Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways

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Two unrelated families of receptors (T1Rs and T2Rs) mediate responses to sweet, amino acids, and bitter compounds. Here, we demonstrate that knockouts of TRPM5, a taste TRP ion channel, or PLCbeta2, a phospholipase C selectively expressed …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:12581520, doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00071-0, Comment, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Yifeng Zhang, Mark A Hoon, Nicholas J P Ryba, Action Potentials / drug effects, Action Potentials / physiology, Animals, Cell Membrane / drug effects, Cell Membrane / metabolism*, Cells, Cultured, Citric Acid / pharmacology, Female, GTP-Binding Proteins / drug effects, GTP-Binding Proteins / metabolism, Glutamic Acid / pharmacology, Isoenzymes / deficiency*, Isoenzymes / genetics, Male, Membrane Proteins / deficiency*, Membrane Proteins / genetics, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Neurons, Afferent / drug effects, Neurons, Afferent / physiology, Phospholipase C beta, Quinine / pharmacology, Receptors, Cell Surface / drug effects, Receptors, Cell Surface / metabolism*, Sensory Receptor Cells / drug effects, Sensory Receptor Cells / physiology, Signal Transduction / drug effects, Signal Transduction / physiology, Sucrose / pharmacology, TRPM Cation Channels, Taste / drug effects, Taste / genetics*, Taste Buds / cytology, Taste Buds / drug effects, Taste Buds / metabolism*, Type C Phospholipases / deficiency*, Type C Phospholipases / genetics, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12581520/"><meta property="og:description" content="Mammals can taste a wide repertoire of chemosensory stimuli. Two unrelated families of receptors (T1Rs and T2Rs) mediate responses to sweet, amino acids, and bitter compounds. Here, we demonstrate that knockouts of TRPM5, a taste TRP ion channel, or PLCbeta2, a phospholipase C selectively expressed …"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12581520/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Mammals can taste a wide repertoire of chemosensory stimuli. Two unrelated families of receptors (T1Rs and T2Rs) mediate responses to sweet, amino acids, and bitter compounds. Here, we demonstrate that knockouts of TRPM5, a taste TRP ion channel, or PLCbeta2, a phospholipase C selectively expressed …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">  <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/opensearch.xml" title="PubMed search">  <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/0d576970-ea4f-4f8d-9bab-bf51569c42d2/core/no-script.css"> </noscript> <meta name="citation_title" content="Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways"> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Zhang Y;Hoon MA;Chandrashekar J;Mueller KL;Cook B;Wu D;Zuker CS;Ryba NJ;"> <meta name="citation_date" content="02/07/2003"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Cell"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Cell"> <meta name="citation_pmid" content="12581520"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12581520/"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="112"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00071-0"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0092-8674"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12581520/" /> </head> <body > <noscript> <div class="no-script-banner" id="no-script-banner"> <div class="warning-message"> <div class="warning-message-text"> This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 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new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="EJOFWycdjY5DCrD9Wb6h8fM5ny7qob8HGPswWK3JO8h1GbqDsMIddhN0JGMTWV0j"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="EJOFWycdjY5DCrD9Wb6h8fM5ny7qob8HGPswWK3JO8h1GbqDsMIddhN0JGMTWV0j"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="EJOFWycdjY5DCrD9Wb6h8fM5ny7qob8HGPswWK3JO8h1GbqDsMIddhN0JGMTWV0j"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="EJOFWycdjY5DCrD9Wb6h8fM5ny7qob8HGPswWK3JO8h1GbqDsMIddhN0JGMTWV0j"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="12581520"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867403000710" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=3048&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=12581520&db=pubmed&nlmid=0413066" title="See full text options at Elsevier Science" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="Elsevier Science" data-ga-label="12581520" ><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--linkinghub.elsevier.com-ihub-images-celloa.png" alt="full text provider logo"><span class="text"> Elsevier Science </span></a> </div> </div> <div class="short-view"> <a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger"> Full text links </a> </div> </div> <div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/12581520/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/12581520/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="12581520" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections." data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_button" data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false" data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F12581520%2F%23open-collections-dialog" data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog" class="dialog collections-dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/" data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="EJOFWycdjY5DCrD9Wb6h8fM5ny7qob8HGPswWK3JO8h1GbqDsMIddhN0JGMTWV0j"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="sidebar-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="social-sharing"> <h3 class="title"> Share </h3> <ul class="social-sharing-links usa-unstyled-list"> <li> <a 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class="heading-title"> Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zhang+Y&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Yifeng Zhang">Yifeng Zhang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hoon+MA&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mark A Hoon">Mark A Hoon</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chandrashekar+J&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jayaram Chandrashekar">Jayaram Chandrashekar</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mueller+KL&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ken L Mueller">Ken L Mueller</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cook+B&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Boaz Cook">Boaz Cook</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wu+D&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Dianqing Wu">Dianqing Wu</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zuker+CS&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Charles S Zuker">Charles S Zuker</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ryba+NJ&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Nicholas J P Ryba">Nicholas J P Ryba</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/12581520/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div 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class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zhang+Y&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Yifeng Zhang">Yifeng Zhang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hoon+MA&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mark A Hoon">Mark A Hoon</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chandrashekar+J&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jayaram Chandrashekar">Jayaram Chandrashekar</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mueller+KL&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ken L Mueller">Ken L Mueller</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cook+B&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Boaz Cook">Boaz Cook</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wu+D&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Dianqing Wu">Dianqing Wu</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zuker+CS&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Charles S Zuker">Charles S Zuker</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ryba+NJ&cauthor_id=12581520" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Nicholas J P Ryba">Nicholas J P Ryba</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed 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Two unrelated families of receptors (T1Rs and T2Rs) mediate responses to sweet, amino acids, and bitter compounds. Here, we demonstrate that knockouts of TRPM5, a taste TRP ion channel, or PLCbeta2, a phospholipase C selectively expressed in taste tissue, abolish sweet, amino acid, and bitter taste reception, but do not impact sour or salty tastes. Therefore, despite relying on different receptors, sweet, amino acid, and bitter transduction converge on common signaling molecules. Using PLCbeta2 taste-blind animals, we then examined a fundamental question in taste perception: how taste modalities are encoded at the cellular level. Mice engineered to rescue PLCbeta2 function exclusively in bitter-receptor expressing cells respond normally to bitter tastants but do not taste sweet or amino acid stimuli. Thus, bitter is encoded independently of sweet and amino acids, and taste receptor cells are not broadly tuned across these modalities. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="linked-articles" id="linked-commentary-article"> <h2 class="title"> Comment on </h2> <ul class="item-list usa-unstyled-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/12581516/" ref="article_id=12581516&linksrc=comments_link" data-ga-category="comment_correction" data-ga-action="abstract_page_link" data-ga-label="linked-commentary-article"> Bitter-sweet solution in taste transduction. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Amrein H, Bray S.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Amrein H, et al.</span> 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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Taste Buds / metabolism*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Taste Buds/metabolism"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Taste Buds/metabolism"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Type C Phospholipases / deficiency*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-35" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Type C Phospholipases / deficiency* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-35" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Type C Phospholipases / deficiency*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Type+C+Phospholipases%2Fdeficiency%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Type+C+Phospholipases%2Fdeficiency%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Type C Phospholipases/deficiency"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Type C Phospholipases / deficiency*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Type+C+Phospholipases" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Type C Phospholipases / deficiency*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Type C Phospholipases/deficiency"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Type C Phospholipases/deficiency"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Type C Phospholipases / genetics" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-36" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Type C Phospholipases / genetics </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-36" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Type C Phospholipases / genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Type+C+Phospholipases%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Type+C+Phospholipases%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Type C Phospholipases/genetics"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Type C Phospholipases / genetics"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Type+C+Phospholipases" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Type C Phospholipases / genetics"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Type C Phospholipases/genetics"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Type C Phospholipases/genetics"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Substances </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Isoenzymes" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Isoenzymes </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Isoenzymes"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Isoenzymes%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Isoenzymes%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Isoenzymes"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Isoenzymes"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Isoenzymes%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Isoenzymes"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Isoenzymes"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Isoenzymes"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Membrane Proteins" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Membrane Proteins </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Membrane Proteins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Membrane+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Membrane+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Membrane Proteins"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Membrane Proteins"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Membrane+Proteins%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Membrane Proteins"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Membrane Proteins"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Membrane Proteins"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Receptors, Cell Surface" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Receptors, Cell Surface </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Receptors, Cell Surface"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Receptors%2C+Cell+Surface%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Receptors%2C+Cell+Surface%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Receptors, Cell Surface"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Receptors, Cell Surface"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Receptors%2C+Cell+Surface%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Receptors, Cell Surface"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Receptors, Cell Surface"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Receptors, Cell Surface"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword TRPM Cation Channels" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-3" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> TRPM Cation Channels </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-3" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword TRPM Cation Channels"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22TRPM+Cation+Channels%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22TRPM+Cation+Channels%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="TRPM Cation Channels"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="TRPM Cation Channels"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22TRPM+Cation+Channels%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="TRPM Cation Channels"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""TRPM Cation Channels"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""TRPM Cation Channels"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Trpm5 protein, mouse" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-4" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Trpm5 protein, mouse </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-4" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Trpm5 protein, mouse"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Trpm5+protein%2C+mouse%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Trpm5+protein%2C+mouse%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Trpm5 protein, mouse"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Trpm5 protein, mouse"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Trpm5+protein%2C+mouse%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Trpm5 protein, mouse"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Trpm5 protein, mouse"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Trpm5 protein, mouse"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Citric Acid" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-5" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Citric Acid </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-5" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Citric Acid"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Citric+Acid%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Citric+Acid%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Citric Acid"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Citric Acid"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Citric+Acid%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Citric Acid"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Citric Acid"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Citric Acid"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Glutamic Acid" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-6" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Glutamic Acid </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-6" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Glutamic Acid"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Glutamic+Acid%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Glutamic+Acid%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Glutamic Acid"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Glutamic Acid"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Glutamic+Acid%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Glutamic Acid"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Glutamic Acid"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Glutamic Acid"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Sucrose" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-7" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Sucrose </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-7" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Sucrose"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Sucrose%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Sucrose%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Sucrose"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Sucrose"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Sucrose%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Sucrose"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Sucrose"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Sucrose"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Quinine" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-8" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Quinine </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-8" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Quinine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Quinine%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Quinine%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Quinine"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Quinine"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Quinine%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Quinine"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Quinine"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Quinine"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Type C Phospholipases" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-9" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Type C Phospholipases </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-9" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Type C Phospholipases"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Type+C+Phospholipases%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Type+C+Phospholipases%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Type C Phospholipases"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Type C Phospholipases"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Type+C+Phospholipases%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Type C Phospholipases"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Type C Phospholipases"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Type C Phospholipases"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Phospholipase C beta" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-10" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Phospholipase C beta </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-10" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Phospholipase C beta"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Phospholipase+C+beta%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Phospholipase+C+beta%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Phospholipase C beta"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Phospholipase C beta"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Phospholipase+C+beta%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Phospholipase C beta"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Phospholipase C beta"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Phospholipase C beta"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword GTP-Binding Proteins" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-11" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> GTP-Binding Proteins </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-11" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword GTP-Binding Proteins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22GTP-Binding+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22GTP-Binding+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="GTP-Binding Proteins"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="GTP-Binding Proteins"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22GTP-Binding+Proteins%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="GTP-Binding Proteins"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""GTP-Binding Proteins"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""GTP-Binding Proteins"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="related-links" class="related-links"> <h2 class="title"> Related information </h2> <ul class="related-links-list"><li><a title="PubMed links associated with Books" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books?linkname=pubmed_books_refs&from_uid=12581520" ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=12581520&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1"> Cited in Books </a></li><li><a title="Link to related Genes" 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Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways - PubMed