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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Zoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoba">Zoba</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:190px;background:white; font-size:85%"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Arameans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Arameans">Ancient Arameans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc"> <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(biblical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram (biblical region)">Biblical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddan_Aram" title="Paddan Aram">Paddan Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aram Soba</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc"> <a href="/wiki/Aramean_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramean kings">Aramean kings</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irhuleni" title="Irhuleni">Irhuleni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezion" title="Hezion">Hezion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabrimmon" title="Tabrimmon">Tabrimmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hadad_I" title="Ben-Hadad I">Ben-Hadad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadadezer" title="Hadadezer">Hadadezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazael" title="Hazael">Hazael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hadad_III" title="Ben-Hadad III">Ben-Hadad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezin" title="Rezin">Rezin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc"> Aramean cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpad,_Syria" title="Arpad, Syria">Arpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coba_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Coba Höyük">Coba Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidara" title="Gidara">Gidara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarqar" title="Qarqar">Qarqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhizzi" title="Ruhizzi">Ruhizzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aran" title="Tell Aran">Tell Aran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Til_Barsip" title="Til Barsip">Til Barsip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zobah</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc"> Sources</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arameans" title="Template:Arameans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arameans" title="Template talk:Arameans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arameans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arameans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zobah</b> or <b>Aram-Zobah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲרָם צוֹבָא</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾĂrām Ṣōḇāʾ</i></span>) was an early <a href="/wiki/Aramean" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramean">Aramean</a> state and former vassal kingdom of Israel mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> that extended northeast of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>'s realm according to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kirkpatrick" title="Alexander Kirkpatrick">Alexander Kirkpatrick</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Bible_for_Schools_and_Colleges" title="Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges">Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges</a> (1896), places it broadly between <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought by some to have extended from the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> along the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_mountains" title="Anti-Lebanon mountains">Anti-Lebanon mountains</a>, reaching <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> to the south, making it at one time a state of considerable importance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbousamra2019234–236,_240_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbousamra2019234–236,_240-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Hebrew_Bible">In the Hebrew Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zobah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In the Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1_Samuel_14" title="1 Samuel 14">1 Samuel 14</a>:47, the kings of Zobah were said to have fought with the Israelite king <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>. Kirkpatrick suggests that "the 'kings' were independent chiefs", but by the time of David, there was a single king, <a href="/wiki/Hadadezer_bar_Rehob" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadadezer bar Rehob">Hadadezer bar Rehob</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSC_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, King Hadadezer bar Rehob allied with <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a> against King David, who defeated Zobah and made the kingdom tributary to <a href="/wiki/United_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="United Monarchy">Israel</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%2010&version=nrsv">2 Samuel 10</a>). In this war, Arameans from across the Euphrates came to Hadadezer's aid (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%2010:16&version=nrsv">2 Sam. 10:16</a>). Upon the accession of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, Zobah became independent of Israel (compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2011:23&version=nrsv">1 Kings 11:23</a> et seq.). </p><p>The chapter-heading of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_60" title="Psalm 60">Psalm 60</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">New King James Version</a> refers to Zobah.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard Version</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible_Revised_Edition" title="New American Bible Revised Edition">New American Bible (Revised Edition)</a>, the reference is to Aram-Zobah.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Mesopotamian_sources">In Mesopotamian sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zobah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Mesopotamian sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the 10th century BCE, Zobah is not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, but the city of Subiti, which is mentioned in the annals of <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> as having been conquered by him in the 7th century BCE, is probably identical with it (compare Schrader, "K. B." ii. 217).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The same city is mentioned in some broken <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform</a> lists of towns in connection with Hama and Damascus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_Rabbinical_sources">Medieval Rabbinical sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zobah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval Rabbinical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 11th century, it was common <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic</a> usage to apply the term "Aram-Zobah" to the area of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, and this is perpetuated by <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian Jews</a> to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> (882‒942 CE), in his <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a> translation (<i><a href="/wiki/Tafs%C4%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsīr">tafsīr</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> identified Aram-zobah with <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nisibis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_attempts">Identification attempts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zobah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Identification attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the biblical narrative, primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a> and 2 Samuel, <a href="/wiki/Berothai" class="mw-redirect" title="Berothai">Berothai</a>, a city belonging to Hadadezer (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%208:8&version=nrsv">2 Sam. 8:8</a>) is identified by many with <a href="/wiki/Berothah" title="Berothah">Berothah</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2047:16&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 47:16</a>), which was between <a href="/wiki/Hamath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamath">Hamath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Zobah was probably located near this city, though <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Joseph Halévy">Joseph Halévy</a> claims to have identified Zobah with <a href="/wiki/Chalcis,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcis, Syria">Chalcis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On the later view, the area in question would be found in the far north of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Zobah#This_sentence_describes_a_REGION._The_topic_here_is_the_CITY._Is_this_sentence_referring_to_the_region_where_one_should_look_for_the_CITY,_or_to_the_KINGDOM?_If_the_latter:_wrong_place_for_that,_plus:_at_what_point_in_time?_Mess." title="Talk:Zobah">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some sources indicate that Zobah city is the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> in Syria,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1868308_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1868308-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Anjar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>'s Bekaa Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later Assyrian documents it may have been named a provincial center derived from the recently incorporated city of Damascus, which might be <a href="/wiki/Deir_Khabiyah" title="Deir Khabiyah">Deir Khabiyah</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Al-Kiswah" title="Al-Kiswah">Al-Kiswah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Zobah#Almost_unintelligible_English." title="Talk:Zobah">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lipi%C5%84ski_(orientalist)" title="Edward Lipiński (orientalist)">Edward Lipiński</a>, the location of the capital city of Ṣoba corresponds to the present archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Deir" title="Tell Deir">Tell Deir</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński2000327_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński2000327-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaby Abousamra connects the biblical city with the modern-day village of Zabbud, also in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbousamra2019238_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbousamra2019238-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zobah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a>, Hebrew Bible manuscript called in Hebrew "Keter Aram-Zoba", meaning "Crown of Aleppo"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a>, another Iron Age Aramean kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamath-zobah" title="Hamath-zobah">Hamath-zobah</a>, biblical city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, city in Syria</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zobah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CBSC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBSC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBSC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBSC_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirkpatrick, A. F., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/1_samuel/14.htm">Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Samuel 14</a>, accessed 26 July 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbousamra2019234–236,_240-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbousamra2019234–236,_240_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbousamra2019">Abousamra 2019</a>, pp. 234–236, 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+60&version=nkjv">Psalm 60</a>: NKJV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+60&version=rsv">Psalm 60</a>: RSV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+60&version=nabre">Psalm 60</a>: NABRE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleppojews.co.il/en/homeeng">World Center for Aleppo (Halab) Jews Traditional Culture</a>, המרכז העולמי למורשת יהדות ארם-צובא (הלב).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Book of Psalms (with Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Translation and Commentary)</i>, editor: Yosef Qafih, Machon Moshe: 2nd edition, Jerusalem 2010, s.v. Psalm 60:2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1868308-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1868308_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorter1868">Porter 1868</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subaa.com/chapterDetails.php?chapterID=25">كتاب صوبا - تاريخ وطن وحياة قرية <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nesrosuryoyo.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2257">مملكة آرام حماة <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński2000327-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński2000327_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipiński2000">Lipiński 2000</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbousamra2019238-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbousamra2019238_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbousamra2019">Abousamra 2019</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zobah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbousamra2019" class="citation book cs1">Abousamra, Gaby (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1imVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA231">"Biblical Ṣobah: A Location Attempt"</a>. In Dušek, Jan; Mynářová, Jana (eds.). <i>Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>-<a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39853-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39853-5"><bdi>978-90-04-39853-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biblical+%E1%B9%A2obah%3A+A+Location+Attempt&rft.btitle=Aramaean+Borders%3A+Defining+Aramaean+Territories+in+the+10th%E2%80%938th+Centuries+B.C.E.&rft.place=Leiden-Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39853-5&rft.aulast=Abousamra&rft.aufirst=Gaby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1imVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZobah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipiński2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lipi%C5%84ski_(orientalist)" title="Edward Lipiński (orientalist)">Lipiński, Edward</a> (2000). <i>The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion</i>. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Vol. 100. <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peeters_Publishers" title="Peeters Publishers">Peeters Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-042-90859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-042-90859-8"><bdi>978-9-042-90859-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aramaeans%3A+Their+Ancient+History%2C+Culture%2C+Religion&rft.place=Leuven%2C+Belgium&rft.series=Orientalia+Lovaniensia+analecta&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9-042-90859-8&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZobah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schrader, K. B. ii. 121 et seq;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Delitzsch" title="Franz Delitzsch">Delitzsch</a>, <i>Wo Lag das Paradies?</i> pp. 279 et seq.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josias_Leslie_Porter" title="Josias Leslie Porter">Porter, Josias Leslie</a> (1868). <i>Giant Cities of Bashan; and Syria's Holy Places</i>. T. Nelson and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giant+Cities+of+Bashan%3B+and+Syria%27s+Holy+Places&rft.pub=T.+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Josias+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZobah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zobah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=A&artid=1703">"Aram-zobah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aram-zobah&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fletter%3DA%26artid%3D1703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZobah" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Khana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zobah&oldid=1252122565">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zobah&oldid=1252122565</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aramean_cities" title="Category:Aramean 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