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id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_parks_and_protected_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_parks_and_protected_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>National parks and protected places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_parks_and_protected_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geomorphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geomorphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geomorphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geomorphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tectonics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tectonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tectonics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tectonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_ice_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_ice_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The ice age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ice_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Medieval history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_of_Liechtenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_of_Liechtenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Economy of Liechtenstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_of_Liechtenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_in_Graubünden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_in_Graubünden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Agriculture in Graubünden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_in_Graubünden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_St._Gallen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_St._Gallen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Agriculture St. Gallen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_St._Gallen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_in_Carinthia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_in_Carinthia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Industry in Carinthia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_in_Carinthia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Winter_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Winter_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Winter Olympics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Winter_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Alps</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جبال الألب الشرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبال الألب الشرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Усходнія Альпы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усходнія Альпы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Източни Алпи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Източни Алпи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps_orientals" title="Alps orientals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alps orientals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Alpy" title="Východní Alpy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Východní Alpy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stalperne" title="Østalperne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Østalperne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostalpen" title="Ostalpen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ostalpen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida-Alpid" title="Ida-Alpid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ida-Alpid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Ανατολικές Άλπεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανατολικές Άλπεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes_orientales" title="Alpes orientales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alpes orientales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientaj_Alpoj" title="Orientaj Alpoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orientaj Alpoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="آلپ شرقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلپ شرقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes_orientales" title="Alpes orientales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alpes orientales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps_Orient%C3%A2ls" title="Alps Orientâls – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alps Orientâls" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%95%8C%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="동알프스산맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동알프스산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen_Timur" title="Alpen Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alpen Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi_Orientali" title="Alpi Orientali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alpi Orientali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="აღმოსავლეთი ალპები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღმოსავლეთი ალპები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytin%C4%97s_Alp%C4%97s" title="Rytinės Alpės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rytinės Alpės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Источни Алпи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Источни Алпи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="東アルプス山脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東アルプス山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98st-Alpene" title="Øst-Alpene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øst-Alpene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_austlege_Alpane" title="Dei austlege Alpane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei austlege Alpane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy_Wschodnie" title="Alpy Wschodnie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alpy Wschodnie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes_Orientais" title="Alpes Orientais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alpes Orientais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpii_R%C4%83s%C4%83riteni" title="Alpii Răsăriteni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alpii Răsăriteni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Восточные Альпы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточные Альпы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%A9_Alpy" title="Východné Alpy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Východné Alpy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzhodne_Alpe" title="Vzhodne Alpe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzhodne Alpe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Источни Алпи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Источни Алпи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dne_Alpe" title="Istočne Alpe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istočne Alpe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4-Alpit" title="Itä-Alpit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itä-Alpit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Alpler" title="Doğu Alpler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu Alpler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Східні Альпи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Східні Альпи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eastern_Alps&params=46_34.5_N_12_13.9_E_type:mountain_scale:3767801"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°34.5′N</span> <span class="longitude">12°13.9′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.5750°N 12.2317°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.5750; 12.2317</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eastern part of the Alps mountain range</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Eastern Alps</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tschierva_glacier_rework.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tschierva_glacier_rework.jpg/272px-Tschierva_glacier_rework.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tschierva_glacier_rework.jpg/408px-Tschierva_glacier_rework.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tschierva_glacier_rework.jpg/544px-Tschierva_glacier_rework.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="3336" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Piz Bernina (centre-left) with the Biancograt to the left, <a href="/wiki/Piz_Scerscen" title="Piz Scerscen">Piz Scerscen</a> (centre-right) and <a href="/wiki/Piz_Roseg" title="Piz Roseg">Piz Roseg</a> (right), seen from <a href="/wiki/Piz_Corvatsch" title="Piz Corvatsch">Piz Corvatsch</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Piz_Bernina" title="Piz Bernina">Piz Bernina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,049 m (13,284 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eastern_Alps&params=46_22_56.6_N_9_54_29.2_E_type:mountain"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°22′56.6″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°54′29.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.382389°N 9.908111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.382389; 9.908111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">130,000 km<sup>2</sup> (50,000 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alps_-_EastWest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alps_-_EastWest.JPG/272px-Alps_-_EastWest.JPG" decoding="async" width="272" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alps_-_EastWest.JPG/408px-Alps_-_EastWest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alps_-_EastWest.JPG/544px-Alps_-_EastWest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="937" /></a></span><div>Delimitation of <a href="/wiki/Western_Alps" title="Western Alps">Western</a> and Eastern Alps</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Range coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eastern_Alps&params=46_34.5_N_12_13.9_E_type:mountain_scale:3767801"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°34.5′N</span> <span class="longitude">12°13.9′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.5750°N 12.2317°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.5750; 12.2317</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range"><span class="nowrap">Parent range</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders on</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Wienerwald</li><li>Transdanubian hills</li><li>Dinaric Alps</li><li>Venetian Plain</li><li>Po plain</li><li>Western Alps</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Eastern Alps</b> are usually defined as the area east of a line from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Rhine" title="Alpine Rhine">Alpine Rhine</a> valley, up to the <a href="/wiki/Spl%C3%BCgen_Pass" title="Splügen Pass">Splügen Pass</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Main_chain_of_the_Alps" title="Main chain of the Alps">Alpine divide</a>, and down the <a href="/wiki/Liro_(Como)" title="Liro (Como)">Liro</a> River to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Lake Como</a> in the south. The peaks and mountain passes are lower than the <a href="/wiki/Western_Alps" title="Western Alps">Western Alps</a>, while the range itself is broader and less arched. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sils.jpg/220px-Sils.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sils.jpg/330px-Sils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sils.jpg/440px-Sils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>The Upper <a href="/wiki/Engadin" title="Engadin">Engadin</a> valley near St Moritz.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Eastern Alps include the eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a>), all of <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, and most of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a> to the east, as well as parts of extreme <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">Southern Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper Bavaria</a>), northwestern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>), northeastern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>) and a good portion of northern <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Carniola" title="Upper Carniola">Upper Carniola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Styria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Styria">Lower Styria</a>). In the south the range is bound by the Italian <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Padan Plain</a>; in the north the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> River separates it from the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Massif" title="Bohemian Massif">Bohemian Massif</a>. The easternmost spur is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Woods" title="Vienna Woods">Vienna Woods</a> range, with the <a href="/wiki/Leopoldsberg" title="Leopoldsberg">Leopoldsberg</a> overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna basin">Vienna basin</a>, which is the transition zone to the arch of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountains">Mountains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuers_zoom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Zuers_zoom.jpg/220px-Zuers_zoom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Zuers_zoom.jpg/330px-Zuers_zoom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Zuers_zoom.jpg/440px-Zuers_zoom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Zuers at the Flexenpass in Vorarlberg.</figcaption></figure> <p>The highest mountain in the Eastern Alps is <a href="/wiki/Piz_Bernina" title="Piz Bernina">Piz Bernina</a> at 4,049 m (13,284 ft) in the <a href="/wiki/Bernina_Range" title="Bernina Range">Bernina Group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Rhaetian_Alps" title="Western Rhaetian Alps">Western Rhaetian Alps</a> in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sole four-thousander of the range, its name is taken from the <a href="/wiki/Bernina_Pass" title="Bernina Pass">Bernina Pass</a> and was given in 1850 by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Coaz" title="Johann Coaz">Johann Coaz</a>, who also made the first ascent. The rocks composing Piz Bernina are <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">diorites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbros</a>, while the massif in general is composed of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piz_Corvatsch" title="Piz Corvatsch">Piz Corvatsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piz_Pal%C3%BC" title="Piz Palü">Piz Palü</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ortler_Reschensee.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ortler_Reschensee.JPG/220px-Ortler_Reschensee.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ortler_Reschensee.JPG/330px-Ortler_Reschensee.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ortler_Reschensee.JPG/440px-Ortler_Reschensee.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>left summit: the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigspitze" title="Königspitze">Königspitze</a>, right summit: the <a href="/wiki/Ortler" title="Ortler">Ortler</a>; seen from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Reschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Reschen">Lake Reschen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Excepting other peaks in the Bernina range, the next highest is the <a href="/wiki/Ortler" title="Ortler">Ortler</a> at 3,905 m (12,812 ft) in Italian <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and third the <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fglockner" class="mw-redirect" title="Großglockner">Großglockner</a>, which stands on the border of <a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a> & <a href="/wiki/East_Tyrol" title="East Tyrol">East Tyrol</a> in Austria, at 3,798 m (12,461 ft), the highest mountain of Austria. The region around the Großglockner and the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Pasterze_Glacier" title="Pasterze Glacier">Pasterze Glacier</a> has been a special protection area within the <a href="/wiki/Hohe_Tauern" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohe Tauern">High Tauern</a> National Park since 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonderschutzgebiet_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonderschutzgebiet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other high Tyrolian mountains include <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigspitze" title="Königspitze">Königspitze</a> (3,851 m),<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cevedale" title="Monte Cevedale">Monte Cevedale</a> (3,769 m),<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wildspitze" title="Wildspitze">Wildspitze</a> (3,768 m).<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crossing Tyrol, on the border between North and South Tyrol, runs the <a href="/wiki/Main_chain_of_the_Alps" title="Main chain of the Alps">main chain of the Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> is in the broad valley between high mountains of the so-called North Chain in the <a href="/wiki/Karwendel_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Karwendel Alps">Karwendel Alps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hafelekarspitze" title="Hafelekarspitze">Hafelekarspitze</a>, 2,334 metres or 7,657 feet) to the north and <a href="/wiki/Patscherkofel" title="Patscherkofel">Patscherkofel</a> (2,246 m or 7,369 ft) and <a href="/wiki/Serles" title="Serles">Serles</a> (2,718 m or 8,917 ft) to the south. The name "Innsbruck" means 'bridge over the Inn'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>'s notable mountain ranges include the Silvretta, the Rätikon, the Verwall and the Arlberg. The highest mountain is the <a href="/wiki/Piz_Buin" title="Piz Buin">Piz Buin</a>, whose rocky peak of 3,312 m (10,866 ft). The Silvretta Alps cut across Tirol and Vorarlberg (both in Austria), and Graubünden (Switzerland). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:012_Lechtaler_Alpen_in_Austria_-_Hintere_and_Vordere_Platteinspitze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/012_Lechtaler_Alpen_in_Austria_-_Hintere_and_Vordere_Platteinspitze.jpg/220px-012_Lechtaler_Alpen_in_Austria_-_Hintere_and_Vordere_Platteinspitze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/012_Lechtaler_Alpen_in_Austria_-_Hintere_and_Vordere_Platteinspitze.jpg/330px-012_Lechtaler_Alpen_in_Austria_-_Hintere_and_Vordere_Platteinspitze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/012_Lechtaler_Alpen_in_Austria_-_Hintere_and_Vordere_Platteinspitze.jpg/440px-012_Lechtaler_Alpen_in_Austria_-_Hintere_and_Vordere_Platteinspitze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Platteinspitze in <a href="/wiki/Lechtal_Alps" title="Lechtal Alps">Lechtal Alps</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mount <a href="/wiki/Sulzfluh" title="Sulzfluh">Sulzfluh</a> is well frequented by climbers and is situated in the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4tikon" title="Rätikon">Rätikon</a> range of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, on the border between <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. On the eastern side is a mountain path, of grade T4,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing non-climbers to reach the 2817 metre summit. There are six known caves in the <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> mountain, with lengths between 800 and 3000 or more yards, all with entrances on the Eastern side, in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mount <a href="/wiki/Grauspitz" title="Grauspitz">Grauspitz</a> (<i>Vorder Grauspitze</i> or <i>Vorder Grauspitz</i> on some maps) is the highest summit of the Rätikon, located on the border between <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. </p><p>About half of Liechtenstein's territory is mountainous.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the highest point of Liechtenstein is the Vordere Grauspitz (Vordergrauspitz) mountain with an altitude of 2599m above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Falknishorn, at 2452 meters above sea level, is the 5th highest mountain in Liechtenstein and represents the southernmost point of the country. The area known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liechtenstein-Graub%C3%BCnden-Vorarlberg_border_triangle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liechtenstein-Graubünden-Vorarlberg border triangle (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein-Graubünden-Vorarlberg border triangle</a> is around the <a href="/wiki/Naafkopf" title="Naafkopf">Naafkopf</a> mountain that reaches 2570m above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto7_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the peaks of the Alpine chain,<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which belong to the Limestone Alps, two <a href="/wiki/Inselberg" title="Inselberg">inselbergs</a>, Fläscherberg (1135 <a href="/wiki/Meters_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Meters above sea level">meters above sea level</a>.) in the south and <a href="/wiki/Eschnerberg" title="Eschnerberg">Eschnerberg</a> (698 m) in the north, rise from the Rhine Valley and belong to the Helvetic cover or <a href="/wiki/Flysch" title="Flysch">flysch</a> zone of the Alps.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto7_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a><sup id="cite_ref-RockyAustria_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RockyAustria-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-granzer_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granzer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain belt">mountain belt</a> called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flyschzone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flyschzone (page does not exist)">Flyschzone</a><sup id="cite_ref-RockyAustria_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RockyAustria-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> runs along the Northern Margin of the Limestone Alps<sup id="cite_ref-RockyAustria_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RockyAustria-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used to be part the submereded sea bed of the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RockyAustria_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RockyAustria-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-granzer_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granzer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chain also includes the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klippenzone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klippenzone (page does not exist)">Klippenzone</a><sup id="cite_ref-RockyAustria_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RockyAustria-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinitzer_Wald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steinitzer Wald (page does not exist)">Steinitzer Wald</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RockyAustria_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RockyAustria-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liechtenstein lies entirely within the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4tikon" title="Rätikon">Rhaetikon</a> and is thus allotted either to the Eastern Alps (two-part division of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>) or to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alps">Central Alps</a> (three-part division of the Alps) depending on how its geology classified.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4tikon" title="Rätikon">Rätikon</a> mountain range, in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Eastern_Alps" title="Central Eastern Alps">Central Eastern Alps</a>, derives its name from <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Julian Alps cross the Italian border from Frulia into Slovenia's Municipality of Bovec. The highest mountain is Mt. Triglav 2,864 m (9,396 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faaker_See_and_Mittagskogel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Faaker_See_and_Mittagskogel.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Faak" title="Lake Faak">Lake Faak</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karawanks" title="Karawanks">Karawanks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/High_Tauern" title="High Tauern">High Tauern</a> mountain range in which Mt <a href="/wiki/Grossglockner" title="Grossglockner">Grossglockner</a>, 3,797 m (12,457.35 ft) lies, separates Carentania from the state of <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_(state)" title="Salzburg (state)">Salzburg</a> in the northwest. To the northeast and to the east beyond the <a href="/wiki/Pack_Saddle" title="Pack Saddle">Pack Saddle</a> mountain pass is the state of <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>. </p><p>Carinthia lies in the <a href="/wiki/Karawanks" title="Karawanks">Karawanks</a> mountain range of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Limestone_Alps" title="Southern Limestone Alps">Southern Limestone Alps</a> and contains both the <a href="/wiki/Me%C5%BEa" title="Meža">Meža</a> Valley down to the confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a> Valley (<i>Dravska dolina</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_Jezersko" title="Municipality of Jezersko">Municipality of Jezersko</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Seeberg_Saddle" title="Seeberg Saddle">Seeberg Saddle</a> mountain pass, totalling 478 km<sup>2</sup> (185 sq mi): </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Me%C5%BEa" title="Meža">Meža</a> Valley (<i>Mežiška dolina</i>), including the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Slovenia" title="Municipalities of Slovenia">municipalities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_%C4%8Crna_na_Koro%C5%A1kem" title="Municipality of Črna na Koroškem">Črna na Koroškem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_Me%C5%BEica" title="Municipality of Mežica">Mežica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_Prevalje" title="Municipality of Prevalje">Prevalje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_Ravne_na_Koro%C5%A1kem" title="Municipality of Ravne na Koroškem">Ravne na Koroškem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_Dravograd" title="Municipality of Dravograd">Dravograd</a>. This region of <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenian</a> borders the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a> in the north.</li></ul> <p>Austrian and Slovenian Carinthia has a very diverse landscape, with predominance of hilly and mountainous terrain of <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> oragins and later scuptedby by former glaciers. Over 2/3s of Slovenian Carinthia is covered by forest (lagly beech, fir, and spruce) and the amount of forested land is still increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-Keber2008-124_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keber2008-124-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peca_(mountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peca (mountain)">Mount Peca</a> or Mount <a href="/wiki/Raduha" class="mw-redirect" title="Raduha">Raduha</a> is in the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Kamnik%E2%80%93Savinja_Alps" title="Kamnik–Savinja Alps">Kamnik–Savinja Alps</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keber2008-124_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keber2008-124-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alter_Rhein_Hochst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Alter_Rhein_Hochst.jpg/220px-Alter_Rhein_Hochst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Alter_Rhein_Hochst.jpg/330px-Alter_Rhein_Hochst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Alter_Rhein_Hochst.jpg/440px-Alter_Rhein_Hochst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Old Rhine (<i>Alter Rhein</i>) in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6chst,_Austria" title="Höchst, Austria">Höchst</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mur_(river)" title="Mur (river)">Mur (river)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Rhine" title="Alpine Rhine">Alpine Rhine</a> has as its source the Swiss canton of Grisons, which flows through the <a href="/wiki/Chur_Rhine_Valley" title="Chur Rhine Valley">Chur Rhine Valley, or Grisonian Rhine Valley</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Churer Rheintal, or Bündner Rheintal</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg_Rhine_Valley" title="Vorarlberg Rhine Valley">Vorarlberg Rhine Valley</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Voralberger Rheintal</i>). It later forms the border between Switzerland to the west and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the east. </p><p>The <b>Mur</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈmuːɐ̯]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7a\/De-Mur.ogg\/De-Mur.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Mur.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/De-Mur.ogg/De-Mur.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Mur.ogg" title="File:De-Mur.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) or <b>Mura</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Slovene pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">[ˈmúːɾa]</a></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Croatian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[mǔːra]</a></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hungarian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈmurɒ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a>: <i>Müra</i><sup id="cite_ref-Novak_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novak-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Möra</i><sup id="cite_ref-Novak_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novak-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a 464 kilometres (288 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-AT-6_DAS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT-6_DAS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> that covers an area of 14,109 km<sup>2</sup> (5,448 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It risesin the <a href="/wiki/Hohe_Tauern" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohe Tauern">Hohe Tauern</a> national park of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Eastern_Alps" title="Central Eastern Alps">Central Eastern Alps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> with its source being 1,898 m (6,227 ft) above sea level. It is a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a> and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. </p><p>The important rivers in Tyrol are the <a href="/wiki/Adige" title="Adige">Adige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inn_(river)" title="Inn (river)">Inn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drau" class="mw-redirect" title="Drau">Drau</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a>). </p><p>The important river in Carinthia is the <a href="/wiki/Drau" class="mw-redirect" title="Drau">Drau</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a>). </p><p>The important river in Slovenia is the <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_parks_and_protected_places">National parks and protected places</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National parks and protected places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gigerwaldsee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gigerwaldsee.jpg/220px-Gigerwaldsee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gigerwaldsee.jpg/330px-Gigerwaldsee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gigerwaldsee.jpg/440px-Gigerwaldsee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gigerwaldsee" title="Gigerwaldsee">Gigerwaldsee</a>, Calfeisental.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Triglav_National_Park" title="Triglav National Park">Triglav National Park</a> was founded in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally set out in 1924 on a smaller scale and scrapped between 1944 and 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mountains of the canton include part of a <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust fault</a> that was declared a geologic <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>, under the name <a href="/wiki/Glarus_thrust" title="Glarus thrust">Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona</a>, in 2008. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Woods" title="Vienna Woods">Vienna Woods</a> are a protected piece of upland forestry in Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pasterze_Glacier" title="Pasterze Glacier">Pasterze Glacier</a> a protected piece of mountain glacier in Austria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AVE_Ostalpen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AVE_Ostalpen.png/220px-AVE_Ostalpen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AVE_Ostalpen.png/330px-AVE_Ostalpen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AVE_Ostalpen.png/440px-AVE_Ostalpen.png 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>AVE classification of the Eastern Alps:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0292B2; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Limestone_Alps" title="Northern Limestone Alps">Northern Limestone Alps</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F08E1B; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Eastern_Alps" title="Central Eastern Alps">Central Eastern Alps</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#84C100; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Limestone_Alps" title="Southern Limestone Alps">Southern Limestone Alps</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC1319; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Western_Limestone_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Limestone Alps">Western Limestone Alps</a></div>For numbering see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_groups_in_the_Alpine_Club_classification_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="List of mountain groups in the Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps">list of mountain groups in the Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geomorphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ranges are subdivided by several deeply indented river valleys, mostly running east–west, including the <a href="/wiki/Inn_(river)" title="Inn (river)">Inn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzach" title="Salzach">Salzach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enns_(river)" title="Enns (river)">Enns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adige" title="Adige">Adige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mur_(river)" title="Mur (river)">Mur</a> valleys. According to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Club_classification_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps">Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps</a> (AVE) widely used by Austrian and German <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineers</a>, these mountain chains comprise several dozen smaller mountain groups, each assigned to four larger regions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Limestone_Alps" title="Northern Limestone Alps">Northern Limestone Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Eastern_Alps" title="Central Eastern Alps">Central Eastern Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Limestone_Alps" title="Southern Limestone Alps">Southern Limestone Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Limestone_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Limestone Alps">Western Limestone Alps</a></li></ul> <p>For the breakdown of these regions into mountain groups see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_groups_in_the_Alpine_Club_classification_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="List of mountain groups in the Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps">List of mountain groups in the Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alpine_Club" title="Swiss Alpine Club">Swiss Alpine Club</a> (SAC) has a slightly different classification of the ranges, based on the political borders in the canton of Graubünden. In Italy the 1926 <i><a href="/wiki/Partizione_delle_Alpi" title="Partizione delle Alpi">Partizione delle Alpi</a></i> concept is quite common, recently superseded by the <a href="/wiki/SOIUSA" title="SOIUSA">SOIUSA</a> attempt to combine the different approaches. Other specific, especially <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrographical</a> arrangements are also in use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tectonics">Tectonics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tectonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Alps" title="Geology of the Alps">Geology of the Alps</a></div> <p>The Alps comprise four main <a href="/wiki/Nappe" title="Nappe">nappe</a> systems: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_nappes" title="Helvetic nappes">Helvetic nappes</a> (<i>Helveticum</i>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Dauphiné</i>), with their main ranges in the Western Alps. They consist primarily of <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> in multiple <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folds</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Penninic" title="Penninic">Penninic</a> nappes (<i>Penninicum</i>), <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> sediments of the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Apulian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apulian Plate">Apulian Plate</a>, pushed together during the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a>. They comprise a <a href="/wiki/Flysch" title="Flysch">Flysch</a> zone and several <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a> rocks in geological <a href="/wiki/Window_(geology)" title="Window (geology)">windows</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Engadin_window" title="Engadin window">Engadin window</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hohe_Tauern_window" title="Hohe Tauern window">Hohe Tauern window</a> in the Central Alps.</li> <li>The East Alpine system: the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Limestone_Alps" title="Northern Limestone Alps">Northern Limestone Alps</a>, made up of <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>) rocks, the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kitzb%C3%BChel_Alps" title="Kitzbühel Alps">Kitzbühel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Slate_Alps" title="Salzburg Slate Alps">Salzburg Slate Alps</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Greywacke_zone" title="Greywacke zone">greywacke zone</a>, as well as the crystalline <a href="/wiki/Central_Eastern_Alps" title="Central Eastern Alps">Central Eastern Alps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> and Paleozoic remnants of a main <a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">strike</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Alps (geology)">South Alpine</a> system (<a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric</a> nappes) south of the <a href="/wiki/Periadriatic_Seam" title="Periadriatic Seam">Periadriatic Seam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a>—<a href="/wiki/Tonale_Pass" title="Tonale Pass">Tonale Pass</a>—<a href="/wiki/Puster_Valley" title="Puster Valley">Puster Valley</a>—<a href="/wiki/Gailtal_Alps" title="Gailtal Alps">Gailtal</a>—<a href="/wiki/Karawanks" title="Karawanks">Karawanks</a>). They mainly consist of Mesozoic and Paleozoic formations (<a href="/wiki/Carnic_Alps" title="Carnic Alps">Carnic Alps</a>, Karawanks and several smaller strikes) with little <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>, whose nappes and folds are oriented towards the south.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">History of Liechtenstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">History of Slovenia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_ice_age">The ice age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The ice age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm glaciation</a>, the Eastern Alps were drier than the <a href="/wiki/Western_Alps" title="Western Alps">Western Alps</a>, with the contiguous ice shield ending in the region of the <a href="/wiki/Niedere_Tauern" class="mw-redirect" title="Niedere Tauern">Niedere Tauern</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. This allowed many species to survive the <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a> in the Eastern Alps where they could not survive elsewhere. For that reason, many <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of plants are <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">endemic</a> to the Eastern Alps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first signs of humans living in the area of present-day Liechtenstein can be dated back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> farming settlements appeared in the valleys around 5300 BCE. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> settlement at the site goes back as far as the <a href="/wiki/Pfyn_culture" title="Pfyn culture">Pfyn culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (3900–3500 BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making Chur one of the oldest settlements in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. In ancient times, the area of what is today <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> was settled by the Lepontii, a Celtic tribe. Later, probably around the reign of Augustus, it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">ancient</a> times, the region had long been inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> before it became part of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> provinces of <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> tribes settled in the future <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a> area: the <a href="/wiki/Raeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Raeti">Raeti</a> in the highlands, and the <a href="/wiki/Vindelici" title="Vindelici">Vindelici</a> in the lowlands, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Valley" title="Rhine Valley">Rhine Valley</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> conquered Vorarlberg area. </p><p>Rome conquered the area of the future Municipality of Schellenberg in 15BCE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A4toromanisches_Sprachgebiet_im_Fr%C3%BChmittelalter.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/R%C3%A4toromanisches_Sprachgebiet_im_Fr%C3%BChmittelalter.PNG/220px-R%C3%A4toromanisches_Sprachgebiet_im_Fr%C3%BChmittelalter.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/R%C3%A4toromanisches_Sprachgebiet_im_Fr%C3%BChmittelalter.PNG/330px-R%C3%A4toromanisches_Sprachgebiet_im_Fr%C3%BChmittelalter.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/R%C3%A4toromanisches_Sprachgebiet_im_Fr%C3%BChmittelalter.PNG 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Romansh during the early Middle Ages<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8000; color:black;"> </span> lost to German and Lombard, 700–1100</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF80; color:black;"> </span> Romansh-speaking area, <i>c</i>. 1100</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lugnez_Vrin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lugnez_Vrin.jpg/220px-Lugnez_Vrin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lugnez_Vrin.jpg/330px-Lugnez_Vrin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lugnez_Vrin.jpg/440px-Lugnez_Vrin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vrin" title="Vrin">Vrin</a>, is the Swiss municipality with 95.6% of people naming Romansh as their language of best command in 2000.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the lands of the region were once part of a Roman province called <i>Raetia</i>, which was established in 15 BCE. The current capital of Graubünden, <a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a>, was known as Curia in Roman times. The area was later part of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Chur" title="Bishop of Chur">diocese of Chur</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> road crossed Liechtenstein from south to north, traversing the Alps by the <a href="/wiki/Spl%C3%BCgen_Pass" title="Splügen Pass">Splügen Pass</a> and following the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> at the edge of the floodplain, for long uninhabited because of periodic flooding. Some Roman villas have been excavated in <a href="/wiki/Schaanwald" title="Schaanwald">Schaanwald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nendeln" title="Nendeln">Nendeln</a>. Nearly 2,000 years later, some of the population of <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> still speak <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto5_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has descended from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 259, <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> tribes had overrun the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Germanic_Limes" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Germanic Limes">Limes</a> and caused widespread devastation of Roman cities and settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>. The Roman Empire succeeded in re-establishing the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> as the border, but it was now a frontier province. The late Roman influx from the north by the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> also influenced the makeup of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Liechtenstein">Principality of Liechtenstein</a> and is also evidenced by the remains of a Roman fort at <a href="/wiki/Schaan" title="Schaan">Schaan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> villas have been excavated in <a href="/wiki/Schaanwald" title="Schaanwald">Schaanwald</a><sup id="cite_ref-smith_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nendeln" title="Nendeln">Nendeln</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baedeker_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baedeker-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area that Innsbruck is located in was probably inhabited in the early <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>. Several surviving <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">pre-Roman</a> place names exist in and about the city. </p><p>In the 4th century Chur also became the seat of the first Christian bishopric north to the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. Despite a legend assigning its foundation to a legendary British king, St Lucius, the first known bishop is one Asinio<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in AD 451. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 6th century the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Slavs settled the area</a>, and the local dioceses collapsed. This is shown in <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a>. A Slavic <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language group</a> was established in the area. The <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine Slavs">Alpine Slavs</a>, who are reckoned to be ancestors of present-day Slovenes, also settled in the easternmost mountainous areas of <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Friulian_Slavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Friulian Slavia">Friulian Slavia</a>, as well in as the <a href="/wiki/Karst_Plateau" title="Karst Plateau">Karst Plateau</a> and the area north and south of <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a>. At this time, <a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a> was also conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, Ticino was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>. </p><p>The <b>Alemanni</b> or <b>Alamanni</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a confederation of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Germanic_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germanic-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a> River. Eastern Switzerland, Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein was under the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> and <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 73% of Liechtenstein's current population still speak the native <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of German at home as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in 553, the Germanic tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> invaded Italy via the Tyrol and founded the Lombard <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (medieval)">Kingdom of Italy</a>, which no longer included all of Tyrol, but only its southern part. The northern part of Tyrol came under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarii">Bavarii</a>, while the west was probably part of <a href="/wiki/Alamannia" title="Alamannia">Alamannia</a>. </p><p>Most of <a href="/wiki/Tyrol" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a> came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Duchy of Bavaria</a> (created c. 555) while the rest remained under the Lombards. </p><p>By the 590s AD, today's East Tyrol and Carinthia had come to be referred to in historical sources as <i>Provincia Sclaborum</i> (the Country of Slavs).<sup id="cite_ref-Luthar_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luthar-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory settled by Slavs, however, was also inhabited by remnants of the indigenous Romanised <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonians">Pannonian</a> population, who preserved the Christian faith and helped convert the Slavs of <a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a>. </p><p>From 623 to 658 Slavic peoples between the upper <a href="/wiki/Elbe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe River">Elbe River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karawanks" title="Karawanks">Karawanks</a> mountain range.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasko_1996_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasko_1996-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They united under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/King_Samo" class="mw-redirect" title="King Samo">King Samo</a> (Kralj Samo).<sup id="cite_ref-Vasko_1996_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasko_1996-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carantania, <i>(AKA: Carentania, Slovene: Karantanija, German: Karantanien, in Old Slavic *Korǫtanъ),</i> was a former Alpine Slavic <i>(Alpska Slovanščina)</i>\proto-Slovenian principality<sup id="cite_ref-Vasko_1996_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasko_1996-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that emerged from <a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a> in the second half of the 7th century, in the territory of present-day southern Austria and north-eastern Slovenia. </p><p>Carantania was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a> in 745. </p><p>The province of Lower <a href="/wiki/Rhaetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetia">Rhaetia</a> was formed in 814.<sup id="cite_ref-nationsencyclopedia.com_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationsencyclopedia.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Frankish <a href="/wiki/March_of_Carinthia" title="March of Carinthia">March of Carinthia</a>, created within the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> in 889. </p><p>The city of Chur suffered several invasions: by the <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> in 925–926, when the cathedral was destroyed, and by the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> (940 and 954), but afterwards it flourished thanks to its location, where the roads from several major Alpine transit routes come together and continue down the Rhine River. In 926 more Magyar raiders attacked the abbey and the nearby town of St Gallen. </p><p>The Lordship of Schellenberg was constituted in the 9th century by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-statesworld_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statesworld-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schellenberg_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schellenberg-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Medieval history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlossvaduz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Schlossvaduz.jpg/220px-Schlossvaduz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Schlossvaduz.jpg/330px-Schlossvaduz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Schlossvaduz.jpg/440px-Schlossvaduz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vaduz_Castle" title="Vaduz Castle">Vaduz Castle</a>, built during the Middle Ages</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years 1007 and 1027 the emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> granted the counties of <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vinschgau" title="Vinschgau">Vinschgau</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Bishopric of Trent</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Brixen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Brixen</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Norital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Norital (page does not exist)">County of Norital</a> in 1027 and the <a href="/wiki/Puster_Valley" title="Puster Valley">Puster Valley</a> in 1091 by the county of Milan and Como. </p><p>By about 1100 Ticino was the centre of struggle between the free communes of Milan and Como. </p><p>The upper <a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine River">Rhine River</a> had been visited by traders since Roman times, but acquired greater importance under the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottonian">Ottonian</a> dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Otto I</a> appointed his vassal Hartpert as bishop of Chur in 958 and awarded the bishopric numerous privileges. In 1170 the bishop became a prince-bishop and kept total control over the road between Chur and <a href="/wiki/Chiavenna" title="Chiavenna">Chiavenna</a>. </p><p>The first written evidence of a settlement at Innsbruck dates back to 1180 and the town named <i>Oeni Pontum</i> or <i>Oeni Pons</i> which is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for bridge (pons) over the Inn River (Flumen Oenus). It was built there some time earlier than its first recorded account, possibly even around Roman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veldidena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veldidena (page does not exist)">Veldidena</a> in the 4th century, due to the important crossing point over the Inn River.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Counts of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Andechs" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Andechs">Andechs</a> first acquired the town in 1180 and then the town passed into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Counts of Tyrol</a> in 1248<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From upper <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walser</a> began to spread south, west and east between the 12th and 13th centuries, in the so-called Walser migrations (Walserwanderungen). Nearly 1,500 years later the people of Triesenberg in <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> still speak a dialect of German that was influence of <a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walser</a> migrants from the early in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 13th century Chur had some 1,300 inhabitants and was surrounded by a line of walls. In 1367 the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Leagues" title="Three Leagues">Three Leagues</a> in the area was a first step towards Chur's autonomy: a burgmeister (mayor) is first mentioned in 1413, and the bishop's residence was attacked by the inhabitants. Chur was the chief town of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_God%27s_House" title="League of God's House">Gotteshausbund</a> or Chadé (League of the House of God), and one of the regular meeting places of the assemblies of the Leagues. As the power of the bishops, now increasingly under the influence of the nearby <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">County of Tyrol</a>, decreased, in 1464 the citizens wrote a constitution which was adopted as the rule for the peoples of the local guilds and political positions. </p><p>The medieval county of <a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a> was formed in 1342 as a small subdivision of the Werdenberg county of the dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Montfort_of_Vorarlberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Montfort of Vorarlberg">Montfort of Vorarlberg</a>. (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Grafschaft Vaduz</i>) was a historic state of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-statesworld2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statesworld2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1367 the League of God's House (Cadi, Gottes Haus, Ca' di Dio) was founded to resist the rising power of the Bishop of Chur. This was followed by the establishment of the Grey League (Grauer Bund), sometimes called Oberbund, in 1395 in the Upper Rhine valley. </p><p>In the 14th century it was acquired by the Visconti, <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Milan">Dukes of Milan</a>. In the 15th century the Swiss Confederates conquered the valleys south of the Alps in three separate conquests. </p><p>The Lordship of Schellenberg was purchased by the Counts of Vaduz in 1437.<sup id="cite_ref-schellenberg_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schellenberg-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liechtenstein's borders have remained unchanged since 1434, when the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> was established as the border between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> cantons.<sup id="cite_ref-nationsencyclopedia.com_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationsencyclopedia.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The County of Vaduz (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Grafschaft Vaduz</i>) was a historic state of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-statesworld2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statesworld2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Lordship of Schellenberg<sup id="cite_ref-statesworld_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statesworld-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> become the Principality of Liechtenstein in 1719.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schellenberg_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schellenberg-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statesworld_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statesworld-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Graubünden became a Swiss canton in 1803, Chur was chosen as its capital. The lands of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Bishopric of Trent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Brixen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Brixen</a> were secularised and incorporated into the County of Tyrol. </p><p>Mt. <a href="/wiki/Piz_Bernina" title="Piz Bernina">Piz Bernina</a> (4,049 m) was given its name in 1850 by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Coaz" title="Johann Coaz">Johann Coaz</a>, who also made the first ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brenner_Railway" title="Brenner Railway">Brenner Railway</a> was opened in 1867. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grossglockner_High_Alpine_Road_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Grossglockner_High_Alpine_Road_2006.jpg/220px-Grossglockner_High_Alpine_Road_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Grossglockner_High_Alpine_Road_2006.jpg/330px-Grossglockner_High_Alpine_Road_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Grossglockner_High_Alpine_Road_2006.jpg/440px-Grossglockner_High_Alpine_Road_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Snow cleared at the side of the road, in June.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a>, it was divided into two modern administrative parts through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>. Lichtenstein also ended its customs union with <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungary</a> in 1919. </p><p>Lichtenstein started its <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in 1924. </p><p>The completion of the final portion of the FO railway occurred in 1926. It thus opened up the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a> to further tourist development. This led to the introduction of <i>Kurswagen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Through_coach" title="Through coach">through coaches</a>) between <a href="/wiki/Brig_railway_station" title="Brig railway station">Brig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chur_railway_station" title="Chur railway station">Chur</a>, and between Brig and St. Moritz.<sup id="cite_ref-Moser_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moser-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grossglockner_High_Alpine_Road" title="Grossglockner High Alpine Road">Grossglockner High Alpine Road</a> (in German <i>Großglockner-Hochalpenstraße</i>) opened in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1943 and April 1945, Axis Forces held Innsbruck, which experienced 22 air raids by the Allied Forces and suffered heavy damage during <a href="/wiki/World_War_2" class="mw-redirect" title="World War 2">World War 2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Switzerland and Lichtenstein remained neutral in the war. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tauern_Autobahn" title="Tauern Autobahn">Tauern Autobahn</a> (A 10) opened in 1975 and was completed in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Triglav National Park was founded in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally set out in 1924 on a smaller scale and scrapped between 1944 and 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_Statistical_Region" title="Carinthia Statistical Region">Carinthia Statistical Region</a> was established, which covers a larger area of about 1,041 km<sup>2</sup> (402 sq mi), at the exspence of Styria.<sup id="cite_ref-Keber2008-124_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keber2008-124-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tourism in <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a> is concentrated around the towns of Davos/<a href="/wiki/Arosa" title="Arosa">Arosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flims" title="Flims">Flims</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pontresina" title="Pontresina">Pontresina</a>.,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are <a href="/wiki/Bad_Ragaz" title="Bad Ragaz">Bad Ragaz</a> and another in <a href="/wiki/St._Margrethen" title="St. Margrethen">St. Margrethen</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> is also a substantial tourist center in the Austrian Tyrol<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is Municipality of Bovec in Slovenia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_of_Liechtenstein">Economy of Liechtenstein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy of Liechtenstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaduz_Zentrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Vaduz_Zentrum.jpg/220px-Vaduz_Zentrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Vaduz_Zentrum.jpg/330px-Vaduz_Zentrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Vaduz_Zentrum.jpg/440px-Vaduz_Zentrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3735" data-file-height="2773" /></a><figcaption>Looking southward at Vaduz city centre.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Economy of Liechtenstein</a></div> <p>Liechtenstein participates in a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and employs the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a> as its national currency. It is also a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a> like Switzerland. </p><p>Industries include electronics, textiles, precision instruments, metal manufacturing, power tools, anchor bolts, calculators, pharmaceuticals, and food products (wheat, barley, corn, potatoes, dairy products, livestock, and <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_wine" title="Liechtenstein wine">wine</a>). </p><p>The largest employer and most iconic corporate presence is <a href="/wiki/Hilti" title="Hilti">Hilti</a>, a manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Nail_gun" title="Nail gun">direct fastening systems</a> and other high-end <a href="/wiki/Power_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Power tools">power tools</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_in_Graubünden"><span id="Agriculture_in_Graub.C3.BCnden"></span>Agriculture in Graubünden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Agriculture in Graubünden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only about 30% of <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a> is commonly regarded as productive land, of which forests cover about a fifth of the total area.<sup id="cite_ref-BFS_Graubunden_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFS_Graubunden-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Moritz has a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a> (Köppen: Dfc). The canton is entirely mountainous, comprising the highlands of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inn_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Inn River">Inn</a> valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-BFS_Graubunden_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFS_Graubunden-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its southeastern part lies the only official <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Park" title="Swiss National Park">Swiss National Park</a>. In its northern part the mountains were formed as part of the thrust fault that was declared a geologic <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, under the name <a href="/wiki/Glarus_thrust" title="Glarus thrust">Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona</a>, in 2008. Another <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Biosphere Reserve</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Val_M%C3%BCstair" title="Val Müstair">Biosfera Val Müstair</a> adjacent to the Swiss National Park whereas <a href="/wiki/Ela_Nature_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ela Nature Park">Ela Nature Park</a> is one of the regionally supported parks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_St._Gallen">Agriculture St. Gallen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Agriculture St. Gallen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>'s agriculture is predominantly of dairy farming and cattle breeding in the mountainous areas, with fruit and wine production are important, but there is also mixed farming in the plains. St. Gallen has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Dfb</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_in_Carinthia">Industry in Carinthia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Industry in Carinthia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Austrian Carinthia has a humid continental climate (Köppen) and Solvinian Carinthia has an alpine climate, and partially a transitional continental climate with a mjor important element is temperature inversion. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(Slovenia)" title="Carinthia (Slovenia)">Slovene Carinthia</a> boasts a major Slovine steel mill, major hidro-electric dam (60 megawatts), a former lead smelter and some lead and zinc mines.<sup id="cite_ref-Keber2008-124_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keber2008-124-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a>'s main industries are tourism, electronics, engineering, forestry, and agriculture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuovo_Treno_Val_Pusteria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nuovo_Treno_Val_Pusteria.JPG/220px-Nuovo_Treno_Val_Pusteria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nuovo_Treno_Val_Pusteria.JPG/330px-Nuovo_Treno_Val_Pusteria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nuovo_Treno_Val_Pusteria.JPG/440px-Nuovo_Treno_Val_Pusteria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Pustertal railway.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brenner_Railway" title="Brenner Railway">Brenner Railway</a>, which opened in 1867, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Lower_Inn_Valley_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="New Lower Inn Valley Railway">Lower Inn Valley Railway</a> form part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Important_trans-Alpine_European_railway_axis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Important trans-Alpine European railway axis (page does not exist)">important trans-Alpine European railway axis</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Palermo_railway_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Palermo railway axis">Berlin-Palermo railway axis</a>. </p><p>The completion of the final portion of the FO railway occurred in 1926. It thus opened up the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a> to further tourist development. This led to the introduction of <i>Kurswagen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Through_coach" title="Through coach">through coaches</a>) between <a href="/wiki/Brig_railway_station" title="Brig railway station">Brig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chur_railway_station" title="Chur railway station">Chur</a>, and between Brig and St. Moritz.<sup id="cite_ref-Moser_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moser-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A10_Flachauwinkel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A10_Flachauwinkel.JPG/220px-A10_Flachauwinkel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A10_Flachauwinkel.JPG/330px-A10_Flachauwinkel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A10_Flachauwinkel.JPG/440px-A10_Flachauwinkel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A 10, Flachau junction.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brenner_Pass" title="Brenner Pass">Brenner Pass</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Katschberg_Pass" title="Katschberg Pass">Katschberg Pass</a> were historic passages through parts of the Alpes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tauern_Autobahn" title="Tauern Autobahn">Tauern Autobahn</a> (A 10) is an <a href="/wiki/Autobahns_of_Austria" title="Autobahns of Austria">autobahn</a> (motorway) in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> running from <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Villach" title="Villach">Villach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Hohe_Tauern" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohe Tauern">Tauern</a> mountain range<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It opened in 1975 and was completed in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grossglockner_High_Alpine_Road" title="Grossglockner High Alpine Road">Grossglockner High Alpine Road</a> (in German <i>Großglockner-Hochalpenstraße</i>) is the highest surfaced <a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">mountain pass</a> road in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> runs from <a href="/wiki/Bruck_an_der_Gro%C3%9Fglocknerstra%C3%9Fe" title="Bruck an der Großglocknerstraße">Bruck</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_(state)" title="Salzburg (state)">the state of Salzburg</a> with <a href="/wiki/Heiligenblut" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiligenblut">Heiligenblut</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">the state of Carinthia</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Fuscher_T%C3%B6rl" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuscher Törl">Fuscher Törl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hochtor_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochtor Pass">Hochtor Pass</a> at 2,504 m (8,215 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is named after the <a href="/wiki/Grossglockner" title="Grossglockner">Grossglockner</a>, Austria's highest mountain and was built as both a <a href="/wiki/Scenic_route" title="Scenic route">scenic route</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">toll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It opened in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Austrian states of Tirol and Vorarlberg are also connected by a pass road called the Silvretta Hochalpenstraße (at a height of 2032m).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Winter_Olympics">The Winter Olympics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The Winter Olympics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">1976</a> they were held in <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> and <a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics" title="1956 Winter Olympics">1956</a> they were in <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%E2%80%99Ampezzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortina d’Ampezzo">Cortina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Eastern_Alps" title="Central Eastern Alps">Central Eastern Alps</a> – <i>also known as the Central Alps</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Alps" title="Limestone Alps">Limestone Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periadriatic_Seam" title="Periadriatic Seam">Periadriatic Seam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glarus_thrust" title="Glarus thrust">Glarus thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_canton_of_St._Gallen" title="List of mountains of the canton of St. Gallen">List of mountains of the canton of St. Gallen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Economy of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_the_Eastern_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganism in the Eastern Alps">Paganism in the Eastern Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetic_theory" title="Venetic theory">Venetic theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUmlauft1889" class="citation book cs1">Umlauft, Friedrich (1889). <i>The Alps</i>. K. 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In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tirol&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1010&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=William+Augustus+Brevoort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sonderschutzgebiet-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sonderschutzgebiet_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Tschugguel" class="citation web cs1">A. Tschugguel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927130831/http://www.alpenverein.at/naturschutz/Nationalpark_Hohe_Tauern/downloads/Expertise-Sonderschutzgebiet_Pasterze.pdf">"Das Sonderschutzgebiet"Großglockner-Pasterze"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Österreichischer Alpenverein. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpenverein.at/naturschutz/Nationalpark_Hohe_Tauern/downloads/Expertise-Sonderschutzgebiet_Pasterze.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Sonderschutzgebiet%22Gro%C3%9Fglockner-Pasterze%22&rft.pub=%C3%96sterreichischer+Alpenverein&rft.au=A.+Tschugguel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alpenverein.at%2Fnaturschutz%2FNationalpark_Hohe_Tauern%2Fdownloads%2FExpertise-Sonderschutzgebiet_Pasterze.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanet" class="citation web cs1">Planet, Lonely. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/austria/tirol/innsbruck/history">"History of Innsbruck – Lonely Planet Travel Information"</a>. <i>lonelyplanet.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lonelyplanet.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Innsbruck+%E2%80%93+Lonely+Planet+Travel+Information&rft.aulast=Planet&rft.aufirst=Lonely&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Faustria%2Ftirol%2Finnsbruck%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515064604/http://en.graubuenden.ch/hiking-switzerland/hiking-trails.html">"Hiking in Switzerland, degree of difficulty"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.graubuenden.ch/hiking-switzerland/hiking-trails.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hiking+in+Switzerland%2C+degree+of+difficulty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.graubuenden.ch%2Fhiking-switzerland%2Fhiking-trails.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/VNFE_15_0103-0114.pdf">"Biological report about Cave bear in the caves. (German)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biological+report+about+Cave+bear+in+the+caves.+%28German%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landesmuseum.at%2Fpdf_frei_remote%2FVNFE_15_0103-0114.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125002447/https://www.liechtenstein.li/land-und-leute/geografie/geologie-und-gebirge/">"Geologie, Gebirge, Berge, Gipfel, Alpen – Fürstentum Liechtenstein"</a>. <i>www.liechtenstein.li</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liechtenstein.li/land-und-leute/geografie/geologie-und-gebirge/">the original</a> on 25 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.liechtenstein.li&rft.atitle=Geologie%2C+Gebirge%2C+Berge%2C+Gipfel%2C+Alpen+%E2%80%93+F%C3%BCrstentum+Liechtenstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liechtenstein.li%2Fland-und-leute%2Fgeografie%2Fgeologie-und-gebirge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Der westliche Rätikon wird nur aus orographisch-systematischen Gründen zu den zentralen Ostalpen gerechnet, weil er südlich der Ill–Arlberg-Furche liegt.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://giftbot.toolforge.org/deref.fcgi?url=http%3A%2F%2Falpen-info.at%2Fhtml%2Fliechtenstein.html">"Stabsstelle für Kommunikation und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit: Fürstentum Liechtenstein → Geologie"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stabsstelle+f%C3%BCr+Kommunikation+und+%C3%96ffentlichkeitsarbeit%3A+F%C3%BCrstentum+Liechtenstein+%E2%86%92+Geologie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgiftbot.toolforge.org%2Fderef.fcgi%3Furl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Falpen-info.at%252Fhtml%252Fliechtenstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RockyAustria-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RockyAustria_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RockyAustria_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RockyAustria_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RockyAustria_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RockyAustria_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RockyAustria_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130100831/http://www.geologie.ac.at/RockyAustria/flysch.htm">"Die Flyschzone: Schlammlawinen in die Tiefsee"</a>. <i>RockyAustria</i> (in German). 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A Geographical Study.</i> Harrap, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-245-51993-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-245-51993-9">0-245-51993-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Early-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Early_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100419174957/http://www.swissworld.org/en/history/prehistory_to_romans/prehistoric_times/">History</a>. swissworld.org. Retrieved 27 June 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pre-Roman History</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D1581.php"><span title="Pre-Roman History in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F1581.php"><span title="Pre-Roman History in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I1581.php"><span title="Pre-Roman History in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schibler, J. 2006. The economy and environment of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC in the northern Alpine foreland based on studies of animal bones. Environmental Archaeology 11(1): 49–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/008249/2011-05-12/">"Franchi, Impero dei"</a>. <i>hls-dhs-dss.ch</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hls-dhs-dss.ch&rft.atitle=Franchi%2C+Impero+dei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Farticles%2F008249%2F2011-05-12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistik2021" class="citation web cs1">Statistik, Bundesamt für (January 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/de/15384655">"Hauptsprachen in der Schweiz – 2019 | Tabelle"</a>. <i>Bundesamt für Statistik</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik&rft.atitle=Hauptsprachen+in+der+Schweiz+%E2%80%93+2019+%26%23124%3B+Tabelle&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft.aulast=Statistik&rft.aufirst=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fasset%2Fde%2F15384655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, J.T. (February 2011). <i>Roman villas : A study in social structure</i>. London: Routledge. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415620116" title="Special:BookSources/9780415620116"><bdi>9780415620116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+villas+%3A+A+study+in+social+structure&rft.place=London&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011-02&rft.isbn=9780415620116&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=J.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baedeker-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baedeker_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaedeker1891" class="citation book cs1">Baedeker, Karl (1891). <i>The eastern Alps : including the Bavarian highlands, the Tyrol, Salzkammergut, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Istria : handbook for travellers</i>. London: Dulau. p. 265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+eastern+Alps+%3A+including+the+Bavarian+highlands%2C+the+Tyrol%2C+Salzkammergut%2C+Styria%2C+Carinthia%2C+Carniola%2C+and+Istria+%3A+handbook+for+travellers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Dulau&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Baedeker&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090824062514/http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8569-1-7.php">"Religious life in the Alps, Switzerland Historical Dictionary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8569-1-7.php">the original</a> on August 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+life+in+the+Alps%2C+Switzerland+Historical+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hls-dhs-dss.ch%2Ftextes%2Fi%2FI8569-1-7.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The spelling with "e" is used in Encyc. Brit. 9th. ed., (c. 1880), Everyman's Encyc. 1967, Everyman's Smaller Classical Dictionary, 1910. The current edition of Britannica spells with "e", as does Columbia and Edward Gibbon, Vol. 3, Chapter XXXVIII. The Latinized spelling with <i>a</i> is current in older literature (so in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Britannica</a>), but remains in use e.g. in Wood (2003), Drinkwater (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Alemanni were alternatively known as <i>Suebi</i> from about the fifth century, and that name became prevalent in the high medieval period, eponymous of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Duchy of Swabia</a>. The name is taken from that of the <i><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></i> mentioned by Julius Caesar, and although these older <i>Suebi</i> did likely contribute to the ethnogenesis of the Alemanni, there is no direct connection to the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> in Galicia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germanic-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Germanic_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwater2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Drinkwater" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick Drinkwater">Drinkwater, John Frederick</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-235#">"Alamanni"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hornblower" title="Simon Hornblower">Hornblower, Simon</a>; Spawforth, Antony; <a href="/wiki/Esther_Eidinow" title="Esther Eidinow">Eidinow, Esther</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i> (4 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191735257" title="Special:BookSources/9780191735257"><bdi>9780191735257</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Alamanni (Alemanni), a loose concentration of Germanic communities...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alamanni&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780191735257&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199545568.001.0001%2Facref-9780199545568-e-235%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchner2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._Bruce_Hitchner" title="R. Bruce Hitchner">Hitchner, R. Bruce</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-0156?">"Goths"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander P.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195187922" title="Special:BookSources/9780195187922"><bdi>9780195187922</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Alemanni... the Latin term for an amalgamation of a number of smaller Germanic tribes, including a segment of the Suevi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Goths&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195187922&rft.aulast=Hitchner&rft.aufirst=R.+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001%2Facref-9780195046526-e-0156%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarvill2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Darvill" title="Timothy Darvill">Darvill, Timothy</a>, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-76?">"Alamanni"</a>. <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology</i> (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727139" title="Special:BookSources/9780191727139"><bdi>9780191727139</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Alamanni. A confederation of several Germanic tribes who amalgamated in the third century AD</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alamanni&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780191727139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199534043.001.0001%2Facref-9780199534043-e-76%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistikportal.li/statistikportal/publications/111-volkszaehlung/2020/01/1/111.2020.01_01_vz-2020-erste-ergebnisse.pdf">"Volkszählung 2020 – Erste Ergebnisse"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Amt für Statistik Fürstentum Liechtenstein<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volksz%C3%A4hlung+2020+%E2%80%93+Erste+Ergebnisse&rft.pub=Amt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik+F%C3%BCrstentum+Liechtenstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikportal.li%2Fstatistikportal%2Fpublications%2F111-volkszaehlung%2F2020%2F01%2F1%2F111.2020.01_01_vz-2020-erste-ergebnisse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistikportal.li/statistikportal/publications/111-volkszaehlung/2020/01/1/111.2020.01_01_vz-2020-erste-ergebnisse.pdf">"Volkszählung 2020 – Erste Ergebnisse"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Amt für Statistik Fürstentum Liechtenstein<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volksz%C3%A4hlung+2020+%E2%80%93+Erste+Ergebnisse&rft.pub=Amt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik+F%C3%BCrstentum+Liechtenstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikportal.li%2Fstatistikportal%2Fpublications%2F111-volkszaehlung%2F2020%2F01%2F1%2F111.2020.01_01_vz-2020-erste-ergebnisse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luthar-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luthar_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oto Luthar, ed., "The Land Between: A History of Slovenia". Frankurt am Main [etc.]: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publishing_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Lang (publishing company)">Peter Lang</a>, cop. 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-57011-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-57011-1">978-3-631-57011-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paulus Diaconus</a>, "Historia Langobardorum".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasko_1996-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vasko_1996_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasko_1996_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasko_1996_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaskoŠtih1996" class="citation book cs1">Vasko, Simoniti; Štih, Peter (1996). <i>Slovenska zgodovina do razsvetljenstva</i>. 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Innsbruck: Alpina Printers and Publishers. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impressions+of+Tyrol&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Alpina+Printers+and+Publishers&rft.au=Chizzali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlieger2014" class="citation book cs1">Klieger, P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=states-world.com&rft.atitle=The+County+of+Vaduz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstates-world.com%2Fstate.php%2F775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liechtenstein.li/land-und-leute/geschichte/entstehung-liechtensteins/">"History of Liechtenstein"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Liechtenstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liechtenstein.li%2Fland-und-leute%2Fgeschichte%2Fentstehung-liechtensteins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collomb, Robin, <i>Bernina Alps</i>, Goring: West Col Productions, 1988, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moser-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moser_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moser_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoserBörretKüstner2005" class="citation book cs1">Moser, Beat; Börret, Ralph; Küstner, Thomas (2005). <i>Glacier Express: Von St. Moritz nach Zermatt</i>. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.463rd.org/1944missions.htm">"Missions 1944"</a>. <i>www.463rd.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.463rd.org&rft.atitle=Missions+1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.463rd.org%2F1944missions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.15thaf.org/49th_BW/484th_BG/Missions/Missions.htm">"Missions"</a>. <i>www.15thaf.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.15thaf.org&rft.atitle=Missions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.15thaf.org%2F49th_BW%2F484th_BG%2FMissions%2FMissions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elevatorworld.com/article/a10-tauern-tunnel-austria/">"A10 Tauern Tunnel, Austria"</a>. <i>Elevator World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elevator+World&rft.atitle=A10+Tauern+Tunnel%2C+Austria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felevatorworld.com%2Farticle%2Fa10-tauern-tunnel-austria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myswitzerland.com/en-gb/destinations/graubuenden/">"Graubünden"</a>. <i>Switzerland Tourism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Switzerland+Tourism&rft.atitle=Graub%C3%BCnden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myswitzerland.com%2Fen-gb%2Fdestinations%2Fgraubuenden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.at/blickgem/rg10/g70101.pdf">"Gemeinde auf einen Blick"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistik Austria<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/regionalportraets/graubuenden/blank/kennzahlen.html">the original</a> on 2009-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+Statistics+for+Graub%C3%BCnden&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Federal+Department+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Fde%2Findex%2Fregionen%2Fregionalportraets%2Fgraubuenden%2Fblank%2Fkennzahlen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Alps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63817#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63817#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/233696910">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075724-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Východní Alpy (pohoří)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128606&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&oldid=1255242777">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Alps&oldid=1255242777</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_the_Alps" title="Category:Mountain ranges of the Alps">Mountain ranges of the Alps</a></li><li><a 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