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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Tentang_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tentang_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Tentang Muhammad</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tentang_Muhammad-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Tentang Muhammad</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tentang_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maimonida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maimonida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Maimonida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maimonida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi_yang_tidak_jelas_dan_tidak_langsung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi_yang_tidak_jelas_dan_tidak_langsung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Referensi yang tidak jelas dan tidak langsung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi_yang_tidak_jelas_dan_tidak_langsung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pandangan Yahudi tentang Muhammad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 7 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="النظرة اليهودية للنبي محمد – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النظرة اليهودية للنبي محمد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82%D0%BA%D3%99_%D2%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Йәһүдилектең Мөхәммәткә ҡарашы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәһүдилектең Мөхәммәткә ҡарашы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF" title="মুহাম্মদ সম্পর্কে ইহুদিদের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুহাম্মদ সম্পর্কে ইহুদিদের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Muhammad" title="Jewish views on Muhammad – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Jewish views on Muhammad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93" title="היהדות ומוחמד – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היהדות ומוחמד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudilik%27te_Muhammed" title="Yahudilik'te Muhammed – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudilik'te Muhammed" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="یہودیت میں محمد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یہودیت میں محمد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6302199#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan:Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi (halaman belum tersedia) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad&id=25603397&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pandangan+Yahudi+tentang+Muhammad"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6302199" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p>Sangat sedikit teks dalam <a href="/wiki/Yudaisme" title="Yudaisme">Yudaisme</a> yang merujuk atau mencatat nabi Islam, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Mereka yang umumnya menolak proklamasi Muhammad untuk menerima wahyu ilahi dari Tuhan dan malah menjulukinya sebagai nabi palsu. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tentang_Muhammad">Tentang Muhammad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Tentang Muhammad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tentang Muhammad"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maimonida">Maimonida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Maimonida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Maimonida"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maimonides menyebut Muhammad sebagai nabi palsu. Dalam Suratnya ke Yaman dia menulis "Setelah <a href="/wiki/Yesus" title="Yesus">Yesus</a> muncul Orang Gila yang meniru pendahulunya Yesus, karena dia membuka jalan bagi dia. Namun dia menambahkan tujuan selanjutnya untuk mendapatkan pemerintahan dan ketundukan "talb al-mulk"; mengejar kedaulatan dan dia menemukan apa yang dikenal Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-Roth1994p218_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth1994p218-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam karya hukumnya yang otoritatif, <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> (Hilkhot Melakhim 11:10–12), Maimonides menunjukkan bahwa Muhammad adalah bagian dari rencana Tuhan dalam mempersiapkan dunia menyambut kedatangan <a href="/wiki/Mesias" title="Mesias">Mesias</a> Yahudi: "Semua perkataan <a href="/wiki/Yesus_dari_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Yesus dari Nazareth">Yesus dari Nazareth</a> dan kaum Ismael ini yaitu, Muhammad yang bangkit setelahnya hanya untuk meluruskan jalan bagi raja mesianis dan mempersiapkan seluruh dunia untuk mengabdi kepada Tuhan bersama-sama bangsa-bangsa untuk berbicara murni sehingga mereka semua akan berseru kepada nama Tuhan dan melayani Dia dengan sehati' (<a href="/wiki/Zefanya_3" title="Zefanya 3">Zefanya 3</a>:9)."<sup id="cite_ref-Rudin128-129_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudin128-129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referensi_yang_tidak_jelas_dan_tidak_langsung">Referensi yang tidak jelas dan tidak langsung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi yang tidak jelas dan tidak langsung" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi yang tidak jelas dan tidak langsung"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natan%27el_al-Fayyumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natan'el al-Fayyumi (halaman belum tersedia)">Natan'el al-Fayyumi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natan%27el_al-Fayyumi" class="extiw" title="en:Natan'el al-Fayyumi">en</a>]</span>, seorang rabbi dan teolog Yaman terkemuka pada abad ke-12, dan pendiri apa yang kadang-kadang disebut "<a href="/wiki/Filsafat_Yahudi" title="Filsafat Yahudi">Filsafat Yahudi</a>", menulis dalam risalah filosofisnya Bustan al-Uqul ("Taman pikiran") bahwa Tuhan mengirimkan para nabi untuk mendirikan agama bagi bangsa lain, yang tidak harus sesuai dengan ajaran Taurat Yahudi. Nethanel secara eksplisit menganggap Muhammad sebagai nabi sejati, yang diutus dari Surga dengan pesan khusus yang berlaku bagi orang Arab, namun tidak bagi orang Yahudi.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penerimaan eksplisit Al-Fayyumi terhadap nubuatan Muhammad jarang terjadi dan hampir tidak diketahui sampai saat ini di luar negara asalnya, Yaman.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Midrash apokaliptik Rahasia <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Shimon bar Yochai</a>, membandingkan Muhammad dengan <a href="/wiki/Yahudi_Mesianik" title="Yahudi Mesianik">Yahudi Mesianik</a>. Menurut teks ini, yang dianggap berasal dari orang bijak dan mistikus terkenal abad ke-1, Simeon bar Yochai, dan tampaknya ditulis pada awal penaklukan Muslim atau pada abad ke-8,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> peran Muhammad sebagai nabi mencakup penebusan orang-orang Yahudi dari orang-orang Kristen serta penindasan ("Romawi" atau "Edom") dan memainkan peran positif dalam proses mesianis.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebuah dokumen Yahudi Yaman, yang ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Geniza_Kairo" title="Geniza Kairo">Geniza Kairo</a>, menunjukkan bahwa banyak orang Yahudi tidak hanya menerima Muhammad sebagai seorang nabi, namun bahkan menajiskan hari Sabat untuk bergabung dengan Muhammad dalam perjuangannya. Namun, beberapa sejarawan menyatakan bahwa dokumen ini, yang disebut Dhimmat an-nabi Muhammad (Surat Perintah Perlindungan Muhammad), dibuat oleh orang-orang Yahudi Yaman dengan tujuan membela diri.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejumlah cerita dari tradisi Islam tentang Muhammad memasuki pemikiran arus utama Yahudi secara kebetulan, karena konvergensi budaya yang besar di Al-Andalus dari abad ke-9 hingga ke-12, yang dikenal sebagai Zaman Keemasan Yahudi Iberia. Misalnya, Rabi Jacob Joseph dari Polonne, salah satu mistikus Hasid awal, menulis bahwa seorang saleh (hasid) mengajarkan bahwa perjuangan internal melawan kecenderungan jahat lebih besar daripada pertempuran eksternal, mengutip risalah populer Bahya ibn Paquda, Chovot HaLevavot. Dalam versi asli Yudeo-Arab dari buku tersebut, Bahya Ibn Paquda menyebut pertempuran eksternal dan internal sebagai jihad dan "orang saleh" yang cerita aslinya diceritakan adalah Muhammad, meskipun penulis tidak menyebutkan nama sumbernya.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandangan_Yahudi_tentang_Muhammad&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Roth1994p218-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roth1994p218_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Roth. <i>Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>, 1994, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudin128-129-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rudin128-129_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._James_Rudin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. James Rudin (halaman belum tersedia)">A. James Rudin</a>. <i>Christians & Jews Faith to Faith: Tragic History, Promising Present, Fragile Future</i>, Jewish Lights Publishing, 2010, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi,</i> edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol. VI, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gan ha-Sekhalim</i>, ed. Kafih (Jerusalem, 1984), ch. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Abraham's children: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in conversation,</i> by Norman Solomon, Richard Harries, Tim Winter, T&T Clark Int'l, 2006, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-567-08161-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-567-08161-3">0-567-08161-3</a>, p. 137 <i>Netanel's work was virtually unknown beyond his native Yemen until modern times, so had little influence on later Jewish thought.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period</i>, by Joshua Prawer and Haggai Ben-Shammai, NYU Press, 1996, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0814766392" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0814766392">978-0814766392</a>, p. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Abraham's children: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in conversation,</i> by Norman Solomon, Richard Harries, Tim Winter, T&T Clark Int'l, 2006, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-567-08161-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-567-08161-3">0-567-08161-3</a>, p. 133 <i>"Nistarot" places the Muslim conquests in an eschatological context, and implies that Muhammad had a positive role to play in the messianic process.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yakov Rabkin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cismor.jp/en/publication/jismor/documents/JISMOR5en_Rabkin.pdf">"Perspectives on the Muslim Other in Jewish Tradition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327204751/http://www.cismor.jp/en/publication/jismor/documents/JISMOR5en_Rabkin.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-03-27 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (126 KB)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Sufi-Jewish Dialogue: Philosophy and Mysticism in Bahya ibn Paquda's Duties of the Heart,</i> by Diana Lobel, University of Pennsylvania Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8122-3953-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8122-3953-9">0-8122-3953-9</a>, p. ix "How does a perennially popular manual of Jewish piety come to be quoting Islamic traditions about the Prophet Muhammad? Muslim Spain of the tenth through twelfth century, known as the "Golden Age" of Hispano-Jewish poetry and letters, is a time of great convergence and cultural creativity."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333525">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Artikel ini tidak memiliki kategori atau memiliki terlalu sedikit kategori</b>. 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