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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87" title="Юльян Урсын Нямцэвіч – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юльян Урсын Нямцэвіч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87" title="Юльян Урсын Нямцэвіч – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Юльян Урсын Нямцэвіч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%9F%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82" title="Γιούλιαν Ούρσιν Νιεμτσέβιτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιούλιαν Ούρσιν Νιεμτσέβιτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Ursin_Niemcewicz" title="Julien Ursin Niemcewicz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Julien Ursin Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Niemcewicz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Julian Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julianas_Ursynas_Nemcevi%C4%8Dius" title="Julianas Ursynas Nemcevičius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Julianas Ursynas Nemcevičius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B2" title="چوليان ورسين نيمسيويكز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چوليان ورسين نيمسيويكز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A0%E3%83%84%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%81" title="ユリアン・ウルスィン・ニェムツェヴィチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユリアン・ウルスィン・ニェムツェヴィチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Немцевич, Юлиан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Немцевич, Юлиан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%94%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Юліан Урсин Нємцевич – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юліан Урсин Нємцевич" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q458241#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz_11.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz_11.PNG/230px-Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz_11.PNG" decoding="async" width="230" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz_11.PNG/345px-Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz_11.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz_11.PNG/460px-Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz_11.PNG 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="788" /></a></span><br /><i>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Brodowski" title="Antoni Brodowski">Antoni Brodowski</a></i><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_COA_Rawicz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/POL_COA_Rawicz.svg/100px-POL_COA_Rawicz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/POL_COA_Rawicz.svg/150px-POL_COA_Rawicz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/POL_COA_Rawicz.svg/200px-POL_COA_Rawicz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="961" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1758-02-06</span>)</span>6 February 1758<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Skoki, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 May 1841<span style="display:none">(1841-05-21)</span> (aged 83)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_people" class="mw-redirect" title="American people">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Cadets_(Warsaw)" title="Corps of Cadets (Warsaw)">Corps of Cadets</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Poet, playwright, statesman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Livingston_family" title="Livingston family">Susan Livingston Kean</a><br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1800; died 1833)<wbr /></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">nyemt-<span style="font-size:90%">SAY</span>-vitch</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Polish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈjuljan<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈursɨn<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲɛmˈtsɛvitʂ]</a></span>; 6 February 1758 – 21 May 1841) was a Polish poet, playwright and statesman. He was a leading advocate for the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Constitution of 3 May 1791</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight1856_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight1856-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz was born 6 February 1758 in Skoki, near <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest, Belarus</a> in what was then the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. The son of a moderately well-to-do Polish noble family, Niemcewicz graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Cadets_(Warsaw)" title="Corps of Cadets (Warsaw)">Corps of Cadets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-founders1798_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-founders1798-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursyn_Niemcewicz_by_Barwicki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ursyn_Niemcewicz_by_Barwicki.jpg/220px-Ursyn_Niemcewicz_by_Barwicki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ursyn_Niemcewicz_by_Barwicki.jpg/330px-Ursyn_Niemcewicz_by_Barwicki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ursyn_Niemcewicz_by_Barwicki.jpg/440px-Ursyn_Niemcewicz_by_Barwicki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>Niemcewicz</i>, a portrait</figcaption></figure> <p>After graduating from the Corps of Cadets, he subsequently served as aide to <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kazimierz_Czartoryski" title="Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski">Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski</a> and visited <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Niemcewicz served as a deputy to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sejm" title="Great Sejm">Great Sejm</a> of 1788–1792 and was an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Party" title="Patriotic Party">Patriotic Party</a> that pushed through adoption of the historic <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_May_3,_1791" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of May 3, 1791">Constitution of 3 May 1791</a>. He was subsequently a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Zgromadzenie_Przyjaci%C3%B3%C5%82_Konstytucji_Rz%C4%85dowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Zgromadzenie Przyjaciół Konstytucji Rządowej">Friends of the Constitution</a>, formed to support the implementation of that progressive document. After the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Targowica_Confederation" title="Targowica Confederation">Targowica Confederation</a> in 1792 and the consequent overthrow of the May 3 Constitution, Niemcewicz, along with other Patriotic Party members, emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight1856_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight1856-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a> in 1794, Niemcewicz served as aide to <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a>. Both were captured by the Russians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maciejowice" title="Battle of Maciejowice">Battle of Maciejowice</a> in 1794 and imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> along with Niemcewicz's aide-de-camp named <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuzniewski-genealogy.com/">Kuźniewski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Niemcewicz2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niemcewicz2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1796, on the death of <a href="/wiki/Tsaritsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsaritsa">Tsaritsa</a> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, they were released by Tsar <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a> and made their way together to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kusielewicz1961_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kusielewicz1961-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sailed on the ship <i>Adriana</i> from <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, in England, in the company of the Portuguese abbot and botanist, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Correia_da_Serra" title="José Correia da Serra">José Correia da Serra</a>, who served as the chaplain on ship for Niemcewicz and Kościuszko. They arrived in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> on August 18, 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his stay, he visited <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYHS1959_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYHS1959-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1798, he was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niemcewicz was upset when Kościuszko decamped for Europe without giving him any notice.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s 1807 invasion of Poland, Niemcewicz returned to Warsaw and was made secretary of the senate.<sup id="cite_ref-acab_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, he was secretary of state and president of the constitutional committee in Poland. In the years of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> Niemcewicz was the central figure of Polish cultural life and his moral influence was sometimes compared with political and military strength of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight1856_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight1856-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fish1977_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish1977-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 May 1830, he unveiled a new landmark before the <a href="/wiki/Staszic_Palace" title="Staszic Palace">Staszic Palace</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Friends_of_Science_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Friends of Science in Warsaw">Society of Friends of Science in Warsaw</a> — a <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument in Warsaw">monument to Nicolaus Copernicus</a> sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a>. During the failed <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> of 1830–31, Niemcewicz was a member of the insurrectionary Polish government. In the final months of the Uprising the poet went on a diplomatic mission to London (as the last Polish envoy to Britain) and he remained in exile, first in Britain, then in France, until his death in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight1856_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight1856-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harrison1896_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison1896-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works">Works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a writer, Niemcewicz tried many styles of composition. His political comedy, <i>The Return of the Deputy</i> (1790), enjoyed great acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson1834_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson1834-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His novel, <i>John of Tenczyn</i> (1825), written in the style of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a>, gives a vigorous picture of old Poland. He also wrote a <i>History of the Reign of Sigismund III</i> (3 volumes, 1819) and a collection of memoirs for ancient Polish history (6 volumes, 1822–23).<sup id="cite_ref-Lach-Szyrma1823_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach-Szyrma1823-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niemcewicz's 1817 pamphlet <i>Rok 3333 czyli sen niesłychany</i> (The Year 3333, or an Incredible Dream), first published posthumously in 1858, describes a Poland transformed into a sinister <a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeo-Polonia</a>. The pamphlet has been described as "the first Polish work to develop on a large scale the concept of an organized Jewish conspiracy directly threatening the existing social structure."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His collected works were published in 12 volumes at Leipzig in 1838–40.<sup id="cite_ref-Lach-Szyrma1823_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach-Szyrma1823-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Warsaw_Pa%C5%82ac_Ursyn%C3%B3w1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/POL_Warsaw_Pa%C5%82ac_Ursyn%C3%B3w1.jpg/220px-POL_Warsaw_Pa%C5%82ac_Ursyn%C3%B3w1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/POL_Warsaw_Pa%C5%82ac_Ursyn%C3%B3w1.jpg/330px-POL_Warsaw_Pa%C5%82ac_Ursyn%C3%B3w1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/POL_Warsaw_Pa%C5%82ac_Ursyn%C3%B3w1.jpg/440px-POL_Warsaw_Pa%C5%82ac_Ursyn%C3%B3w1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krasi%C5%84ski_Palace_(Ursyn%C3%B3w)" title="Krasiński Palace (Ursynów)">Krasiński Palace</a> in Warsaw, Niemcewicz's residence from 1782</figcaption></figure> <p>While in the United States, Niemcewicz met and married the wealthy widow, Mrs. Livingston Kean (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> Susan Livingston) in 1800 who had hired him as a tutor for her son Peter Kean.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner2003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner2001_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Susan, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Livingston_family" title="Livingston family">Livingston family</a>, was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Van_Brugh_Livingston" title="Peter Van Brugh Livingston">Peter Van Brugh Livingston</a> and the widow of <a href="/wiki/John_Kean_(South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Kean (South Carolina)">John Kean</a>, a delegate from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acab_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acab-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alghandoor2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alghandoor2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died on 21 May 1841 in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris, France</a>, aged 83, and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Champeaux_de_Montmorency" title="Cimetière des Champeaux de Montmorency">Champeaux Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montmorency,_Val-d%27Oise" title="Montmorency, Val-d'Oise">Montmorency, Val-d'Oise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner2003_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polish1944_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polish1944-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Władysław pod Warną</i> (<a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław</a> at <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a><i>, 1788)</i></li> <li><i>Kazimierz Wielki</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazimierz the Great">Kazimierz the Great</a>, 1792)</li> <li><i>Powrót posła</i> (The Return of the Deputy, 1791)</li> <li><i>Na hersztów targowieckich</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Targowica_Confederation" title="Targowica Confederation">Targowica</a> Chiefs)</li> <li><i>Podróże historyczne po ziemiach polskich</i> (Historic Travels over the Polish Lands)</li> <li><i>Śpiewy historyczne</i> (Historic Songs)</li> <li><i>Dzieje panowania Zygmunta III</i> (A History of the Reign of <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_III_Vasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygmunt III Vasa">Zygmunt III</a>)</li> <li><i>Under their Vine and Fig Tree: Travels through America in 1797-1799, 1805 with some further account of life in New Jersey</i> (Edited by Budka)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Niemcewitz">"Niemcewitz"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Niemcewitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FNiemcewitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight1856-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight1856_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight1856_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight1856_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight1856_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1856" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Charles (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45180"><i>The English Cyclopaedia: A New Dictionary of Universal Knowledge</i></a>. Bradbury and Evans. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45180/page/n163">519</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Cyclopaedia%3A+A+New+Dictionary+of+Universal+Knowledge&rft.pages=519&rft.pub=Bradbury+and+Evans&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.45180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-founders1798-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-founders1798_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-02-02-0253">"To George Washington from Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, 14 June 1798"</a>. <i>founders.archives.gov</i>. Founders Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=founders.archives.gov&rft.atitle=To+George+Washington+from+Julian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz%2C+14+June+1798&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FWashington%2F06-02-02-0253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKneski" class="citation web cs1">Kneski, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuzniewski-genealogy.com/html/4.html">"The History of the Kuźniewski Clan of Koziebrody"</a>. <i>Kuzniewski & Kneski Genealogy - The History of the Kuźniewski Family</i>. Prof. John Kneski<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuzniewski+%26+Kneski+Genealogy+-+The+History+of+the+Ku%C5%BAniewski+Family&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Ku%C5%BAniewski+Clan+of+Koziebrody&rft.aulast=Kneski&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuzniewski-genealogy.com%2Fhtml%2F4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niemcewicz2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Niemcewicz2008_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiemcewicz2008" class="citation book cs1">Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLpvTnSXj7MC"><i>Notes of My Captivity in Russia</i></a>. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780554505015" title="Special:BookSources/9780554505015"><bdi>9780554505015</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+of+My+Captivity+in+Russia&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780554505015&rft.aulast=Niemcewicz&rft.aufirst=Julian+Ursyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuLpvTnSXj7MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kusielewicz1961-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kusielewicz1961_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusielewiczNiemcewiczJefferson1961" class="citation book cs1">Kusielewicz, Eugene; Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn; Jefferson, Thomas (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HJWAAAAMAAJ"><i>Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz and America</i></a>. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz+and+America&rft.pub=Polish+Institute+of+Arts+and+Sciences+in+America&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Kusielewicz&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Niemcewicz%2C+Julian+Ursyn&rft.au=Jefferson%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4HJWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44374476">"Abbe Correa de Serra, the Priest Ambassador of Portugal to the United States, "The Most Enlightened Foreigner That Ever Visited This Country," the "Most Extraordinary Man Living" and "Claimed as One of the Fathers of Our Country"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The American Catholic Historical Researches</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">30–</span>43. 1905. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2155-5273">2155-5273</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44374476">44374476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Catholic+Historical+Researches&rft.atitle=Abbe+Correa+de+Serra%2C+the+Priest+Ambassador+of+Portugal+to+the+United+States%2C+%22The+Most+Enlightened+Foreigner+That+Ever+Visited+This+Country%2C%22+the+%22Most+Extraordinary+Man+Living%22+and+%22Claimed+as+One+of+the+Fathers+of+Our+Country%22&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44374476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2155-5273&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44374476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYHS1959-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYHS1959_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew-York_Historical_Society1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nfjAAAAMAAJ"><i>New York Historical Society Quarterly</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a>. p. 73<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Historical+Society+Quarterly&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=New-York+Historical+Society&rft.date=1959&rft.au=New-York+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2nfjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Julian+U.+Niemcewicz&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DJulian%2BU.%2BNiemcewicz%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niemcewicz, <i>Under Your Vine and Fig Tree</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acab-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acab_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acab_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFiske1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">Wilson, J. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, J.</a>, eds. (1900). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Niemcewicz, Julian Ursin, Count"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Niemcewicz,_Julian_Ursin,_Count">"Niemcewicz, Julian Ursin, Count" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. New York: D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niemcewicz%2C+Julian+Ursin%2C+Count&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fish1977-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fish1977_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish1977" class="citation book cs1">Fish, Hamilton (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IgARAQAAMAAJ"><i>Lafayette in America during and after the Revolutionary War and other essays on Franco-American relations</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Vantage_Press" title="Vantage Press">Vantage Press</a>. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780533023141" title="Special:BookSources/9780533023141"><bdi>9780533023141</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lafayette+in+America+during+and+after+the+Revolutionary+War+and+other+essays+on+Franco-American+relations&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Vantage+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780533023141&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIgARAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison1896-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harrison1896_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonBurton1896" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Mrs. Martha J. Lamb; Burton, Mrs. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historycitynewy01lambgoog"><i>HISTORY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK; ITS ORIGIN RISE, AND PROGRESS</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historycitynewy01lambgoog/page/n118">448</a>–449.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HISTORY+OF+THE+CITY+OF+NEW+YORK%3B+ITS+ORIGIN+RISE%2C+AND+PROGRESS&rft.pages=448-449&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Mrs.+Martha+J.+Lamb&rft.au=Burton%2C+Mrs.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorycitynewy01lambgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson1834-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson1834_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1834" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Edward (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalreposit00robigoog"><i>The Biblical Repository</i></a>. Gould and Newman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalreposit00robigoog/page/n109">512</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Repository&rft.pages=512&rft.pub=Gould+and+Newman&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiblicalreposit00robigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lach-Szyrma1823-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lach-Szyrma1823_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lach-Szyrma1823_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLach-Szyrma1823" class="citation book cs1">Lach-Szyrma, Krystyn (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwIeAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA281"><i>Letters, Literary and Political, on Poland: Comprising Observations on Russia and Other Sclavonian Nations and Tribes</i></a>. Constable. p. 281<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters%2C+Literary+and+Political%2C+on+Poland%3A+Comprising+Observations+on+Russia+and+Other+Sclavonian+Nations+and+Tribes&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Lach-Szyrma&rft.aufirst=Krystyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZwIeAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magdalena Opalski, Israel Bartal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQqO8LBNBbsC&pg=PA29"><i>Poles and Jews: A Failed Brotherhood</i></a>, University Press of New England, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner2003-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner2003_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner2003_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerKoles2003" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Jean-Rae; Koles, Richard T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1F6iYssnaVkC&pg=PA55"><i>Elizabeth: First Capital of New Jersey</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738523934" title="Special:BookSources/9780738523934"><bdi>9780738523934</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%3A+First+Capital+of+New+Jersey&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780738523934&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jean-Rae&rft.au=Koles%2C+Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1F6iYssnaVkC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner2001-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turner2001_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerKoles2001" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Jean-Rae; Koles, Richard T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfrqNbA9PFsC&pg=PA21"><i>Hillside</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing" title="Arcadia Publishing">Arcadia Publishing</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738508641" title="Special:BookSources/9780738508641"><bdi>9780738508641</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hillside&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780738508641&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jean-Rae&rft.au=Koles%2C+Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrfrqNbA9PFsC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alghandoor2017-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alghandoor2017_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlghandoorEspositoHydeMercantini2017" class="citation book cs1">Alghandoor, Erin; Esposito, Frank J.; Hyde, Elizabeth; Mercantini, Jonathan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1G1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT203"><i>Kean University</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing" title="Arcadia Publishing">Arcadia Publishing</a>. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439660584" title="Special:BookSources/9781439660584"><bdi>9781439660584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kean+University&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781439660584&rft.aulast=Alghandoor&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft.au=Esposito%2C+Frank+J.&rft.au=Hyde%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Mercantini%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ1G1DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polish1944-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polish1944_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek8rAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Polish Review</i></a>. Polish Information Center. 1944. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Review&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Polish+Information+Center&rft.date=1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEk8rAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, <i>Under Their Vine and Fig Tree: Travels through America in 1797–1799, 1805</i>, Mechie J. Budka, editor.</li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Niemcewicz,_Julian_Ursin" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Niemcewicz, Julian Ursin">Niemcewicz, Julian Ursin</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 671.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niemcewicz%2C+Julian+Ursin&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=671&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Ursyn+Niemcewicz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_%C5%BBukow-Karczewski" title="Marek Żukow-Karczewski">Marek Żukow-Karczewski</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbc.malopolska.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=13564&from=publication&tab=1"><i>Niemcewicz mniej znany</i> (Niemcewicz less known), "Życie Literackie"</a>, No. 27, 1989, p. 10. <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Cantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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