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lang="en"><span dir="auto"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Higher education in Iowa, 1993-2016</span></span></h1>  <div id="bodyContent"> <div id="siteSub">From Ballotpedia</div> <div id="contentSub" ><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_Iowa&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Higher education in Iowa</a>)</span></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="navbox" style="margin-top:auto; font-size:115%; border:none; background-color:#ffffff;"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="line-height:135%; text:#731c2c; vertical-align:middle;"><center style="margin-top: -20px;"><a href="/Public_policy_in_Iowa" title="Public policy in Iowa"><img alt="Public Policy Logo-one line.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/250px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/375px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/500px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="162" /></a><span style="position:relative; top:12.5px;"><span style="font-size:150%;"><b>in <a href="/Public_policy_in_Iowa" title="Public policy in Iowa"> Iowa</a></b></span><span style="position:relative; top:-1px;"></span></span></center></td></tr><tr><td><div class="bp-dropdown-menu centered"> <p><small> </small></p><small> <ul><li><b>Fiscal</b> <ul><li><a href="/Budget_Policy" title="Budget Policy"><b>Budgets</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Iowa_state_budget_and_finances" title="Iowa state budget and finances">Iowa state budget and finances</a></li> <li><a href="/Tax_policy_in_Iowa" title="Tax policy in Iowa">Tax policy in Iowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Finance_Policy" title="Finance Policy"><b>Finance</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Financial_regulation_in_Iowa" title="Financial regulation in Iowa">Financial regulation in Iowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Pension_Policy" title="Pension Policy"><b>Pensions</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Public_pensions_in_Iowa" title="Public pensions in Iowa">Public pensions in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Pension_health_in_Iowa" title="Pension health in Iowa">Pension health in Iowa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Civil_Liberties_Policy" title="Civil Liberties Policy"><b>Civil liberties</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Affirmative_action_in_Iowa" title="Affirmative action in Iowa">Affirmative action in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Iowa" title="Campaign finance requirements in Iowa">Campaign finance requirements in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_for_Iowa_ballot_measures" title="Campaign finance requirements for Iowa ballot measures">Campaign finance requirements for Iowa ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/Nonprofit_regulation_in_Iowa" title="Nonprofit regulation in Iowa">Nonprofit regulation in Iowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Education_Policy" title="Education Policy"><b>Education</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Charter_schools_in_Iowa" title="Charter schools in Iowa">Charter schools in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Higher education in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_education_in_Iowa" title="Public education in Iowa">Public education in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/School_choice_in_Iowa" title="School choice in Iowa">School choice in Iowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy"><b>Elections</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Portal:Ballot_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Ballot Access">Ballot access</a> <ul><li><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Iowa" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Iowa">Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Iowa" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Iowa">Ballot access requirements for political parties in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Political_parties_in_Iowa" title="Political parties in Iowa">Political parties in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Iowa" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Iowa">Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Iowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Redistricting_in_Iowa" title="Redistricting in Iowa">Redistricting in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Voting_in_Iowa" title="Voting in Iowa">Voting in Iowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/Energy_Policy" title="Energy Policy">Energy</a> and <a href="/Environmental_Policy" title="Environmental Policy">Environment</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/Energy_policy_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy in Iowa">Energy policy in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Fracking_in_Iowa" title="Fracking in Iowa">Fracking in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Oil_and_gas_extraction_on_federal_land_in_Iowa" title="Oil and gas extraction on federal land in Iowa">Oil and gas extraction on federal land in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Endangered_species_in_Iowa" title="Endangered species in Iowa">Endangered species in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Iowa" title="Environmental policy in Iowa">Environmental policy in Iowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Healthcare_Policy" title="Healthcare Policy"><b>Healthcare</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Healthcare_policy_in_Iowa" title="Healthcare policy in Iowa">Healthcare policy in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Medicaid_spending_in_Iowa" title="Medicaid spending in Iowa">Medicaid spending in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Effect_of_the_Affordable_Care_Act_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect of the Affordable Care Act in Iowa">Effect of the Affordable Care Act in Iowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/Immigration_Policy" title="Immigration Policy">Immigration</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/Immigration_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration in Iowa">Immigration in Iowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </small><p><small></small> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <p><a href="/File:BP-Initials-UPDATED.png" class="image"><img alt="BP-Initials-UPDATED.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0c/BP-Initials-UPDATED.png/35px-BP-Initials-UPDATED.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="24" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0c/BP-Initials-UPDATED.png/53px-BP-Initials-UPDATED.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0c/BP-Initials-UPDATED.png/70px-BP-Initials-UPDATED.png 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="675" /></a> <i>This article does not contain the most recently published data on this subject. If you would like to help our coverage grow, consider <a href="/Ballotpedia:Donate" title="Ballotpedia:Donate">donating</a> to Ballotpedia.</i> </p> <hr /> <table style="width:200px !important; background:#F8F8F8; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:5px; margin:5px; text-align: center; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #70ae43; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; font-size:90%"><big>Higher education</big> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-top:0.25em;"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Education_Policy" title="Education Policy"><img alt="Education Policy Logo on Ballotpedia.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/c/c6/Education_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png/200px-Education_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/c/c6/Education_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png/300px-Education_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/c/c6/Education_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png/400px-Education_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></div><hr style="height:2px; background-color:#70ae43; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%; font-size:90%"><center><a href="/Higher_education_enrollment_statistics" title="Higher education enrollment statistics">Enrollment statistics</a></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%; font-size:90%"><a href="/Higher_education_tuition_statistics" title="Higher education tuition statistics">Tuition statistics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%; font-size:90%"><a href="/Higher_education_financial_aid_statistics" title="Higher education financial aid statistics">Financial aid statistics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%; font-size:90%"><a href="/Higher_education_retention_rates" title="Higher education retention rates">Retention rates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%; font-size:90%"><a href="/Higher_education_graduation_rates" title="Higher education graduation rates">Graduation rates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:135%; font-size:90%"><a href="/Higher_education_funding" title="Higher education funding">Higher education funding</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy"><img alt="Public Policy Logo-one line.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/200px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="34" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/300px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/400px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="162" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="float:right; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; ;" class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Overview_2"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#State_agencies"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">State agencies</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Admissions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Admissions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Enrollment"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Enrollment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Enrollment_by_race_and_ethnicity"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Enrollment by race and ethnicity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Enrollment_by_sex"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Enrollment by sex</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Affirmative_action"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Affirmative action</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Student_costs"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Student costs</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#In-state_and_private_tuition"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">In-state and private tuition</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Out-of-state_tuition"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Out-of-state tuition</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Financial_aid"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Financial aid</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Student_debt"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Student debt</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Outcomes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Outcomes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Retention_rates"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Retention rates</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Graduation_rates"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Graduation rates</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Study_on_college_affordability_and_outcomes"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Study on college affordability and outcomes</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Funding"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Funding</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Total_state_funding"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Total state funding</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Funding_per_student"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Funding per student</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Faculty"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Faculty</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Faculty_2"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Faculty</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Employment_status"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Employment status</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Salaries"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Salaries</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Demographics_2"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Recent_news"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Recent news</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Higher_education_in_the_50_states"><span class="tocnumber">6.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Higher education in the 50 states</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <p><b>Iowa's higher education system</b> is composed of 65 colleges and universities. Of these, 19 are public institutions, 35 are nonprofit private schools, and 11 are for-profit private institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-publiclist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publiclist-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>Public university tuition in Iowa increased 15 percent between 2005-2006 and 2015-2016, making it one of seven states where tuition increased slower than the rate of inflation. </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>Average student debt held by college graduates amounted to about $29,732, ranking eighth highest in the country. </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>Iowa was one of five states where the number of teaching and research assistants outnumbered full-time faculty in five states.</li></div></div> <p>Higher education policy decisions can affect college access, the retention of students and the eventual completion of their degrees, student rights on campus, students' financial burden in the form of debt, and their employment prospects after graduation. <b>Click on the tabs below</b> to learn more about higher education in Iowa. </p> <h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span></h1> <table style="width:225px; box-shadow: 0px 2px 3px #A0A0A0; background:#F0F0F0; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:5px; margin:10px; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2"><hr style="height:5px; background-color:#70ae43; box-shadow: 0px 2px 3px #A0A0A0;" /><a href="/Education_Policy" title="Education Policy"><img alt="Education Policy Logo on Ballotpedia.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/c/c6/Education_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png/210px-Education_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="91" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/c/c6/Education_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png/315px-Education_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/c/c6/Education_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png/420px-Education_Policy_Logo_on_Ballotpedia.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#70ae43; box-shadow: 0px 2px 3px #A0A0A0; padding-top: 0.15em; padding-bottom: 0.15em; font-size:100%;"><big><b>Overview</b></big></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height:135%;"><b>Total number of schools:</b><br /> 65</td></tr><tr><td style="line-height:135%;"><b>Public schools:</b><br /> 19</td></tr><tr><td style="line-height:135%;"><b>State agency:</b><br /> Iowa Board of Regents</td></tr><tr><td style="line-height:135%;"><b>Retention rate:</b><br /> 66%<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height:135%;"><b>Graduation rate:</b><br /> 68.4%<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height:135%;"><b>Average public in-state tuition:</b><br /> $7,839</td></tr><tr><td style="line-height:135%;"><b>Total funding for public higher education:</b><br /> $847,741,404</td></tr><tr><td style="line-height:135%;"><b>Funding per full-time student:</b><br /> $5,335</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="line-height:135%;"><hr style="background-color:#70ae43; box-shadow: 0px 2px 3px #A0A0A0;" /><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy"><img alt="Public Policy Logo-one line.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/200px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="34" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/300px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/400px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="162" /></a><hr style="background-color:#70ae43; box-shadow: 0px 2px 3px #A0A0A0; margin-top:5px;" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="line-height:135%;"><small><b><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Higher education in the United States</a> • <a href="/Education_Policy" title="Education Policy">Education policy</a> • <a href="/Education_policy_in_the_United_States" title="Education policy in the United States">Education policy in the United States</a> • <a href="/Public_education_in_Iowa" title="Public education in Iowa">Public education in Iowa</a></b></small></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview_2">Overview</span></h3> <p>Higher education policy refers to the decisions made by the federal government, state legislatures, higher education boards, and colleges and universities themselves. These decisions can affect how state funding is allocated, who sets tuition and at what level, campus resources available for academically struggling students, degrees and programs offered, and state financial aid eligibility and award amounts, as some examples. Higher education entities also set policies that manage campus environments, such as the prohibition or allowance of guns on campus and rules regarding free speech and student protests.<sup id="cite_ref-2013issues_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013issues-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>Generally speaking, there are four types of postsecondary educational institutions in the United States:<sup id="cite_ref-ACE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACE-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USnews_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USnews-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Public two-year institutions</b>, which are most commonly known as community colleges, typically "award associate degrees in vocational fields [and] prepare students for transfer to four-year institutions." These schools are financed in large part with public funds. North Iowa Area Community College is an example of a public two-year institution in Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-ACE_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACE-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USnews_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USnews-6">[6]</a></sup></li> <li><b>Public four-year colleges and universities</b> award baccalaureate and/or graduate degrees. Traditionally, a distinction has been made between colleges and universities, with colleges awarding only four-year degrees and universities awarding both four-year and graduate-level degrees; however, these two terms are often used interchangeably today. Like their two-year counterparts, public four-year colleges and universities are financed largely with public funds. Iowa State University and the University of Iowa are examples of public four-year institutions in Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-ACE_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACE-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USnews_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USnews-6">[6]</a></sup></li> <li><b>Private nonprofit institutions</b> can vary dramatically in size, course offerings, and mission. These institutions do not receive public funding directly. Instead, private nonprofit schools are financed primarily by tuition, gifts, and endowments. These schools do not generate profit. Clarke University and Drake University are examples of private nonprofit institutions in Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-ACE_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACE-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USnews_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USnews-6">[6]</a></sup></li> <li><b>Private for-profit institutions</b> typically specialize in vocational education. Like their nonprofit counterparts, these schools do not receive public funds. These mainly online universities generally serve older students and endeavor to generate profits. Examples in Iowa include Ashford University and Kaplan University.<sup id="cite_ref-ACE_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACE-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USnews_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USnews-6">[6]</a></sup></li></ol> <p>The oldest postsecondary institution in Iowa is Loras College, which was founded in 1839 as St. Raphael Seminary. The University of Iowa, the state's first public college, was founded in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> </p><p>As of July 2016, there were 19 public colleges and universities in Iowa, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. These are listed in the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-publiclist_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publiclist-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:600px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Public postsecondary institutions in Iowa </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">School </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Type </th></tr> <tr> <td>Des Moines Area Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Iowa Community College District</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ellsworth Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hawkeye Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indian Hills Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa Central Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa Lakes Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa State University</td> <td>Four-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa Western Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kirkwood Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marshalltown Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Iowa Area Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northeast Iowa Community College-Calmar</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northwest Iowa Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southeastern Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southwestern Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Iowa</td> <td>Four-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Northern Iowa</td> <td>Four-year </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western Iowa Tech Community College</td> <td>Two-year </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:125%;" colspan="2"><small><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?s=IA&l=92+93+94&ct=1"><i>National Center for Education Statistics</i>, "College Navigator - Iowa"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="State_agencies">State agencies</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/File:Cleary_Walkway_with_the_Old_Capitol_in_the_background,_University_of_Iowa.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cleary_Walkway_with_the_Old_Capitol_in_the_background%2C_University_of_Iowa.JPG/300px-Cleary_Walkway_with_the_Old_Capitol_in_the_background%2C_University_of_Iowa.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cleary_Walkway_with_the_Old_Capitol_in_the_background%2C_University_of_Iowa.JPG/450px-Cleary_Walkway_with_the_Old_Capitol_in_the_background%2C_University_of_Iowa.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cleary_Walkway_with_the_Old_Capitol_in_the_background%2C_University_of_Iowa.JPG/600px-Cleary_Walkway_with_the_Old_Capitol_in_the_background%2C_University_of_Iowa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:Cleary_Walkway_with_the_Old_Capitol_in_the_background,_University_of_Iowa.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>University of Iowa.</div></div></div> <p>The state's public four-year postsecondary institutions are governed by the <b>Iowa Board of Regents</b>. Established in 1909, the board is generally responsible for the following:<sup id="cite_ref-board_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-board-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <ul><li>Creating strategic plans for the Board and approving mission statements and strategic plans for the institutions, as well as monitoring progress toward strategic goals.</li> <li>Creating and monitoring implementation of broad policies.</li> <li>Reviewing and approving academic programs.</li> <li>Approving budgets, tuition and fees, bonding, investment policies, and other business and finance matters.</li> <li>Managing and controlling property and capital projects.</li> <li>Hiring and evaluating performance of the three university presidents and two special school superintendents.</li> <li>Maintaining oversight on matters related to personnel and employment relations; administering the Regent Merit System and coordinating Regent collective bargaining activities.</li> <li>Serving as trustees of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics.</li> <li>Monitoring and coordinating legislative matters and interactions with other state agencies.</li> <li>Conducting studies and investigations, either alone or in association with the institutions and/or other agencies, and reporting findings and recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-board_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-board-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-11">[11]</a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Iowa Board of Regents</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The board is composed of nine members appointed by the <a href="/Governor_of_Iowa" title="Governor of Iowa">governor</a> with the advice and consent of the <a href="/Iowa_State_Senate" title="Iowa State Senate">Iowa State Senate</a>. Members serve six-year terms. One member must be a full-time student at one of the state's public universities and no more than five members may belong to the same political party. The board also oversees the Iowa School for the Deaf and the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School.<sup id="cite_ref-board_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-board-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Admissions">Admissions</span></h1> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Enrollment">Enrollment</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Higher_education_enrollment_statistics" title="Higher education enrollment statistics">Higher education enrollment statistics</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>According to the State Higher Education Executive Officers Association, college enrollment typically rises during economic downturns and declines as the economy improves. In 2014, higher education enrollment nationwide was 8.6 percent higher than pre-recession levels in 2008. However, enrollment has been declining since 2012. Full-time enrollment in higher education institutions rose sharply following the recession before peaking in 2011 and then dropping off.<sup id="cite_ref-enrollment_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrollment-12">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>College enrollment in Iowa followed this trend; <b>between 2012 and 2014, full-time enrollment decreased from about 132,400 to about 127,400</b>. In 2014, full-time college enrollment in Iowa was 10.8 percent higher than in 2008. Click <i>[show]</i> on the green bar below the bar chart to view full-time public university enrollment in Iowa as compared to surrounding states. </p> <div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/File:Iowa_higher_ed_enrollment_2016.png" class="image"><img alt="Iowa higher ed enrollment 2016.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/f/f3/Iowa_higher_ed_enrollment_2016.png" decoding="async" width="643" height="342" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="342" /></a></div></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:800px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Full-time enrollment in public postsecondary institutions, FY 2008 to FY 2014 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">State </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">FY 2008 (pre-recession) </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">FY 2009 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">FY 2012 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">FY 2013 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">FY 2014 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">1-year change </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">5-year change </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Change since recession </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>115,011</td> <td>117,254</td> <td>132,423</td> <td>129,669</td> <td>127,407</td> <td>-1.7%</td> <td>8.7%</td> <td>10.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>127,117</td> <td>129,377</td> <td>142,967</td> <td>140,182</td> <td>138,310</td> <td>-1.3%</td> <td>6.9%</td> <td>8.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>75,451</td> <td>77,825</td> <td>83,861</td> <td>81,175</td> <td>79,704</td> <td>-1.8%</td> <td>2.4%</td> <td>5.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>164,160</td> <td>177,751</td> <td>196,360</td> <td>196,659</td> <td>196,831</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>10.7%</td> <td>19.9% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>10,254,148</td> <td>10,721,466</td> <td>11,563,321</td> <td>11,288,232</td> <td>11,137,541</td> <td>-1.3%</td> <td>3.9%</td> <td>8.6% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:125%;" colspan="9"><small><b>Note:</b> Full-time enrollment excludes medical students.<sup id="cite_ref-enrollment_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrollment-12">[12]</a></sup><br /><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.sheeo.org/sites/default/files/project-files/SHEF%20FY%202014-20150410.pdf"><i>State Higher Education Executive Officers Association</i>, "State Higher Education Finance: FY 2014"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Enrollment_by_race_and_ethnicity">Enrollment by race and ethnicity</span></h4> <p>In Iowa, total enrollment—full-time and part-time—in all public and private higher education institutions amounted to 339,738 in fall 2013. About 70.4 percent of these students were white. Black students comprised approximately 15 percent of the total postsecondary student population in Iowa. During that time, 72.8 percent of the state's general population was white and 15.6 percent was black, with other ethnic groups comprising the remainder. The table below lists demographic information for both postsecondary students and the general population in Iowa and surrounding states.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Higher education enrollment by race/ethnicity, 2013 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white; width:13%;">State </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white; width:13%;">Population category </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">White </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Black </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Hispanic </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Asian </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white; width:9%;">Pacific Islander </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white; width:10%;">American Indian/Alaska Native </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white; width:12%;">Two or more races </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white; width:8%;">Non-resident alien </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>Postsecondary students</td> <td>70.4%</td> <td>15.0%</td> <td>6.5%</td> <td>2.1%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>General population</td> <td>72.8%</td> <td>15.6%</td> <td>6.7%</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>Postsecondary students</td> <td>71.6%</td> <td>7.6%</td> <td>8.0%</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>2.7%</td> <td>6.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>General population</td> <td>76.2%</td> <td>8.1%</td> <td>8.5%</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>Postsecondary students</td> <td>78.4%</td> <td>5.9%</td> <td>7.1%</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>General population</td> <td>81.1%</td> <td>6.1%</td> <td>7.3%</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>1.9%</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>Postsecondary students</td> <td>72.2%</td> <td>14.5%</td> <td>4.0%</td> <td>2.7%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td>3.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>General population</td> <td>75.0%</td> <td>15.0%</td> <td>4.2%</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>2.3%</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>Postsecondary students</td> <td>56.9%</td> <td>14.1%</td> <td>15.2%</td> <td>5.9%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>2.7%</td> <td>4.1% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td>General population</td> <td>59.3%</td> <td>14.7%</td> <td>15.8%</td> <td>6.1%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>2.9%</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:125%;" colspan="10"><small><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151028181941/http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d14/tables/dt14_306.60.asp?current=yes"><i>National Center for Education Statistics</i>, "Table 306.60. Fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity of student and state or jurisdiction: 2013"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Enrollment_by_sex">Enrollment by sex</span></h4> <p>In 2013, 60.3 percent of all postsecondary students in Iowa were female, which was higher the national rate of 56.5 percent. The table below lists postsecondary student enrollment by sex in Iowa and surrounding states.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:600px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Higher education enrollment by sex, 2013 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">State </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Total students </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Male students </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percentage </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Female students </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>339,738</td> <td>134,970</td> <td>39.7%</td> <td>204,768</td> <td>60.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>215,855</td> <td>97,188</td> <td>45.0%</td> <td>118,667</td> <td>55.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>137,943</td> <td>61,423</td> <td>44.5%</td> <td>76,520</td> <td>55.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>438,222</td> <td>190,737</td> <td>43.5%</td> <td>247,485</td> <td>56.5% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>20,375,789</td> <td>8,860,786</td> <td>43.5%</td> <td>11,515,003</td> <td>56.5% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:125%;" colspan="6"><small><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025130310/http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d14/tables/dt14_304.30.asp?current=yes"><i>National Center for Education Statistics</i>, "Table 304.30. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, sex, and state or jurisdiction: 2012 and 2013"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Affirmative_action">Affirmative action</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a> and <a href="/Affirmative_action_in_Iowa" title="Affirmative action in Iowa">Affirmative action in Iowa</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Federal law requires government contractors and other departments and agencies receiving federal funding to develop and implement affirmative action plans for the hiring process. Public colleges and universities are considered federal contractors and must utilize affirmative action in their employment practices. However, many private and public colleges and universities across the country have also implemented similar measures in their admissions processes. These actions are typically voluntary, although a handful of states have adopted rules that require state universities to take affirmative action in admissions.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Myths_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myths-17">[17]</a></sup> </p><p>Affirmative action admissions programs were undertaken by public and private universities alike, beginning in the late 1960s and 1970s. Some universities initially established quotas in order to achieve a demographically diverse student body; these quotas were outlawed by the <a href="/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> in <i>Regents of the University of California v. Bakke</i> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PBS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-18">[18]</a></sup> </p><p>Affirmative action can also take other forms, such as targeted outreach campaigns. <b>Today, a common form of affirmative action in college admissions is that of racial preferences.</b> A preference occurs when a group of applicants is more likely to be admitted than other applicants with similar or better qualifications due to other factors, such as race or ethnicity. Preferences are also sometimes extended towards women, athletes, and children of alumni. The use of racial preferences may be related to college selectivity: scholars such as law professor Richard Sander have found that preferences are strongest at elite institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PBS_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mismatch_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mismatch-20">[20]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/Affirmative_action#State_bans" title="Affirmative action">Eight states</a> have enacted laws banning the consideration of race in university admissions. As of March 2015, Iowa was not one of these states. <b>Of three public four-year universities in Iowa, none reported considering race in admissions</b>, as indicated in the chart below. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Consideration of race at public four-year universities in Iowa </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" rowspan="2">School </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white; width:35%;" colspan="4">Race/ethnicity is... </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" rowspan="2">School selectivity* </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Very important </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Important </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Considered </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Not considered </th></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa State University</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/File:15px-600px-Yes_check.png" class="image" title="{{{1}}}"><img alt="{{{1}}}" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/thumb/f/f2/15px-600px-Yes_check.png/14px-15px-600px-Yes_check.png" width="14" height="14" srcset="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/f2/15px-600px-Yes_check.png 1.5x, https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/f2/15px-600px-Yes_check.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div></td> <td>Less selective </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Iowa</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/File:15px-600px-Yes_check.png" class="image" title="{{{1}}}"><img alt="{{{1}}}" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/thumb/f/f2/15px-600px-Yes_check.png/14px-15px-600px-Yes_check.png" width="14" height="14" srcset="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/f2/15px-600px-Yes_check.png 1.5x, https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/f2/15px-600px-Yes_check.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div></td> <td>Less selective </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Northern Iowa</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/File:15px-600px-Yes_check.png" class="image" title="{{{1}}}"><img alt="{{{1}}}" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/thumb/f/f2/15px-600px-Yes_check.png/14px-15px-600px-Yes_check.png" width="14" height="14" srcset="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/f2/15px-600px-Yes_check.png 1.5x, https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/f2/15px-600px-Yes_check.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></div></td> <td>Somewhat selective </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:135%;" colspan="6"><small><b>Sources:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://bigfuture.collegeboard.org/college-search"><i>The College Board</i>, "Big Future"</a>. Reproduced with permission.<br /><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.collegedata.com/cs/main/main_choose_tmpl.jhtml"><i>CollegeData</i>, "College 411"</a><br /><b>*Note:</b> This scale of college selectivity comes from The College Board and is measured as follows: <i>Most selective</i>, less than 25 percent admitted; <i>Very selective</i>, 25 percent to 50 percent admitted; <i>Somewhat selective</i>, 50 percent to 75 percent admitted; <i>Less selective</i>, more than 75 percent admitted; <i>Open admission</i>, all or most admitted.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible outercollapse collapsed" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" style="width:900px; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;"><b>Click <i>[show]</i> to learn more about the data</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:12px;">Information on which colleges consider race in admissions came from individual college profiles provided by two websites that aim to assist students in choosing a college: The College Board and CollegeData. Such information was reported to The College Board by the colleges themselves. Note that schools may have updated their policies since reporting them. To see the data: <ol><li><b>College Board</b>: Click the link to the college's profile provided in the table below. Click "Applying" on the side menu and scroll down. Listed will be several criteria of admission into the college, separated by importance. If Race/Ethnicity is not listed, it was not reported as considered by the college's admissions officers.</li> <li><b>CollegeData</b>: Click the link to the college's profile provided in the table below. Scroll down to the section titled "Selection of Students" to see a chart of admission criteria ranked from "Very Important" to "Not Considered."</li></ol> <table class="wikitable collapsible innercollapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" style="background:none; margin:auto; width:890px; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Links to school profiles </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" rowspan="2">School </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" colspan="2">School profiles </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" rowspan="2">School </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" colspan="2">School profiles </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">College Board </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">CollegeData </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">College Board </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">CollegeData </th></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa State University</td> <td><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://bigfuture.collegeboard.org/college-university-search/iowa-state-university">Link</a></td> <td><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.collegedata.com/cs/data/college/college_pg02_tmpl.jhtml?schoolId=1784">Link</a></td> <td>University of Northern Iowa</td> <td><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://bigfuture.collegeboard.org/college-university-search/university-of-northern-iowa">Link</a></td> <td><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.collegedata.com/cs/data/college/college_pg02_tmpl.jhtml?schoolId=385">Link</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Iowa</td> <td><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://bigfuture.collegeboard.org/college-university-search/university-of-iowa">Link</a></td> <td><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.collegedata.com/cs/data/college/college_pg02_tmpl.jhtml?schoolId=1767">Link</a></td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Student_costs">Student costs</span></h1> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Higher_education_tuition_statistics" title="Higher education tuition statistics">Higher education tuition statistics</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In-state_and_private_tuition">In-state and private tuition</span></h3> <p>Tuition accounts for just a portion of student costs; in many states, the cost of room and board equals or surpasses the cost of tuition at public universities. However, unlike room and board, tuition has risen much faster than inflation, increasing by 40 percent between the 2005-2006 and the 2015-2016 school years. The consumer price index increased by 21.5 percent over the same time period. Some studies suggest that universities have increased tuition as a response to state budget cuts, while others correlate rising tuition with the availability of financial aid.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ncestuition_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncestuition-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> </p><p>In the 2013-2014 academic year, the national average in-state cost for tuition and required fees at a public four-year school totaled $8,312. For a private four-year school, the average was $25,696. In Iowa, these figures were lower: $7,839 and $17,492, respectively. <b>Public university tuition in the state increased 15 percent between 2005-2006 and 2015-2016</b>. The graph below displays average tuition prices in Iowa as compared to the nationwide average for each year during that time. Hover over the points to view precise figures. The table below the graph compares 2013-2014 average annual tuition costs in Iowa with those in surrounding states.<sup id="cite_ref-ncestuition_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncestuition-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Note: Discrepancies in data between the line graph and the table below are due to differing sources of information.</i></dd></dl> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><center><iframe width="685" height="372" seamless="" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1QF22DWZPC1H1RBbWcxX_J2Pzra-AOm7MADfXq-vm87s/pubchart?oid=619933304&format=interactive"></iframe></center> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:800px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Higher education tuition and fees at 4-year institutions, 2013-2014 (in current dollars) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">State </th> <th colspan="3" valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Public in-state </th> <th colspan="3" valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Private </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">2012-2013 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">2013-2014 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Percent change </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">2012-2013 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">2013-2014 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Percent change </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>$7,832</td> <td>$7,839</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>$15,426</td> <td>$17,492</td> <td>13.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>$6,970</td> <td>$7,387</td> <td>6.0%</td> <td>$20,852</td> <td>$20,122</td> <td>-3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>$7,023</td> <td>$7,081</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>$19,478</td> <td>$19,832</td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>$7,815</td> <td>$7,998</td> <td>2.3%</td> <td>$19,020</td> <td>$19,523</td> <td>2.6% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>$8,070</td> <td>$8,312</td> <td>3.0%</td> <td>$24,525</td> <td>$25,696</td> <td>4.8% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:125%;" colspan="8"><small><b>Note:</b> Dollar figures do not account for differences in the cost of living between states. Learn more <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/rpp/rpp_newsrelease.htm">here</a>.<br /><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151028182553/http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d14/tables/dt14_330.20.asp?current=yes"><i>National Center for Education Statistics</i>, "Table 330.20. Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates charged for full-time students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution and state or jurisdiction: 2012-13 and 2013-14"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Out-of-state_tuition">Out-of-state tuition</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Higher_education_tuition_statistics" title="Higher education tuition statistics">Higher education tuition statistics</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Public postsecondary schools receive some of their funding from their state's government. This money in turn comes from taxation of the state's residents. Since neither out-of-state students nor their parents paid that state's taxes, the schools charge these students additional tuition to account for the difference. This additional charge is a significant increase over in-state tuition in all 50 states. In the 2013-2014 school year, out-of-state students nationwide paid an average of $22,603 in annual tuition and required fees, 272 percent higher than the in-state average of $8,312.<sup id="cite_ref-ncestuition_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncestuition-22">[22]</a></sup> </p><p><b>Students attending public postsecondary institutions in Iowa from outside of the state were required to pay an average of $23,568</b>, a 301 percent difference over the average in-state tuition of $7,839. The average out-of-state tuition price for Iowa was higher than the national average by about $1,000. The table below compares in-state and out-of-state tuition figures for Iowa with those of surrounding states. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:650px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Average annual in-state and out-of-state tuition and required fees, 2013-2014 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">State </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Average in-state tuition </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Average out-of-state tuition </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percent difference </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>$7,839</td> <td>$23,568</td> <td>301% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>$7,387</td> <td>$18,642</td> <td>252% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>$7,081</td> <td>$16,734</td> <td>236% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>$7,998</td> <td>$19,319</td> <td>242% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>$8,312</td> <td>$22,603</td> <td>272% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:135%;" colspan="4"><small><b>Note:</b> Dollar figures do not account for differences in the cost of living between states. Learn more <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/rpp/rpp_newsrelease.htm">here</a>.<br /><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151028182553/http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d14/tables/dt14_330.20.asp?current=yes"><i>National Center for Education Statistics</i>, "Table 330.20. Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates charged for full-time students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution and state or jurisdiction: 2012-13 and 2013-14"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Financial_aid">Financial aid</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Higher_education_financial_aid_statistics" title="Higher education financial aid statistics">Higher education financial aid statistics</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The federal government provides financial aid to undergraduate students in the form of grants and loans. Notable grants administered by the United States government include Pell Grants and Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (FSEOG). Loan programs administered by the federal government include the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) Program and Federal Perkins Loan Program. Perkins Loans have an interest rate of 5 percent, while Direct Loans have interest rates that vary based on the date of disbursement and the loan type: loans disbursed between July 1, 2014, and July 1, 2017, have interest rates ranging from 3.76 percent to 7.21 percent. According to the <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a>, the average default rate on Perkins Loans was 11.8 percent for borrowers who entered into repayment in 2012; the rate reflects borrowers who defaulted prior to September 30, 2014. This is compared to average default rates of 7.2 percent on home loans and 2.23 percent on credit card loans in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-federalaid_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-federalaid-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> </p><p>In addition, colleges and universities often offer institution-specific financial aid to their students, and individual states may also administer student financial aid programs. According to the National Association of State Student Grant and Aid Programs, the states disbursed approximately $11.7 billion in state-based financial aid to postsecondary students in the 2013-2014 academic year. This represented about 5 percent of all financial aid provided to undergraduate students, according to The College Board. <b>Iowa awarded $66.7 million in state-based financial aid</b> during that time. The table below provides state-based aid figures for Iowa and surrounding states in 2013-2014.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:600px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Total state-based financial aid, 2013-2014 (in millions) </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">State </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Need-based grant aid </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Non-need-based grant aid </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Non-grant aid </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>$59.57</td> <td>$4.8</td> <td>$2.3</td> <td>$66.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>$18.14</td> <td>-</td> <td>$3.95</td> <td>$22.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>$17.34</td> <td>-</td> <td>$107.72</td> <td>$125.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>$60.55</td> <td>$46.86</td> <td>-</td> <td>$107.41 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>$7,491.27</td> <td>$2,446.92</td> <td>$1,756.51</td> <td>$11,694.70 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:125%;" colspan="5"><small><b>Note:</b> Dollar figures do not account for differences in the cost of living between states. Learn more <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/rpp/rpp_newsrelease.htm">here</a>.<br /><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.nassgap.org/viewrepository.aspx?categoryID=3#"><i>National Association of State Student Grant and Aid Programs</i>, "45th Annual Survey Report on State-Sponsored Student Financial Aid"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Student_debt">Student debt</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Student_debt_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Student debt in higher education in the United States">Student debt in higher education in the United States</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Student debt is a major concern for both parents and students. According to the Institute for College Access and Success, in school year 2013-2014, an average of 62 percent of all students nationwide graduated with debt at an average of about $27,779 per borrower. The state with the lowest average debt held by students was <a href="/Higher_education_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Utah">Utah</a>, where average student debt was about $18,921. Conversely, students who graduated from colleges and universities in <a href="/Higher_education_in_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Delaware">Delaware</a> held an average of about $33,808 in debt, the highest in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-statedebt201314_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statedebt201314-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-debt201314_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debt201314-34">[34]</a></sup> </p><p>During the 2013-2014 school year, about 68 percent of postsecondary students at both public and private schools in Iowa graduated with debt. <b>Average debt held amounted to about $29,732, ranking eighth highest in the country</b>. The table below compares the average student debt, percentage of graduates with debt, and national rankings of Iowa and surrounding states. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:700px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Average student debt and percentage of graduates with debt, 2013-2014 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">State </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Average debt </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">National rank </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percentage with debt </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">National rank </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>$29,732</td> <td>8</td> <td>68%</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>$25,521</td> <td>34</td> <td>65%</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>$26,278</td> <td>26</td> <td>63%</td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>$25,844</td> <td>33</td> <td>59%</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>$27,779</td> <td>--</td> <td>62%</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:135%;" colspan="5"><small><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://college-insight.org/#explore/go&h=ae487dc9c317725535aeb7f563a33914"><i>CollegeInSight</i>, "Explore All Data"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While tuition for private schools is typically higher than that of public schools, debt does not always follow this same pattern. The Institute for College Access and Success analyzed data on student debt held by graduates of public and private schools. They found that in the 2013-2014 school year, about 60 percent of students nationwide who graduated from a public institution had debt, which averaged about $25,665 per borrower. For private schools, they found that approximately 65 percent of students graduated with an average of $28,498 in debt. However, in some states, such as <a href="/Higher_education_in_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, students on average graduated from private schools with less debt than those who graduated from public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-statedebt201314_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statedebt201314-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-debt201314_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debt201314-34">[34]</a></sup> </p><p>During the 2013-2014 school year, about 62 percent of graduates from Iowa's public schools graduated with an average of $27,523 in debt. About 76 percent of private school students graduated with an average of $32,295 in debt. As this data shows, students who graduated from public schools during this year had less debt on average than those who graduated from private schools. The table below compares these statistics for Iowa with those of its surrounding states. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:700px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Average student debt from public and private colleges, 2013-2014 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">State </th> <th colspan="2" valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Public in-state institution </th> <th colspan="2" valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Private institution </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Average debt </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Percent of graduates with debt </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Average debt </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Percent of graduates with debt </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>$27,523</td> <td>62%</td> <td>$32,295</td> <td>76% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>$25,610</td> <td>63%</td> <td>$24,868</td> <td>78% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>$24,599</td> <td>61%</td> <td>$31,163</td> <td>70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>$26,147</td> <td>62%</td> <td>$25,338</td> <td>54% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>$25,902</td> <td>60%</td> <td>$29,657</td> <td>64% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:135%;" colspan="5"><small><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://college-insight.org/#explore/go&h=ae487dc9c317725535aeb7f563a33914"><i>CollegeInSight</i>, "Explore All Data"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Outcomes">Outcomes</span></h1> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Retention_rates">Retention rates</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Higher_education_retention_rates" title="Higher education retention rates">Higher education retention rates</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Retention rates indicate the percentage of freshmen postsecondary students who enroll the following academic year as sophomores. According to the NCHEMS Information Center for Higher Education Policymaking and Analysis:<sup id="cite_ref-retention_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retention-35">[35]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">Students are more likely to drop out of postsecondary education during the first year than any other time. If a state can implement policies that help to increase retention rates either within institutions or through transfer, the likelihood of students persisting to graduation is far greater.<sup id="cite_ref-retention_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retention-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-11">[11]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—NCHEMS Information Center for Higher Education Policymaking and Analysis</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Compared to neighboring states, Iowa had the lowest total retention rate in the 2013-2014 school year at 66 percent. The table below compares retention rates in Iowa and surrounding states.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:650px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="11" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Higher education retention rates, 2013-2014 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" rowspan="2">State </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" rowspan="2">Total </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" colspan="2">Public </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" colspan="2">Private nonprofit </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" colspan="2">Private for-profit </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">2-year </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">4-year </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">2-year </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">4-year </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">2-year </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">4-year </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>66%</td> <td>55%</td> <td>86%</td> <td>80%</td> <td>78%</td> <td>72%</td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>67%</td> <td>57%</td> <td>77%</td> <td>76%</td> <td>67%</td> <td>67%</td> <td>51% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>70%</td> <td>56%</td> <td>78%</td> <td>27%</td> <td>76%</td> <td>76%</td> <td>76% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>68%</td> <td>58%</td> <td>76%</td> <td>57%</td> <td>76%</td> <td>69%</td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>71%</td> <td>60%</td> <td>79%</td> <td>62%</td> <td>80%</td> <td>68%</td> <td>54% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:125%;" colspan="11"><small><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://college-insight.org/#explore/go&h=e6a23ababb9fc48a2ac76e846a98f861"><i>CollegeInSight</i>, "Explore All Data"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Graduation_rates">Graduation rates</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Higher_education_graduation_rates" title="Higher education graduation rates">Higher education graduation rates</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The table below, built from data compiled by <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>, details graduation rates for Iowa and surrounding states. Although postsecondary schools are classified as four-year and two-year institutions, relatively few students actually complete degrees within these time frames. At four-year schools, students commonly take between four and six years to complete their degrees. Likewise, students at two-year institutions commonly take three years to complete their degrees. To illustrate this point, both four-year and six-year graduation rates are provided in the table below (only three-year rates are provided for two-year institutions, owing to a lack of information regarding two-year completion rates).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> </p><p><b>At public four-year colleges in Iowa, 41.5 percent graduated within four years, while 68.4 percent graduated within six years</b>. These figures were higher than in neighboring states. About 25.1 percent of Iowa students at public two-year colleges graduated within three years; this figure was below those in two neighboring states, Kansas and Nebraska.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> </p> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/File:Iowa_four_year_college_completion.png" class="image"><img alt="Iowa four year college completion.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/ab/Iowa_four_year_college_completion.png/445px-Iowa_four_year_college_completion.png" decoding="async" width="445" height="331" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/a/ab/Iowa_four_year_college_completion.png 1.5x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="374" /></a></div><div class="floatright"><a href="/File:Iowa_six_year_college_completion.png" class="image"><img alt="Iowa six year college completion.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/e/e6/Iowa_six_year_college_completion.png/445px-Iowa_six_year_college_completion.png" decoding="async" width="445" height="331" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/e/e6/Iowa_six_year_college_completion.png 1.5x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="375" /></a></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Graduation rates by state, 2013 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">State </th> <th colspan="6" valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Four-year institutions </th> <th colspan="2" valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Two-year institutions </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Completion within four years </th> <th colspan="3" valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Completion within six years </th> <th colspan="2" valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Completion within three years </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#D8D8D8; color: black;">Public </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#D8D8D8; color: black;">Private nonprofit </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#D8D8D8; color: black;">Private for-profit </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#D8D8D8; color: black;">Public </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#D8D8D8; color: black;">Private nonprofit </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#D8D8D8; color: black;">Private for-profit </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#D8D8D8; color: black;">Public </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#D8D8D8; color: black;">Private for-profit </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>41.5%</td> <td>52.4%</td> <td>11.4%</td> <td>68.4%</td> <td>62.0%</td> <td>23.8%</td> <td>25.1%</td> <td>43.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>27.6%</td> <td>34.8%</td> <td>0.0%</td> <td>54.6%</td> <td>48.2%</td> <td>0.0%</td> <td>30.6%</td> <td>58.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>25.7%</td> <td>48.5%</td> <td>25.0%</td> <td>56.2%</td> <td>61.5%</td> <td>25.0%</td> <td>27.0%</td> <td>40.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>32.3%</td> <td>46.1%</td> <td>8.2%</td> <td>55.2%</td> <td>59.7%</td> <td>18.0%</td> <td>18.7%</td> <td>64.2% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>33.3%</td> <td>52.8%</td> <td>23.3%</td> <td>57.6%</td> <td>65.4%</td> <td>33.2%</td> <td>19.4%</td> <td>63.1% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:125%;" colspan="9"><small><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://collegecompletion.chronicle.com/"><i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>, "Graduation rates by state"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Study_on_college_affordability_and_outcomes">Study on college affordability and outcomes</span></h3> <p>College affordability and student debt have become major issues in higher education policy, particularly since the 2008 recession. The College Affordability Guide is an organization that evaluates colleges for their value, which is defined as providing a high-quality education that is affordable "not only for the average student, but for lower-income students as well." According to the College Affordability Guide, there are nine colleges in Iowa that provide high-quality education at an affordable price. The College Affordability Guide's rankings consider a number of factors and are based on the idea that income-appropriate tuition, completing one's studies, and being able to pay back one's loans are the key elements of a worthwhile college experience. Colleges considered the best value by the guide meet the following criteria:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Tuition at an average net price of $15,000 per year or less after financial aid for families making $48,000 per year or less</li> <li>At least 50 percent of students graduate or transfer</li> <li>At least 50 percent of students are actively paying down student loan debt three years after graduation</li></ul> <p>Additionally, all colleges considered are not-for-profit, offer associate or higher degrees, and have at least one non-standard way for students to earn college credits, such as AP or CLEP credit. The table below lists the colleges in Iowa that the College Affordability Guide considers to be the best value. The colleges are in no particular order. Full rankings and descriptions of the colleges can be found <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.collegeaffordabilityguide.org/schools/iowa/">here</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:800px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Most affordable colleges in Iowa, 2016 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white; width: 35%;">College </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white; width: 20%;">Average net price </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percent of students graduating or transferring </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percent of students repaying loans </th></tr> <tr> <td>Grinnell College</td> <td>$9,000</td> <td>89.0%</td> <td>97.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa Central Community College</td> <td>$5,000</td> <td>63.0%</td> <td>57.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa State University</td> <td>$9,000</td> <td>93.0%</td> <td>90.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa Western Community College</td> <td>$8,000</td> <td>50.0%</td> <td>62.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mount Mercy University</td> <td>$14,000</td> <td>72.0%</td> <td>90.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Iowa Area Community College</td> <td>$6,000</td> <td>64.0%</td> <td>64.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Northern Iowa</td> <td>$11,000</td> <td>88.0%</td> <td>91.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northeast Iowa Community College-Calmar</td> <td>$9,000</td> <td>51.0%</td> <td>65.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northwest Iowa Community College</td> <td>$9,000</td> <td>66.0%</td> <td>78.1% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:125%;" colspan="4"><small><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.collegeaffordabilityguide.org/schools/iowa/"><i>College Affordability Guide</i>, "2016 Most Affordable Colleges in Iowa"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Funding">Funding</span></h1> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Total_state_funding">Total state funding</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Higher_education_funding" title="Higher education funding">Higher education funding</a> and <a href="/Iowa_state_budget_and_finances" title="Iowa state budget and finances">Iowa state budget and finances</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Higher education funding mechanisms differ depending on the type of institution. Public colleges receive the lion's share of their funding from state and local governments. According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, state and local appropriations accounted for 53 percent of higher education revenues nationwide in 2013. By contrast, private institutions do not receive direct government funding. Instead, these institutions rely primarily on tuition, gifts, and endowments.<sup id="cite_ref-CBPP_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBPP-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> </p><p>The 2008 recession led to decreased public higher education funding as college enrollment increased: </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">By 2012, the tuition revenues collected by public universities in 20 states covered more educational costs than did state-provided dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-11">[11]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Texas Coalition for Excellence in Higher Education<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While there have been moderate increases in state allocations between 2012 and 2015, the average amount of spending "is still 15 percent less, per student, than before the economic downturn," according to a study by the State Higher Education Executive Offices (SHEEO).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>Grapevine</i>, which is published by Illinois State University's Center for the Study of Education Policy and SHEEO, <b>financial support for public higher education in Iowa totaled $847.7 billion in fiscal year 2015, a 7.7 percent increase over fiscal year 2013</b>. The table below lists higher education fiscal support figures for Iowa and surrounding states.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:650px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">State funding for higher education </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">State </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Fiscal year 2013 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Fiscal year 2014 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Fiscal year 2015 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percent change </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>$787,419,692</td> <td>$823,333,019</td> <td>$847,741,404</td> <td>7.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>$795,346,375</td> <td>$771,121,325</td> <td>$803,124,160</td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>$659,571,367</td> <td>$688,173,035</td> <td>$717,198,058</td> <td>8.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>$931,239,665</td> <td>$954,236,519</td> <td>$1,032,061,214</td> <td>10.8% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>$72,493,483,464</td> <td>$76,950,508,609</td> <td>$80,973,621,292</td> <td>11.7% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:135%;" colspan="5"><small><b>Note:</b> Dollar figures do not account for differences in the cost of living between states. Learn more <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/rpp/rpp_newsrelease.htm">here</a>.<br /><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://education.illinoisstate.edu/grapevine/tables/Table1_GPV15.pdf"><i>Grapevine</i>, "Table 1: State Fiscal Support for Higher Education, by State, Fiscal Years 2009-10, 2012-13, 2013-14, and 2014-15"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Funding_per_student">Funding per student</span></h3> <p>According to the State Higher Education Executive Officers Association, average adjusted public postsecondary appropriations per full-time student declined 13.3 percent from fiscal year 2009 to 2013 on average in the United States. In Iowa, appropriations per full-time student declined 21.7 percent during that same period. The table below lists adjusted public higher education appropriations per full-time student for Iowa and surrounding states in fiscal years 2009, 2013, and 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-enrollment_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enrollment-12">[12]</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:700px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Public higher education appropriations per full-time student (in constant 2014 dollars) </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">State </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Fiscal year 2009 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Fiscal year 2013 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Fiscal year 2014 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">1 year change </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">5 year change </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Change since recession </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>$6,810</td> <td>$5,112</td> <td>$5,335</td> <td>4.4%</td> <td>-21.7%</td> <td>-20.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>$6,711</td> <td>$5,745</td> <td>$5,648</td> <td>-1.7%</td> <td>-15.8%</td> <td>-18.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>$7,976</td> <td>$7,503</td> <td>$7,840</td> <td>4.5%</td> <td>-1.7%</td> <td>-5.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>$7,172</td> <td>$5,311</td> <td>$5,297</td> <td>-0.3%</td> <td>-26.1%</td> <td>-27.8% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>$7,553</td> <td>$6,215</td> <td>$6,552</td> <td>5.4%</td> <td>-13.3%</td> <td>-18.9% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:125%;" colspan="7"><small><b>Notes:</b> "Educational appropriations are a measure of state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses including ARRA funds, and exclude appropriations for independent institutions, financial aid for students attending independent institutions, research, hospitals, and medical education."<br />"Adjustment factors, to arrive at constant dollar figures, include Cost of Living Adjustment (COLA), Enrollment Mix Index (EMI), and Higher Education Cost Adjustment (HECA). The Cost of Living Adjustment (COLA) is not a measure of inflation over time."<br /><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.sheeo.org/sites/default/files/project-files/SHEF%20FY%202014-20150410.pdf"><i>State Higher Education Executive Officers Association</i>, "State Higher Education Finance: FY 2014"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Faculty">Faculty</span></h1> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Faculty_2">Faculty</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Higher_education_faculty_statistics" title="Higher education faculty statistics">Higher education faculty statistics</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Across the country, as student enrollment at postsecondary institutions has changed, so has the faculty. To meet rising demand, the number of faculty increased nationwide by just over 55 percent, from 515,684 to 800,611, between the 1993-1994 and 2013-2014 school years. In Iowa, the total number of faculty rose from 9,611 to 11,862. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the college faculty profession has one of the fastest growth rates in the nation and will see a 19 percent increase in jobs between 2012 and 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-FactBook_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactBook-45">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2013facultytables_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013facultytables-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Employment_status">Employment status</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;"><a href="/File:EmploymentStatusCollegeFacultyIowa.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/7/7b/EmploymentStatusCollegeFacultyIowa.png/400px-EmploymentStatusCollegeFacultyIowa.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="306" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/7/7b/EmploymentStatusCollegeFacultyIowa.png 1.5x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="450" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:EmploymentStatusCollegeFacultyIowa.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Employment of faculty at four-year public institutions in Iowa</div></div></div> <p>While the total number of faculty at public colleges and universities continued to rise over the previous two decades, the portion of faculty who work part time rose more quickly. By the mid-1990s, part-time faculty comprised over half of total instructional faculty, a figure which continued to increase before leveling off in 2013. In the 2013-2014 school year, just over 55 percent of instructional faculty nationwide worked part time. The number of part-time faculty, including teaching and research assistants, outnumbered full-time faculty in all but 11 states. The number of teaching and research assistants alone outnumbered full-time faculty in five states. Iowa was one of these states. According to the <a href="/Southern_Regional_Education_Compact" title="Southern Regional Education Compact">Southern Regional Education Board</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FactBook_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactBook-45">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2013facultytables_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013facultytables-46">[46]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The fact that part-time faculty and teaching/research assistants are a majority of the instructional staff does not mean they do a majority of the instruction, because part-time faculty members and teaching/research assistants typically do not teach as many classes as full-time faculty members. Part-time faculty members generally do not have campus committee assignments or participate in student activities.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-11">[11]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Southern Regional Education Board<sup id="cite_ref-FactBook_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactBook-45">[45]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>In Iowa, the percentage of all part-time faculty, including graduate assistants, decreased from 60.8 percent to 56.4 percent between the 1993-1994 and 2013-2014 school years</b>. Below is a table that provides figures on full-time and part-time faculty employment in Iowa as compared to surrounding states.<sup id="cite_ref-2013facultytables_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013facultytables-46">[46]</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:850px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Employment status of instructional faculty at public four-year institutions </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" rowspan="2">State </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" colspan="4">1993-1994 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;" colspan="4">2013-2014 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Full time faculty </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Part time faculty </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Graduate assistants </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Part-time total as a percent of all faculty* </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Full time faculty </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Part time faculty </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Graduate assistants </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Part-time total as a percent of all faculty* </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>3,769</td> <td>479</td> <td>5,363</td> <td>60.8%</td> <td>5,174</td> <td>925</td> <td>5,763</td> <td>56.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>3,839</td> <td>876</td> <td>2,651</td> <td>47.9%</td> <td>5,999</td> <td>1,352</td> <td>4,462</td> <td>49.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>2,448</td> <td>695</td> <td>325</td> <td>29.4%</td> <td>2,809</td> <td>972</td> <td>2,358</td> <td>54.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>6,302</td> <td>2,225</td> <td>2,856</td> <td>44.6%</td> <td>6,673</td> <td>3,051</td> <td>5,171</td> <td>55.2% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>265,469</td> <td>83,579</td> <td>166,636</td> <td>48.5%</td> <td>359,586</td> <td>163,962</td> <td>277,063</td> <td>55.1% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:125%;" colspan="11"><small>*"Part-time total" includes teaching and research assistants, who also work part time.<br /><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.sreb.org/fact-book-tables"><i>Southern Regional Education Board</i>, "Fact Book Tables"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Salaries">Salaries</span></h3> <p>According to the Southern Regional Education Board, although the salaries of full-time faculty at public four-year institutions are higher than the those of the average American worker, their growth has not kept pace with the average rate of salary increases across all professions. However, salary growth at private institutions has <i>outpaced</i> the national average rate. From the 2008-2009 to the 2013-2014 school years, the average salary for full-time instructional faculty at public four-year institutions nationwide rose from $76,009 to $79,293. In Iowa, the average salary increased from $84,404 to $88,217. The table below provides faculty salary information for the school years 2008-2009 and 2013-2014 for Iowa and surrounding states. Dollar figures have not been adjusted for inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-2013facultytables_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013facultytables-46">[46]</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:700px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty at public four-year institutions, 2013-2014 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">State </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Average salary 2008-2009 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Average salary 2013-2014 </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percent change </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Inflation-adjusted percent change </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>$84,404</td> <td>$88,217</td> <td>4.5%</td> <td>-2.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>$72,369</td> <td>$73,461</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>-4.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>$73,200</td> <td>$79,670</td> <td>8.8%</td> <td>-1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>$66,532</td> <td>$70,377</td> <td>5.8%</td> <td>-3.7% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>$76,009</td> <td>$79,293</td> <td>4.3%</td> <td>-1.5% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:125%;" colspan="5"><small><b>Note:</b> Dollar figures do not account for differences in the cost of living between states. Learn more <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/rpp/rpp_newsrelease.htm">here</a>.<br /><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.sreb.org/fact-book-tables"><i>Southern Regional Education Board</i>, "Fact Book Tables"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics_2">Demographics</span></h3> <p>Over the previous two decades, the proportions of female, black, and Hispanic faculty members at public colleges and universities nationwide increased to reach their highest levels ever in the 2013-2014 school year. In Iowa, 37.4 percent of full-time college faculty were female, 2.5 percent were black, and 3.2 percent were Hispanic. Female, black, and Hispanic representation in college faculty at that time was higher than in the 1993-1994 school year. However, it still fell below the proportions of both the general and college student populations who were female, black, and Hispanic. Click <i>[show]</i> on the green bar below the pie charts to view demographic information for full-time faculty at public four-year colleges and universities in Iowa from the 1993-1994 to the 2013-2014 school years. For this reason, the pie chart displays a different figure for 'Other' than the table.<i></i> </p> <center><table style="margin-left:12px;"><tbody><tr><td><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/File:Iowa_college_faculty_demographics.png" class="image"><img alt="Iowa college faculty demographics.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/a/ad/Iowa_college_faculty_demographics.png" decoding="async" width="393" height="330" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="330" /></a></div></div></td><td><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/File:Iowa_college_student_demographics.png" class="image"><img alt="Iowa college student demographics.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/3/31/Iowa_college_student_demographics.png" decoding="async" width="393" height="330" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="330" /></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></center> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:800px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" align="center" style="background-color:#008000; color: white;">Demographics of full-time faculty at public four-year colleges and universities </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">State </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Year </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Total full-time faculty </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percent men </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percent women </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percent white </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percent black </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percent Hispanic </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#00008B; color: white;">Percent other* </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/Higher_education_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>1993-1994</td> <td>3,769</td> <td>73.9%</td> <td>26.1%</td> <td>90.9%</td> <td>2.0%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>5.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013-2014</td> <td>5,174</td> <td>62.6%</td> <td>37.4%</td> <td>81.5%</td> <td>2.5%</td> <td>3.2%</td> <td>12.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/Higher_education_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>1993-1994</td> <td>3,839</td> <td>73.5%</td> <td>26.5%</td> <td>91.7%</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>5.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013-2014</td> <td>5,999</td> <td>56.5%</td> <td>43.5%</td> <td>83.0%</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>10.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/Higher_education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>1993-1994</td> <td>2,448</td> <td>73.7%</td> <td>26.3%</td> <td>94.8%</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013-2014</td> <td>2,809</td> <td>59.8%</td> <td>40.2%</td> <td>84.9%</td> <td>2.5%</td> <td>3.2%</td> <td>9.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/Higher_education_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>1993-1994</td> <td>6,302</td> <td>70.1%</td> <td>29.9%</td> <td>90.4%</td> <td>3.0%</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>5.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013-2014</td> <td>6,673</td> <td>57.6%</td> <td>42.4%</td> <td>82.6%</td> <td>4.4%</td> <td>2.3%</td> <td>10.1% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>1993-94</td> <td>265,685</td> <td>70.2%</td> <td>29.8%</td> <td>87.1%</td> <td>4.8%</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td>6.0% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td>2013-2014</td> <td>359,586</td> <td>57.7%</td> <td>42.3%</td> <td>77.9%</td> <td>5.4%</td> <td>4.3%</td> <td>11.8% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td align="left" style="line-height:125%;" colspan="9"><small>*Represents Asian/Pacific Islanders and American Indian/Alaskan Native<br /><b>Source:</b> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.sreb.org/fact-book-tables"><i>Southern Regional Education Board</i>, "Fact Book Tables"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="stopHeaderTabs" style="display:none;"></div> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_news">Recent news</span></h2> <p>The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms <b>Iowa higher education.</b> These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles. </p> <div class="rss-feed"> <p><b><span style="font-size:135%"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&tbm=nws&q=Iowa+higher+education&um=1&ie=UTF-8">Higher education in Iowa, 1993-2016 - Google News</a></span></b> </p> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Public_education_in_Iowa" title="Public education in Iowa">Public education in Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/Iowa_state_budget_and_finances" title="Iowa state budget and finances">Iowa state budget and finances</a></li> <li><a href="/Historical_higher_education_information_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical higher education information in Iowa">Historical higher education information in Iowa</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Higher_education_in_the_50_states">Higher education in the 50 states</span></h3> <p>Click on a state below to read more about higher education in that state. </p> <div id="bp-map-container"><div class="mobile-only bp-map-dropdown"><select name="state" style="width:auto; border:1px solid #CCC;" onchange="dest='http://ballotpedia.org/Higher_education_in_STATE'; if($(this).val()!='') document.location = dest.replace('STATE', $(this).val().replace(' ', '_'));"><option value="">Choose your state...</option><option value="Alabama">Alabama</option><option value="Alaska">Alaska</option><option value="Arizona">Arizona</option><option value="Arkansas">Arkansas</option><option value="California">California</option><option value="Colorado">Colorado</option><option value="Connecticut">Connecticut</option><option value="Delaware">Delaware</option><option value="Florida">Florida</option><option value="Georgia">Georgia</option><option value="Hawaii">Hawaii</option><option value="Idaho">Idaho</option><option value="Illinois">Illinois</option><option value="Indiana">Indiana</option><option value="Iowa">Iowa</option><option value="Kansas">Kansas</option><option value="Kentucky">Kentucky</option><option value="Louisiana">Louisiana</option><option value="Maine">Maine</option><option value="Maryland">Maryland</option><option value="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</option><option value="Michigan">Michigan</option><option value="Minnesota">Minnesota</option><option value="Mississippi">Mississippi</option><option value="Missouri">Missouri</option><option value="Montana">Montana</option><option value="Nebraska">Nebraska</option><option value="Nevada">Nevada</option><option value="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</option><option value="New Jersey">New Jersey</option><option value="New Mexico">New Mexico</option><option value="New York">New York</option><option value="North Carolina">North Carolina</option><option value="North Dakota">North Dakota</option><option value="Ohio">Ohio</option><option value="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</option><option value="Oregon">Oregon</option><option value="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</option><option value="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</option><option value="South Carolina">South Carolina</option><option value="South Dakota">South Dakota</option><option value="Tennessee">Tennessee</option><option value="Texas">Texas</option><option value="Utah">Utah</option><option value="Vermont">Vermont</option><option value="Virginia">Virginia</option><option value="Washington">Washington</option><option value="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</option><option value="West Virginia">West Virginia</option><option value="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</option><option value="Wyoming">Wyoming</option></select></div><div class="nomobile bp-full-map"><div id="hover-state"></div><div id="bp-map-url-mask" style="display:none!important;">http://ballotpedia.org/Higher_education_in_STATE</div><div id="bp-map" style="max-width:600px;height:420px; overflow:hidden;"></div></div><style>@media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .bp-map-dropdown { display: block; margin-top: 20px } .bp-full-map {display: none } } </style></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-publiclist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-publiclist_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-publiclist_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?s=IA&l=92+93+94"><i>National Center for Education Statistics</i>, "College Navigator - Iowa," accessed July 12, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This indicates the retention rate for all postsecondary students, both full-time and part-time.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This indicates the percentage of students who graduated from a public four-year institution within six years.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2013issues-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2013issues_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.aascu.org/policy/publications/policy-matters/topten2013.pdf"><i>American Association of State Colleges and Universities</i>, "Top 10 Higher Education State Policy Issues for 2013," January 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACE-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ACE_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ACE_5-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ACE_5-2">5.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ACE_5-3">5.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ACE_5-4">5.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.acenet.edu/news-room/Documents/Overview-of-Higher-Education-in-the-United-States-Diversity-Access-and-the-Role-of-the-Marketplace-2004.pdf"><i>American Council on Education</i>, "An Overview of Higher Education in the United States: Diversity, Access, and the Role of the Marketplace," accessed December 16, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USnews-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USnews_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USnews_6-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USnews_6-2">6.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USnews_6-3">6.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USnews_6-4">6.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160712191815/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2011/08/15/us-higher-education-glossary"><i>U.S. News and World Report</i>, "U.S. Higher Education Glossary," August 15, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140911023338/http://loras.edu/About-Loras/History.aspx"><i>Loras College</i>, "History of Loras College," accessed January 7, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160720231404/http://www.uiowa.edu/homepage/history"><i>The University of Iowa</i>, "History," accessed January 7, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160719225448/http://www.businessinsider.com/map-oldest-college-every-state-2014-8"><i>Business Insider</i>, "MAP: The Oldest College In Every State," August 7, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-board-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-board_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-board_10-1">10.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-board_10-2">10.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.regents.iowa.gov/FAQ/faq.html"><i>Board of Regents - State of Iowa</i>, "Frequently Asked Questions about the Board of Regents, State of Iowa," accessed January 7, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quotedisclaimer-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_11-1">11.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_11-2">11.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_11-3">11.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enrollment-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enrollment_12-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enrollment_12-1">12.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-enrollment_12-2">12.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.sheeo.org/sites/default/files/project-files/SHEF%20FY%202014-20150410.pdf"><i>State Higher Education Executive Officers Association</i>, "State Higher Education Finance: FY 2014," accessed July 11, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151028181941/http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d14/tables/dt14_306.60.asp?current=yes"><i>National Center for Education Statistics</i>, "Table 306.60. Fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity of student and state or jurisdiction: 2013," accessed July 11, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025130310/http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d14/tables/dt14_304.30.asp?current=yes"><i>National Center for Education Statistics</i>, "Table 304.30. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, sex, and state or jurisdiction: 2012 and 2013," accessed July 11, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_15-0">15.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_15-1">15.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_15-2">15.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://web1.millercenter.org/debates/whitepaper/deb_2009_0416_affirmative-action.pdf"><i>Miller Center of Public Affairs</i>, "Affirmative Action: Race or Class?" accessed February 10, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCSL-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/affirmative-action-overview.aspx"><i>National Conference of State Legislatures</i>, "Affirmative Action | Overview," February 7, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myths-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Myths_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.higheredjobs.com/articles/articledisplay.cfm?ID=246"><i>Higher Ed Jobs</i>, "Facts and Myths of Affirmative Action," accessed March 25, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_18-0">18.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_18-1">18.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sats/race/summary.html"><i>PBS</i>, "Challenging Race Sensitive Admissions Policies," May 19, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action/"><i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, "Affirmative Action," September 17, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mismatch-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mismatch_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sander, R. & Taylor S. (2012). <i>Mismatch: How Affirmative Action Hurts Students It's Intended to Help, and Why Universities Won't Admit It</i>. Basic Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/obama-pell-grant-budget_us_56ba1a27e4b08ffac122ae8d?ir=Education&section=us_education&utm_hp_ref=education"><i>The Huffington Post</i>, "Obama Wants To Permanently Link Pell Grants To Inflation," February 11, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncestuition-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ncestuition_22-0">22.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ncestuition_22-1">22.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ncestuition_22-2">22.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151028182553/http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d14/tables/dt14_330.20.asp?current=yes"><i>National Center for Education Statistics</i>, "Table 330.20. Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates charged for full-time students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution and state or jurisdiction: 2012-13 and 2013-14," accessed July 12, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160712185137/https://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-and-fees-and-room-and-board-over-time-2005-06-2015-16"><i>The College Board</i>, "Tuition and Fees and Room and Board over Time, 2005-06 to 2015-16," accessed July 12, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160712184946/https://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-fees-sector-state-over-time"><i>The College Board</i>, "Tuition and Fees by Sector and State over Time," accessed July 12, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-federalaid-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-federalaid_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2/http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=31"><i>National Center for Education Statistics</i>, "Fast Facts - Financial aid," accessed December 18, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://studentaid.ed.gov/types/grants-scholarships"><i>Federal Student Aid: An Office of the U.S. Department of Education</i>, "Grants and Scholarships," accessed December 18, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://studentaid.ed.gov/types/loans"><i>Federal Student Aid: An Office of the U.S. Department of Education</i>, "Loans," accessed December 18, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.credible.com/blog/what-are-average-student-loan-interest-rates/"><i>Credible</i>, "What are average student loan interest rates?" June 29, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/chargeoff/delallsa.htm"><i>Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System</i>, "Charge-Off and Delinquency Rates on Loans and Leases at Commercial Banks," May 18, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www2.ed.gov/offices/OSFAP/defaultmanagement/cdr.html"><i>Federal Student Aid</i>, "Three-year Official Cohort Default Rates for Schools," September 30, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.nassgap.org/viewrepository.aspx?categoryID=3#"><i>National Association of State Student Grant and Aid Programs</i>, "45th Annual Survey Report on State-Sponsored Student Financial Aid," accessed July 12, 2016</a> <i>(Click on "45th Annual Survey" and "NASSGAP Survey Report 13-14" to access this report.)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://trends.collegeboard.org/student-aid"><i>The College Board</i>, "Trends in Student Aid," accessed June 30, 2016</a> <i>(Click on the dropdown menu under "Trends in Student Aid Report Archive" and select 2014 to access this report)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statedebt201314-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-statedebt201314_33-0">33.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-statedebt201314_33-1">33.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://college-insight.org/#explore/go&h=ae487dc9c317725535aeb7f563a33914"><i>CollegeInSight</i>, "Explore All Data," accessed July 12, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debt201314-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-debt201314_34-0">34.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-debt201314_34-1">34.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://college-insight.org/#topics/go&h=667276ab8867a3273fadaa34a4ca7494"><i>CollegeInSight</i>, "Student Debt of Graduating Seniors," accessed July 12, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-retention-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-retention_35-0">35.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-retention_35-1">35.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.higheredinfo.org/dbrowser/index.php?submeasure=223&year=2010&level=nation&mode=data&state=0"><i>NCHEMS Information Center for Higher Education Policymaking and Analysis</i>, "Retention Rates - First-Time College Freshmen Returning Their Second Year," accessed December 15, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://college-insight.org/#explore/go&h=e6a23ababb9fc48a2ac76e846a98f861"><i>CollegeInSight</i>, "Explore All Data," accessed July 12, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://collegecompletion.chronicle.com/college-stats/"><i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>, "College Completion: Who graduates from college, who doesn't, and why it matters," accessed December 15, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://collegecompletion.chronicle.com/"><i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>, "Graduation rates by state," accessed July 12, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.collegeaffordabilityguide.org/schools/iowa/"><i>College Affordability Guide</i>, "2016 Most Affordable Colleges in Iowa," accessed August 17, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBPP-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CBPP_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=4135"><i>Center on Budget and Policy Priorities</i>, "States Are Still Funding Higher Education Below Pre-Recession Levels," May 1, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/public-vs-private-college-2013-4"><i>Business Insider</i>, "Public Vs. Private College: Which Is Better For Your Wallet?" May 22, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.texaseducationexcellence.org/news/1271"><i>Texas Coalition for Excellence in Higher Education</i>, "Top 10 Higher Education State Policy Issues for 2013," January 9, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/State-Higher-Education/236259"><i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>, "State Higher-Education Spending Is Up, but Not Above Pre-Recession Level," April 27, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://education.illinoisstate.edu/grapevine/tables/Table1_GPV15.pdf"><i>Grapevine</i>, "Table 1: State Fiscal Support for Higher Education, by State, Fiscal Years 2009-10, 2012-13, 2013-14, and 2014-15," accessed July 12, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FactBook-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FactBook_45-0">45.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FactBook_45-1">45.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FactBook_45-2">45.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://publications.sreb.org/2013/2013_Fact_Book.pdf"><i>Southern Regional Education Board</i>, "Fact Book on Higher Education, 2013," accessed January 14, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2013facultytables-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2013facultytables_46-0">46.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2013facultytables_46-1">46.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2013facultytables_46-2">46.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2013facultytables_46-3">46.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.sreb.org/fact-book-tables"><i>Southern Regional Education Board</i>, "Fact Book Tables," accessed July 12, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/postsecondary-teachers.htm"><i>Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor</i>, "Occupational Outlook Handbook, Postsecondary Teachers," accessed January 15, 2015</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks" style="margin-top:auto; font-size:84%;"> <tbody><tr style="color:inherit;"> <td style="width:75px; background-color:#fff; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/File:670px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" class="image" title="Flag of Iowa"><img alt="Flag of Iowa" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/1b/670px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png/73px-670px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="73" height="50" class="thumbborder" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/1b/670px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png/110px-670px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/1b/670px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png/146px-670px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="459" /></a></td> <th style="font-weight:normal; background:#B0C4DE;"><div style="float:left; text-align:left; width:6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;"><a href="/Template:Iowa" title="Template:Iowa"><span title="View this template" style=";">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Iowa&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;" title="You can edit this template. 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