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style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.75em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-hi.svg" width="108" height="18" style="width: 6.75em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="इस विकि में खोजें [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>खोजें</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="विकिपीडिया में खोजें" aria-label="विकिपीडिया में खोजें" autocapitalize="sentences" title="इस विकि में खोजें [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="विशेष:खोज"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">खोजें</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="व्यक्तिगत उपकरण"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="दिखावट"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="पृष्ठ के फ़ॉन्ट का आकार, चौड़ाई और रंग बदलें" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="दिखावट" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">दिखावट</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_hi.wikipedia.org&uselang=hi" class=""><span>दान करें</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81&returnto=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="हमारा सुझाव है की आप खाता बनाएँ और लॉगिन करें, परन्तु यह अनिवार्य नहीं है" class=""><span>खाता बनाएँ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8&returnto=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="आपको सत्रारम्भ करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया जाता है; लेकिन यह अनिवार्य नहीं है [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>लॉग-इन करें</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="अन्य विकल्प" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="व्यक्तिगत उपकरण" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">व्यक्तिगत उपकरण</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_hi.wikipedia.org&uselang=hi"><span>दान करें</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81&returnto=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="हमारा सुझाव है की आप खाता बनाएँ और लॉगिन करें, परन्तु यह अनिवार्य नहीं है"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>खाता बनाएँ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8&returnto=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="आपको सत्रारम्भ करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया जाता है; लेकिन यह अनिवार्य नहीं है [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>लॉग-इन करें</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> लॉग-आउट किए गए संपादकों के लिए पृष्ठ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF" aria-label="संपादन के बारे में अधिक जानें"><span>अधिक जानें</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इस आईपी पते से संपादन की सूची [y]" accesskey="y"><span>योगदान</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="इस आईपी एड्रेससे हुए बदलावों के बारे में वार्ता [n]" accesskey="n"><span>वार्ता</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="साइट"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="सामग्री" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">सामग्री</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">साइडबार पर जाएँ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">छुपाएँ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">शुरुआत</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-परिभाषाएँ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#परिभाषाएँ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>परिभाषाएँ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-परिभाषाएँ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-जीवन_का_विलोम_शब्द" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#जीवन_का_विलोम_शब्द"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>जीवन का विलोम शब्द</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-जीवन_का_विलोम_शब्द-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-श्रेणीकरण" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#श्रेणीकरण"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>श्रेणीकरण</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-श्रेणीकरण-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-सन्दर्भ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#सन्दर्भ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>सन्दर्भ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-सन्दर्भ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-बाहरी_कड़ियाँ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#बाहरी_कड़ियाँ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>बाहरी कड़ियाँ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-बाहरी_कड़ियाँ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="सामग्री" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="विषयसूची को टॉगल करें" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">विषयसूची को टॉगल करें</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">जीवन</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="दूसरे भाषा में लेख पर जाएँ। 167 भाषाओं में उपलब्ध" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-167" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">167 भाषाएँ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewe" title="Lewe – अफ़्रीकी" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lewe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="अफ़्रीकी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leben" title="Leben – स्विस जर्मन" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Leben" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="स्विस जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%88%E1%89%B5" title="ህይወት – अम्हेरी" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ህይወት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="अम्हेरी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – अरागोनी" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="अरागोनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABf" title="Līf – पुरानी अंग्रेज़ी" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Līf" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="पुरानी अंग्रेज़ी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="حياة – अरबी" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حياة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="अरबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="حياة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حياة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%A8" title="জীৱন – असमिया" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জীৱন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="असमिया" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – अस्तुरियन" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="अस्तुरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaka%C3%B1a" title="Jakaña – आयमारा" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jakaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="आयमारा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99yat" title="Həyat – अज़रबैजानी" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="अज़रबैजानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="یاشاییش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یاشاییش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Тормош – बशख़िर" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тормош" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="बशख़िर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ABv%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Gīvībė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gīvībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhay" title="Buhay – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Buhay" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%86%D1%91" title="Жыццё – बेलारूसी" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жыццё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="बेलारूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%91" title="Жыцьцё – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жыцьцё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот – बुल्गारियाई" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Живот" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="बुल्गारियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="जिनगी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जिनगी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="জীবন – बंगाली" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীবন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="बंगाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="འཚོ་བ། – तिब्बती" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཚོ་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="तिब्बती" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhez" title="Buhez – ब्रेटन" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Buhez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ब्रेटन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – बोस्नियाई" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="बोस्नियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngolu" title="Ngolu – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ngolu" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амидарал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Амидарал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – कातालान" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="कातालान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-m%C3%AAng" title="Sĕng-mêng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-mêng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дахар – चेचन" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дахар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="चेचन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabuhi" title="Kinabuhi – सिबुआनो" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kinabuhi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="सिबुआनो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ژین – सोरानी कुर्दिश" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="सोरानी कुर्दिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – चेक" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="चेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywyd" title="Bywyd – वेल्श" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bywyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="वेल्श" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv" title="Liv – डेनिश" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Liv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="डेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C9%9Bvili" title="Nyɛvili – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nyɛvili" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leben" title="Leben – जर्मन" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE" title="Ζωή – यूनानी" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζωή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="यूनानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="अच्छा लेख"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life – अंग्रेज़ी" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="अंग्रेज़ी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivo" title="Vivo – एस्पेरेंतो" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="एस्पेरेंतो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – स्पेनिश" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="स्पेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elu" title="Elu – एस्टोनियाई" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="एस्टोनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizi" title="Bizi – बास्क" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="बास्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADa" title="Vía – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vía" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زندگی – फ़ारसी" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زندگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="फ़ारसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4m%C3%A4" title="Elämä – फ़िनिश" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elämä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="फ़िनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bula_(kilanibula)" title="Bula (kilanibula) – फिजियन" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bula (kilanibula)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="फिजियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vie" title="Vie – फ़्रेंच" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="फ़्रेंच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leewent" title="Leewent – उत्तरी फ़्रीसियाई" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leewent" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="उत्तरी फ़्रीसियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libben" title="Libben – पश्चिमी फ़्रिसियाई" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Libben" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="पश्चिमी फ़्रिसियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatha" title="Beatha – आयरिश" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beatha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="आयरिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavi" title="Lavi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lavi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatha" title="Beatha – स्कॉटिश गाएलिक" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beatha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="स्कॉटिश गाएलिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – गैलिशियन" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="गैलिशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekove" title="Tekove – गुआरानी" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekove" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="गुआरानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-miang" title="Sâng-miang – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-miang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חיים – हिब्रू" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="हिब्रू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zindagi" title="Zindagi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Zindagi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – क्रोएशियाई" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavi" title="Lavi – हैतियाई" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lavi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="हैतियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89let" title="Élet – हंगेरियाई" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="हंगेरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Կյանք – आर्मेनियाई" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կյանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="आर्मेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – इंटरलिंगुआ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="इंटरलिंगुआ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengidup" title="Pengidup – इबान" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pengidup" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="इबान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan – इंडोनेशियाई" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kehidupan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="इंडोनेशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vive" title="Vive – ईन्टरलिंगुइ" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vive" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="ईन्टरलिंगुइ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biag" title="Biag – इलोको" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Biag" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="इलोको" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вахар – इंगुश" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Вахар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="इंगुश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADf" title="Líf – आइसलैंडिक" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="आइसलैंडिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – इतालवी" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="इतालवी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="अच्छा लेख"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 – जापानी" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="जापानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laif" title="Laif – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Laif" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lo_kamji%27e" title="lo kamji'e – लोज्बान" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lo kamji'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="लोज्बान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urip" title="Urip – जावानीज़" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Urip" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="जावानीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="სიცოცხლე – जॉर्जियाई" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიცოცხლე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="जॉर्जियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%89%D3%80%D1%8D" title="ГъащӀэ – कबार्डियन" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ГъащӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="कबार्डियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Тіршілік – कज़ाख़" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тіршілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="कज़ाख़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ಜೀವನ – कन्नड़" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="कन्नड़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85" title="생명 – कोरियाई" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="कोरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Джашау – कराचय-बल्कार" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джашау" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="कराचय-बल्कार" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زِنٛدگی – कश्मीरी" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زِنٛدگی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="कश्मीरी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiyan" title="Jiyan – कुर्दिश" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jiyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="कुर्दिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewnans" title="Bewnans – कोर्निश" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bewnans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="कोर्निश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тиричилик – किर्गीज़" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тиричилик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="किर्गीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – लैटिन" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="लैटिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vive" title="Vive – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vive" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leve" title="Leve – लिंबर्गिश" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Leve" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="लिंबर्गिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitta" title="Vitta – लिगुरियन" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vitta" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="लिगुरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – लॉमबर्ड" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="लॉमबर्ड" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom%C9%94i" title="Bomɔi – लिंगाला" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bomɔi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="लिंगाला" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ຊີວິດ – लाओ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊີວິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="लाओ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyvyb%C4%97" title="Gyvybė – लिथुआनियाई" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="लिथुआनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%ABv%C4%ABba" title="Dzīvība – लातवियाई" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzīvība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="लातवियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiainana" title="Fiainana – मालागासी" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiainana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="मालागासी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiduik" title="Hiduik – मिनांग्काबाउ" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hiduik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="मिनांग्काबाउ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот – मकदूनियाई" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Живот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="मकदूनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB" title="ജീവൻ – मलयालम" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="मलयालम" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амьдрал – मंगोलियाई" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амьдрал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="मंगोलियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन – मराठी" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="मराठी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidupan" title="Hidupan – मलय" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidupan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="मलय" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida" title="Bida – मिरांडी" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bida" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="मिरांडी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD" title="သက်ရှိ – बर्मीज़" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သက်ရှိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="बर्मीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leven" title="Leven – निचला जर्मन" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Leven" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="निचला जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन – नेपाली" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="नेपाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AC%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE)" title="उयिर् (सन् २००६या संकिपा) – नेवाड़ी" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उयिर् (सन् २००६या संकिपा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="नेवाड़ी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leven" title="Leven – डच" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="डच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livet" title="Livet – नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Livet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv" title="Liv – नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – ओसीटान" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ओसीटान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੀਵਨ – पंजाबी" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੀਵਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="पंजाबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida" title="Bida – पापियामेन्टो" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bida" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="पापियामेन्टो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laaef" title="Laaef – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Laaef" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBycie" title="Życie – पोलिश" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Życie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="पोलिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="جیون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ژوند – पश्तो" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژوند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="पश्तो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida – पुर्तगाली" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="पुर्तगाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay" title="Kawsay – क्वेचुआ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="क्वेचुआ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Viață – रोमानियाई" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viață" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="रोमानियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Жизнь – रूसी" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жизнь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="रूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Жывот – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Жывот" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuzima" title="Ubuzima – किन्यारवांडा" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuzima" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="किन्यारवांडा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Олох – याकूत" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Олох" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="याकूत" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ – संथाली" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="संथाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – सिसिलियन" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="सिसिलियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life – स्कॉट्स" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="स्कॉट्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%8A" title="زندگي – सिंधी" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زندگي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="सिंधी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="ජීවය – सिंहली" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජීවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="सिंहली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život – स्लोवाक" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवाक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زندگی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="زندگی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivljenje" title="Življenje – स्लोवेनियाई" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Življenje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupenyu" title="Hupenyu – शोणा" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hupenyu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="शोणा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolosha" title="Nolosha – सोमाली" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nolosha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="सोमाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeta" title="Jeta – अल्बानियाई" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jeta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="अल्बानियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот – सर्बियाई" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Живот" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="सर्बियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirup" title="Hirup – सुंडानी" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hirup" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="सुंडानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv" title="Liv – स्वीडिश" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="स्वीडिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhai" title="Uhai – स्वाहिली" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="स्वाहिली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBycie" title="Życie – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Życie" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/uzip" title="uzip – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="uzip" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிர் – तमिल" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="तमिल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="జీవం – तेलुगू" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="तेलुगू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%A3" title="Зиндагӣ – ताजिक" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зиндагӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ताजिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="ชีวิต – थाई" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีวิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="थाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Da%C5%9Fa%C3%BDy%C5%9F" title="Ýaşaýyş – तुर्कमेन" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýaşaýyş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="तुर्कमेन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhay" title="Buhay – टैगलॉग" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Buhay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="टैगलॉग" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27ui" title="Mo'ui – टोंगन" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Mo'ui" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="टोंगन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Fam" title="Yaşam – तुर्की" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaşam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="तुर्की" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vutomi" title="Vutomi – सोंगा" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vutomi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="सोंगा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Тереклек – तातार" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тереклек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="तातार" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Життя – यूक्रेनियाई" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Життя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="यूक्रेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیات – उर्दू" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="उर्दू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayot" title="Hayot – उज़्बेक" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hayot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="उज़्बेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo" title="Elo – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Sự sống – वियतनामी" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sự sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="वियतनामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lif" title="Lif – वोलापुक" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lif" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="वोलापुक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veye_(biyolodjeye)" title="Veye (biyolodjeye) – वाल्लून" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Veye (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="वाल्लून" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabuhi" title="Kinabuhi – वारै" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kinabuhi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="वारै" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 – वू चीनी" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="वू चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life – ख़ोसा" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="ख़ोसा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="თელარა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თელარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%9F" title="לעבן – यहूदी" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לעבן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="यहूदी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengmingh" title="Sengmingh – ज़ुआंग" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sengmingh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="ज़ुआंग" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 – चीनी" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8%E2%81%BF-mi%C4%81" title="Sèⁿ-miā – मिन नान" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèⁿ-miā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="मिन नान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 – कैंटोनीज़" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="कैंटोनीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impilo" title="Impilo – ज़ुलू" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Impilo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="ज़ुलू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="अंतरभाषा कड़ियाँ संपादित करें" class="wbc-editpage">कड़ियाँ संपादित करें</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="नामस्थान"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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filter:alpha(opacity=30); width:1px; left:6px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.4; filter:alpha(opacity=40); width:1px; left:7px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.45; filter:alpha(opacity=45); width:1px; left:8px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.5; filter:alpha(opacity=50); width:1px; left:9px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.55; filter:alpha(opacity=55); width:1px; left:10px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.6; filter:alpha(opacity=60); width:1px; left:11px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.65; filter:alpha(opacity=65); width:1px; left:12px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.7; filter:alpha(opacity=70); width:1px; left:13px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.75; filter:alpha(opacity=75); width:1px; left:14px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.8; filter:alpha(opacity=80); width:1px; left:15px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.85; filter:alpha(opacity=85); width:1px; left:16px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.9; filter:alpha(opacity=90); width:1px; left:17px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); opacity:0.95; filter:alpha(opacity=95); width:1px; left:18px"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,220,135); left:19px; width:14.230769230769px;"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(147,171,110); left:33.230769230769px; width:16.523076923077px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambrian (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">Є</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,149,126); left:49.753846153846px; width:13.723076923077px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordovician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordovician (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">O</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:63.476923076923px; width:8.5230769230769px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silurian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silurian (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">S</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(211,160,80); left:72px; width:17.476923076923px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devonian (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">D</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,175,176); left:89.476923076923px; width:18.523076923077px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboniferous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboniferous (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">C</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,60); left:108px; width:14.769230769231px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permian (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">P</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(146,76,148); left:122.76923076923px; width:15.815384615385px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triassic (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">T</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,176,222); left:138.58461538462px; width:16.646153846154px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurassic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jurassic (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">J</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:155.23076923077px; width:24.615384615385px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretaceous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cretaceous (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">K</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:179.84615384615px; width:13.067692307692px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleogene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleogene (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)"><small>Pg</small></a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:192.91384615385px; width:7.0861538461538px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neogene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neogene (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)"><small>N</small></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:199px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:200px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div id="Range-border" style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:-960px; width:1160px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42; filter:alpha(opacity=42);"></div> <div id="Range-border" style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:-960px; width:1160px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.{{{3}}}; filter:alpha(opacity={{{3}}});"></div> <div id="Range-Marker" style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:-959px; width:1158px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Diversidad_procariota.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Diversidad_procariota.PNG/220px-Diversidad_procariota.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Diversidad_procariota.PNG/330px-Diversidad_procariota.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Diversidad_procariota.PNG/440px-Diversidad_procariota.PNG 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="931" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="प्राक्केन्द्रकी जीव">प्राक्केन्द्रकी जीवों</a> की वैविध्य: <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="प्राच्य">प्राच्य</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="नील हरित शैवाल">नील हरित शैवाल</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8" title="बैसिलस">बैसिलस</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="कैम्पीलोबैक्टीरेलीस">कैम्पीलोबैक्टीरेलीस</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="एंटेरोबैक्टीरियेसी">एंटेरोबैक्टीरियेसी</a>, डिप्लोकोकस और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F" title="स्पाइरोकीट">स्पाइरोकीट</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Eukaryota_diversity_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Eukaryota_diversity_1.JPG/220px-Eukaryota_diversity_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Eukaryota_diversity_1.JPG/330px-Eukaryota_diversity_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Eukaryota_diversity_1.JPG/440px-Eukaryota_diversity_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5271" data-file-height="7021" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="सुकेन्द्रक">सुकेन्द्रक</a> की वैविध्य: धूसर <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="वृक">वृक</a>, जायंट सिकोइया, एंटोडिनियम, अमनिटा कैसरिया, पेरोइस एंटेनाटा, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="शैवाल">शैवाल</a>, क्रा सोटॉक्सम वेराल्ली, क्सैथोपार्मेलिया लिचेन, डिक्टियोस्टेलियम, पिलर कोरल </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: transparent"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" class="mw-redirect" title="वर्गिकी (जीवविज्ञान)">वैज्ञानिक वर्गीकरण</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Taxonomy/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="e"><img alt="e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>जीवन</b> एक ऐसा गुण है जो उस <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदार्थ">पदार्थ</a> को भिन्न करता है जिसमें <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जैविक प्रक्रिया">जैविक प्रक्रियाएँ</a> होती हैं, जैसे <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="सेल सिग्नलिंग">कोशीय संचार</a> और <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="आत्मनैर्भर्य (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">आत्मनिर्भर</a> प्रक्रियाएँ, उस पदार्थ से जो नहीं करता है, और <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="कोशिका विकास (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">विकास</a> की क्षमता, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="उद्दीपक (शरीरविज्ञान)">उद्दीपकों</a> की प्रतिक्रिया, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF" title="चयापचय">चयापचय</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ऊर्जा रूपान्तरण">ऊर्जा रूपान्तरण</a> और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="जनन">जनन</a> द्वारा परिभाषित किया जाता है।<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> जीवन के विभिन्न रूप उपस्थित हैं, जैसे <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA" title="पादप">पादप</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी">प्राणी</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="कवक">कवक</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="प्रजीव">प्रजीव</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="प्राच्य">प्राच्य</a> और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु">जीवाणु</a>। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीव विज्ञान">जीव विज्ञान</a> वह विज्ञान है जो जीवन का अध्ययन करता है। </p><p>जीन <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="आनुवंशिकता">आनुवंशिकता</a> की एकक है, जबकि <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="कोशिका">कोशिका</a> जीवन की संरचनात्मक और कार्यात्मक एकक है।<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> दो प्रकार की कोशिकाएँ होती हैं, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="प्राक्केन्द्रकी जीव">प्राक्केन्द्रकी</a> और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="सुकेन्द्रक">सुकेन्द्रकी</a>, दोनों में एक झिल्ली के भीतर संलग्न <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="कोशिकाद्रव्य">कोशिकाद्रव्य</a> होता है और इसमें <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटीन">प्रोटीन</a> और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="नाभिकीय अम्ल">केन्द्रकीयाम्ल</a> जैसे कई <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जैवाणु">जैवाणु</a> होते हैं। कोशिकाएँ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="कोशिका विभाजन">कोशिका विभाजन</a> की प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से जनन करती हैं, जिसमें मूल कोशिका दो या दो से अधिक सन्तति कोशिकाओं में विभाजित हो जाती है और अपने <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="जीन">वंशाणु</a> को एक नूतन पीढ़ी में स्थानान्तरित कर देती है, कभी-कभी <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="आनुवंशिक भिन्नता (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">आनुवंशिक भिन्नता</a> उत्पन्न करती है। </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="जीवों">जीवों</a>, या जीवन की विभिन्न संस्थाओं को प्रायः खुले तन्त्र के रूप में माना जाता है जो <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="समस्थापन">समस्थापन</a> को बनाए रखते हैं, कोशिकाओं से बने होते हैं, एक <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="जीवन चक्र">जीवन चक्र</a> होता है, चयापचय से गुजरता है, बढ़ सकता है, अपने पर्यावरण के अनुकूल हो सकता है, उद्दीपकों का प्रतिक्रिया दे सकता है, जनन कर सकता है और कई पीढ़ियों से <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="क्रम विकसित">क्रम विकसित</a> हो सकता है। अन्य परिभाषाओं में कभी-कभी विषाणु और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="वायरोइड">वाइरॉइड</a> जैसे अकोशिकीय जीवन रूपों को अन्तर्गत किया जाता है, परन्तु उन्हें सामान्यतः बाहर रखा जाता है क्योंकि वे स्वयं कार्य नहीं करते हैं; बल्कि, वे आतिथ्य की जैविक प्रक्रियाओं का शोषण करते हैं।<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="अजीवात् जीवोत्पत्ति">निर्जीवाज्जीवोत्पत्ति</a>, जिसे जीवन की उत्पत्ति के रूप में भी जाना जाता है, निर्जीव पदार्थों से उत्पन्न होने वाली जीवन की प्राकृतिक प्रक्रिया है, जैसे सरल <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="कार्बनिक यौगिक">कार्बनिक यौगिक</a>। इसकी प्रारंभ के बाद से, पृथ्वी पर जीवन ने अपने <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="पर्यावरण">पर्यावरण</a> को <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूवैज्ञानिक समय-मान">भूवैज्ञानिक समय-मान</a> पर बदल दिया है, परन्तु इसने अधिकांश <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पारितंत्र">पारितन्त्रों</a> और स्थितियों में जीवित रहने हेतु भी अनुकूलित किया है। आनुवंशिक भिन्नता और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="प्राकृतिक चयन">प्राकृतिक चयन</a> के माध्यम से <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्गानुवंशिक वृक्ष">सार्वजनिक पूर्वजों</a> से नए जीवनरूप विकसित हुए हैं, और आज, विशिष्ट प्रजातियों की संख्या का अनुमान कहीं भी 30 लाख से लेकर 10 कोट्यधिक है।<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="मृत्यु">मृत्यु</a> सभी जैविक प्रक्रियाओं की स्थायी समाप्ति है जो एक जीव को बनाए रखती है, और इस तरह, यह उसके जीवन का अन्त है। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="विलुप्ति">विलुप्ति</a> शब्द एक समूह या <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="टैक्सोन">श्रेणी</a>, प्रायः एक <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="जाति">जाति</a> के मरने का वर्णन करता है। एक बार विलुप्त हो जाने के पश्चात्, विलुप्त जाति जीवन में पुनः नहीं आ सकते हैं। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जीवाश्म">जीवाश्म</a> जीवों के संरक्षित अवशेष होते हैं। </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="परिभाषाएँ"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B7.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.8F.E0.A4.81"></span>परिभाषाएँ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8&action=edit&section=1" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: परिभाषाएँ"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जीवन की परिभाषा लंबे समय से वैज्ञानिकों और दार्शनिकों के लिए एक चुनौती रही है।<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> यह आंशिक रूप से इसलिए है क्योंकि जीवन एक प्रक्रिया है, पदार्थ नहीं। यह जीवों की विशेषताओं के ज्ञान की कमी से जटिल है, यदि कोई हो, जो पृथ्वी के बाहर विकसित हो सकते हैं। जीवन की दार्शनिक परिभाषाओं को भी आगे रखा गया है, इसी तरह की कठिनाइयों के साथ कि कैसे जीवित चीजों को निर्जीव से अलग किया जाए। जीवन की कानूनी परिभाषाओं का भी वर्णन और बहस की गई है, हालांकि ये आम तौर पर एक मानव को मृत घोषित करने के निर्णय और इस निर्णय के कानूनी प्रभाव पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हैं। जीवन की 123 परिभाषाओं का संकलन किया गया है। ऐसा लगता है कि नासा द्वारा एक परिभाषा का समर्थन किया गया है: "एक आत्मनिर्भर रासायनिक प्रणाली जो डार्विन के विकास में सक्षम है"। अधिक सरलता से, जीवन है, "ऐसा पदार्थ जो स्वयं को पुन: उत्पन्न कर सकता है और जीवित रहने के आदेश के अनुसार विकसित हो सकता है"। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="जीवन_का_विलोम_शब्द"><span id=".E0.A4.9C.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B2.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.AE_.E0.A4.B6.E0.A4.AC.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A6"></span>जीवन का विलोम शब्द</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8&action=edit&section=2" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: जीवन का विलोम शब्द"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>जीवन का विलोम शब्द <b>मरण</b> होता है। </p><p>“<b>जीवन</b> का अर्थ” का अनुभव और समझना हर व्यक्ति के लिए अलग हो सकता है। </p><p><b>मरण</b> का अर्थ होता है मृत्यु या जीवन का अंत। </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gyangatha.com/jivan-ka-vilom/">और पढ़ें</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="श्रेणीकरण"><span id=".E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A3.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3"></span>श्रेणीकरण</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8&action=edit&section=3" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: श्रेणीकरण"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">मुख्य लेख: <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="जीववैज्ञानिक वर्गीकरण">जीववैज्ञानिक वर्गीकरण</a></div><div class="tright" style="border-color: #F8FCFF;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:250px;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg" title="वैज्ञानिक वर्गीकरण प्रणाली के विभिन्न स्तर।"><img alt="वैज्ञानिक वर्गीकरण प्रणाली के विभिन्न स्तर।" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Biological_classification_devnagri.png/250px-Biological_classification_devnagri.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="505" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Biological_classification_devnagri.png 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="586" usemap="#ImageMap_bc3bf97d0c57e45b" /></a><map name="ImageMap_bc3bf97d0c57e45b"><area href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" shape="rect" coords="86,13,194,49" alt="जीवन" title="जीवन" /><area href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" shape="rect" coords="86,67,194,103" alt="अधिजगत्" title="अधिजगत्" /><area href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" shape="rect" coords="86,122,194,159" alt="जगत्" title="जगत्" /><area href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" shape="rect" coords="86,177,194,213" alt="संघ" title="संघ" /><area href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" shape="rect" coords="86,231,194,267" alt="वर्ग" title="वर्ग" /><area href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" shape="rect" coords="86,286,194,322" alt="गण" title="गण" /><area href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" shape="rect" coords="86,340,194,377" alt="कुल" title="कुल" /><area href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" shape="rect" coords="86,396,194,432" alt="वंश" title="वंश" /><area href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" shape="rect" coords="86,450,194,486" alt="जाति" title="जाति" /></map><figcaption>वैज्ञानिक वर्गीकरण प्रणाली के विभिन्न स्तर।</figcaption></figure> <hr /> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Biological_classification_devnagri.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Magnify-clip.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="11" /></a></span></div> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="जीववैज्ञानिक वर्गीकरण">जीववैज्ञानिक वर्गीकरण</a> की आठ मुख्य श्रेणियाँ। <a class="mw-selflink selflink">जीवन</a>, अधिजगतों में विभाजित है जिनका उपविभाजन आगे अन्य समूहों में हुआ है।मध्यवर्ती लघु श्रेणियां नहीं दिखाई गयी हैं.</div></div></div> <table style="margin-left:0.5em; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="लिनियस">लिनेयस</a><br />1735<sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus1735_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus1735-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="एर्न्स्ट हेक्केल">हैकल</a><br />1866<sup id="cite_ref-Haeckel_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeckel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="एद्वार शातों (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">शातों</a><br />1925<sup id="cite_ref-Chatton1925_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatton1925-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="हर्बर्ट कोपलैण्ड (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">कोपलैण्ड</a><br />1938<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland1938_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland1938-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="रॉबर्ट विट्टकर (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">विट्टकर</a><br />1969<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker1969_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker1969-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="कार्ल वोज़ (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">वोज़</a> et al.<br />1990<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="थॉमस कैवलियर-स्मिथ (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">कैवलियर-स्मिथ</a><br />1998<sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding:4px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="थॉमस कैवलियर-स्मिथ (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">कैवलियर-स्मिथ</a><br />2015<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;">2 जगत् </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; border-left:solid black 1px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;">3 जगत् </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; border-left:solid black 1px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-अधिजगत् पद्धति (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">2-अधिजगत्</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; border-left:solid black 1px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=4_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4 जगत् पद्धति (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">4 जगत्</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; border-left:solid black 1px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5 जगत् पद्धति (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">5 जगत्</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; border-left:solid black 1px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-अधिजगत् पद्धति (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">3-अधिजगत्</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; border-left:solid black 1px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;">2-अधिजगत्, [[6-जगत् <p>पद्धति|6 जगत्]] </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; border-bottom:double black 3px; border-left:solid black 1px; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px;">2 अधिजगत्, [[7-जगत् <p>पद्धति|7 जगत्]] </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="padding-left:4px;"><i>(व्यवहृत नहीं)</i> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="प्रजीव">प्रजीव</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left:4px; padding-right:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="प्राक्केन्द्रक">प्राक्केन्द्रक</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="मोनेरा">मोनेरा</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="मोनेरा">मोनेरा</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु">जीवाणु</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु">जीवाणु</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgrey; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु">जीवाणु</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:darkgray; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="प्राच्य">प्राच्य</a> </td> <td style="background-color:darkgray; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="प्राच्य">प्राच्य</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e0d0b0; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="सुकेन्द्रक">सुकेन्द्रक</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="प्रजीव">प्रजीव</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="प्रजीव">प्रजीव</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#e0d0b0; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="सुकेन्द्रक">सुकेन्द्रक</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="आदिजन्तु">आदिजन्तु</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:khaki; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="आदिजन्तु">आदिजन्तु</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:burlywood; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ख्रोमिस्ता (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">ख्रोमिस्ता</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:burlywood; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ख्रोमिस्ता (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">ख्रोमिस्ता</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left:4px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA" title="पादप">पादप</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA" title="पादप">पादप</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA" title="पादप">पादप</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA" title="पादप">पादप</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA" title="पादप">पादप</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightgreen; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA" title="पादप">पादप</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="कवक">कवक</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="कवक">कवक</a> </td> <td style="background-color:lightblue; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="कवक">कवक</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left:4px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी">प्राणी</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी">प्राणी</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी">प्राणी</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी">प्राणी</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी">प्राणी</a> </td> <td style="background-color:pink; padding-left:4px; border-left:dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="प्राणी">प्राणी</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">मुख्य लेख: <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="जगत (जीवविज्ञान)">जगत (जीवविज्ञान)</a></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/life">"Life | Definition, Origin, Evolution, Diversity, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i> (अंग्रेज़ी में)<span class="reference-accessdate">. अभिगमन तिथि <span class="nowrap">2023-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Life+%7C+Definition%2C+Origin%2C+Evolution%2C+Diversity%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Flife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5547232">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/American_Public_University/APUS%3A_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_(Byerley)/APUS%3A_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_1st_Edition/02%3A_Gastrointestinal_Tract/2.02%3A_The_Basic_Structural_and_Functional_Unit_of_Life-_The_Cell">"2.2: The Basic Structural and Functional Unit of Life- The Cell"</a>. <i>Medicine LibreTexts</i> (अंग्रेज़ी में). 2017-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. अभिगमन तिथि <span class="nowrap">2023-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medicine+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=2.2%3A+The+Basic+Structural+and+Functional+Unit+of+Life-+The+Cell&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmed.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FAmerican_Public_University%2FAPUS%253A_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_%28Byerley%29%2FAPUS%253A_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_1st_Edition%2F02%253A_Gastrointestinal_Tract%2F2.02%253A_The_Basic_Structural_and_Functional_Unit_of_Life-_The_Cell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Virus">"Virus"</a>. <i>Genome.gov</i> (अंग्रेज़ी में)<span class="reference-accessdate">. अभिगमन तिथि <span class="nowrap">2023-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genome.gov&rft.atitle=Virus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.gov%2Fgenetics-glossary%2FVirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwf.org/Home/Magazines/National-Wildlife/1999/How-Many-Species-Exist">"How Many Species Exist?"</a>. <i>National Wildlife Federation</i> (अंग्रेज़ी में)<span class="reference-accessdate">. अभिगमन तिथि <span class="nowrap">2023-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Wildlife+Federation&rft.atitle=How+Many+Species+Exist%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwf.org%2FHome%2FMagazines%2FNational-Wildlife%2F1999%2FHow-Many-Species-Exist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tsokolov, Serhiy A. (2009-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AsBio...9..401T">"Why Is the Definition of Life So Elusive? Epistemological Considerations"</a>. <i>Astrobiology</i>. <b>9</b>: 401–412. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय मानक क्रम संख्या">आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1531-1074">1531-1074</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डीओआइ</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2007.0201">10.1089/ast.2007.0201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.atitle=Why+Is+the+Definition+of+Life+So+Elusive%3F+Epistemological+Considerations&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=401-412&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fast.2007.0201&rft.issn=1531-1074&rft.aulast=Tsokolov&rft.aufirst=Serhiy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2009AsBio...9..401T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linnaeus1735-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Linnaeus1735_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Linnaeus, C. (1735). <i>Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systemae+Naturae%2C+sive+regna+tria+naturae%2C+systematics+proposita+per+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera+%26+species&rft.date=1735&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haeckel-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Haeckel_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Haeckel, E. (1866). <i>Generelle Morphologie der Organismen</i>. Reimer, Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generelle+Morphologie+der+Organismen&rft.pub=Reimer%2C+Berlin&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatton1925-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chatton1925_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chatton, É. (1925). "<i>Pansporella perplexa</i>. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires". <i>Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale</i>. 10-VII: 1–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+des+Sciences+Naturelles+-+Zoologie+et+Biologie+Animale&rft.atitle=Pansporella+perplexa.+R%C3%A9flexions+sur+la+biologie+et+la+phylog%C3%A9nie+des+protozoaires&rft.volume=10-VII&rft.pages=1-84&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Chatton&rft.aufirst=%C3%89.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copeland1938-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Copeland1938_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Copeland, H. (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". <i>Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 383–420. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="सेमैन्टिक स्कॉलर">S2CID</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="मुफ़्त में पहुँच सुनिश्चित"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84634277">84634277</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डीओआइ</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F394568">10.1086/394568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=The+kingdoms+of+organisms&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=383-420&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F394568&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84634277&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittaker1969-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker1969_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Whittaker, R. H. (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". <i>Science</i>. <b>163</b> (3863): 150–60. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="पबमेड अभिज्ञापक">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5762760">5762760</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डीओआइ</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.163.3863.150">10.1126/science.163.3863.150</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="बिबकोड">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Sci...163..150W">1969Sci...163..150W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=New+concepts+of+kingdoms+of+organisms&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=3863&rft.pages=150-60&rft.date=1969-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5762760&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.163.3863.150&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Sci...163..150W&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese1990-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Woese1990_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Woese, C.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">"Towards a natural system of organisms:proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>87</b> (12): 4576–9. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="पबमेड अभिज्ञापक">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2112744">2112744</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डीओआइ</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="मुफ़्त में पहुँच सुनिश्चित"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576">10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="पबमेड सेंट्रल">पी॰एम॰सी॰</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="मुफ़्त में पहुँच सुनिश्चित"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">54159</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="बिबकोड">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.4576W">1990PNAS...87.4576W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+system+of+organisms%3Aproposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya.&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4576-9&rft.date=1990&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2112744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PNAS...87.4576W&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Kandler%2C+O.&rft.au=Wheelis%2C+M.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CavalierSmith2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CavalierSmith2004_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=685">"A revised six-kingdom system of life"</a>. <i>Biological Reviews</i>. <b>73</b> (3): 203–66. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="पबमेड अभिज्ञापक">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9809012">9809012</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="सेमैन्टिक स्कॉलर">S2CID</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="मुफ़्त में पहुँच सुनिश्चित"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6557779">6557779</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डीओआइ</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x">10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+revised+six-kingdom+system+of+life&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203-66&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6557779&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9809012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965">"A higher level classification of all living organisms"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (4): e0119248. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="पबमेड अभिज्ञापक">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25923521">25923521</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95" title="डिजिटल वस्तु अभिज्ञापक">डीओआइ</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="मुफ़्त में पहुँच सुनिश्चित"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248">10.1371/journal.pone.0119248</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="पबमेड सेंट्रल">पी॰एम॰सी॰</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="मुफ़्त में पहुँच सुनिश्चित"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965">4418965</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="बिबकोड">बिबकोड</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1019248R">2015PLoSO..1019248R</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+higher+level+classification+of+all+living+organisms&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0119248&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4418965&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25923521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1019248R&rft.aulast=Ruggiero&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Dennis+P.&rft.au=Orrell%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Bailly%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Bourgoin%2C+Thierry&rft.au=Brusca%2C+Richard+C.&rft.au=Cavalier-Smith%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Guiry%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=Thuesen%2C+Erik+V.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4418965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5547232"></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="सन्दर्भ"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AD"></span>सन्दर्भ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8&action=edit&section=4" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: सन्दर्भ"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="बाहरी_कड़ियाँ"><span id=".E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.A1.E0.A4.BC.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.81"></span>बाहरी कड़ियाँ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8&action=edit&section=5" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: बाहरी कड़ियाँ"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; 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