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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biography collection from 1990 to the present</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the encyclopedia first published in 1990. It is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography_(1940)" title="Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (1940)">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (1940)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.author=Prof+%5B%5BW.+H.+Oliver%5D%5D+%28ed.%29+1983%E2%80%931990%3Cbr%3EDr+%5B%5BClaudia+Orange%5D%5D+%28ed.%29+1990%E2%80%932003%3Cbr%3E1%2C239+individual+contributors&rft.date=1990%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=various&rft.place=New+Zealand"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DNZB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/DNZB.png/220px-DNZB.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/DNZB.png/330px-DNZB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/DNZB.png/440px-DNZB.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="203" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data">Prof <a href="/wiki/W._H._Oliver" title="W. H. Oliver">W. H. Oliver</a> (ed.) 1983–1990<br />Dr <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Orange" title="Claudia Orange">Claudia Orange</a> (ed.) 1990–2003<br />1,239 individual contributors</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">various</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1990–2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">New Zealand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">5 volumes; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/">also available on-line</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</b></i> (<b>DNZB</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">biographical dictionary</a> containing biographies of over 3,000 deceased <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_people" title="Category:New Zealand people">New Zealanders</a>. It was first published as a series of print volumes from 1990 to 2000, went online in 2002, and is now a part of <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dictionary superseded <i><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopaedia_of_New_Zealand" title="An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand">An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand</a></i> of 1966, which had 900 biographies. The dictionary is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">New Zealand Government</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography_(1940)" title="Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (1940)">earlier work of the same name in two volumes</a> containing 2,250 entries, published in 1940 by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Scholefield" title="Guy Scholefield">Guy Scholefield</a> with government assistance, is unrelated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Work on the current version of the DNZB was started in 1983 under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/W._H._Oliver" title="W. H. Oliver">W. H. Oliver</a>. The first volume covered the period 1769–1869 and was published in 1990. The four subsequent volumes were all edited by <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Orange" title="Claudia Orange">Claudia Orange</a>, and they were published in 1993 (1879–1900), 1996 (1901–1920), 1998 (1920–1940), and 2000 (1941–1960).<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Life_Writing_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Life_Writing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These later volumes made a conscious effort to move towards a more representative view of New Zealand with greater female and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> entries. Women who had done well in male-dominated fields (<a href="/wiki/Sybil_Audrey_Marie_Lupp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sybil Audrey Marie Lupp">Sybil Audrey Marie Lupp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Johnston_(dentist)" title="Amy Johnston (dentist)">Amy Johnston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Innes" title="Mary Jane Innes">Mary Jane Innes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Woodward_Horsley" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice Woodward Horsley">Alice Woodward Horsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nora_Mary_Crawford" title="Nora Mary Crawford">Nora Mary Crawford</a>, etc.) were included, as were Māori, a range of ordinary people (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zillwood" title="Joseph Zillwood">Joseph Zillwood</a>, etc.) and criminals (<a href="/wiki/Edward_Raymond_Horton" title="Edward Raymond Horton">Edward Raymond Horton</a>, Jessie Finnie, etc.). Many of these people were included because detailed accounts of their lives were readily available, in archives, academic studies and official histories. Others were prolific <a href="/wiki/Diary" title="Diary">diarists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catherine_Fulton" title="Catherine Fulton">Catherine Fulton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Louise_Mathew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Louise Mathew">Sarah Louise Mathew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Whisker" title="Alexander Whisker">Alexander Whisker</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Cox_(labourer)" title="James Cox (labourer)">James Cox</a>, etc.). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> as Minister of Arts, Culture and Heritage launched the online version of the DNZB on 19 February 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The online version was first promoted by <a href="/wiki/Judith_Tizard" title="Judith Tizard">Judith Tizard</a>, a graduate in history from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">University of Auckland</a>, which was supported by Clark, who had also graduated in history from the same university, and endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cullen_(politician)" title="Michael Cullen (politician)">Michael Cullen</a>, who had been a history lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">University of Otago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Encyclopedia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dictionary was integrated into <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a></i> in December 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 the Ministry for Culture and Heritage announced a 'new phase' in the life of the DNZB, with the addition of an essay about the Polynesian navigator <a href="/wiki/Tupaia_(navigator)" title="Tupaia (navigator)">Tupaia</a>; this was followed in 2018 by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.teara.govt.nz/category/bloggers/tim-shoebridge/">25 new essays</a> to mark the 125th anniversary of women's suffrage in New Zealand. Subsequent rounds will illuminate the lives of significant and representative people from a cross-section of New Zealand society, with a focus on the decades after 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representative_entries">Representative entries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Representative entries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of entries were added to make the dictionary more representative of population covered, boosting the numbers of women, Māori, and other minority groups. A number of these are not based on secondary sources, as encyclopaedias traditionally are, but instead on primary sources, because no secondary sources exist for these individuals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Margaret_Fraser">Margaret Fraser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Margaret Fraser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fraser (later Johnston; 11 December 1866 – 31 August 1951) was a New Zealand domestic servant and letter-writer. Born in Scotland, she emigrated with her brother in 1887, following two brothers who had gone to New Zealand earlier that decade. She was hoping for the remainder of her family to come out but when that did not happen, she started financially supporting them by sending money to Scotland. After many years as a domestic servant, she married in 1899 and had a farm with her husband, bringing up four children. They retired to <a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a> and after her husband's death, she lived with her daughter and grandchildren for another decade.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jessie_Finnie">Jessie Finnie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jessie Finnie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finnie (c.1822–?) was a prostitute. She was born in Scotland in circa 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-DNZB_Finnie_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Finnie-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nielsine_Paget">Nielsine Paget</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nielsine Paget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nielsine Paget (21 July 1858 – 13 July 1932) was a homemaker and community worker in southern <a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawke's Bay Region">Hawke's Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbara_Weldon">Barbara Weldon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Barbara Weldon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weldon (1829–1882) was a prostitute and character. She was born in <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">County Limerick</a>, Ireland in about 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-DNZB_Weldon_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Weldon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accolades">Accolades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Accolades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1991, the first print volume won the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Goodman_Fielder_Wattie_Book_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards">Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a> users in New Zealand and Australia voted the <i>Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</i> website "site of the year".<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Encyclopedia_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScholefield1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Scholefield" title="Guy Scholefield">Scholefield, Guy</a>, ed. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzhistory.net.nz/files/documents/dnzb-1940/scholefield-dnzb-v1.pdf"><i>A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. I. Wellington: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Internal_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)">Department of Internal Affairs</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography+%3A+A%E2%80%93L&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Department+of+Internal+Affairs&rft.date=1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fdnzb-1940%2Fscholefield-dnzb-v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholefield1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Scholefield" title="Guy Scholefield">Scholefield, Guy</a>, ed. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzhistory.net.nz/files/documents/dnzb-1940/scholefield-dnzb-v2.pdf"><i>A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : M–Addenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. II. Wellington: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Internal_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)">Department of Internal Affairs</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography+%3A+M%E2%80%93Addenda&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Department+of+Internal+Affairs&rft.date=1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fdnzb-1940%2Fscholefield-dnzb-v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Oliver" title="W. H. Oliver">Oliver, W. H.</a>, ed. (1990). <i>The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</i>. Vol. I. Wellington: <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/004641052X" title="Special:BookSources/004641052X"><bdi>004641052X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=004641052X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrange1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Orange" title="Claudia Orange">Orange, Claudia</a>, ed. (1993). <i>The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</i>. Vol. II. Wellington: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0908912498" title="Special:BookSources/0908912498"><bdi>0908912498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0908912498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrange1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Orange" title="Claudia Orange">Orange, Claudia</a>, ed. (1996). <i>The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</i>. Vol. III. Wellington: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1869402006" title="Special:BookSources/1869402006"><bdi>1869402006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1869402006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrange1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Orange" title="Claudia Orange">Orange, Claudia</a>, ed. (1998). <i>The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</i>. Vol. IV. Wellington: <a href="/wiki/Bridget_Williams_Books" title="Bridget Williams Books">Bridget Williams Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1869402030" title="Special:BookSources/1869402030"><bdi>1869402030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Bridget+Williams+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1869402030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrange2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Orange" title="Claudia Orange">Orange, Claudia</a>, ed. (2000). <i>The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</i>. Vol. V. Auckland: <a href="/wiki/Auckland_University_Press" title="Auckland University Press">Auckland University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1869402243" title="Special:BookSources/1869402243"><bdi>1869402243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Auckland+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1869402243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/te-ara-a-history/page-10">"Te Ara – a history – Biographies"</a>. <i>Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>. Ministry for Culture and Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+a+history+%E2%80%93+Biographies&rft.btitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fte-ara-a-history%2Fpage-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Life_Writing-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Life_Writing_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Lawrence (2001). "Dictionary of New Zealand Biography". In Jolly, Margaretta (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pedJAgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Life Writing: Autobiographical and Biographical Forms</i></a>. Routledge. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136787447" title="Special:BookSources/9781136787447"><bdi>9781136787447</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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