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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Convention de Montreux</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> accord international signé en 1936 sur la libre circulation dans les détroits du Bosphore et des Dardanelles </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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<span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>La <b>convention de Montreux</b>, officiellement la <b>convention concernant le régime des détroits</b>, est un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_internationale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Convention internationale">accord international</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multilat%C3%A9ral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilatéral">multilatéral</a> signé le 20 juillet <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1936?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1936">1936</a> dans un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fairmont_Le_Montreux_Palace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fairmont Le Montreux Palace">palace</a> de la ville de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montreux_(Vaud)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreux (Vaud)">Montreux</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suisse">Suisse</a>. Elle est entrée en vigueur le 9 novembre 1936 et le demeure jusqu'à ce jour. Elle détermine l'exercice de la libre circulation dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9troits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Détroits">détroits</a> des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9troit_des_Dardanelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Détroit des Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> et du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bosphore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bosphore">Bosphore</a>, ainsi que dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Noire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Noire">mer Noire</a>.</p> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <div class="entete" style="background-color: #008080; color: #fff;"> <div> Convention de Montreux </div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <div class="hr" style="background-color:#008080; height:2px;"></div> <table> <caption class="hidden" style=""> Données clés </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">Lieu d'adoption</th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montreux">Montreux</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suisse">Suisse</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Parties</th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australie">Australie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgarie">Bulgarie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grèce">Grèce</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japon">Japon</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumanie">Roumanie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande-Bretagne">Grande-Bretagne</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yougoslavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yougoslavie">Yougoslavie</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:#008080;"><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DConvention_de_Montreux%26action%3Dedit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Trait%C3%A9_international?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 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1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sea_of_Marmara_map--01.png/440px-Sea_of_Marmara_map--01.png 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="748"></a> <figcaption> Mer de Marmara et détroits. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La convention lie les États suivants<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> :</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>, dépositaire</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australie">Australie</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgarie">Bulgarie</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grèce">Grèce</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumanie">Roumanie</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a>, ainsi que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chypre_(pays)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chypre (pays)">Chypre</a>, qui est partie au titre de la succession d'États (en l'occurrence son indépendance) depuis <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1969?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1969">1969</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_sovi%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Union soviétique">Union soviétique</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russie">Russie</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> sont les États successeurs pour ce traité.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turquie">Turquie</a></li> </ul> <p>Deux autres États, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yougoslavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yougoslavie">Yougoslavie</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japon">Japon</a>, étaient aussi initialement parties à la convention.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Conditions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Conditions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Avant_la_convention_de_Montreux"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Avant la convention de Montreux</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#N%C3%A9gociations"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Négociations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Apr%C3%A8s_1936"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Après 1936</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Article_connexe"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Article connexe</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Conditions">Conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Convention_de_Montreux&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Conditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>La convention compte 29 articles, 4 annexes et un protocole. Elle dispose notamment :</p> <ul> <li>la pleine liberté de circulation des navires de commerce dans les détroits, quel que soit leur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pavillon_(marine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pavillon (marine)">pavillon</a>, en temps de paix. En temps de guerre, la libre circulation reste assurée pour les pays avec lesquels la Turquie n'est pas en guerre.</li> <li>la libre circulation des navires de guerre et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sous-marin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sous-marin">sous-marins</a> des puissances riveraines de la mer Noire et de tous les petits navires de guerre, quel que soit leur pavillon en temps de paix, sous certaines garanties. Le passage doit être notifié par tous à la Turquie avec un préavis plus long pour les États non riverains. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tonnage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tonnage">tonnage</a> maximal total présent dans les détroits et la durée de transit des navires par les détroits sont limités. L'article 18 limite le tonnage total des navires de guerre des puissances non riveraines dans la mer Noire et la durée de leur séjour à 21 jours. De plus, les sous-marins sont obligés de naviguer en surface, de jour et isolément.</li> <li>en temps de guerre, ces libertés et ces conditions demeurent pour les États si la Turquie n'est pas belligérante. Toutefois, les navires de guerre d'une puissance belligérante peuvent généralement traverser les détroits. En outre, la libre-circulation est suspendue si la Turquie est partie à un conflit ou s'estime menacée.</li> <li>la circulation aérienne au-dessus des détroits est limitée aux routes autorisées par la Turquie et à l'emploi des avions transportés par porte-avions.</li> </ul> <p>Conclue à l'origine pour 20 ans (sauf la stipulation initiale sur la libre-circulation, qui est conclue pour une durée illimitée), la convention est restée applicable par tacite reconduction. Elle peut être dénoncée, avec un préavis de deux ans, à l'initiative de l'une des parties contractantes.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Convention_de_Montreux&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Avant_la_convention_de_Montreux">Avant la convention de Montreux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Convention_de_Montreux&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Avant la convention de Montreux" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article connexe : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bosphore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bosphore">Bosphore</a>. </div> </div> <p>La circulation par les détroits a été de longue date un problème <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9opolitique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géopolitique">géopolitique</a> et stratégique clef :</p> <ul> <li>pour la puissance qui en a été maîtresse (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzance">Byzance</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_ottoman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a> aujourd'hui Turquie), dont ils constituent un atout stratégique face aux rivaux en mer Noire ;</li> <li>pour ces derniers, tout particulièrement la Russie (puis l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_sovi%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Union soviétique">Union soviétique</a>), recherchant à partir de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catherine_II_de_Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II de Russie">Catherine II</a> dans plusieurs directions (sud-ouest, sud et est) un accès aux « mers chaudes », synonyme de mouvement naval libre en hiver comme en été. La Russie occupa ainsi la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thrace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> orientale en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1878?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1878">1878</a> et avait fait d'une annexion des détroits un de ses buts de guerre lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Première Guerre mondiale">Première Guerre mondiale</a>.</li> <li>pour les puissances maritimes présentes en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Méditerranée">Méditerranée</a>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venise">Venise</a> à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_britannique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire britannique">Empire britannique</a>. Ce dernier, constatant l'ascendance de la puissance russe, alliée d'ailleurs de l'Empire ottoman, s'était fait le promoteur de l'intégrité de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sublime_Porte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> ainsi que de la fermeture des détroits.</li> </ul> <p>Conformément au « <abbr class="abbr" title="Douzième">12<sup>e</sup></abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quatorze_points_de_Wilson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quatorze points de Wilson">point Wilson</a> », le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_S%C3%A8vres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Sèvres">traité de Sèvres</a>, imposé à la Turquie à l'issue de sa défaite dans la Première Guerre mondiale, avait institué la libre circulation pleine et entière dans les détroits, en temps de guerre comme en temps de paix.</p> <p>À l'issue de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_gr%C3%A9co-turque_(1919-1922)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre gréco-turque (1919-1922)">Guerre gréco-turque (1919-1922)</a>, le statut des détroits avait été réglé par la convention de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lausanne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> du 24 juillet 1923. Cette dernière maintenait le principe de la libre-circulation et fixait pour seule limite à la navigation par les détroits qu'une flotte d'un non-riverain plus importante que la première flotte d'un riverain de la mer Noire, ne serait pas autorisée. La convention « ordonnait également la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9militarisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Démilitarisation">démilitarisation</a> des côtes »<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> par la Turquie. Le contrôle de la libre-circulation était confié à une commission internationale, sous l'égide des quatre puissances (France, Royaume-Uni, Japon et Italie).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Négociations"><span id="N.C3.A9gociations"></span>Négociations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Convention_de_Montreux&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Négociations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le contexte s'était fortement modifié dans le courant des années 1930 :</p> <ul> <li>La Turquie pouvait s'affirmer plus fortement, renforcée par la politique d'autonomie et de réformes menée sous l'égide d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk">Atatürk</a>. Elle pointait avec de plus en plus d'assurance et d'audience parmi plusieurs grandes puissances le régime inégalitaire dont elle faisait l'objet dans la convention de Lausanne. Elle constatait le caractère de plus en plus illusoire de la garantie conjointe des puissances, elles-mêmes toujours plus divisées à l'orée de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale">Seconde Guerre mondiale</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, par exemple en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abyssinie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abyssinie">Abyssinie</a> ou sur la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9armement_sous_le_Troisi%C3%A8me_Reich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_r%C3%A9occupation_de_la_Rh%C3%A9nanie" class="mw-redirect" title="Réarmement sous le Troisième Reich">remilitarisation de la Rhénanie</a>. La Turquie avait d'ailleurs secrètement entrepris de remilitariser les détroits en dépit de l'interdiction de la convention de Lausanne<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italie_fasciste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Italie fasciste">Italie fasciste</a> menait tous azimuts une politique expansionniste et belliciste. Frustrée en 1923 des gains perdus à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Lausanne_(1923)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Lausanne (1923)">Lausanne</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatolie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatolie">Anatolie</a>, elle renforçait ses implantations militaires dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dod%C3%A9can%C3%A8se?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dodécanèse">Dodécanèse</a>, îles de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_%C3%89g%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Égée">mer Égée</a> à proximité immédiate de la Turquie, annexées en 1912.</li> <li>La Turquie craignait également un réarmement de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgarie">Bulgarie</a><sup id="cite_ref-rozakis2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rozakis2-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <p>En <time class="nowrap" datetime="1935-04" data-sort-value="1935-04">avril 1935</time>, le ministre turc des Affaires étrangères, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tevfik_R%C3%BCst%C3%BC_Aras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tevfik Rüstü Aras">Tevfik Rüstü Aras</a>, adressa une note aux Grandes Puissances sollicitant la renégociation de la convention de Lausanne en vue de renforcer la sécurité de la Turquie. La note fut généralement bien accueillie. Le 22 juin 1936, les Puissances se réunirent à nouveau en Suisse ; l'Italie, visée implicitement, ne participa pas à la conférence, non plus que les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, murés dans leur politique <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isolationnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isolationnisme">isolationniste</a>. Les principales puissances intéressées firent des propositions :</p> <ul> <li>la Turquie, pour renforcer sa souveraineté sur les détroits et sa sécurité ;</li> <li>le Royaume-Uni, soutenu par la France, pour maintenir un contrôle et une limitation du passage, en vue d'exclure les Soviétiques de la Méditerranée<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ;</li> <li>l'Union soviétique, en vue de la pleine liberté de circulation.</li> </ul> <p>L'équilibre final du texte fut trouvé à Montreux entre ces trois positions initiales. On a attribué la flexibilité du Royaume-Uni envers la Turquie à la crainte de la jeter dans les bras de l'Allemagne d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hitler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> ou de l'Italie de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mussolini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-barlas_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-barlas-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, premier pas d'une série visant à s'assurer de la neutralité turque avant et pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale<sup id="cite_ref-rozakis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rozakis-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Après_1936"><span id="Apr.C3.A8s_1936"></span>Après 1936</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Convention_de_Montreux&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Après 1936" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La convention a assuré la domination soviétique en mer Noire et empêché une menace navale sur ce front. Les puissances de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Axe_Rome-Berlin-Tokyo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Axe Rome-Berlin-Tokyo">Axe</a> ne purent ainsi attaquer l'Union soviétique par la mer, encore que le statut ambigu des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navire_auxiliaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Navire auxiliaire">navires auxiliaires</a> dans la convention ait permis des mouvements de navires, ce qui provoqua les protestations des Alliés et en juin 1944 une interdiction de la part des autorités turques<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'accès soviétique à la Méditerranée resta néanmoins un objectif pour l’Union soviétique. Moscou chercha ainsi dès l'origine à remettre en cause la convention :</p> <ul> <li>Dès 1939, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Staline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Staline">Staline</a> proposa de rouvrir la question<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Après la conclusion du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacte_Molotov-Ribbentrop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacte Molotov-Ribbentrop">pacte Molotov-Ribbentrop</a>, Molotov signifia aux Allemands son intention d'établir des bases soviétiques sur les détroits<sup id="cite_ref-Christos_L._Rozakis_p._44_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Christos_L._Rozakis_p._44-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>L'objectif demeura après l'entrée en guerre des Soviétiques aux côtés des Alliés et la victoire. En 1945-1946, à nouveau, l'Union soviétique proposa une révision de la convention dans une conférence excluant la plupart de ses signataires, une présence militaire soviétique sur les détroits et un contrôle international<sup id="cite_ref-Christos_L._Rozakis_p._44_13-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Christos_L._Rozakis_p._44-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En maintenant en permanence un navire dans les détroits eux-mêmes, les Soviétiques y empêchèrent <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_facto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De facto">de facto</a> toute présence navale d'une puissance autre que la Turquie<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <i>In fine</i>, la stratégie soviétique de tension conduisit la Turquie à abandonner sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neutralit%C3%A9_(relations_internationales)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neutralité (relations internationales)">neutralité</a> et à participer à la création de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OTAN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OTAN">OTAN</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Durant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_froide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre froide">Guerre froide</a>, l'Union soviétique se dédouana de ses obligations sur le transit de porte-avions militaires<sup id="cite_ref-churchill_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-churchill-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, tout en contestant, sans succès, l'envoi par les États-Unis de navires porteurs de missiles. La Turquie argua que ces armes, qui n'existaient pas en 1936, ne pouvaient être couvertes par la Convention<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <p>La Turquie, pour sa part, était et demeure satisfaite du contrôle très large que lui confère la convention. Elle a ainsi refusé la renégociation que pouvait impliquer le régime des détroits établi par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montego_Bay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention de Montego Bay">convention de Montego Bay</a> sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_de_la_mer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droit de la mer">droit de la mer</a>, signée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1982?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1982">1982</a> et entrée en vigueur en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1994?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1994">1994</a>. Elle n'est d'ailleurs pas partie à ce traité.</p> <p>À l'époque récente, la convention s'est également trouvée fragilisée par son silence sur</p> <ul> <li>la sécurité du transit dans les détroits, en particulier le Bosphore sur lequel s'étend l'agglomération d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istanbul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>,</li> <li>la sécurité environnementale et la pollution.</li> </ul> <p>Les autorités turques ont publié, en 1994, une réglementation sur le trafic maritime, traitant de ces questions. La réglementation a été critiquée par plusieurs parties à la convention de Montreux (Russie, Grèce, Chypre, Roumanie, Ukraine et Bulgarie). L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_maritime_internationale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation maritime internationale">Organisation maritime internationale</a> a néanmoins reconnu sa légitimité dans le cadre du droit international applicable. En réponse aux préoccupations russes, la réglementation a été révisée en 1998<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Lors de son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_d%27Oss%C3%A9tie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre d'Ossétie">conflit</a> avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9orgie_(pays)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géorgie (pays)">Géorgie</a>, la Russie a avancé le 27 août 2008 que la présence de forces navales de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OTAN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OTAN">OTAN</a> dans la mer Noire violait les stipulations de la convention sur la durée de présence de navires de guerre d'États non riverains<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le 27 février 2022, pendant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invasion_de_l%27Ukraine_par_la_Russie_en_2022?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022">l'invasion de l'Ukraine</a> par la Russie, la Turquie a constaté l'état de guerre et a fermé les détroits aux bâtiments militaires des belligérants, sauf à ceux qui regagnent leur port d'attache<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Convention_de_Montreux&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:36em; column-count:2;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://basedoc.diplomatie.gouv.fr/exl-php/cadcgp.php?vue%3Dmae_internet___traites/home.html%26MODELE%3Dvues/mae_internet___traites/home.html%26COMMANDE%3Dsearch%26QUERY%3D1%26cle%3Ddoc_ref%26clevaleur%3DTRA19360023">Base des traités du ministère français des Affaires étrangères</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.nl/books?id%3DsbqBvQy04XwC%26pg%3DPA186%26lpg%3DPA186%26dq%3Dconvention%2B%2522r%25C3%25A9gime%2Bdes%2Bd%25C3%25A9troits%2522%2Bde%2B1923%26source%3Dweb%26ots%3D7xJDBNSc_b%26sig%3D0tG_tEBFjpRnPpZanBTQ9H5pgQ0%26hl%3Dfr%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26resnum%3D1%26ct%3Dresult"><i>The Law of the Sea</i> de Budislav Vukas</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/51_Bilener.pdf">« Les détroits, atout stratégique majeur de la Turquie », article de Tolga Bilener</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">"Dardanelles or Çanakkale Bogazi." <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, 2004.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-rozakis2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rozakis2_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Christos L. Rozakis, Petros N. Stagos, <i>The Turkish Straits</i>, p. 101. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/90-247-3464-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/90-247-3464-9"><span class="nowrap">90-247-3464-9</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">James C. F. Wang, <i>Handbook on Ocean Politics and Law</i>, p. 88. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-313-26434-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-313-26434-1"><span class="nowrap">0-313-26434-1</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">"Montreux Convention." <i>Chambers Dictionary of World History</i>, 2005. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-barlas-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-barlas_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Dilek Barlas, <i>Etatism and Diplomacy in Turkey</i>, pp. 166-170. BRILL, 1998. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/90-04-10855-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/90-04-10855-6"><span class="nowrap">90-04-10855-6</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-rozakis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rozakis_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Christos L. Rozakis, Petros N. Stagos, <i>The Turkish Straits</i>, p. 123. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/90-247-3464-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/90-247-3464-9"><span class="nowrap">90-247-3464-9</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Christos L. Rozakis, Petros N. Stagos, <i>The Turkish Straits</i>, p. 125. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/90-247-3464-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/90-247-3464-9"><span class="nowrap">90-247-3464-9</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Selim Deringil, <i>Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An 'Active' Neutrality</i>, pp. 169-171. Cambridge University Press, 2004. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-521-52329-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-521-52329-X"><span class="nowrap">0-521-52329-X</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Deborah Welch Larson, <i>Origins of Containment: A Psychological Explanation</i>, p. 203. Princeton University Press, 1989. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-691-02303-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-691-02303-4"><span class="nowrap">0-691-02303-4</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Christos_L._Rozakis_p._44-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Christos_L._Rozakis_p._44_13-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Christos_L._Rozakis_p._44_13-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Christos L. Rozakis, Petros N. Stagos, <i>The Turkish Straits</i>, p. 44. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/90-247-3464-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/90-247-3464-9"><span class="nowrap">90-247-3464-9</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">"Montreux Convention (1936)." <i>The Companion to British History</i>, Routledge. 2001.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">"Turkey 1." <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, 2004.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-churchill-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-churchill_16-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Robin Rolf Churchill, Alan Vaughan Lowe, <i>The law of the sea</i>, p. 115. Manchester University Press, 1999. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-7190-4382-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-7190-4382-4"><span class="nowrap">0-7190-4382-4</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Bing Bing Jia, <i>The Regime of Straits in International Law</i>, p. 112. Oxford University Press, 1998. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-19-826556-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-19-826556-5"><span class="nowrap">0-19-826556-5</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Gennady Chufrin, The Security of the Caspian Sea Region, pp. 155-156. Oxford University Press, 2001. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-19-925020-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-19-925020-0"><span class="nowrap">0-19-925020-0</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kramer2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Andrew_E._Kramer2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Andrew E. Kramer, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">NATO Ships in Black Sea Raise Alarms in Russia</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08-27" data-sort-value="2008-08-27">27 août 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/world/europe/28russia.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NATO+Ships+in+Black+Sea+Raise+Alarms+in+Russia&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F28russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+de+Montreux"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : turc">(tr)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/dunya/montro-devrede-bogazlar-rusya-ve-ukraynaya-kapatilacak-1911588"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="tr">Montrö devrede; boğazlar, Rusya ve Ukrayna’ya kapatılacak</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">www.cumhuriyet.com.tr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-03-03" data-sort-value="2022-03-03">3 mars 2022</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2022">« <cite style="font-style:normal">Guerre en Ukraine : la Turquie verrouille les détroits du Bosphore et des Dardanelles aux navires russes</cite> », <i>Le Monde.fr</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-03-03" data-sort-value="2022-03-03">3 mars 2022</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2022/03/03/guerre-en-ukraine-la-turquie-verrouille-ses-detroits-aux-navires-russes_6115976_3210.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-03-03" data-sort-value="2022-03-03">3 mars 2022</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Guerre+en+Ukraine+%3A+la+Turquie+verrouille+les+d%C3%A9troits+du+Bosphore+et+des+Dardanelles+aux+navires+russes&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.date=2022-03-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+de+Montreux"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_de_Montreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2022">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/guerre-en-ukraine-la-turquie-ferme-le-detroit-du-bosphore-aux-navires-de-guerre-russes-20220301"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Guerre en Ukraine: la Turquie ferme le détroit du Bosphore aux navires de guerre russes</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">LEFIGARO</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-03-01" data-sort-value="2022-03-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mars 2022</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-03-03" data-sort-value="2022-03-03">3 mars 2022</time>)</small></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Article_connexe">Article connexe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Convention_de_Montreux&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Article connexe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blocus_de_l%27Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blocus de l'Allemagne">Blocus de l'Allemagne</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Convention_de_Montreux&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869500?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/event/Montreux-Convention"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/meerengenabkommen"><i>Brockhaus</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk//Montreuxkonventionen/"><i>Den Store Danske Encyklopædi</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%25C3%25A5ng/montreuxkonventionen"><i>Nationalencyklopedin</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://snl.no/Montreux-avtalen_-_1936"><i>Store norske leksikon</i></a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869500?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88002439">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://d-nb.info/gnd/4169245-7">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func%3Dfind-b%26local_base%3DNLX10%26find_code%3DUID%26request%3D987007500883705171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n88-002439">WorldCat</a></span></li> </ul> </div>* <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/traites/1936montreux.htm">Texte de la convention</a></li> </ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Droit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du droit"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/27px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/27px-P_parthenon.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="27" data-height="24" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/40px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/53px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Droit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Droit">Portail du droit</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la Turquie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/36px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 36px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/36px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="36" data-height="24" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/54px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/72px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Turquie">Portail de la Turquie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Maritime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du monde maritime"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Circle-icons-anchor.svg/24px-Circle-icons-anchor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Circle-icons-anchor.svg/24px-Circle-icons-anchor.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Circle-icons-anchor.svg/36px-Circle-icons-anchor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Circle-icons-anchor.svg/48px-Circle-icons-anchor.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Maritime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Maritime">Portail du monde maritime</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Relations_internationales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail des relations internationales"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MapL.png/24px-MapL.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="562"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MapL.png/24px-MapL.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MapL.png/36px-MapL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MapL.png/48px-MapL.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Relations_internationales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Relations internationales">Portail des relations internationales</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Vaud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du canton de Vaud"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg/39px-Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Vaud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Vaud">Portail du canton de Vaud</a></span> </span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DConvention_de_Montreux%26oldid%3D218169506">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convention_de_Montreux&oldid=218169506</a> ». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588" title="اتفاقية مونترو – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتفاقية مونترو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%25C3%25B6_bo%25C4%259Fazlar_konvensiyas%25C4%25B1" title="Montrö boğazlar konvensiyası – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Montrö boğazlar konvensiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582_%25D0%259C%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%258C%25D0%25BE" title="Конвенция от Монтрьо – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конвенция от Монтрьо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvence_z_Montreux" title="Konvence z Montreux – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konvence z Montreux" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux-konventionen" title="Montreux-konventionen – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Montreux-konventionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertrag_von_Montreux" title="Vertrag von Montreux – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vertrag von Montreux" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A3%25CF%2585%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B8%25CE%25AE%25CE%25BA%25CE%25B7_%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585_%25CE%259C%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CF%2581%25CE%25AD" title="Συνθήκη του Μοντρέ – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνθήκη του Μοντρέ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktato_de_Montreux" title="Traktato de Montreux – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Traktato de Montreux" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%25C3%25B3n_de_Montreux" title="Convención de Montreux – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convención de Montreux" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux%2527_konventsioon" title="Montreux' konventsioon – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Montreux' konventsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588" title="پیمان مونترو – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیمان مونترو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%25C3%25B3n_de_Montreux" title="Convención de Montreux – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Convención de Montreux" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%259E%25D7%25A0%25D7%25AA_%25D7%259E%25D7%2595%25D7%25A0%25D7%2598%25D7%25A8%25D7%2594" title="אמנת מונטרה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנת מונטרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvencija_iz_Montreuxa_o_re%25C5%25BEimu_tjesnaca" title="Konvencija iz Montreuxa o režimu tjesnaca – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konvencija iz Montreuxa o režimu tjesnaca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux-i_egyezm%25C3%25A9ny" title="Montreux-i egyezmény – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Montreux-i egyezmény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2584%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6%25D5%25BF%25D6%2580%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B5%25D5%25AB_%25D5%25AF%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6%25D5%25BE%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6%25D6%2581%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B2%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D6%2581%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB_%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A3%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BE%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B3%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25AB_%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BD%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B6" title="Մոնտրյոյի կոնվենցիան նեղուցների կարգավիճակի մասին – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոնտրյոյի կոնվենցիան նեղուցների կարգավիճակի մասին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensi_Montreux_Mengenai_Rezim_Selat" title="Konvensi Montreux Mengenai Rezim Selat – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konvensi Montreux Mengenai Rezim Selat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenzione_di_Montreux" title="Convenzione di Montreux – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Convenzione di Montreux" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25A2%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2588%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%25BC%25E6%259D%25A1%25E7%25B4%2584" title="モントルー条約 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モントルー条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2595%25B4%25ED%2598%2591%25EC%259D%2598_%25EC%25B2%25B4%25EC%25A0%259C%25EC%2597%2590_%25EA%25B4%2580%25ED%2595%259C_%25EB%25AA%25BD%25ED%258A%25B8%25EB%25A2%25B0_%25ED%2598%2591%25EC%2595%25BD" title="해협의 체제에 관한 몽트뢰 협약 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해협의 체제에 관한 몽트뢰 협약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdrag_van_Montreux" title="Verdrag van Montreux – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verdrag van Montreux" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux-konvensjonen" title="Montreux-konvensjonen – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Montreux-konvensjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konwencja_z_Montreux" title="Konwencja z Montreux – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konwencja z Montreux" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_de_Montreux" title="Convenção de Montreux – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Convenção de Montreux" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%25C8%259Bia_de_la_Montreux" title="Convenția de la Montreux – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Convenția de la Montreux" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%259C%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%2591_%25D0%25BE_%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2" title="Конвенция Монтрё о статусе проливов – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конвенция Монтрё о статусе проливов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%25C3%25B6_Bo%25C4%259Fazlar_S%25C3%25B6zle%25C5%259Fmesi" title="Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%25C3%25B6_kile%25C5%259F%25C3%25BCe" title="Montrö kileşüe – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Montrö kileşüe" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_%25D0%259C%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5" title="Конвенція Монтре – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конвенція Монтре" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montro_konvensiyasi" title="Montro konvensiyasi – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Montro konvensiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%25C3%25B4ng_%25C6%25B0%25E1%25BB%259Bc_Montreux_v%25E1%25BB%2581_ch%25E1%25BA%25BF_%25C4%2591%25E1%25BB%2599_c%25C3%25A1c_eo_bi%25E1%25BB%2583n" title="Công ước Montreux về chế độ các eo biển – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công ước Montreux về chế độ các eo biển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2592%2599%25E7%2589%25B9%25E5%258B%2592%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E5%25B3%25BD%25E5%2588%25B6%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E5%2585%25AC%25E7%25B4%2584" title="蒙特勒海峽制度公約 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒙特勒海峽制度公約" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 29 août 2024 à 21:34.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> sauf mention contraire.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politique de 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