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.0 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.7 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,378.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #676767; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a> (sun 1971–2000)<a href="#cite_note-IMDnormals-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDextremes-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDsun-100">[100]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mangalore" title="Economy of Mangalore">Economy of Mangalore</a></div> Industrial, commercial, agricultural processing, and port-related activities comprise this city's economy.<a href="#cite_note-scan-101">[101]</a> The Dakshina Kannada district with its administrative headquarters at Mangalore has the highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bangalore.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The New Mangalore Port is India's seventh-largest container port.<a href="#cite_note-container-port-75">[75]</a> It handles 75 percent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.<a href="#cite_note-ind-103">[103]</a> The Mangalore Customs Commissionerate collected a revenue of ₹4.47 billion (US$53.56 million) during 2012–13<a href="#cite_note-customs201213-104">[104]</a> and ₹27.91 billion (US$334.41 million) during December 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangalore&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> During 2012–13, <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_Refinery_and_Petrochemicals_Limited" title="Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited">MRPL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_Chemicals_%26_Fertilizers" title="Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers">MCF</a> contributed ₹501 million (US$6.00 million) and ₹373 million (US$4.47 million), respectively, to the state's revenue.<a href="#cite_note-customs201213-104">[104]</a> Dakshina Kannada district has the highest percentage of workers employed in industry and the second-highest industry-to-district GDP ratio in Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Imports through New Mangalore port include crude oil, edible oil, <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a>, and timber.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cognizant_(CTS)_campus_at_Bendoor_in_Mangalore_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cognizant_%28CTS%29_campus_at_Bendoor_in_Mangalore_city.jpg/220px-Cognizant_%28CTS%29_campus_at_Bendoor_in_Mangalore_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cognizant_%28CTS%29_campus_at_Bendoor_in_Mangalore_city.jpg/330px-Cognizant_%28CTS%29_campus_at_Bendoor_in_Mangalore_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cognizant_%28CTS%29_campus_at_Bendoor_in_Mangalore_city.jpg/440px-Cognizant_%28CTS%29_campus_at_Bendoor_in_Mangalore_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cognizant" title="Cognizant">Cognizant</a> campus in Mangalore<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></figcaption></figure> The city's major chemical industries include <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL), Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers (MCF), <a href="/wiki/Kudremukh_Iron_Ore_Company_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd.">Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd.</a> (KIOCL),<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Total_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Total S.A.">Total Oil India Limited</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Unilever" title="Hindustan Unilever">Hindustan Unilever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The Indian government has built 5.33 million tons of strategic crude oil storage at Mangalore and Padur to ensure energy security.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Out of the 5 million metric <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (MMT) storage, 1.5 MMT is stored at Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Defence_And_Infrastructure_Limited" title="Bharati Defence And Infrastructure Limited">Bharati Shipyard Ltd (BSL)</a> (now known as Bharati Defence and Infrastructure Limited) has established a shipbuilding site near <a href="/wiki/Tannirbavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannirbavi">Tannirbavi</a> in Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Global inspection, testing, verification and certification companies such as <a href="/wiki/SGS_S.A." title="SGS S.A.">SGS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bureau_Veritas" title="Bureau Veritas">Bureau Veritas</a> have their offices in Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicate_Bank_at_Lighthouse_Hill_Road_in_Mangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Syndicate_Bank_at_Lighthouse_Hill_Road_in_Mangalore.jpg/240px-Syndicate_Bank_at_Lighthouse_Hill_Road_in_Mangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Syndicate_Bank_at_Lighthouse_Hill_Road_in_Mangalore.jpg/360px-Syndicate_Bank_at_Lighthouse_Hill_Road_in_Mangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Syndicate_Bank_at_Lighthouse_Hill_Road_in_Mangalore.jpg/480px-Syndicate_Bank_at_Lighthouse_Hill_Road_in_Mangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Syndicate Bank at Hampankatta</figcaption></figure> Major information technology (IT) and outsourcing companies like <a href="/wiki/Infosys" title="Infosys">Infosys</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognizant" title="Cognizant">Cognizant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> have their offices at Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-ind-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mphasis" title="Mphasis">Mphasis</a>' Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has a branch in this city.<a href="#cite_note-mphasis-125">[125]</a> IT parks Export Promotion Investment Park (EPIP) at <a href="/wiki/Ganjimutt" title="Ganjimutt">Ganjimutt</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">Special Economic Zone</a> (SEZ) near <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_University" title="Mangalore University">Mangalore University</a> have been constructed.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> An IT park called Soorya Infratech park is situated in Mudipu.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" title="Tata Consultancy Services">Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)</a> has planned to invest ₹500 crore (US$59.91 million) and set up its office at Karnad near Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> KEONICS has planned to build an IT park at <a href="/wiki/Derebail" title="Derebail">Derebail</a> in Mangalore, similar to <a href="/wiki/Electronic_City" title="Electronic City">Electronic City</a>, spanning an area of 100 acres.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Entrepreneurship_Opportunities_and_Learning" title="Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning">Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning (CEOL)</a> is a startup incubation centre situated in the city.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corporation_Bank" title="Corporation Bank">Corporation Bank</a>,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canara_Bank" title="Canara Bank">Canara Bank</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Bank" title="Vijaya Bank">Vijaya Bank</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> were the three nationalised banks established in Mangalore during the first half of the 20th century. Mangalore is the headquarters of Corporation Bank and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Bank" title="Karnataka Bank">Karnataka Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank) Ltd.,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Mangalore Cooperative Town Bank Ltd.,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> and SCDCC Bank<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> were the scheduled banks established in Mangalore. Syngene International which is a contract research arm of <a href="/wiki/Biocon" title="Biocon">Biocon</a>, has set up its manufacturing plant at Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder, Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during the years 2003–04.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> New Mangalore Port handled over 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">Twenty-foot equivalent units</a> of containers during the years 2017–18.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Fishing is a traditional occupation and the products are sold in the surrounding regions.<a href="#cite_note-fishing-occup-147">[147]</a> Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile, <a href="/wiki/Beedi" title="Beedi">beedi</a>, coffee and cashew nut industries although the tile industry has declined because concrete is preferred in modern construction.<a href="#cite_note-ind-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-scan-101">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque_tile_factory" title="Albuquerque tile factory">Albuquerque tile factory</a> in Mangalore is one of India's oldest red-roof-tile manufacturing factories.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The city's suburb Ullal produces <a href="/wiki/Hosiery" title="Hosiery">hosiery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">coir</a> yarns while beedi rolling is an important source of revenue to many of the city's residents.<a href="#cite_note-scan-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population Growth</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">66,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">73,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">85,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">110,750</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">145,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+31.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">210,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">305,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+45.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">425,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+39.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">512,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">619,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+21.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">724,159</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a><a href="#cite_note-pop2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census_2001_details-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-table_3-151">[151]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd666"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religions in Mangalore (2011 census)</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:68.99%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">68.99%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#008000; width:17.40%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">17.40%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:dodgerblue; width:13.15%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">13.15%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:brown; width:0.21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.21%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other or not stated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:0.12%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.12%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Distribution of religions †Includes <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.08%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.05%).</td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd666"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Languages spoken as of 2011</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Language</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:deepskyblue; width:38.51%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">38.51%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:salmon; width:14.38%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">14.38%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkslateblue; width:12.25%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">12.25%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:cornflowerblue; width:7.48%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.48%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:2.40%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.40%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:1.94%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.94%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Language">Tamil</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:royalblue; width:1.44%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.44%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu Language">Telugu</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:steelblue; width:0.78%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.78%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:20.82%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20.82%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Distribution of languages in Mangalore<a href="#cite_note-languages2011-152">[152]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> In 2021 the population of Mangalore city was 724,159.<a href="#cite_note-pop2021-1">[1]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Indian census">2011 Indian census</a>, the male literacy rate was 96.49 percent and the female literacy rate was 91.63 percent.<a href="#cite_note-table_3-151">[151]</a> About 8.5 percent of the population was under the age of six years.<a href="#cite_note-table_3-151">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">death rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a> rate were at 3.7 percent and 1.2 percent respectively.<a href="#cite_note-MCCSocio-153">[153]</a> About 7726 people lived in slums in Mangalore city which was 1.55 percent of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-census-mlr-2011-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The Human Development Index (HDI) of Mangalore city was 0.83 in 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangalore&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hdi-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the largest religion in Mangalore, and <a href="/wiki/Devadiga" title="Devadiga">Devadiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogaveera" title="Mogaveera">Mogaveera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billava" title="Billava">Billavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganiga" title="Ganiga">Ganigas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunt_(community)" title="Bunt (community)">Bunts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma (caste)">Vishwakarma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padmashali" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmashali">Padmashali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daivadnya" title="Daivadnya">Daivadnyas</a> are the major communities among Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Christians form a sizeable section of Mangalorean society; <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholics" title="Mangalorean Catholics">Mangalorean Catholics</a> comprise the city's largest Christian community.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Protestants" title="Mangalorean Protestants">Protestants in Mangalore</a> typically speak Tulu and Kannada.<a href="#cite_note-sch93-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indians</a> were also part of the Mangalorean Christian Community.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Mangalore has one of the highest percentage of Muslims in Karnataka cities.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Most Muslims in Mangalore are <a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Bearys</a> who speak the Beary language.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Most of them follow the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> (Islamic Jurisprudence).<a href="#cite_note-beary-language-163">[163]</a> Mangalore also has a small group of <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Dakhini_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhini Muslims">Dakhini Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urdu-164">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Zeenath_Baksh" title="Masjid Zeenath Baksh">Masjid Zeenath Baksh</a> at Mangalore is one of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">oldest mosques</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prange,_Sebastian_R._2018-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_Goldstein_1999_123-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonKresse2008-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kupferschmidt1987-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raṇṭattāṇi2007-33">[33]</a> Mangalore contains a <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> prayer centre established in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> Mangalore is a multi-lingual city where several prominent regional languages such as Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary are spoken.<a href="#cite_note-manynames-20">[20]</a> The city is known as Kudla in Tulu, Kodial in Konkani, Maikāla in Beary, Mangalapuram in Malayalam, and Mangaluru in Kannada.<a href="#cite_note-manynames-20">[20]</a> Among most of the residents of the city, Kudla is the most commonly used name to refer to it.<a href="#cite_note-manynames-20">[20]</a> There are also smaller communities of <a href="/wiki/Jain_Bunt" title="Jain Bunt">Tuluva Jains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujaratis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Shatkin2013-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>,<a href="#cite_note-manylanguages-167">[167]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a> is a predominant language in Mangalore and <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> is the administrative language of Mangalore, but the city is multi-cultural. According to the 2011 census, <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a> is spoken as a first language by 33.7% of the population, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> by 14.03%, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> by 12.45%, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> by 5.64%, and other languages are spoken by 34.18%.<a href="#cite_note-languages2011-152">[152]</a> Unlike other cities in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> where Kannada is a primary language, Kannada is the third most spoken language, Tulu is the predominant language in Mangalore, and <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> is the second most spoken language in Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-languages2011-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_public_services">Government and public services</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civic_administration">Civic administration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_City_Corporation" title="Mangalore City Corporation">Mangalore City Corporation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mcc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mcc.JPG/220px-Mcc.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mcc.JPG/330px-Mcc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mcc.JPG/440px-Mcc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Mangalore City Corporation at Lalbagh</figcaption></figure> Mangalore has a city area of 170 km2 (65.64 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-area-info-3">[3]</a> Municipal limits begin at Surathkal in the north, Netravati River bridge in the south, the western coast, and Vamanjoor in the east.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-169">[169]</a> Mangalore City Corporation (MCC) came into existence in 1980; it is the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal corporation</a> in charge of the city's civic and infrastructural assets.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The MCC council consists of 60 elected representatives which are called corporators, one from each of the city's 60 <a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">wards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> A corporator from the ruling majority party is selected to be the mayor.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> MCC's headquarters are at <a href="/wiki/Lalbagh,_Mangalore" title="Lalbagh, Mangalore">Lalbagh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_Urban_Development_Authority" title="Mangalore Urban Development Authority">Mangalore Urban Development Authority</a> (MUDA) manages the planning, urban growth, and expansion of the city.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The District Commissioner is the chairperson of MUDA.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The 44 projects which are listed as part of the Smart Cities Mission programme are managed by Mangalore Smart City Limited (MSCL).<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Until the <a href="/wiki/Delimitation_commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimitation commission">Delimitation commission</a>'s revised the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> and the legislative constituencies, Mangalore contributed two members to the Lok Sabha; one for the southern part of the city that fell under the <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalore (Lok Sabha constituency)">Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency</a> and another for the northern part of the city that fell under the <a href="/wiki/Udupi_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Udupi (Lok Sabha constituency)">Udupi Lok Sabha constituency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">delimitation</a> of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)">Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency</a>, resulting in Mangalore being represented by one <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament,_Lok_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of parliament, Lok Sabha">Member of Parliament</a> (MP).<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Additionally Mangalore sends three members to the <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly" title="Karnataka Legislative Assembly">Karnataka Legislative Assembly</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_City_South_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalore City South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Mangalore City South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_City_North_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalore City North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Mangalore City North</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Mangalore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The Mangalore City Police Department is headed by a Commissioner of Police.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Mangalore is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police, which covers the western <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Karnataka#Divisions_and_Districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Karnataka">districts of Karnataka</a> and is headed by an <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General of Police">Inspector General of Police</a> (IGP).<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KMC_Hospital_near_Jyothi_circle_in_Mangalore_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/KMC_Hospital_near_Jyothi_circle_in_Mangalore_-_1.jpg/220px-KMC_Hospital_near_Jyothi_circle_in_Mangalore_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/KMC_Hospital_near_Jyothi_circle_in_Mangalore_-_1.jpg/330px-KMC_Hospital_near_Jyothi_circle_in_Mangalore_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/KMC_Hospital_near_Jyothi_circle_in_Mangalore_-_1.jpg/440px-KMC_Hospital_near_Jyothi_circle_in_Mangalore_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/KMC_Hospital,_Mangalore" title="KMC Hospital, Mangalore">KMC Hospital</a> in Mangalore<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></figcaption></figure> The city is served by various hospitals such as the <a href="/wiki/KMC_Hospital,_Mangalore" title="KMC Hospital, Mangalore">KMC Hospitals</a>, Father Muller Charitable Institutions (FMCI),<a href="#cite_note-fmci-186">[186]</a> AJ Hospital, and <a href="/wiki/Wenlock_District_Hospital" title="Wenlock District Hospital">Wenlock Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Wenlock Hospital, a teaching hospital of <a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Medical_College" title="Kasturba Medical College">KMC Mangalore</a> has around 1000 beds and caters to the healthcare needs of the neighboring districts.<a href="#cite_note-wenlock-188">[188]</a> Mangalore is a hub for medical tourism and receives patients from foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-medical-189">[189]</a> From 2017 to 2019, around 240 foreign nationals were treated in three hospitals across the city.<a href="#cite_note-medical-189">[189]</a> Approximately 50 per cent of the patients (the foreign nationals) arrived in 2018 and 2019. KMC, AJ, and Yenepoya Hospitals have received the highest number of foreign patients, including those from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-medical-189">[189]</a> At Yenepoya Hospital, 68 foreign nationals have availed treatment during 2017–19.<a href="#cite_note-medical-189">[189]</a> The largest inflow of foreign patients into Mangalore is from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf countries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deralakatte" title="Deralakatte">Deralakatte</a> is a main healthcare hub of Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-medical-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utility_services">Utility services</h3></div> In Mangalore, electricity is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Power_Transmission_Corporation_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited">Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited</a> (KPTCL) and distributed through <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_Electricity_Supply_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalore Electricity Supply Company">Mangalore Electricity Supply Company</a> (MESCOM).<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Major state-owned enterprises such as Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL) and Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) operate their own <a href="/wiki/Captive_power_plant" title="Captive power plant">captive power plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Potable water is supplied to the city from a vented dam that was constructed across the Netravati River at <a href="/wiki/Thumbe" title="Thumbe">Thumbe</a>, 14 km (9 mi) from Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-kh-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aims to improve safe water supply systems also reducing leakage and losses in the city's distribution system.<a href="#cite_note-kh-196">[196]</a> The distribution and rehabilitation of the drinking water in the city are handled by the French company <a href="/wiki/Suez_Environnement" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Environnement">Suez Environnement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Mangalore's official refuse disposal site is in Vamanjoor.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The city generates an average of 175 tonnes per day of waste, which is handled by the MCC's health department.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Mangalore is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest telecom district in Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Fixed-line telecom services are provided alongside <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Code division multiple access">Code division multiple access</a> (CDMA) mobile services.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Prominent <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband Internet access">broadband internet</a> service providers in the city include <a href="/wiki/Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Airtel</a> and <a href="/wiki/BSNL_Broadband" title="BSNL Broadband">DataOne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limited" title="Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited">Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Mangalore" title="List of educational institutions in Mangalore">List of educational institutions in Mangalore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NITK_mangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NITK_mangalore.jpg/220px-NITK_mangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NITK_mangalore.jpg/330px-NITK_mangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NITK_mangalore.jpg/440px-NITK_mangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology_Karnataka" title="National Institute of Technology Karnataka">National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK)</a> in Surathkal is among the premier institutes of India</figcaption></figure> The districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi are considered to be a major education corridor in India. <a href="/wiki/Deralakatte" title="Deralakatte">Deralakatte</a> is a university and Medical town in Mangalore where Universities like <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_University" title="Mangalore University">Mangalore University</a>, <a href="/wiki/NITTE" title="NITTE">Nitte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yenepoya_University" title="Yenepoya University">Yenepoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_Muller_Charitable_Institutions" title="Father Muller Charitable Institutions">Father Mullers</a>, and Kanachur are situated.<a href="#cite_note-educationcorridor-205">[205]</a> In schools and colleges which are below university-level, the <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">media of instruction</a> are mostly English and Kannada, and English is used for teaching in universities. <a href="#cite_note-progress-sk-206">[206]</a> Schools and colleges in Mangalore are either government-run or are operated by private trusts and individuals.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Schools are affiliated with either the Karnataka State Board, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Indian Certificate of Secondary Education">Indian Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (ICSE),<a href="#cite_note-icsetheresa-209">[209]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">Central Board of Secondary Education</a> (CBSE),<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Open_Schooling" title="National Institute of Open Schooling">National Institute of Open Schooling</a> (NIOS) boards.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Here are some of the earliest schools and colleges established in Mangalore, and their years of establishment<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Evangelical_School,_Mangalore" title="Basel Evangelical School, Mangalore">Basel Evangelical School</a> (1838)<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milagres_School,_Mangalore" title="Milagres School, Mangalore">Milagres School</a> (1848)<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosario_High_School,_Pandeshwar" title="Rosario High School, Pandeshwar">Rosario High School</a> (1858)<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College,_Mangalore" title="University College, Mangalore">University College</a> (1868)<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Ann%27s_High_School,_Mangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Ann's High School, Mangalore">St. Ann's High School</a> (1870)<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Aloysius_College_(Mangalore)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)">St. Aloysius College</a> (1879)<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canara_High_School" title="Canara High School">Canara High School</a> (1891)<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Agnes_PU_College,_Mangalore" title="St. Agnes PU College, Mangalore">St. Agnes PU College</a> (1921)<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Agnes_College,_Mangaluru" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Agnes College, Mangaluru">St. Agnes College (Autonomous)</a> (1921)<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Hearts%27_School,_Mangalore" title="Sacred Hearts' School, Mangalore">Sacred Hearts' School</a> (1943)<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeppu#Educational_institutions" title="Jeppu">Cascia High School</a> (1946)<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_School,_Mangalore" title="Carmel School, Mangalore">Carmel School</a> (1951)<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Medical_College" title="Kasturba Medical College">Kasturba Medical College</a> which was established in 1953, was India's first private <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical college</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manipal_College_of_Dental_Sciences,_Mangalore" title="Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore">Manipal College Of Dental Sciences (MCODS)</a> was established in the city in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-deccanmlr-224">[224]</a> A public library run by the Corporation Bank is located at <a href="/wiki/Mannagudda" title="Mannagudda">Mannagudda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Mangalore University was established on 10 September 1980<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> to fulfil the higher-education needs of Dakshina Kannada, <a href="/wiki/Udupi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Udupi District">Udupi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kodagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodagu">Kodagu</a> districts.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/National_Assessment_and_Accreditation_Council" title="National Assessment and Accreditation Council">National Assessment and Accreditation Council</a> (NAAC)-accredited, four-star-level institution.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> NITK houses South India's first Regional Academy Centre for Space (RAC-S) which was launched by <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organization">ISRO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mangalore" title="Transport in Mangalore">Transport in Mangalore</a></div> Mangalore is the only city in Karnataka to have all modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangalore_Airport_jet_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mangalore_Airport_jet_bridge.jpg/220px-Mangalore_Airport_jet_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mangalore_Airport_jet_bridge.jpg/330px-Mangalore_Airport_jet_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mangalore_Airport_jet_bridge.jpg/440px-Mangalore_Airport_jet_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet bridge</a> at the Mangalore International Airport</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_International_Airport" title="Mangalore International Airport">Mangalore International Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA">IATA</a>: IXE, <a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>: VOML) is located near Bajpe-Kenjar and about 13 km (8 mi) north-east of Mangalore city centre.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> It operates regular scheduled flights to major cities in India and the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> It is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> New terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> This airport is accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Airports_Council_International" title="Airports Council International">Airports Council International (ACI)</a> under the Airport Health Accreditation (AHA) programme.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> State-government-run buses connect the city with the airport.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Five <a href="/wiki/National_highways_of_India" title="National highways of India">National Highways</a> pass through Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_66_(India)" title="National Highway 66 (India)">NH-66</a> (previously known as <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_17_(India)" title="National Highway 17 (India)">NH-17</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a>), which runs from <a href="/wiki/Panvel" title="Panvel">Panvel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, passes through Mangalore in a north–south direction.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_75_(India)" title="National Highway 75 (India)">NH-75</a> (previously known as NH-48) runs eastward to <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vellore" title="Vellore">Vellore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_169_(India)" title="National Highway 169 (India)">NH-169</a> (previously known as NH-13) runs north-east from Mangalore to <a href="/wiki/Shimoga" title="Shimoga">Shimoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_73_(India)" title="National Highway 73 (India)">NH-73</a>, a 315 km (196 mi)-long National Highway connects Mangalore to <a href="/wiki/Tumkur" title="Tumkur">Tumkur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_275_(India)" title="National Highway 275 (India)">NH-275</a> also connects Mangalore with Bangalore via Mysore.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Highways_Authority_of_India" title="National Highways Authority of India">National Highways Authority of India</a> (NHAI) is upgrading the national highways connecting New Mangalore Port to Surathkal on <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_66_(India)" title="National Highway 66 (India)">NH-66</a> and BC Road junction on <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_75_(India)" title="National Highway 75 (India)">NH-75</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Under the port connectivity programme of the <a href="/wiki/National_Highways_Development_Project" title="National Highways Development Project">National Highways Development Project</a> (NHDP), a 37.5 km (23 mi) stretch of these highways will be widened from two lanes to four.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Mangalore's city bus service is dominated by private operators, which operate routes that extend beyond the city's boundary. Bus services from Mangalore are operated by the <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada_Bus_Operators%27_Association" title="Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association">Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association</a> (DKBOA) and Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA).<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation">Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation</a> (KSRTC) also runs bus services in the city.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist; city routes are covered by city buses while intercity routes are covered by service and express buses.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> KSRTC also operates long-distance bus services that connect Mangalore with other parts of the state.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> KSRTC <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Urban_Renewal_Mission" title="Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission">JnNurm</a> green city buses operate within the city limits.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_to_Nehru_Maidan_Road_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Clock_Tower_to_Nehru_Maidan_Road_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg/220px-Clock_Tower_to_Nehru_Maidan_Road_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Clock_Tower_to_Nehru_Maidan_Road_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg/330px-Clock_Tower_to_Nehru_Maidan_Road_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Clock_Tower_to_Nehru_Maidan_Road_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg/440px-Clock_Tower_to_Nehru_Maidan_Road_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Clock Tower to Nehru Maidan Road</figcaption></figure> Rail connectivity in Mangalore was established in 1907;<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> the city was the starting point of India's longest rail route.<a href="#cite_note-so-72">[72]</a> The city has three railway stations; <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalore Central">Mangalore Central</a> at Hampankatta, <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalore Junction">Mangalore Junction</a> at Padil, and <a href="/wiki/Surathkal_railway_station" title="Surathkal railway station">Surathkal railway station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> A railway track built through the Western Ghats connects Mangalore with <a href="/wiki/Sakleshpur" title="Sakleshpur">Sakleshpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hassan,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan, India">Hassan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">broad gauge</a> track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan was opened to freight traffic in May 2006<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> and passenger traffic in December 2007.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Mangalore is also connected to <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, Bhatkal, <a href="/wiki/Karwar" title="Karwar">Karwar</a>, Surat, <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Margao" title="Margao">Margao</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Konkan_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan Railway">Konkan Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Mangalore Harbour has shipping, storage, and logistical services; New Mangalore Port handles dry, bulk and fluid cargoes,<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> and is equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">crude products</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a> containers.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard" title="Indian Coast Guard">Indian Coast Guard</a> has a station at New Mangalore Port.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> The artificial harbour is India's seventh largest container port and the only major port in Karnataka.<a href="#cite_note-mcc4-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-container-port-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa#571886_571886/6886_571886=571886_571886/6886_571886=571886_571886/6886_571886=Electronic_visas=571886_571886/6886_571886=571886_571886/6886_571886=571886_571886/6886_571886" title="Travel visa">Electronic visa</a> (e-visa) facilities are available for travellers arriving in India at New Mangalore Port.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mangalore" title="Culture of Mangalore">Culture of Mangalore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Konkani_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/World_Konkani_Centre.jpg/170px-World_Konkani_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/World_Konkani_Centre.jpg/255px-World_Konkani_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/World_Konkani_Centre.jpg/340px-World_Konkani_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/World_Konkani_Centre" title="World Konkani Centre">World Konkani Centre</a> in Mangalore</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in Mangalore. <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a> is a night-long dance and drama performance<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Hulivesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulivesha">Pilivesha</a> (tiger dance), a <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dance</a> unique to the city, is performed during <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Dasara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Karadi Vesha (bear dance) is another well-known dance that is performed during Dasara.<a href="#cite_note-DAJ-268">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paddanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddanas">Paddanas</a>, ballad-like epics passed on verbally through generations, are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.<a href="#cite_note-DAJ-268">[268]</a> The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in folk songs such as Kolkai (sung during <a href="/wiki/Kolata" title="Kolata">Kolata</a>, a valour folk-dance during which sticks are used as props), Unjal Pat (traditional lullaby), Moilanji Pat and Oppune Pat (sung at weddings).<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> The Evkaristik Purshanv (Konkani: <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharistic</a> procession) is an annual Catholic religious procession that is held on the first Sunday of each year.<a href="#cite_note-DAJ-268">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated, the most important are Dasara, <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> Kodial Theru, also known as Mangaluru <a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Rathotsava</a> (chariot festival) is unique to the <a href="/wiki/Goud_Saraswat_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Goud Saraswat Brahmin">Goud Saraswat Brahmin</a> community and is celebrated at the city's <a href="/wiki/Padutirupathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Padutirupathi">Sri Venkatramana Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> The Mangalore Catholic community's unique festivals include <a href="/wiki/Monti_Fest" title="Monti Fest">Monti Fest</a> (Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Nativity feast</a> and the blessing of new harvests.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> The Jain Milan, a committee that consists of <a href="/wiki/Jain_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain community">Jain</a> families, organises the annual Jain food festival,<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> while Mosaru Kudike (curd pots feast), which is part of Krishna Janmashtami festival is celebrated by the whole community.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> Special night prayers called <a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Taraveeh</a> (rest and relaxation) are offered in mosques during the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Aati, a festival worshiping <a href="/wiki/Aati_kalenja" title="Aati kalenja">Kalenja</a>, a patron spirit of the city, is during the <a href="/wiki/Aashaadha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aashaadha">Aashaadha</a> month of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Festivals such as Karavali Utsav (coastal festival) and Kudlotsava (Tulu: festival of Mangalore) are celebrated with national and state-level performances in dance, drama and music.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhuta_Kola" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhuta Kola">Bhuta Kola</a> (spirit worship) is usually performed by the <a href="/wiki/Tuluva" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuluva">Tuluva</a> community at night.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhuta_Kola" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhuta Kola">Bhuta Kola</a> is similar to <a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-281">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nagaradhane" title="Nagaradhane">Nagaradhane</a> (snake worship) is performed in praise of <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Naga Devatha</a> (the serpent king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> Kori Katta, an ancient ritual associated with the Hindu temples in rural areas,<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> a religious and spiritual <a href="/wiki/Cockfight_(Sacred)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight (Sacred)">cockfight</a>, is held at the temples when permission is given by police.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_cuisine" title="Mangalorean cuisine">Mangalorean cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neer_Dosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Neer_Dosa.jpg/220px-Neer_Dosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Neer_Dosa.jpg/330px-Neer_Dosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Neer_Dosa.jpg/440px-Neer_Dosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2358" /></a><figcaption>Neer dosa, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Dosa_(food)" title="Dosa (food)">dosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pundi" title="Pundi">pundi</a> (rice ball), are native to Mangalore</figcaption></figure> Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian cuisine</a>; several local cuisines are unique to the diverse communities of the region.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> Coconut, <a href="/wiki/Curry_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Curry leaves">curry leaves</a>, ginger, garlic, and chili are common ingredients in Mangalorean curries.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> Well-known Mangalorean dishes include <a href="/wiki/Kori_rotti" title="Kori rotti">kori rotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neer_dosa" title="Neer dosa">neer dosa</a>, pundi (rice ball), <a href="/wiki/Patrode" title="Patrode">patrode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_bajji" title="Mangalore bajji">golibaje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_buns" title="Mangalore buns">Mangalore buns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> Mangalorean cuisine is also known for fish and chicken dishes like <a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">bangude</a> pulimunchi (spicy sour silver-grey mackerels), <a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">boothai</a> gasi (sardine semi-gravy), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_mackerel" title="Spanish mackerel">anjal</a> fry, <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Chicken_Sukka" title="Mangalorean Chicken Sukka">Mangalorean Chicken Sukka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicken_Ghee_Roast" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken Ghee Roast">Chicken Ghee Roast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> Due to Mangalore being a coastal city, fish is a staple of most people's diet.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani Hindu</a> community's specialties include daali thoy (lentil curry), bibbe-upkari (tender cashew-nut curry), val val (coconut-milk-based curry), ambat (vegetable-based coconut curry),<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> avnas ambe sasam (pineapple-mango fruit salad), kadgi chakko (raw <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>-coconut curry), paagila podi (<a href="/wiki/Momordica_dioica" title="Momordica dioica">spine gourd</a> fries), and chane gashi (chickpea curry).<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Mangalorean Catholics' dish sanna-dukra maas (sanna—<a href="/wiki/Idli" title="Idli">idli</a> fluffed with <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">toddy</a> or yeast; dukra maas—pork), pork <a href="/wiki/Bafat" title="Bafat">bafat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorpotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorpotel">sorpotel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> and mutton <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryani</a> of the Beary Muslims are well-known dishes.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> Pickles such as <a href="/wiki/Papadum" class="mw-redirect" title="Papadum">happala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandige" title="Sandige">sandige</a>, and puli munchi are unique to Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Shendi (toddy) which is a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular.<a href="#cite_note-DAJ-268">[268]</a> Vegetarian cuisine, also known as <a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi cuisine</a>, is known throughout the state and region.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIR_FM_Tower_Mangalore_0203.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AIR_FM_Tower_Mangalore_0203.jpg/170px-AIR_FM_Tower_Mangalore_0203.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AIR_FM_Tower_Mangalore_0203.jpg/255px-AIR_FM_Tower_Mangalore_0203.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AIR_FM_Tower_Mangalore_0203.jpg/340px-AIR_FM_Tower_Mangalore_0203.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a>'s FM tower at Kadri</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mangaluru_Samachara" title="Mangaluru Samachara">Mangaluru Samachara</a>, the first ever newspaper in Kannada, was published in 1843 by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%B6gling" title="Hermann Mögling">Hermann Mögling</a> of the Basel Mission.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> The first Kannada-to-English dictionary was published in Mangalore by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Kittel" title="Ferdinand Kittel">Ferdinand Kittel</a> in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> Major national English-language newspapers such as <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Herald" title="Deccan Herald">Deccan Herald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daijiworld_Media" title="Daijiworld Media">Daijiworld</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> publish localised Mangalore editions.<a href="#cite_note-newspapers-mlore-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> Madipu (Esteem), Mogaveera, Samparka (Contact) and Saphala (Success) are the well-known Tulu periodicals in Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> Popular Konkani language periodicals published in the city are <a href="/wiki/Raknno" title="Raknno">Raknno</a> (Guardian), <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_literature" title="Mangalorean Catholic literature">Konknni Dirvem (Konkani Treasure)</a> and Kannik (Offering).<a href="#cite_note-newspapers-mlore-305">[305]</a> Beary periodicals published in Mangalore include Jyothi (Light) and Swatantra Bharata (Independent India).<a href="#cite_note-newspapers-mlore-305">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka#Newspapers" title="Media in Karnataka">Kannada-language newspapers</a> are <a href="/wiki/Udayavani" title="Udayavani">Udayavani</a> (Morning Voice) by <a href="/wiki/Manipal" title="Manipal">Manipal</a> Press Ltd, <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Karnataka" title="Vijaya Karnataka">Vijaya Karnataka</a> (Victory of Karnataka) and <a href="/wiki/Vijayavani" title="Vijayavani">Vijayavani</a> (Voice of Victory)<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> by <a href="/wiki/VRL_Group" title="VRL Group">VRL Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prajavani" title="Prajavani">Prajavani</a> (Voice of the People), <a href="/wiki/Kannada_Prabha" title="Kannada Prabha">Kannada Prabha</a> (Kannada Radiance), <a href="/wiki/Varthabharathi" title="Varthabharathi">Varthabharathi</a> (Indian News), <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Karnataka" title="Samyukta Karnataka">Samyukta Karnataka</a> (United Karnataka), and <a href="/wiki/Hosa_Digantha" title="Hosa Digantha">Hosa Digantha</a> (New Horizon).<a href="#cite_note-newspapers-mlore-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> The city's evening newspapers include <a href="/wiki/Karavali_Ale" title="Karavali Ale">Karavali Ale</a> (Waves from the Coast), Mangaluru Mitra (Friend of Mangalore), <a href="/wiki/Sanjevani" title="Sanjevani">Sanjevani</a> (Evening Voice), and Jayakirana (Rays of Victory) are also published in the city.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> The Konkani-language newspaper Kodial Khabar (Mangalore News) is published fortnightly.<a href="#cite_note-newspapers-mlore-305">[305]</a> Malayalam newspapers such as <a href="/wiki/Malayala_Manorama" title="Malayala Manorama">Malayala Manorama</a> (Beautiful Malayalam) and <a href="/wiki/Madhyamam_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhyamam Daily">Madhyamam</a> (Medium) publish localised Mangalore editions.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> The state-run, nationally broadcast television channel <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> provides national and local television coverage.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> Cable television also provides channels from independently owned private networks.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> Canara TV and V4 Digital infotech network, local Multi System Operators, transmits daily video news channels, live events and cultural programmes to the city through local channels.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> Multiple local television channels broadcast programmes and news in Tulu, Konkani, Beary and Kannada;<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> these include Namma TV, V4 News and Spandana.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> Tulu channels are Namma Kudla<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> and Posa Kural.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> All India Radio (AIR) has a studio at <a href="/wiki/Kadri,_Mangalore" title="Kadri, Mangalore">Kadri</a> and broadcasts to Mangalore on 100.3 <a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> Mangalore's private FM stations include <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mirchi" title="Radio Mirchi">Radio Mirchi</a> 98.3 FM, <a href="/wiki/Big_FM_(Indian_radio_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big FM (Indian radio station)">Big 92.7 FM</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_FM_(India)" title="Red FM (India)">Red 93.5 FM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/Community_Radio_Sarang" title="Community Radio Sarang">Radio SARANG 107.8</a> is a community radio station that is run by St. Aloysius College.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> Mangalore is home to the <a href="/wiki/Tulu_cinema" title="Tulu cinema">Tulu film industry</a> which releases one film per month on average.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> Popular Tulu films include <a href="/wiki/Kadala_Mage" title="Kadala Mage">Kadala Mage</a> (Son of the Sea) and <a href="/wiki/Suddha_(film)" title="Suddha (film)">Suddha</a> (The Cleansing Rites).<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> Tulu dramas which are mostly played in the <a href="/wiki/Town_Hall,_Mangalore" title="Town Hall, Mangalore">Town Hall</a> at Hampankatta, are very popular.<a href="#cite_note-deccanmlr-224">[224]</a> Mangalore hosted the Tulu film festivals in 2006 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-FF-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports_and_pastimes">Sports and pastimes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Mangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Mangalore">Sports in Mangalore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilikula_Nisargadhama_golf_course,_Mangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mangalore Golf Course at Pilikula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pilikula_Nisargadhama_golf_course%2C_Mangalore.jpg/220px-Pilikula_Nisargadhama_golf_course%2C_Mangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pilikula_Nisargadhama_golf_course%2C_Mangalore.jpg/330px-Pilikula_Nisargadhama_golf_course%2C_Mangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Pilikula_Nisargadhama_golf_course%2C_Mangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption>Mangalore Golf Course at Pilikula</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is a popular sport in Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> Local cricket stadia include <a href="/wiki/Mangala_Stadium" title="Mangala Stadium">Mangala Stadium</a> and B.R. Ambedkar Cricket Stadium (near NMPT).<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sports_Authority_of_India" title="Sports Authority of India">Sports Authority of India</a> (SAI) has a sports training centre at Mangala Stadium.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalore United">Mangalore United</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Premier_League" title="Karnataka Premier League">Karnataka Premier League</a> (KPL) franchise owned by Fiza Developers.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_Premier_League" title="Mangalore Premier League">Mangalore Premier League</a> (MPL) is a cricket tournament organised by Karnataka Regional Cricket Academy.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nehru_Maidan" title="Nehru Maidan">Nehru Maidan</a> is an important local venue that hosts domestic, inter-school and intercollegiate tournaments.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> Mangalore Sports Club (MSC) has been elected as the institutional member for the Mangalore Zone of the <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_State_Cricket_Association" title="Karnataka State Cricket Association">Karnataka State Cricket Association</a> (KSCA).<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lokesh_Rahul" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokesh Rahul">Lokesh Rahul</a>, commonly known as KL Rahul and <a href="/wiki/Budhi_Kunderan" title="Budhi Kunderan">Budhi Kunderan</a>, a former Indian wicket-keeper are from Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shastri" title="Ravi Shastri">Ravi Shastri</a>, who represented India for several years in international cricket as an <a href="/wiki/All-rounder" title="All-rounder">all-rounder</a> and captained the team, is of <a href="/wiki/Mangaloreans" title="Mangaloreans">Mangalorean</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is also a popular sport in the city and is usually played in the maidans (grounds); the Nehru Maidan is the most popular venue for domestic tournaments.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> Dakshina Kannada District Football Association (DKDFA) annually organises the Independence Day Cup, which is played on <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a> at district football grounds adjacent to Nehru Maidan.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> Schools and colleges from across Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts participate and the matches are conducted under seven categories for children and young adults in education.<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is a popular indoor pastime in the city.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> Mangalore is the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/South_Kanara_District_Chess_Association" title="South Kanara District Chess Association">South Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA)</a>, which has hosted two All India Open Chess tournaments.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> Other sports such as tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are played in clubs and <a href="/wiki/Gymkhana" title="Gymkhana">gymkhanas</a> in Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> Pilikula Nisargadhama, an integrated <a href="/wiki/Theme_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme park">theme park</a>, has an 18-hole golf course<a href="#cite_note-golf-course-346">[346]</a> at Vamanjoor.<a href="#cite_note-lostinpilikula-347">[347]</a> <a href="/wiki/U_S_Mallya_Indoor_Stadium" title="U S Mallya Indoor Stadium">U S Mallya Indoor Stadium</a> offers sporting facilities for badminton and basketball players.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attractions_in_Mangalore" title="Tourist attractions in Mangalore">Tourist attractions in Mangalore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panambur_Beach_Mangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Panambur_Beach_Mangalore.jpg/220px-Panambur_Beach_Mangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Panambur_Beach_Mangalore.jpg/330px-Panambur_Beach_Mangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Panambur_Beach_Mangalore.jpg/440px-Panambur_Beach_Mangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Panambur Beach</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Aloysius_College_Admin_block.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/St_Aloysius_College_Admin_block.jpg/220px-St_Aloysius_College_Admin_block.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/St_Aloysius_College_Admin_block.jpg/330px-St_Aloysius_College_Admin_block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/St_Aloysius_College_Admin_block.jpg/440px-St_Aloysius_College_Admin_block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>St Aloysius College</figcaption></figure> Mangalore lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats.<a href="#cite_note-bliss-349">[349]</a> The city's temples and buildings include the Mangaladevi Temple, <a href="/wiki/Kadri_Manjunath_Temple" title="Kadri Manjunath Temple">Kadri Manjunath Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Aloysius_Chapel" title="St. Aloysius Chapel">St Aloysius Chapel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Rosary_Cathedral,_Mangalore" title="Our Lady of Rosary Cathedral, Mangalore">Rosario Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milagres_Church_(Mangalore)" title="Milagres Church (Mangalore)">Milagres Church</a>, Dargah of Hazrat Shareef ul Madni at Ullal, and the Zeenath Baksh Jumma Masjid in <a href="/wiki/Bunder" title="Bunder">Bunder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> The city is known for beaches such as Panambur, <a href="/wiki/Tannirbhavi_Beach" title="Tannirbhavi Beach">Tannirbhavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/NITK_Beach" title="NITK Beach">NITK beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasihithlu_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasihithlu beach">Sasihithlu beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Someshwar_Beach" title="Someshwar Beach">Someshwara beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ullal_beach" title="Ullal beach">Ullal beach</a>, Kotekar beach and Batapady beach.<a href="#cite_note-bliss-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> Panambur and Thannirbhavi beaches attract tourists from across the country.<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> Panambur beach has facilities including food stalls, <a href="/wiki/Jet_ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet ski">jet ski</a> rides, boating and dolphin viewing;<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> trained beach lifeguards and patrol vehicles ensure the safety of visitors.<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dome_of_the_Panetarium_behind_the_Pilikula_Regional_Science_Centre_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dome_of_the_Panetarium_behind_the_Pilikula_Regional_Science_Centre_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg/220px-Dome_of_the_Panetarium_behind_the_Pilikula_Regional_Science_Centre_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dome_of_the_Panetarium_behind_the_Pilikula_Regional_Science_Centre_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg/330px-Dome_of_the_Panetarium_behind_the_Pilikula_Regional_Science_Centre_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dome_of_the_Panetarium_behind_the_Pilikula_Regional_Science_Centre_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg/440px-Dome_of_the_Panetarium_behind_the_Pilikula_Regional_Science_Centre_in_Mangalore_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Dome of the <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_Planetarium" title="Swami Vivekananda Planetarium">Swami Vivekananda 3D Planetarium</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Saavira_Kambada_Basadi" title="Saavira Kambada Basadi">Saavira Kambada Basadi</a> is situated in <a href="/wiki/Moodabidri" title="Moodabidri">Moodabidri</a>, 34 km (21 mi) north-east of Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a> The Sultan Battery watch tower built by Tipu Sultan is situated in <a href="/wiki/Boloor,_Mangalore" title="Boloor, Mangalore">Boloor</a> on the banks of Gurupura River;<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> visitors can take the ferry across the river to Tannirbhavi Beach.<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adyar,_Karnataka" title="Adyar, Karnataka">Adyar</a> waterfalls is on the city's outskirts about 12 km (7.5 mi) from Mangalore city centre.<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a> The city has developed and maintains public parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama,<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadri_Park" title="Kadri Park">Kadri Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagore_Park" title="Tagore Park">Tagore Park</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> at Light House Hill, Mahatma Gandhi Park<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> at Gandhinagar in Mannagudda,<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tannirbavi_Tree_Park" title="Tannirbavi Tree Park">Tannirbavi Tree Park</a>,<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arise_Awake_Park" title="Arise Awake Park">Arise Awake Park</a> at Karangalpady,<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan. Pilikula, which occupies 370 acres (150 ha),<a href="#cite_note-lostinpilikula-347">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> has a zoo, <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a>, lake, water park (manasa),<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> Swami Vivekananda Planetarium,<a href="#cite_note-planetarium3d8k-373">[373]</a> science centre,<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a> and a 50-acre (20 ha) 18-hole golf course.<a href="#cite_note-golf-course-346">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a> Swami Vivekananda Planetarium is the first 3D planetarium in India with an 8K resolution display.<a href="#cite_note-planetarium3d8k-373">[373]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_Dasara" title="Mangalore Dasara">Mangalore Dasara</a>, a ten-day festival held at <a href="/wiki/Gokarnanatheshwara_Temple" title="Gokarnanatheshwara Temple">Sri Gokarnatheswara temple</a> attracts devotees from across India.<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> Mangaladevi Temple attracts devotees from all over the country during <a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navaratri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2></div> Mangalore is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with two Canadian cities: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, since 1968<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Delta,_British_Columbia" title="Delta, 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Retrieved 21 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Description+of+Environment&rft.btitle=Mangalore+SEZ+Draft+%28October+2007%29&rft.pages=31-48&rft.au=Mangalore+City+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangalorecity.gov.in%2Fforms%2Fsez%2FMSEZ%2520Draft%2520EIA%2FMangalore%2520SEZ%2C%2520Oct.%25202007%2FChapter%25203%2FChap_3Water.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="16" class="citation book cs1">Mangalore City Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145109/http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ%2C%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Chap_Socio.doc">"Description of Environment"</a>. Mangalore SEZ Draft (October 2007). pp. 111–134. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Chap_Socio.doc">the original</a> (DOC) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Description+of+Environment&rft.btitle=Mangalore+SEZ+Draft+%28October+2007%29&rft.pages=111-134&rft.au=Mangalore+City+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangalorecity.gov.in%2Fforms%2Fsez%2FMSEZ%2520Draft%2520EIA%2FMangalore%2520SEZ%2C%2520Oct.%25202007%2FChapter%25203%2FChap_Socio.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._S._Lal" title="K. S. Lal">Lal, K. S.</a> (2002). Return to roots: emancipation of Indian Muslims. Radha Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7487-245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7487-245-6"><bdi>978-81-7487-245-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return+to+roots%3A+emancipation+of+Indian+Muslims&rft.pub=Radha+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7487-245-6&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="17" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Samuel (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/ibnbatuta/">"On the Malabar Coast"</a>. Quoted in "Selections from the Travels of Ibn Batuta". Oriental Translation Committee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1605206210" title="Special:BookSources/1605206210"><bdi>1605206210</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Malabar+Coast&rft.btitle=Quoted+in+%22Selections+from+the+Travels+of+Ibn+Batuta%22&rft.pub=Oriental+Translation+Committee&rft.date=1829&rft.isbn=1605206210&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00generallinks%2Fibnbatuta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="18" class="citation book cs1">Mangalore City Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145020/http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/SWM%20Details%20for%20Website.doc">Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/SWM%20Details%20for%20Website.doc">the original</a> (DOC) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrated+Solid+Waste+Management+Operation+%26+Maintenance+report&rft.au=Mangalore+City+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangalorecity.gov.in%2Fforms%2FSWM%2520Details%2520for%2520Website.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="22" class="citation book cs1">National Council of Applied Economic Research (1961). Traffic Survey of Mangalore and Malpe Ports: Report. Public Works Department, Government of Mysore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traffic+Survey+of+Mangalore+and+Malpe+Ports%3A+Report&rft.pub=Public+Works+Department%2C+Government+of+Mysore&rft.date=1961&rft.au=National+Council+of+Applied+Economic+Research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pius_Fidelis_Pinto" title="Pius Fidelis Pinto">Pinto, Pius Fidelis</a> (1999). "History of Christians in coastal Karnataka, 1500–1763 A.D.". Samanvaya Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CPGW4">B0000CPGW4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Samanvaya+Prakashan&rft.atitle=History+of+Christians+in+coastal+Karnataka%2C+1500%E2%80%931763+A.D.&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CPGW4%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Pius+Fidelis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhu1999" class="citation book cs1">Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86778-25-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86778-25-8"><bdi>978-81-86778-25-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarasvati%27s+Children%3A+A+History+of+the+Mangalorean+Christians&rft.pub=I.J.A.+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-86778-25-8&rft.aulast=Prabhu&rft.aufirst=Alan+Machado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="sc" class="citation book cs1">"People". South Kanara District Gazetteer. Karnataka State Gazetteer. Vol. 12. Gazetteer Department (<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka" title="Government of Karnataka">Government of Karnataka</a>). 1973. pp. 86–125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=People&rft.btitle=South+Kanara+District+Gazetteer&rft.series=Karnataka+State+Gazetteer&rft.pages=86-125&rft.pub=Gazetteer+Department+%28Government+of+Karnataka%29&rft.date=1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="23" class="citation book cs1">Riddick, John F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V2nGnWXV7coC">The History of British India: A Chronology</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32280-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32280-5"><bdi>0-313-32280-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+British+India%3A+A+Chronology&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-32280-5&rft.aulast=Riddick&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV2nGnWXV7coC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrihari2007" class="citation book cs1">Shrihari, S. (2007). Environmental Concerns for a Typical Fast Developing Indian City: Mangalore. Faculty of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Concerns+for+a+Typical+Fast+Developing+Indian+City%3A+Mangalore&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Civil+Engineering%2C+National+Institute+of+Technology+Karnataka%2C+Surathkal&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Shrihari&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="24" class="citation book cs1">Somerset, Playne; Bond, E. W.; Wright, Arnold; Wright, Playne (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC">Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources</a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-1344-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-1344-9"><bdi>81-206-1344-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+India%3A+Its+History%2C+People%2C+Commerce%2C+and+Industrial+Resources&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-206-1344-9&rft.aulast=Somerset&rft.aufirst=Playne&rft.au=Bond%2C+E.+W.&rft.au=Wright%2C+Arnold&rft.au=Wright%2C+Playne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WNEcgMr11kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="27" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, Edward (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historybritishe04thorgoog">The History of the British Empire in India</a>. Cox and Wyman Printers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1331267595" title="Special:BookSources/1331267595"><bdi>1331267595</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+British+Empire+in+India&rft.pub=Cox+and+Wyman+Printers&rft.date=1859&rft.isbn=1331267595&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorybritishe04thorgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="271" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, George Henry (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LtBCAAAAIAAJ">A Manual of Dates: A Dictionary of Reference to the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records</a>. Warne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0266609635" title="Special:BookSources/0266609635"><bdi>0266609635</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+Dates%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Reference+to+the+Most+Important+Events+in+the+History+of+Mankind+to+be+Found+in+Authentic+Records&rft.pub=Warne&rft.date=1867&rft.isbn=0266609635&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_LtBCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhat1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._Gururaja_Bhat" title="P. Gururaja Bhat">Bhat, P. Gururaja</a> (1969). Antiquities of South Kanara. Prabhakara Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+South+Kanara&rft.pub=Prabhakara+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=P.+Gururaja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="10" class="citation book cs1">Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). "Mangalore". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kEj-2a7pmVMC">Students' Britannica India</a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-760-2"><bdi>0-85229-760-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mangalore&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-85229-760-2&rft.aulast=Hoiberg&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft.au=Ramchandani%2C+Indu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkEj-2a7pmVMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenn1945" class="citation book cs1">Venn, T. W. (1945). Mangalore. Wesley Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mangalore&rft.pub=Wesley+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Venn&rft.aufirst=T.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Muhammad_Hussain_Nainar1942" class="citation cs2">S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage">Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language</a>, University of Madras, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789839154801" title="Special:BookSources/9789839154801"><bdi>9789839154801</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin%3A+An+Historical+Work+in+The+Arabic+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=9789839154801&rft.au=S.+Muhammad+Hussain+Nainar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Sturrock1894" class="citation cs2">J. Sturrock (1894), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up">Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I)</a>, Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+District+Manuals+-+South+Canara+%28Volume-I%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1894&rft.au=J.+Sturrock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.csl.3200%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_A._Stuart1895" class="citation cs2">Harold A. 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I. Arputhanathan (1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf">South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks)</a> (PDF), Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Kanara%2C+The+Nilgiris%2C+Malabar+and+Coimbatore+Districts+%28Village-wise+Mother-tongue+Data+for+Bilingual+or+Multilingual+Taluks%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.au=J.+I.+Arputhanathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6447%2F1%2F50056_1951_SOU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajabhushanam1963" class="citation cs2">Rajabhushanam, D. S. (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6454/1/9111_1951_STA.pdf">Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951)</a> (PDF), Madras (Chennai): Director of Statistics, Government of Madras</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Atlas+of+the+Madras+State+%281951%29&rft.place=Madras+%28Chennai%29&rft.pub=Director+of+Statistics%2C+Government+of+Madras&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Rajabhushanam&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6454%2F1%2F9111_1951_STA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalore" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Light_House_Hill,_Mangalore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Light_House_Hill%2C_Mangalore.JPG/35px-Light_House_Hill%2C_Mangalore.JPG" decoding="async" width="35" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Light_House_Hill%2C_Mangalore.JPG/53px-Light_House_Hill%2C_Mangalore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Light_House_Hill%2C_Mangalore.JPG/70px-Light_House_Hill%2C_Mangalore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikala" title="Aikala">Aikala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attavar" title="Attavar">Attavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikampady" title="Baikampady">Baikampady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolar_(Location)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolar (Location)">Bolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deralakatte" title="Deralakatte">Deralakatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurupura" title="Gurupura">Gurupura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampankatta" title="Hampankatta">Hampankatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoige_Bazaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoige Bazaar">Hoige Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeppu" title="Jeppu">Jeppu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadri,_Mangalore" title="Kadri, Mangalore">Kadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikamba" title="Kaikamba">Kaikamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanadi" title="Kankanadi">Kankanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipalla" title="Katipalla">Katipalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavoor,_Mangalore" title="Kavoor, Mangalore">Kavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnigoli" title="Kinnigoli">Kinnigoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodialbail" title="Kodialbail">Kodialbail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koluvail" title="Koluvail">Koluvail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konaje" title="Konaje">Konaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotekar" title="Kotekar">Kotekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnapura">Krishnapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulai_(Suratkal)" title="Kulai (Suratkal)">Kulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulur,_Mangalore" title="Kulur, Mangalore">Kulur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh,_Mangalore" title="Lalbagh, Mangalore">Lalbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muchur" title="Muchur">Muchur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukka" title="Mukka">Mukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulki,_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulki, Karnataka">Mulki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanthoor" title="Nanthoor">Nanthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakshikere" title="Pakshikere">Pakshikere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panambur" title="Panambur">Panambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeshwar" title="Pandeshwar">Pandeshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pejavara" title="Pejavara">Pejavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpwell" title="Pumpwell">Pumpwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punaroor" title="Punaroor">Punaroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirthady" title="Shirthady">Shirthady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surathkal" title="Surathkal">Surathkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapady" class="mw-redirect" title="Talapady">Talapady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thokottu" title="Thokottu">Thokottu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonse,_Dakshina_Kannada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonse, Dakshina Kannada (page does not exist)">Tonse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchila,_Dakshina_Kannada" class="mw-redirect" title="Uchila, Dakshina Kannada">Uchil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchila,_Udupi" class="mw-redirect" title="Uchila, Udupi">Uchila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullal" title="Ullal">Ullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urwa,_India" title="Urwa, India">Urwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamanjoor" 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communities_in_Mangalore" title="Template:Communities in Mangalore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communities_in_Mangalore" title="Template talk:Communities in Mangalore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communities_in_Mangalore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communities in Mangalore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communities_in_Mangalore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Communities in Mangalore</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunt_(community)" title="Bunt (community)">Bunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billava" title="Billava">Billavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogaveeras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogaveeras">Mogaveeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivalli_Brahmins" title="Shivalli Brahmins">Shivalli Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goud_Saraswat_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Goud Saraswat Brahmin">Gaud Saraswat Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswat" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswat">Saraswats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota brahmin">Kota brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havyaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Havyaka">Havyaka Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadiga" title="Devadiga">Devadiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthanika_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthanika Brahmins">Sthanika Brahmins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Demon_Yakshagana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Demon_Yakshagana.jpg/33px-Demon_Yakshagana.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Demon_Yakshagana.jpg/50px-Demon_Yakshagana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Demon_Yakshagana.jpg/66px-Demon_Yakshagana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-vqkvc","wgBackendResponseTime":204,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_5273945f073c0c72cf757098bbf2472a7f6b5f50":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[74.8425,12.871666666666666],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"description":"Mangalore","marker-color":"5E74F3","title":"Mangalore","marker-symbol":"Park"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.006","walltime":"4.471","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31243,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":837851,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":30685,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1367287,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3957.191 1 -total"," 52.31% 2070.080 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.84% 1062.041 248 Template:Cite_news"," 15.67% 619.973 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 12.90% 510.484 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.79% 347.787 68 Template:Cite_web"," 6.82% 269.730 56 Template:Cite_book"," 4.62% 182.794 21 Template:Harvnb"," 4.22% 166.878 25 Template:Main_other"," 3.00% 118.611 3 Template:Nativename"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.498","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23574453,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"10\"] = 1,\n [\"14\"] = 1,\n [\"16\"] = 1,\n [\"17\"] = 1,\n [\"18\"] = 1,\n [\"22\"] = 1,\n [\"23\"] = 1,\n [\"24\"] = 1,\n [\"27\"] = 1,\n [\"271\"] = 1,\n [\"3\"] = 1,\n [\"5\"] = 1,\n [\"6\"] = 1,\n [\"7\"] = 1,\n [\"8\"] = 1,\n [\"9\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAchari2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtmashraddhananda2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalakrishnaNarayanaKumari\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBela2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelgaumkar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhat1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhat1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhat2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhat2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBostock1855\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudhya\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC_R2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChowdhury2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Souza\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Souza2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaithota2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeepika2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoddamane1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_SimpsonKai_Kresse2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarias1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandesJ._A.HegdeRaveendran2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG_R2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarodi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Madras1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Madras1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Madras1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarold_A._Stuart1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeitzman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusain_Raṇṭattāṇi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndicopleustes1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._I._Arputhanathan1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Sturrock1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ_A2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ_A2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ_A2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayapalan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJha2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Goldstein1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK_T2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK_T2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK_T2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK_T2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamath2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKameshwar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamila2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamila2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKola2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolpe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKudva1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkarni2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkarni2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_N_K_R2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_N_K_R2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumaran\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazarus2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM_V2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadhyasthaRahmanKaveriappa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalli2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManjunath2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendonsa2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendonsa2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenezes2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishraGnanaseelanSeetaramayya2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiyar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMondal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonteiro\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonteiro2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuthanna1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNambiar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayanan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayak2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNetwork2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoronha2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanda1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatil2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrao2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrao2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereira2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinto1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinto2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinto2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinto2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinto2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinto2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPinto2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinto2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoojari2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosavanike2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrabhu1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrabhu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuttaswamaiah1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghuram2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghuram2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghuram2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghuram2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajabhushanam1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanganna2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao_R2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRochan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoche2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Muhammad_Hussain_Nainar1942\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFS2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadasivan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaldanha_Shet2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanjiv2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastry2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSastry2016\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSastry2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastry2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSewell2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShastry2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShatkin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenoy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenoy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenoy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenoy2016\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFShenoy2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShenoy2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShenoy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheth2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShreyas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrihari2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubrahmanyam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurathkalKawalGowdagere_S.Bhagyanagar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUllal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUri_M._Kupferschmidt1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV_P2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVariyar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasu2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVenn1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinayak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinayak2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinayak2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinayak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinayak2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWenger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"cam\"] = 1,\n [\"his\"] = 1,\n [\"manj\"] = 1,\n [\"sc\"] = 1,\n [\"sch\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 2,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 14,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 248,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 68,\n [\"Color\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Communities in Mangalore\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 19,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 21,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"INRConvert\"] = 5,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Localities in Mangalore\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nativename\"] = 3,\n [\"Not to be confused with\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 14,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 3,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikidatacoord\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","21.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","15.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","8.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","5.3"],["recursiveClone 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