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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Elizabeth's accession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elizabeth's_accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reformation_bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reformation bill</span> </div> </a> <ul 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hreflang="fr" data-title="Règlement élisabéthain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyelesaian_keagamaan_Elizabeth" title="Penyelesaian keagamaan Elizabeth – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyelesaian keagamaan Elizabeth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutio_religiosa_Elizabethana" title="Constitutio religiosa Elizabethana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Constitutio religiosa Elizabethana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darnley_stage_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/220px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/330px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/440px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption>Queen Elizabeth I</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Category:History of the Church of England">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="History of the Church of England">History of the Church of England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto,_1749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/180px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/270px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/360px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="984" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Westminster Abbey</i> (1749) by <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages (597–1500)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon Christianity">Anglo-Saxon Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Medieval_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Medieval England">Religion in Medieval England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convocations_of_Canterbury_and_York" title="Convocations of Canterbury and York">Convocations of Canterbury and York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_development_of_Church_of_England_dioceses" title="Historical development of Church of England dioceses">Development of dioceses</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation (1509–1559)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament" title="English Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (1549)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edwardine_Ordinals" title="Edwardine Ordinals">Edwardine Ordinals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (1552)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Forty-two_Articles" title="Forty-two Articles">Forty-two Articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation">Martyrs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_exiles" title="Marian exiles">Marian exiles</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabethan Church (1558–1603)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1559)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1559)"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (1559)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convocation_of_1563" title="Convocation of 1563">Convocation of 1563</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">The Books of Homilies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_Elizabeth_I" title="History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I">History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">Vestments controversy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marprelate_Controversy" title="Marprelate Controversy">Marprelate Controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Jacobean period (1603–1625)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I_and_religious_issues" title="James VI and I and religious issues">James I and religious issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_James_I" title="History of the Puritans under King James I">History of the Puritans under King James I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Millenary_Petition" title="Millenary Petition">Millenary Petition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Conference" title="Hampton Court Conference">Hampton Court Conference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1604)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1604)"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (1604)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Caroline period (1625–1649)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Laudianism" title="Laudianism">Laudianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_Charles_I" title="History of the Puritans under King Charles I">History of the Puritans under King Charles I</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1649–1688</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_from_1649" title="History of the Puritans from 1649">History of the Puritans from 1649</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster Assembly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Conference" title="Savoy Conference">Savoy Conference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (1662)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ejection" title="Great Ejection">Great Ejection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjuring schism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1700–1950</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangorian_Controversy" title="Bangorian Controversy">Bangorian Controversy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Revival">Evangelical Revival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1928,_England)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1928, England)">Prayer Book Crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Anglican_Communion" title="History of the Anglican Communion">History of the Anglican Communion</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Template:History of the Church of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Template talk:History of the Church of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Church of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Elizabethan Religious Settlement</b> is the name given to the religious and political arrangements made for <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> (1558–1603). The settlement, implemented from 1559 to 1563, marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. It permanently shaped the Church of England's <a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">doctrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>, laying the foundation for the unique identity of <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>. </p><p>When Elizabeth inherited the throne, England was bitterly divided between <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> as a result of various religious changes initiated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a>. Henry VIII had broken from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope</a>, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_head_of_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme head of the Church of England">supreme head of the Church of England</a>. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> theology and liturgy. In Mary's reign, these religious policies were reversed, England was re-united with the Catholic Church and Protestantism was suppressed. </p><p>The Elizabethan Settlement was an attempt to end this religious turmoil. The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy_1558" title="Act of Supremacy 1558">Act of Supremacy of 1558</a> re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> conferred on Elizabeth the title of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1558" title="Act of Uniformity 1558">Act of Uniformity 1558</a> re-introduced the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1559)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1559)">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>, which contained the liturgical services of the church. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a>, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">real presence of Christ in the Eucharist</a> and permission to use traditional priestly <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a>. In 1571, the <a href="/wiki/Convocations_of_Canterbury_and_York" title="Convocations of Canterbury and York">Convocations of Canterbury and York</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> as a confessional statement for the church, and a <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Homilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Homilies">Book of Homilies</a></i> was issued outlining the church's reformed theology in greater detail. </p><p>The settlement failed to end religious disputes. While most people conformed, a minority of <a href="/wiki/Recusant" class="mw-redirect" title="Recusant">recusants</a> remained loyal Catholics. Within the Church of England, a <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> consensus developed among leading churchmen. Calvinists split between conformists and <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, who wanted to abolish what they considered <a href="/wiki/Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Papist">papist</a> abuses and replace <a href="/wiki/Episcopacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopacy">episcopacy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">presbyterian</a> church government. After Elizabeth's death, a <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminian</a> party gained power in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> and challenged the Puritans. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (1642–1651) and the overthrow of the monarchy allowed the Puritans to pursue their reform agenda, including dismantling the Elizabethan Settlement. The <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a> in 1660 reestablished both the monarchy and the religious settlement, but the Puritans were forced out of the Church of England. Anglicans now defined their church as a <i><a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a></i> or middle way between the religious extremes of Catholicism and Protestantism; Arminianism and Calvinism; and high church and <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low church</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tudors.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tudors.JPG/220px-Tudors.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tudors.JPG/330px-Tudors.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tudors.JPG/440px-Tudors.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption>From right to left: Elizabeth I, Edward VI, Henry VIII, Mary I and her husband <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>; an allegorical painting meant to show Queen Elizabeth I combined the best virtues of her predecessors, Henry, Edward and Mary</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> inherited a kingdom bitterly divided over matters of religion. This division began during the reign of her father, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>. After his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, failed to produce a male heir, Henry applied to the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> for an <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">annulment</a> of his marriage. When his request was denied, Henry separated the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and claimed that he, rather than the pope, was its <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Head of the Church of England">supreme head</a> on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973168_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973168-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Elizabeth's half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>, the Church of England became more explicitly <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, projecting a "restrained" <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, in the words of historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Haigh" title="Christopher Haigh">Christopher Haigh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993181_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993181-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Edward's reign, the Church of England preached <a href="/wiki/Justification_by_faith_alone" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification by faith alone">justification by faith alone</a> as a central teaching,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017308_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017308-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to the Catholic teaching that the <a href="/wiki/Contrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrite">contrite</a> person could cooperate with <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> towards their <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> by performing <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Christianity)" title="Merit (Christianity)">good works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996210_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996210-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">prayer for the dead</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercession of saints</a> were also rejected during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2001112_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2001112-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005475_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005475-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a>, the central act of Catholic worship, was condemned as idolatry and replaced with a Protestant communion service, a reminder of <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_crucifixion" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ's crucifixion">Christ's crucifixion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship201812_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship201812-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christ's <a href="/wiki/Real_Presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Presence">Real Presence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> was no longer explained by the Catholic doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>; instead, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">1552 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i></a> promoted the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> teaching of <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Christ's spiritual presence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017348_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017348-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Religious_image" title="Religious image">religious images</a> (<a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rood" title="Rood">roods</a>, statues) and <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> were suppressed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005458_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005458-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> was sanctioned by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005450–454_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005450–454-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>, Elizabeth's half-sister, became queen in 1553. She reversed the religious innovations introduced by her father and brother. Under Mary's rule, England returned to the Catholic Church and recognised the pope's authority. Mary died in November 1558 without a Catholic heir, leaving the throne to the Protestant Elizabeth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973192,197_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973192,197-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elizabeth's_accession"><span id="Elizabeth.27s_accession"></span>Elizabeth's accession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elizabeth's accession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elizabeth's religious views were Protestant, though "peculiarly conservative".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200589_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200589-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also kept many of her religious views private, which can make it difficult to determine what she believed. She disliked married clergy, held <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Lutheran views on Eucharistic presence</a>, and there is evidence she preferred the more ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">1549 prayer book</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200125_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200125-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200588_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200588-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Queen's <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">principal secretary</a> was <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Cecil">Sir William Cecil</a>, a moderate Protestant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973200_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973200-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a> was filled with former Edwardian politicians, and only Protestants preached at <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993238_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993238-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017419_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017419-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To avoid alarming foreign Catholic observers, Elizabeth initially maintained that nothing in religion had changed. A proclamation forbade any "breach, alteration, or change of any order or usage presently established within this our realm".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017419–420_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017419–420-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Protestants were emboldened to practice illegal forms of worship, and a proclamation on 27 December prohibited all forms other than the Latin Mass and the <a href="/wiki/Exhortation_and_Litany" title="Exhortation and Litany">English Litany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017423_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017423-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was obvious to most that these were temporary measures. Her government's goal was to resurrect the Edwardian reforms, reinstating the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation#Royal_Injunctions_of_1547,2-17-19" title="English Reformation">Royal Injunctions of 1547</a>, the 1552 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Forty-two_Articles" title="Forty-two Articles">Forty-two Articles of Religion</a> of 1553.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993239_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993239-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth gave her first indication of changes to come at Mass on Christmas Day 1558. Prior to the service, she instructed the celebrant, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Oglethorpe" title="Owen Oglethorpe">Owen Oglethorpe</a>, bishop of Carlisle, not to <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(liturgy)" title="Elevation (liturgy)">elevate the host</a>. He refused, so the Queen left the chapel before the <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">consecration</a>. In effect, Elizabeth was declaring that she did not believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017423_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017423-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth's <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">coronation</a> took place on 15 January 1559 at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, and there was no elevation during the coronation Mass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017424_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017424-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Queen returned to Westminster Abbey on 25 January for the <a href="/wiki/State_opening_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="State opening of Parliament">state opening of Parliament</a>. She was greeted by <a href="/wiki/John_Feckenham" title="John Feckenham">Abbot Feckenham</a> and the other monks bearing <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_use_of_lights" title="Ceremonial use of lights">candles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Processions#Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Processions">procession</a>. Signaling her disapproval of what she considered Catholic superstition, Elizabeth told the monks, "Away with those torches, for we see very well".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017425_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation_bill">Reformation bill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reformation bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_opening_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Queen_Elizabeth_opening_Parliament.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_opening_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Queen_Elizabeth_opening_Parliament.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_opening_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Queen_Elizabeth_opening_Parliament.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_opening_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="4169" /></a><figcaption>Queen Elizabeth I <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">opening Parliament</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When the Queen's <a href="/wiki/1st_Parliament_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I">first Parliament</a> opened in January 1559, its chief goal was the difficult task of reaching a religious settlement. Twenty bishops (all Catholics)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973199_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973199-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a>, and the Lords in general were opposed to change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017425_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017425-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a> passed a Reformation Bill that would restore <a href="/wiki/Royal_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal supremacy">royal supremacy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Edwardine_Ordinals" title="Edwardine Ordinals">Edwardine Ordinal</a>, and a slightly revised 1552 prayer book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017426_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017426-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993239_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993239-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not popular with the clergy, and the <a href="/wiki/Convocations_of_Canterbury_and_York" title="Convocations of Canterbury and York">Convocation of Canterbury</a> reacted by affirming <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a>, transubstantiation and the Mass as a <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrificial">sacrificial</a> offering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017427_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017427-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">lay peers</a> joined the bishops in their opposition and succeeded in amending the bill considerably. The ordinal and prayer book provisions were removed and the Mass left unchanged, with the exception of allowing <a href="/wiki/Communion_under_both_kinds" title="Communion under both kinds">communion under both kinds</a>. The pope's authority was removed, but rather than granting the Queen the title of supreme head of the church, it merely said she could adopt it herself. This bill would have returned the Church to its position at the death of Henry VIII rather than to that when Edward VI died. It was a defeat for the Queen's legislative programme, so she withheld <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993239–240_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993239–240-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017428_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017428-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_of_Supremacy">Act of Supremacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Act of Supremacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy_1558" title="Act of Supremacy 1558">Act of Supremacy 1558</a></div> <p>Following the Queen's failure to grant approval to the previous bill, Parliament reconvened in April 1559. At this point, the Privy Council introduced two new bills, one concerning royal supremacy and the other about a Protestant liturgy. The Council hoped that by separating them at least the Supremacy bill would pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993240_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993240-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this bill, the Pope's jurisdiction in England was once again abolished, and Elizabeth was to be <a href="/wiki/Supreme_governor_of_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme governor of the Church of England">supreme governor of the Church of England</a> instead of supreme head. All clergy and royal office-holders would be required to swear an <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Supremacy" title="Oath of Supremacy">Oath of Supremacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017430_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017430-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alternative title was less offensive to Catholic members of Parliament, but this was unlikely to have been the only reason for the alteration. It was also a concession to the Queen's Protestant supporters who objected to "supreme head" on theological grounds and who had concerns about a female leading the Church. <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, an influential Continental reformer, had called Henry VIII's claim to supreme headship <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sampson" title="Thomas Sampson">Thomas Sampson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Marian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian exile">Marian exile</a>, believed that "All scripture seems to assign the title of head of the Church to Christ alone".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017430_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017430-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bill included permission to receive communion in two kinds. It also repealed the <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Heresy_Acts" title="Revival of the Heresy Acts">medieval heresy laws</a> that Mary I had revived. Catholics gained an important concession. Under the bill, only opinions contrary to <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Scripture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">General Councils</a> of the early church, and any future Parliament could be treated as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> by the Crown's <a href="/wiki/Court_of_High_Commission" title="Court of High Commission">ecclesiastical commissioners</a>. While broad and ambiguous, this provision was meant to reassure Catholics that they would have some protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017431–432_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017431–432-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bill easily passed the House of Commons. In the House of Lords, all the bishops voted against it, but they were joined by only one lay peer. The Act of Supremacy became law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993240_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993240-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_of_Uniformity_and_prayer_book">Act of Uniformity and prayer book</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Act of Uniformity and prayer book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/220px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/330px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/440px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3129" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> (1489–1556), Edward VI's Archbishop of Canterbury and editor and co-author of both the 1549 and 1552 Books of Common Prayer.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1558" title="Act of Uniformity 1558">Act of Uniformity 1558</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1559)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1559)">Book of Common Prayer (1559)</a></div> <p>Another bill introduced to the same Parliament with the intent to return Protestant practices to legal dominance was the Uniformity bill, which sought to restore the 1552 prayer book as the official liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017433_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017433-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It encountered more opposition in the Lords than the Supremacy Act, passing by only three votes. Even this was possible only through political intrigue. Bishops <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watson_(bishop_of_Lincoln)" title="Thomas Watson (bishop of Lincoln)">Watson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Lincoln" title="Diocese of Lincoln">Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_White_(bishop)" title="John White (bishop)">White</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Winchester" title="Diocese of Winchester">Winchester</a> were imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower</a>. Bishop <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goldwell" title="Thomas Goldwell">Goldwell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_St_Asaph" title="Diocese of St Asaph">St Asaph</a> was never <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer#Writs_of_summons" title="Hereditary peer">summoned to Parliament</a>, and the elderly Bishop <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Tunstall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Durham" title="Diocese of Durham">Durham</a> was excused from attending on account of age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017432_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017432-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Act of Uniformity required church attendance on Sundays and holy days and imposed fines for each day absent. It authorized the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1559)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1559)">1559 prayer book</a>, which effectively restored the 1552 prayer book with some modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993241_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993241-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Litany in the 1552 book had denounced "the bishop of Rome, and all his detestable enormities".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017433_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017433-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revised <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> removed this denunciation of the Pope. It also deleted the <a href="/wiki/Black_Rubric" title="Black Rubric">Black Rubric</a>, which in the 1552 book explained that kneeling for communion did not imply <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration" title="Eucharistic adoration">Eucharistic adoration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017433_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017433-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ornaments_Rubric" title="Ornaments Rubric">Ornaments Rubric</a> was added as one of the concessions to traditionalists in order to gain passage in the Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993240–241_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993240–241-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rubric provided instructions for clerical <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a>, stating that until the Queen ordered otherwise ministers were to "use such ornaments as were in use by the authority of Parliament in the second year of the reign of King Edward VI".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017434_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017434-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward's second <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal year</a> ran from 28 January 1548 to 27 January 1549. During this time, priests said Mass in Latin wearing traditional Catholic vestments. Few thought this was the rubric's meaning, however. Since the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1549" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Uniformity 1549">Act of Uniformity 1549</a> which approved the first prayer book was passed in January, it is likely that the provisions of the 1549 prayer book were intended, even though Edward's second year ended several months before the book was published. The 1549 prayer book required clergy to wear the <a href="/wiki/Alb" title="Alb">alb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">cope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chasuble" title="Chasuble">chasuble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017434_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017434-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorman198361_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman198361-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition to the so-called "popish wardrobe" made it impossible to enforce the rubric.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorman198361_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman198361-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most significant revision was a change to the Communion Service that added the words for administering <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">sacramental bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">wine</a> from the 1549 prayer book to the words in the 1552 book.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When communicants received the bread, they would hear the words, "The body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life [1549]. Take and eat this in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thy heart by faith with thanksgiving" [1552].<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200126_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200126-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This combination could be interpreted as an affirmation of an objective real presence to those who believed in it, while others could interpret it to mean <a href="/wiki/Memorialism" title="Memorialism">memorialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200127_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200127-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_interpretation">Scholarly interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scholarly interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his "<a href="/wiki/Puritan_Choir" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan Choir">Puritan Choir</a>" thesis, historian <a href="/wiki/J._E._Neale" title="J. E. Neale">J. E. Neale</a> argues that Elizabeth wanted to pursue a conservative policy but was pushed in a radical direction by a Protestant faction in the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory has been challenged by Christopher Haigh, who argues that Elizabeth wanted radical reform but was pushed in a conservative direction by the House of Lords. Haigh argues that the Act of Uniformity "produced an ambiguous Book of Common Prayer: a liturgical compromise which allowed priests to perform the Church of England communion with Catholic regalia, standing in the Catholic position, and using words capable of Catholic interpretation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993241_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993241-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made it easier for priests to "counterfeit" the Mass without risking arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993242_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993242-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another historian, <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a>, also finds Neale's thesis flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200125_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200125-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, he calls the idea that the prayer book modifications were concessions to Catholics "absurd", writing that "these little verbal and visual adjustments" would never satisfy Catholic clergy and <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> after the loss of "the Latin mass, monasteries, chantries, shrines, gilds and a compulsory celibate priesthood".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200588_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200588-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues the modifications were most likely meant to appease domestic and foreign Lutheran Protestants who opposed the memorialist view originating from <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Reformation in Zürich">reformed Zurich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200127_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200127-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1559, Elizabeth was still unsure of the theological orientation of her Protestant subjects, and she did not want to offend the Lutheran rulers of northern Europe by veering too far into the Reformed camp. "It was worthwhile for Elizabeth's government to throw the Lutherans a few theological scraps, and the change also chimed with the Queen's personal inclination to Lutheran views on eucharistic presence."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200588_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200588-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Collinson" title="Patrick Collinson">Patrick Collinson</a> and Peter Lake argue that until 1630 the Church of England was shaped by a "Calvinist consensus".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurr2002109_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurr2002109-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Calvinist clergy held the best <a href="/wiki/Bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric">bishoprics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deanery" title="Deanery">deaneries</a>. Historians <a href="/wiki/John_Coffey_(historian)" title="John Coffey (historian)">John Coffey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_C._H._Lim" title="Paul C. H. Lim">Paul C. H. Lim</a> write that the Elizabethan Church "was widely regarded as a Reformed church, but it was anomalous in retaining certain features of late medieval Catholicism", such as <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_choir" class="mw-redirect" title="Church choir">church choirs</a>, a formal <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> contained in the prayer book, traditional clerical vestments and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal polity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffeyLim20083–4_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffeyLim20083–4-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Episcopal_appointments">Episcopal appointments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Episcopal appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To enforce her religious policies, Queen Elizabeth needed bishops willing to cooperate. Seven bishops, including <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Pole">Cardinal Pole</a>, Mary's <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, died in 1558 and needed to be replaced. The remaining bishops were all Catholics appointed during Mary's reign, and Elizabeth's advisers hoped they could be persuaded to continue serving. Ultimately, all but two bishops (the undistinguished <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kitchin" title="Anthony Kitchin">Anthony Kitchin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Llandaff" title="Diocese of Llandaff">Llandaff</a> and the absentee <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley_(bishop)" title="Thomas Stanley (bishop)">Thomas Stanley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Sodor_and_Man" title="Diocese of Sodor and Man">Sodor and Man</a>) lost their posts. Most of their replacements were not consecrated until December 1559 or early 1560.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017435–436_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017435–436-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth chose <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a> to replace Pole as Archbishop of Canterbury. Parker was a prominent scholar and had served as chaplain to Elizabeth's mother, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>. Also, like Elizabeth, Parker was a <a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemite</a>—someone who stayed in England during Mary's reign and outwardly conformed to Catholicism. Most of the other posts went to <a href="/wiki/Marian_exiles" title="Marian exiles">Marian exiles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a> for <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cox_(bishop)" title="Richard Cox (bishop)">Richard Cox</a> for <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ely" title="Diocese of Ely">Ely</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jewel" title="John Jewel">John Jewel</a> for <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Salisbury" title="Diocese of Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Barlow_(bishop_of_Chichester)" title="William Barlow (bishop of Chichester)">William Barlow</a> for <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chichester" title="Diocese of Chichester">Chichester</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Scory" title="John Scory">John Scory</a> for <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hereford" title="Diocese of Hereford">Hereford</a>. Those exiles with ties to <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>'s reformation in Geneva were notably excluded from consideration. The Queen never forgave <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> for writing <i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Blast_of_the_Trumpet_Against_the_Monstruous_Regiment_of_Women" title="The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women">The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women</a></i>, which denounced female monarchs, and the Reformation in Geneva was tainted by association.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017436–437_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017436–437-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_injunctions">Royal injunctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Royal injunctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_altar_stone_at_Jacobstow_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_713525.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ancient_altar_stone_at_Jacobstow_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_713525.jpg/220px-Ancient_altar_stone_at_Jacobstow_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_713525.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ancient_altar_stone_at_Jacobstow_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_713525.jpg/330px-Ancient_altar_stone_at_Jacobstow_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_713525.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ancient_altar_stone_at_Jacobstow_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_713525.jpg/440px-Ancient_altar_stone_at_Jacobstow_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_713525.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Ancient altar stone at <a href="/wiki/Jacobstow" title="Jacobstow">Jacobstow</a> Church. It was the main altar stone up to about 1550 in the reign of Edward VI when it was removed and used as a footbridge over a stream.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the summer of 1559, the government conducted a royal <a href="/wiki/Canonical_visitation" title="Canonical visitation">visitation</a> of the dioceses. The visitation was conducted according to injunctions based on the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation#Royal_Injunctions_of_1547,2-17-19" title="English Reformation">Royal Injunctions of 1547</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993242_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993242-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new royal injunctions were meant to fill in the details of the settlement and were to be enforced nationwide by six groups of clerical and lay commissioners. All of the leading clergymen were Protestants and former exiles (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne_(bishop)" title="Robert Horne (bishop)">Robert Horne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Becon">Thomas Becon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bentham" title="Thomas Bentham">Thomas Bentham</a>, John Jewel, Edwin Sandys, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Davies_(bishop)" title="Richard Davies (bishop)">Richard Davies</a>), and they interpreted the injunctions in the most Protestant way possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017438_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017438-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the injunctions, church images that were superstitiously abused were condemned as idolatry, but the commissioners mandated the destruction of all pictures and images.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993242_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993242-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across the nation, parishes paid to have <a href="/wiki/Rood" title="Rood">roods</a>, images and <a href="/wiki/Church_tabernacle" title="Church tabernacle">altar tabernacles</a> removed, which they had only recently paid to restore under Queen Mary. They would spend more money on buying Bibles and prayer books and replacing <a href="/wiki/Chalice" title="Chalice">chalices</a> with communion cups (a chalice was designed for the priest alone whereas a communion cup was larger and to be used by the whole congregation).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017440_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017440-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shotteswell_StLaurence_SouthAisle_CommunionTable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Shotteswell_StLaurence_SouthAisle_CommunionTable.jpg/220px-Shotteswell_StLaurence_SouthAisle_CommunionTable.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Shotteswell_StLaurence_SouthAisle_CommunionTable.jpg/330px-Shotteswell_StLaurence_SouthAisle_CommunionTable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Shotteswell_StLaurence_SouthAisle_CommunionTable.jpg/440px-Shotteswell_StLaurence_SouthAisle_CommunionTable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>A 17th-century communion table in St Laurence Church, <a href="/wiki/Shotteswell" title="Shotteswell">Shotteswell</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Injunctions offered clarity on the matter of vestments. Clergy were to wear the <a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">surplice</a> (rather than cope or chasuble) for services. In 1560, the bishops specified that the cope should be worn when administering the Lord's Supper and the surplice at all other times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017444_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017444-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other provisions of the Royal Injunctions were out of step with the Edwardian Reformation and displayed the Queen's conservative preferences. These included injunctions allowing processions to take place at <a href="/wiki/Rogationtide" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogationtide">Rogationtide</a> and requirements that clergy receive permission to marry from the bishop and two <a href="/wiki/Justices_of_the_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justices of the peace">justices of the peace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017445_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017445-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some instances, the injunctions contradicted the 1559 prayer book. While the prayer book directed the use of ordinary bread for communion, the Injunctions required traditional wafers to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993242_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993242-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also conflicting directions for the placement of the <a href="/wiki/Communion_table" title="Communion table">communion tables</a> that were to replace <a href="/wiki/Altar_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar in the Catholic Church">stone altars</a>. According to the prayer book, the table should be placed permanently in the <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a> oriented <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_east_and_west" title="Liturgical east and west">east to west</a>. The injunctions ordered the "holy table" to be carried into the chancel during communion services but at all other times to be placed where the altar would have stood. When not in use, it was to be oriented north to south, the same as an altar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017445_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017445-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These provisions offended many Protestants, and in practice, the Injunctions were often ignored by church leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200526_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200526-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Queen was disappointed by the extreme iconoclasm of the Protestants during the visitations. In October 1559, she ordered that a <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> and candlesticks be placed on the communion table in the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Royal" title="Chapel Royal">Chapel Royal</a>. Later, she decided that roods should be restored in parish churches. Elizabeth's bishops protested both moves as revivals of idolatry, arguing that all images were forbidden by the <a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_make_unto_thee_any_graven_image" title="Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image">Second Commandment</a>. In the end, the Queen and the bishops reached an unspoken compromise. She kept her crucifix and candles and dropped her plans to restore roods. In 1560, Bishop Grindal was allowed to enforce the demolition of <a href="/wiki/Rood_loft" class="mw-redirect" title="Rood loft">rood lofts</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993244_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993244-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, the Queen herself ordered the demolition of all lofts, but the rood beams were to remain on which the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">royal arms</a> were to be displayed. The Queen still believed there should be a division between the chancel and the rest of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017452_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017452-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many parishes were slow to comply with the injunctions. Many did so out of sympathy with traditional Catholic religion, while others waited to see if this religious settlement was permanent before taking expensive action. <a href="/wiki/Churchwardens%27_accounts" title="Churchwardens' accounts">Churchwardens' accounts</a> indicate that half of all parishes kept Catholic vestments and Mass equipment for at least a decade. Gradually, however, parishes complied as bishops exerted pressure. Most of the parish clergy were Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993246–248_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993246–248-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the mid-1560s, there were an estimated 800 clergy who resigned or were deprived for refusal to conform. Most parish clergy kept their posts, but it is not clear to what degree they conformed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017443_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017443-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bishops thought that Catholicism was widespread among the old clergy, but priests were rarely removed because of a clergy shortage that began with an influenza epidemic in 1558.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993248–249_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993248–249-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music#History" title="Anglican church music">Music in the Church of England</a> was limited to biblical texts and music sung during worship in the early church. Examples of permissible music included <a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">metrical psalms</a> and liturgical texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a></i>. Although most people were able to sing, worship was dominated by choral liturgies, especially in the cathedrals. During this time, <a href="/wiki/Motet#Renaissance_examples" title="Motet">motets</a> were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Anthem#History" title="Anthem">anthems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Service_(Byrd)" title="Great Service (Byrd)">Great Service</a></i> was composed for the royal chapel and cathedrals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrd1922123_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrd1922123-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parish churches tended to have less music as <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> influences argued against using of funds to pay for choristers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELord200386_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord200386-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churches employed singers for special occasions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarley201028_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarley201028-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which might be paid with money, wine, or ale and bread.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarley201033_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarley201033-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impressment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boys%27_choir" title="Boys' choir">boys for service as singers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">St. Paul's Cathedral</a> and the royal chapel continued during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2018421_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2018421-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devotional singing at home was shared between family and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELord200339_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELord200339-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By far the most popular and reprinted metrical Psalter was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sternhold" title="Thomas Sternhold">Thomas Sternhold</a>'s <i>Whole book of Psalms</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternhold17051_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhold17051-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was not legally required, it was traditional for virtually all Protestant churches and was also used at home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuitslund2016229_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuitslund2016229-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thirty-nine_Articles_and_the_Homilies">Thirty-nine Articles and the Homilies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Thirty-nine Articles and the Homilies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Convocation_of_1563" title="Convocation of 1563">Convocation of 1563</a></div> <p>The Elizabethan settlement was further consolidated by the adoption of a moderately Protestant doctrinal statement called the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-nine Articles of Religion">Thirty-nine Articles of Religion</a>. While affirming traditional Christian teaching as defined by the <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">first four ecumenical councils</a>, it tried to steer a middle way between Reformed and Lutheran doctrines while rejecting <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> thinking. The Thirty-nine Articles were not intended as a complete statement of the Christian faith but of the position of the Church of England in relation to the Catholic Church and dissident Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonTempleton1962_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonTempleton1962-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1571, Convocation finalised the Thirty-nine Articles. It was given statutory force by the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_Ministers_Act_1571" title="Ordination of Ministers Act 1571">Subscription Act</a>, which required all new ministers to affirm their agreement with this confessional statement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017500_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017500-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Queen's approval, Convocation also issued a second <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Homilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Homilies">Book of Homilies</a></i> with sermons on 20 topics. One, "Of the Worthy Receiving of the Sacrament", added more detail to the church's doctrine of the Eucharist, which was described as "spiritual food" and "a ghostly substance and not carnal" made real by faith. This <a href="/wiki/Receptionism" title="Receptionism">receptionist</a> view had much in common with John Calvin's Eucharistic theology. "Of Common Prayer and Sacraments" taught that although only baptism and the Eucharist were sacraments instituted by Christ other rites such as ordination had a sacramental character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017458–459_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017458–459-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The settlement of 1559 had given Protestants control of the Church of England, but matters were different at the parish level, where Catholic priests and traditional laity held large majorities. The bishops struggled for decades to impose the prayer book and Injunctions on reluctant parishes. "For a while, it was possible to sustain an attenuated Catholicism within the parish framework, by counterfeiting the mass, teaching the seven sacraments, preserving images of saints, reciting the rosary, observing feasts, fasts, and customs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993252_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993252-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, however, this "survivalist Catholicism" was undermined by pressures to conform, giving way to an underground Catholicism completely separate from the Church of England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993252_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993252-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gradually, England was transformed into a Protestant country as the prayer book shaped Elizabethan religious life. By the 1580s, conformist Protestants (termed "parish anglicans" by Christopher Haigh and "Prayer Book protestants" by <a href="/wiki/Judith_Maltby" title="Judith Maltby">Judith Maltby</a>) were becoming a majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017542–543_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017542–543-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993291_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993291-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby199811_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby199811-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts to introduce further religious reforms through Parliament or by means of Convocation were consistently blocked by the Queen. The Church of England's refusal to adopt the patterns of the Continental Reformed churches deepened conflict between Protestants who desired greater reforms and church authorities who prioritised <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200130_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200130-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_resistance">Catholic resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Catholic resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ffermdy_Maesog_-_a_Catholic_recusant_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_354856.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ffermdy_Maesog_-_a_Catholic_recusant_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_354856.jpg/220px-Ffermdy_Maesog_-_a_Catholic_recusant_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_354856.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ffermdy_Maesog_-_a_Catholic_recusant_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_354856.jpg/330px-Ffermdy_Maesog_-_a_Catholic_recusant_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_354856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ffermdy_Maesog_-_a_Catholic_recusant_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_354856.jpg/440px-Ffermdy_Maesog_-_a_Catholic_recusant_house_-_geograph.org.uk_-_354856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A recusant house in Wales that served as a Mass centre during the Reformation</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church in England and Wales</a></div> <p>In the early years of Elizabeth's reign, most Catholics hoped the Protestant ascendancy would be temporary, as it had been prior to Mary's restoration of papal authority. There were priests who conformed to the prayer book while also providing the Mass to their parishioners. Others refused to conform. Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">deans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">archdeacons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral canon">cathedral canons</a>, and academics (mostly from Oxford but also from Cambridge) lost their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993253_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993253-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early years, some 300 Catholics fled, especially to the <a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University of Louvain</a>. From there they wrote and published a large body of Catholic polemical work to counter Protestantism, particularly <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harding_(1516%E2%80%931572)" title="Thomas Harding (1516–1572)">Thomas Harding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smyth_(theologian)" title="Richard Smyth (theologian)">Richard Smyth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(cardinal)" title="William Allen (cardinal)">William Allen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017467–469_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017467–469-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also acted as a "Church government in exile", providing Catholics in England with advice and instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993254_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993254-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1568, the <a href="/wiki/English_College,_Douai" title="English College, Douai">English College at Douai</a> was founded to provide a Catholic education to young Englishmen and, eventually, to train a new leadership for a restored Catholic Church in England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993254_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993254-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other leading Marian churchmen remained in England to serve as private chaplains to Catholic nobles and gentry. Many became leaders of an underground Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993255_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993255-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholics were forced to choose between attending Protestant services to comply with the law or refusing to attend. Those who refused to attend Church of England services were called <a href="/wiki/Recusants" class="mw-redirect" title="Recusants">recusants</a>. Most Catholics, however, were "church <a href="/wiki/Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Papist">papists</a>"—Catholics who outwardly conformed to the established church while maintaining their Catholic faith in secret. Wealthy church papists attended their parish church but had Mass at home or hired two chaplains, one to perform the prayer book service and the other to perform the Mass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993256_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993256-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, recusant priests advised the laity to simply abstain from Protestant communion. However, this stance hardened over time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993259_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993259-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1562, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> ruled out any outward conformity or <a href="/wiki/Nicodemism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicodemism">Nicodemism</a> for Catholics: "You may not be present at such prayers of heretics, or at their sermons, without heinous offence and the indignation of God, and it is far better to suffer most bitter cruelties than to give the least sign of consent to such wicked and abominable rites."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017465_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017465-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1560s, recusancy was becoming more common.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993259_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993259-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1569, the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Northern_Earls" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of the Northern Earls">Revolt of the Northern Earls</a> attempted to overthrow England's Protestant regime. The rebellion was defeated, but it contributed to a perception that Catholicism was treason. This perception was seemingly confirmed when Elizabeth was <a href="/wiki/Excommunicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicated">excommunicated</a> by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius V">Pius V</a> in February 1570. The papal bull <i><a href="/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis" title="Regnans in Excelsis">Regnans in Excelsis</a></i> released Elizabeth's Catholic subjects from any obligation to obey her. Subsequently, two Catholics, <a href="/wiki/John_Felton_(martyr)" title="John Felton (martyr)">John Felton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Story_(martyr)" title="John Story (martyr)">John Story</a>, were executed for treason.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017487–494_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017487–494-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Ridolfi_plot" title="Ridolfi plot">Ridolfi plot</a>–a Catholic conspiracy to overthrow Elizabeth and place <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> on the throne–further alarmed the English government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017495_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017495-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. However, it had two major weaknesses: membership loss as church papists conformed fully to the Church of England, and a shortage of priests. The latter problem was addressed by establishing seminaries to train and ordain English priests. In addition to the English College at Douai, a seminary was established at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the <i>Collegium Anglorum </i>or <a href="/wiki/English_College,_Rome" title="English College, Rome">English College</a>, and two more were established in Spain in <a href="/wiki/English_College,_Valladolid" title="English College, Valladolid"> Valladolid</a> and in <a href="/wiki/English_College_of_St_Gregory" title="English College of St Gregory">Seville</a>. Between 1574 and 1603, 600 Catholic priests were sent to England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993261_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993261-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1580, the first <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priests came to England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993262_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993262-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Queen's excommunication and the arrival of the seminary priests brought a change in government policy toward recusants. Before 1574, most laymen were not made to take the Oath of Supremacy and the <a href="/wiki/Penny_(English_coin)" title="Penny (English coin)">12<i>d</i></a> fine for missing a service was poorly enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993262_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993262-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, efforts to identify recusants and force them to conform increased. In 1581, a new law made it treason to be absolved from schism and reconciled with Rome and the fine for recusancy was increased to £20 per month (50 times an <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisan</a>'s wage). Afterwards, executions of Catholic priests became more common, and in 1585, it became treason for a Catholic priest to enter the country, as well as for anyone to aid or shelter him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993263_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993263-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The persecution of 1581–1592 changed the nature of Catholicism in England. The seminary priests were dependent on the gentry families of southern England. As the older generation of recusant priests died out, Catholicism collapsed among the lower classes in the north, west and in Wales. Without priests, these social classes drifted into the Church of England and Catholicism was forgotten. By Elizabeth's death, Catholicism had become "the faith of a small sect", largely confined to gentry households.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993266_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993266-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puritanism">Puritanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Puritanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Puritans" title="Category:Puritans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield,_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG/180px-The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG/270px-The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG/360px-The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="4169" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/The_Puritan_(statue)" title="The Puritan (statue)"><i>The Puritan</i></a>, an 1887 statue by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">Independents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterianism" title="English Presbyterianism">English Presbyterianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_separatism" title="Ecclesiastical separatism">Ecclesiastical separatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/17th-century_denominations_in_England" title="17th-century denominations in England">17th-century denominations in England</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Crucial themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_Puritanism" title="Definitions of Puritanism">Definitions of Puritanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Impropriation" title="Impropriation">Impropriation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_Sabbatarianism" title="Puritan Sabbatarianism">Puritan Sabbatarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_choir" title="Puritan choir">Puritan choir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_work_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan work ethic">Puritan work ethic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Puritans under Queen Elizabeth I">History under Queen Elizabeth I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_James_I" title="History of the Puritans under King James I">History under King James I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_Charles_I" title="History of the Puritans under King Charles I">History under King Charles I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_from_1649" title="History of the Puritans from 1649">Cromwellian era and after</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_in_North_America" title="History of the Puritans in North America">History in North America</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Confessions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Declaration" title="Savoy Declaration">Savoy Declaration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platform" title="Cambridge Platform">Cambridge Platform</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">England</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrooby_Congregation" title="Scrooby Congregation">Scrooby Congregation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Archbishop_Laud" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Archbishop Laud">Trial of Archbishop Laud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_exiles" title="Marian exiles">Marian exiles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">Vestments controversy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Marprelate" title="Martin Marprelate">Martin Marprelate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Millenary_Petition" title="Millenary Petition">Millenary Petition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Remonstrance" title="Grand Remonstrance">Grand Remonstrance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">English Restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">Act of Uniformity 1662</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ejection" title="Great Ejection">Great Ejection</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">America</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Company" title="Providence Island Company">Providence Island Company</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_(1620%E2%80%931640)" title="Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)">Immigration to New England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Puritan_culture_and_recreation" title="New England Puritan culture and recreation">Culture in New England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Puritan_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in Puritan New England">Christmas prohibition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Praying_town" title="Praying town">Praying town</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Half-Way_Covenant" title="Half-Way Covenant">Half-Way Covenant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism#Puritan_roots_and_Protestant_promise" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Elsewhere</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Troubles_at_Frankfurt" title="Troubles at Frankfurt">Troubles at Frankfurt</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puritans" title="List of Puritans">Notable individuals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bulkley" title="Peter Bulkley">Peter Bulkley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Plymouth_Colony_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bradford (Plymouth Colony governor)">William Bradford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bradstreet" title="Anne Bradstreet">Anne Bradstreet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(minister)" title="John Cotton (minister)">John Cotton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">John Endecott</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Noyes" title="James Noyes">James Noyes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker_(minister)" title="Thomas Parker (minister)">Thomas Parker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodford_(17th-century_diarist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Woodford (17th-century diarist)">Robert Woodford</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Godly_Man%27s_Picture" title="The Godly Man's Picture">The Godly Man's Picture</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a></i></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Continuing movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational churches</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">U.S.</a></small>)</li><li>other <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed churches</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Puritans" title="Template:Puritans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Puritans" title="Template talk:Puritans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Puritans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Puritans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Puritans under Queen Elizabeth I">History of the Puritans under Queen Elizabeth I</a></div> <p>Leading Protestants within the Church of England were attracted to the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed church">Reformed churches</a> of south Germany and Switzerland led by theologians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200128_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200128-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, however, Protestants were forced to operate within a church structure unchanged since medieval times with the same threefold orders of bishop, priest and deacon along with church courts that continued to use <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">medieval canon law</a>. In addition, the liturgy remained "more elaborate and more reminiscent of older liturgical forms" and "took no account of developments in Protestant thinking after the early 1550s". According to historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, the conflicts over the Elizabethan Settlement stem from the "tension between Catholic structure and Protestant theology".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200128_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200128-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cartwright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Thomas_Cartwright.jpg/220px-Thomas_Cartwright.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Thomas_Cartwright.jpg/330px-Thomas_Cartwright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Thomas_Cartwright.jpg/440px-Thomas_Cartwright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Cartwright was a leading Puritan and promoter of presbyterianism in the reign of Elizabeth I</figcaption></figure> <p>There were objections over the prayer book, including certain formulas and responses, the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, the surplice and use of a <a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring" title="Wedding ring">wedding ring</a> in marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200647_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200647-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout her reign, the Queen successfully blocked attempts by Parliament and the bishops to introduce further change. The bishops were placed in the difficult position of enforcing conformity while supporting reform. This was particularly evident between 1565 and 1567 during the <a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">Vestments controversy</a> over the refusal of some clergy to wear the clerical dress required by the Royal Injunctions. For many Protestants, clerical vestments symbolised a continued belief in a priestly order separate from the congregation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200130_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200130-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and could be interpreted by Catholics as affirmation of traditional doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017479_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017479-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop Jewel called the surplice a "vestige of error".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200647_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200647-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the bishops considered clerical dress <a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">adiaphora</a> and tried to find compromise, but the Queen believed that the church—and herself as supreme governor—had authority to determine rites and ceremonies. In the end, Archbishop Parker issued a code of discipline for the clergy called the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Advertisements" title="Book of Advertisements">Advertisements</a>, and the most popular and effective Protestant preachers were suspended for non-compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017470–472_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017470–472-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The controversy over dress divided the Protestant community, and it was in these years that the term <i><a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a></i> came into use to describe those who wanted further reformation. Some lost faith in the Church of England as an agent of reform, becoming <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">separatists</a> and establishing underground congregations. Most Puritans, however, remained in the Church of England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200130–31_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200130–31-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Puritans were not without influence, enjoying the support of powerful men such as the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Earl of Leicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mildmay" title="Walter Mildmay">Walter Mildmay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Dudley,_3rd_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a> and William Cecil. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200148_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200148-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1572, a bill was introduced in the Queen's <a href="/wiki/4th_Parliament_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I">4th Parliament</a> that would allow Protestants, with their bishop's permission, to omit ceremonies from the 1559 prayer book, and bishops would be further empowered to license clergymen to use the French and Dutch <a href="/wiki/Stranger_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Stranger church">stranger church</a> liturgies. Catholics, however, would have no such freedom. The Queen did not approve, disliking any attempt to undermine the concept of religious uniformity and her own religious settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017504_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017504-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1572, the debate between Puritans and conformists had entered a new phase—church government had replaced vestments as the major issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200133_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200133-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Parliament still met, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilcox" title="Thomas Wilcox">Thomas Wilcox</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Field_(Puritan)" title="John Field (Puritan)">John Field</a> published <i>An Admonition to the Parliament</i> that condemned "Popish abuses yet remaining in the English Church" and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal polity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017505_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017505-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It called for the church to be organised according to <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">presbyterian polity</a>. In November, <i>A Second Admonition to Parliament</i> was published—most likely authored by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cartwright_(theologian)" title="Thomas Cartwright (theologian)">Thomas Cartwright</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Goodman" title="Christopher Goodman">Christopher Goodman</a>—which presented a more detailed proposal for church reform along presbyterian lines. <a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a> of Cambridge University, a leading advocate for conformity, published a reply in October 1572, and he and Cartwright subsequently entered into a <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamphlet war">pamphlet war</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Admonition_to_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Admonition to Parliament">Admonition Controversy</a> was not a disagreement over <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a>—both Cartwright and Whitgift believed in predestination and that human works played no role in salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017506_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017506-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, the <i>Admonition's</i> authors believed that presbyterianism was the only biblical form of church government, whereas Whitgift argued that no single form of church government was commanded in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200135–47_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200135–47-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Field's leadership, the Classical Movement was active among Puritans within the Church of England throughout the 1570s and 1580s. Puritan clergy in this movement organised local <a href="/wiki/Presbytery_(church_polity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbytery (church polity)">presbyteries</a> or classes, from which the movement took its name. Through the 1580s, Puritans were organised enough to conduct what were essentially covert <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_(Presbyterian_church)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly (Presbyterian church)">national synods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200143_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200143-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bp_John_Whitgift.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bp_John_Whitgift.jpg/220px-Bp_John_Whitgift.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bp_John_Whitgift.jpg/330px-Bp_John_Whitgift.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bp_John_Whitgift.jpg/440px-Bp_John_Whitgift.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>John Whitgift was Archbishop of Canterbury and a defender of the Elizabethan Settlement</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1577, Whitgift was made <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester" title="Bishop of Worcester">Bishop of Worcester</a> and six years later Archbishop of Canterbury. His rise to power has been identified with a "conservative reaction" against Puritanism. It is more accurate to call Whitgift and those like him conformists, since the word <i>conservative</i> carries connotations of Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200138_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200138-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of conformists were part of the Reformed consensus that included the Puritans; what divided the parties were disputes over church government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200150_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200150-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitgift's first move against the Puritans was a requirement that all clergy subscribe to three articles, the second of which stated that the Prayer Book and Ordinal contained "nothing ... contrary to the word of God".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200141_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200141-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitgift's demands produced widespread turmoil, and around 400 ministers were suspended for refusal to subscribe. Under pressure from the Privy Council, Whitgift was forced to accept conditional subscriptions from defiant ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200142_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200142-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Parliaments of 1584 and 1586, the Puritans attempted to push through legislation that would institute a presbyterian form of government for the Church of England and replace the prayer book with the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">service book</a> used in Geneva. Both attempts failed, mainly because of the Queen's opposition. In response, a group of conformists including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bancroft" title="Richard Bancroft">Richard Bancroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bridges_(bishop)" title="John Bridges (bishop)">John Bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Sutcliffe" title="Matthew Sutcliffe">Matthew Sutcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bilson" title="Thomas Bilson">Thomas Bilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hadrian_Saravia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrian Saravia">Hadrian Saravia</a> began defending the English Church's episcopal polity more strongly, no longer merely accepting it as convenient but asserting it as divine law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200143–47_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200143–47-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to Bridges' <i>A Defence of the Government Established in the Church of England for Ecclesiastical Matters</i>, an anonymous Puritan under the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marprelate" title="Martin Marprelate">Martin Marprelate</a> published a series of tracts attacking leading conformist clergy. The 1588 <a href="/wiki/Marprelate_Controversy" title="Marprelate Controversy">Marprelate Controversy</a> led to the discovery of the presbyterian organisation that had been built up over the years. Its leaders were arrested and the Classical Movement disintegrated. This debacle occurred at the same time that Puritanism's most powerful defenders at Court were dying off. In the aftermath of the conformist assault, the 1590s were relatively free of theological controversy. Once Whitgift had destroyed presbyterian activism, he was content to leave the Puritans alone. Likewise, Elizabethan Puritans abandoned the hopeless cause of presbyterianism to focus on less controversial pursuits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200147–51_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200147–51-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a></div> <p>In 1603, the King of Scotland inherited the English crown as <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> was even more strongly Reformed, having a presbyterian polity and John Knox's liturgy, the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Order" title="Book of Common Order">Book of Common Order</a></i>. James was himself a moderate Calvinist, and the Puritans hoped the King would move the English Church in the Scottish direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200648_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200648-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewton20056_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewton20056-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James, however, did the opposite, forcing the Scottish Church to accept bishops and the <a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Perth" title="Five Articles of Perth">Five Articles of Perth</a>, all attempts to make it as similar as possible to the English Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200649_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200649-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Laud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Laud.jpg/220px-William_Laud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Laud.jpg/330px-William_Laud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Laud.jpg/440px-William_Laud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Archbishop William Laud's promotion of high church policies caused controversy within the Church of England</figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of his reign, Puritans presented the <a href="/wiki/Millenary_Petition" title="Millenary Petition">Millenary Petition</a> to the King. This petition for church reform was referred to the <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Conference" title="Hampton Court Conference">Hampton Court Conference</a> of 1604, which agreed to produce a new prayer book, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1604)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1604)">1604 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i></a>, that incorporated a few changes requested by the Puritans. The most important outcome of the Conference, however, was the decision to produce a new translation of the Bible, the 1611 <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>. While a disappointment for Puritans, the provisions were aimed at satisfying moderate Puritans and isolating them from their more radical counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200649–50_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200649–50-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church of England's dominant theology was still Calvinism, but a group of theologians associated with Bishop <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes" title="Lancelot Andrewes">Lancelot Andrewes</a> disagreed with many aspects of the Reformed tradition, especially its teaching on <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">predestination</a>. Like the Puritans, Andrewes engaged in his own brand of nonconformity. In his private chapel, he added ceremonies and formulas not authorised in the prayer book, such as <a href="/wiki/Religious_use_of_incense" title="Religious use of incense">burning incense</a>. James I tried to balance the Puritan forces within his church with followers of Andrewes, promoting many of them at the end of his reign. This group was led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neile" title="Richard Neile">Richard Neile</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Durham" title="Diocese of Durham">Durham</a> and became known as the Durham House group. They looked to the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> rather than the Reformers and preferred using the more traditional 1549 prayer book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200650_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200650-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their belief in <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology" title="Free will in theology">free will</a>, this new faction is known as the <a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminian party</a>, but their <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> orientation was more controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby200688_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby200688-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, the Arminians were ascendant and closely associated with <a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury (1633–1645). Laud and his followers believed the Reformation had gone too far and launched a "'Beauty of Holiness' counter-revolution, wishing to restore what they saw as lost majesty in worship and lost dignity for the sacerdotal priesthood."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby200688_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby200688-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laudianism" title="Laudianism">Laudianism</a>, however, was unpopular with both Puritans and Prayer Book Protestants, who viewed the high church innovations as undermining forms of worship they had grown attached to.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby200689_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby200689-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> resulted in the overthrow of Charles I, and a Puritan dominated Parliament began to dismantle the Elizabethan Settlement. Episcopacy was replaced with a semi-presbyterian system. In 1645, the prayer book was made illegal and replaced by the <i><a href="/wiki/Directory_for_Public_Worship" title="Directory for Public Worship">Directory for Public Worship</a></i>. The Directory was not a liturgical book but only a set of directions and outlines for services.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200650_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200650-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a> of the monarchy in 1660 allowed for the restoration of the Elizabethan Settlement as well. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662 prayer book</a> mandated by the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">1662 Act of Uniformity</a> was a slightly revised version of the previous book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHefling200661_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHefling200661-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Puritans, however, were unwilling to conform to it. Around 900 ministers refused to subscribe to the new prayer book and were removed from their positions, an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Ejection" title="Great Ejection">Great Ejection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200654_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200654-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puritans became <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">dissenters</a>. Now outside the established church, the different strands of the Puritan movement evolved into separate denominations: <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterianism" title="English Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer200927_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer200927-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hooker-Statue.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hooker-Statue.jpeg/220px-Hooker-Statue.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hooker-Statue.jpeg/330px-Hooker-Statue.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Hooker-Statue.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Richard Hooker in front of <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral" title="Exeter Cathedral">Exeter Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Church of England was fundamentally changed. The "<a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean</a> consensus" was shattered, and the Church of England began defining itself less broadly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby1998235_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby1998235-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suppression and marginalisation of Prayer Book Protestants during the 1640s and 1650s had made the prayer book "an undisputed identifier of an emerging Anglican self-consciousness."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby200692_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby200692-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Judith Maltby writes that <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> as a recognisable tradition "owes more to the Restoration than the Reformation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby1998236_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby1998236-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in the period after 1660 that <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a>'s thought became influential within the Church of England, as Anglicans tried to define themselves in ways distinct from Protestant dissenters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby1998236_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby1998236-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diarmaid MacCulloch states that Hooker's writings helped to create an "Anglican synthesis". From Hooker, Anglicanism "inherited its belief in the place of reason as an authority for action, its esteem for continuity over the Reformation divide, and a hospitality towards sacramental modes of thought". From the Arminians, it gained a theology of episcopacy and an appreciation for liturgy. From the Puritans and Calvinists, it "inherited a contradictory impulse to assert the supremacy of scripture and preaching".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200185_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200185-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The clash between Calvinists and Arminians was never resolved, and the "seesaw battle between Catholic and Protestant within a single Anglican ecclesiastical structure has been proceeding ever since".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200186_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200186-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preface to the 1662 prayer book defined the Church of England as a <i><a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a></i> "between the two extremes of too much stiffness in refusing and of too much easiness in admitting any variation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory200694_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory200694-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/A._G._Dickens" title="A. G. Dickens">A. G. Dickens</a> wrote that while Elizabeth I "cannot be credited either with the invention of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a> or with a prophetic <a href="/wiki/Latitudinarian" title="Latitudinarian">latitudinarian</a> policy which foresaw the rich diversity of Anglicanism. Her preferences of 1558–9 nevertheless make this diversity possible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens1989350_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens1989350-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_still_in_force">Law still in force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Law still in force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy_1558" title="Act of Supremacy 1558">Act of Supremacy 1558</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy_(Ireland)_1560" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Supremacy (Ireland) 1560">Act of Supremacy (Ireland) 1560</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simony_Act_1588" title="Simony Act 1588">Simony Act 1588</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_View_of_Popish_Abuses_yet_remaining_in_the_English_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="A View of Popish Abuses yet remaining in the English Church">A View of Popish Abuses yet remaining in the English Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="History of the Church of England">History of the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_struggle" title="Liturgical struggle">Liturgical struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg 1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Conference_1559" title="Westminster Conference 1559">Westminster Conference 1559</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/60px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/120px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973168-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973168_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoorman1973">Moorman 1973</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993181-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993181_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017308-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017308_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996210-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996210_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2001112-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2001112_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005475-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005475_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy2005">Duffy 2005</a>, p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship201812-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship201812_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinship2018">Winship 2018</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017348-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017348_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005458-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005458_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy2005">Duffy 2005</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005450–454-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2005450–454_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy2005">Duffy 2005</a>, pp. 450–454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973192,197-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973192,197_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoorman1973">Moorman 1973</a>, p. 192,197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200589-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200589_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2005">MacCulloch 2005</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200125-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200125_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200125_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200588-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200588_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200588_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200588_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2005">MacCulloch 2005</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973200-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973200_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoorman1973">Moorman 1973</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993238-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993238_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017419-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017419_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017419–420-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017419–420_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 419–420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017423-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017423_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017423_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993239-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993239_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993239_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017424-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017424_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017425-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017425_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017425_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973199-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorman1973199_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoorman1973">Moorman 1973</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017426-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017426_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017427-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017427_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993239–240-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993239–240_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 239–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017428-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017428_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993240-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993240_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993240_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017430-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017430_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017430_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017431–432-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017431–432_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 431–432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017433-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017433_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017433_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017433_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017432-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017432_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993241-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993241_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993241_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993240–241-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993240–241_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, pp. 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017434-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017434_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017434_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorman198361-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorman198361_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorman198361_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoorman1983">Moorman 1983</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an extended treatment, see <a href="#CITEREFRatcliff1980">Ratcliff (1980</a>, pp. 12–17) discussing <i>The Communion Service of the Prayer Book: Its intention, Interpretation and Revision</i>, and also <a href="#CITEREFDix1948">Dix (1948)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200126-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200126_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200127-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200127_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200127_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a summary of Neale's thesis, see <a href="#CITEREFNeale1953">Neale (1953</a>, pp. 33–84).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993242-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993242_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993242_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993242_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993242_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurr2002109-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurr2002109_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpurr2002">Spurr 2002</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffeyLim20083–4-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffeyLim20083–4_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffeyLim2008">Coffey & Lim 2008</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017435–436-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017435–436_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 435–436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017436–437-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017436–437_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 436–437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017438-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017438_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017440-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017440_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017444-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017444_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017445-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017445_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017445_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200526-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200526_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2005">MacCulloch 2005</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993244-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993244_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017452-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017452_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993246–248-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993246–248_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, pp. 246–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017443-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017443_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993248–249-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993248–249_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the entry on <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Anthem" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anthem">Anthem</a> in the 1911 <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByrd1922123-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByrd1922123_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByrd1922">Byrd 1922</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELord200386-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELord200386_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLord2003">Lord 2003</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarley201028-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarley201028_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarley2010">Harley 2010</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarley201033-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarley201033_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarley2010">Harley 2010</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2018421-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2018421_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson2018">Williamson 2018</a>, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELord200339-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELord200339_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLord2003">Lord 2003</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhold17051-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESternhold17051_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSternhold1705">Sternhold 1705</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuitslund2016229-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuitslund2016229_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuitslund2016">Quitslund 2016</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonTempleton1962-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonTempleton1962_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilsonTempleton1962">Wilson & Templeton 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017500-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017500_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017458–459-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017458–459_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 458–459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993252-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993252_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993252_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017542–543-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017542–543_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 542–543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993291-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993291_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby199811-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby199811_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaltby1998">Maltby 1998</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200130-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200130_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200130_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993253-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993253_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017467–469-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017467–469_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 467–469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993254-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993254_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993254_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993255-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993255_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993256-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993256_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993259-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993259_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993259_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017465-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017465_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017487–494-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017487–494_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 487–494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017495-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017495_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993261-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993261_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993262-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993262_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993262_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993263-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993263_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993266-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh1993266_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200128-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200128_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200128_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200647-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200647_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200647_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinks2006">Spinks 2006</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017479-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017479_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017470–472-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017470–472_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, pp. 470–472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200130–31-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200130–31_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200148-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200148_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017504-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017504_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200133-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200133_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017505-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017505_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017506-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2017506_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2017">Marshall 2017</a>, p. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200135–47-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200135–47_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, pp. 35–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200143-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200143_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200138-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200138_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200150-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200150_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200141-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200141_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200142-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200142_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200143–47-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200143–47_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, pp. 43–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200147–51-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200147–51_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, pp. 47–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200648-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200648_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinks2006">Spinks 2006</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewton20056-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewton20056_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewton2005">Newton 2005</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200649-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200649_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinks2006">Spinks 2006</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200649–50-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200649–50_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinks2006">Spinks 2006</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200650-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200650_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200650_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinks2006">Spinks 2006</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby200688-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby200688_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby200688_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaltby2006">Maltby 2006</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby200689-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby200689_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaltby2006">Maltby 2006</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHefling200661-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHefling200661_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHefling2006">Hefling 2006</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinks200654-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinks200654_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinks2006">Spinks 2006</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer200927-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer200927_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremer2009">Bremer 2009</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby1998235-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby1998235_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaltby1998">Maltby 1998</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby200692-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby200692_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaltby2006">Maltby 2006</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaltby1998236-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby1998236_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaltby1998236_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaltby1998">Maltby 1998</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200185-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200185_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200186-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch200186_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2001">MacCulloch 2001</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory200694-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory200694_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregory2006">Gregory 2006</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens1989350-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens1989350_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickens1989">Dickens 1989</a>, p. 350.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBremer2009" class="citation book cs1">Bremer, Francis J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RDnRCwAAQBAJ"><i>Puritanism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199740871" title="Special:BookSources/9780199740871"><bdi>9780199740871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puritanism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199740871&rft.aulast=Bremer&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRDnRCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFByrd1922" class="citation book cs1">Byrd, William (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KV0JAQAAMAAJ&q=THE+GREAT+SERVICE+Venite+123&pg=PA123"><i>Great Service</i></a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Service&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKV0JAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DTHE%2BGREAT%2BSERVICE%2BVenite%2B123%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoffeyLim2008" class="citation book cs1">Coffey, John; Lim, Paul C. H., eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGcgAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism</i></a>. Cambridge Companions to Religion. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67800-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67800-1"><bdi>978-0-521-67800-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Puritanism&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Religion&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67800-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGcgAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickens1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Geoffrey_Dickens" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Geoffrey Dickens">Dickens, A. G.</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishreformati0000agdi_j3v5"><i>The English Reformation</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). BT Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713436697" title="Special:BookSources/0713436697"><bdi>0713436697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Reformation&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=BT+Batsford&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0713436697&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishreformati0000agdi_j3v5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strippingofalta00duff"><i>The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c. 1400–c. 1580</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10828-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10828-6"><bdi>978-0-300-10828-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stripping+of+the+Altars%3A+Traditional+Religion+in+England%2C+c.+1400%E2%80%93c.+1580&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10828-6&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrippingofalta00duff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDix1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Dix" title="Gregory Dix">Dix, Gregory</a> (1948). <i>Dixit Cranmer Et Non Timuit</i>. Dacre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dixit+Cranmer+Et+Non+Timuit&rft.pub=Dacre&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Dix&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregory2006" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Jeremy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ezVH2h6PKUcC">"The Prayer Book and the Parish Church: From the Restoration to the Oxford Movement"</a>. In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Guide_to_the_Book_of_Common_Prayer:_A_Worldwide_Survey" title="The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey">The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey</a></i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529756-0"><bdi>978-0-19-529756-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Prayer+Book+and+the+Parish+Church%3A+From+the+Restoration+to+the+Oxford+Movement&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Book+of+Common+Prayer%3A+A+Worldwide+Survey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-529756-0&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DezVH2h6PKUcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaigh1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Haigh" title="Christopher Haigh">Haigh, Christopher</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFmS2ng9z7wC"><i>English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society Under the Tudors</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822162-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822162-3"><bdi>978-0-19-822162-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Reformations%3A+Religion%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society+Under+the+Tudors&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822162-3&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFmS2ng9z7wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarley2010" class="citation book cs1">Harley, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWGzgD77VyIC"><i>World of William Byrd: Musicians, Merchants and Magnates</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315551388" title="Special:BookSources/9781315551388"><bdi>9781315551388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+of+William+Byrd%3A+Musicians%2C+Merchants+and+Magnates&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781315551388&rft.aulast=Harley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWGzgD77VyIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHefling2006" class="citation book cs1">Hefling, Charles (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ezVH2h6PKUcC">"The 'Liturgy of Comprehension'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Guide_to_the_Book_of_Common_Prayer:_A_Worldwide_Survey" title="The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey">The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey</a></i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529756-0"><bdi>978-0-19-529756-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Liturgy+of+Comprehension%27&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Book+of+Common+Prayer%3A+A+Worldwide+Survey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-529756-0&rft.aulast=Hefling&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DezVH2h6PKUcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLord2003" class="citation book cs1">Lord, Suzanne (2003). "Life and Music of the Middle Class". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JLCJLjHoQ2gC"><i>Music from the Age of Shakespeare: A Cultural History</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31713-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31713-2"><bdi>978-0-313-31713-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+and+Music+of+the+Middle+Class&rft.btitle=Music+from+the+Age+of+Shakespeare%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31713-2&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJLCJLjHoQ2gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (1996). <i>Thomas Cranmer: A Life</i> (revised ed.). London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300226577" title="Special:BookSources/9780300226577"><bdi>9780300226577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780300226577&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2001" class="citation book cs1">—— (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laterreformation00macc"><i>The Later Reformation in England, 1547-1603</i></a>. British History in Perspective (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333921395" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333921395"><bdi>978-0333921395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Reformation+in+England%2C+1547-1603&rft.series=British+History+in+Perspective&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0333921395&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaterreformation00macc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2005" class="citation journal cs1">—— (December 2005). "Putting the English Reformation on the Map". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. <b>15</b>. Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">75–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0080440105000319">10.1017/S0080440105000319</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679363">3679363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162188544">162188544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Putting+the+English+Reformation+on+the+Map&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162188544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679363%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0080440105000319&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaltby1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Maltby" title="Judith Maltby">Maltby, Judith</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6sELiM_s7QC"><i>Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521793872" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521793872"><bdi>978-0521793872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prayer+Book+and+People+in+Elizabethan+and+Early+Stuart+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0521793872&rft.aulast=Maltby&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ6sELiM_s7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaltby2006" class="citation book cs1">—— (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ezVH2h6PKUcC">"The Prayer Book and the Parish Church: From the Elizabethan Settlement to the Restoration"</a>. In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Guide_to_the_Book_of_Common_Prayer:_A_Worldwide_Survey" title="The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey">The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey</a></i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529756-0"><bdi>978-0-19-529756-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Prayer+Book+and+the+Parish+Church%3A+From+the+Elizabethan+Settlement+to+the+Restoration&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Book+of+Common+Prayer%3A+A+Worldwide+Survey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-529756-0&rft.aulast=Maltby&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DezVH2h6PKUcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(historian)" title="Peter Marshall (historian)">Marshall, Peter</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7S_DgAAQBAJ"><i>Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300170627" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300170627"><bdi>978-0300170627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heretics+and+Believers%3A+A+History+of+the+English+Reformation&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0300170627&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7S_DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoorman1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Moorman" title="John Moorman">Moorman, John R. H.</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdnFzfzpOxsC"><i>A History of the Church in England</i></a> (3rd ed.). Morehouse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0819214065" title="Special:BookSources/978-0819214065"><bdi>978-0819214065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Church+in+England&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Morehouse+Publishing&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0819214065&rft.aulast=Moorman&rft.aufirst=John+R.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdnFzfzpOxsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoorman1983" class="citation book cs1">—— (1983). <i>The Anglican Spiritual Tradition</i>. Templegate Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87243-139-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87243-139-8"><bdi>0-87243-139-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglican+Spiritual+Tradition&rft.pub=Templegate+Publishers&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-87243-139-8&rft.aulast=Moorman&rft.aufirst=John+R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeale1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._E._Neale" title="J. E. Neale">Neale, John</a> (1953). <i>Elizabeth I and her Parliaments 1559–1581</i>. London: Jonathan Cape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I+and+her+Parliaments+1559%E2%80%931581&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Neale&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewton2005" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Diana (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xie8L3Fk0BIC"><i>The Making of the Jacobean Regime: James VI and I and the Government of England, 1603-1605</i></a>. Studies in History. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society" title="Royal Historical Society">Royal Historical Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780861932726" title="Special:BookSources/9780861932726"><bdi>9780861932726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Jacobean+Regime%3A+James+VI+and+I+and+the+Government+of+England%2C+1603-1605&rft.series=Studies+in+History&rft.pub=Royal+Historical+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780861932726&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXie8L3Fk0BIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuitslund2016" class="citation cs2">Quitslund, Beth (2016), "The Psalm Book", in Smith, Emma (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=junOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT229"><i>The Elizabethan Top Ten: Defining Print Popularity in Early Modern England</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409440307" title="Special:BookSources/9781409440307"><bdi>9781409440307</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Psalm+Book&rft.btitle=The+Elizabethan+Top+Ten%3A+Defining+Print+Popularity+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781409440307&rft.aulast=Quitslund&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjunOCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRatcliff1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Ratcliff" title="Edward C. Ratcliff">Ratcliff, E. C.</a> (1980). <i>Reflections on Liturgical Revision</i>. Grove Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Liturgical+Revision&rft.pub=Grove+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ratcliff&rft.aufirst=E.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpinks2006" class="citation book cs1">Spinks, Bryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ezVH2h6PKUcC">"From Elizabeth I to Charles II"</a>. In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Guide_to_the_Book_of_Common_Prayer:_A_Worldwide_Survey" title="The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey">The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey</a></i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">44–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529756-0"><bdi>978-0-19-529756-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Elizabeth+I+to+Charles+II&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Book+of+Common+Prayer%3A+A+Worldwide+Survey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-529756-0&rft.aulast=Spinks&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DezVH2h6PKUcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpurr2002" class="citation journal cs1">Spurr, John (March 2002). "The English 'Post-Reformation'?". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>74</b> (1). University of Chicago Press: <span class="nowrap">101–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F343369">10.1086/343369</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/343369">10.1086/343369</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142464028">142464028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+English+%27Post-Reformation%27%3F&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142464028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F343369%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F343369&rft.aulast=Spurr&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSternhold1705" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sternhold" title="Thomas Sternhold">Sternhold, Thomas</a> (1705). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wholebookofpsalm1705ster/page/n5"><i>Whole Book of Psalms</i></a>. Company of Stationers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whole+Book+of+Psalms&rft.pub=Company+of+Stationers&rft.date=1705&rft.aulast=Sternhold&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwholebookofpsalm1705ster%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2018" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Magnus (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5b-EDwAAQBAJ&q=Elizabethan%20%22choral%20liturgy%22&pg=PT421">"Music and Reform in France, England, and Scotland"</a>. In Fenlon, Iain; Wristreich, Richard (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Sixteenth-Century Music</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511675874" title="Special:BookSources/9780511675874"><bdi>9780511675874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+and+Reform+in+France%2C+England%2C+and+Scotland&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Sixteenth-Century+Music&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780511675874&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5b-EDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DElizabethan%2520%2522choral%2520liturgy%2522%26pg%3DPT421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilsonTempleton1962" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, William Gilbert; Templeton, J. H. (1962). <i>Anglican Teaching: An Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles</i>. Dublin: Association for Promoting Christian Knowledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglican+Teaching%3A+An+Exposition+of+the+Thirty-nine+Articles&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Association+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=William+Gilbert&rft.au=Templeton%2C+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinship2018" class="citation book cs1">Winship, Michael P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA-GDwAAQBAJ"><i>Hot Protestants: A History of Puritanism in England and America</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12628-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12628-0"><bdi>978-0-300-12628-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hot+Protestants%3A+A+History+of+Puritanism+in+England+and+America&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12628-0&rft.aulast=Winship&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZA-GDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frere" title="Walter Frere">Frere, Walter Howard</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryenglish00huntgoog"><i>The English Church in the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I (1558-1625)</i></a>. London; New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1182585959">1182585959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Church+in+the+Reigns+of+Elizabeth+and+James+I+%281558-1625%29&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1182585959&rft.aulast=Frere&rft.aufirst=Walter+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryenglish00huntgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gee_(priest)" title="Henry Gee (priest)">Gee, Henry</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elizabethanclerg00geehrich"><i>The Elizabethan Clergy and the Settlement of Religion, 1558-1564</i></a>. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/559639008">559639008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elizabethan+Clergy+and+the+Settlement+of+Religion%2C+1558-1564&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F559639008&rft.aulast=Gee&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felizabethanclerg00geehrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElizabethan+Religious+Settlement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/">Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/texts/ENGref/links.html">Documents Illustrative of English Church History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity958" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity958" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Truce_of_God" title="Peace and Truce of God">Peace and Truce of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglican_liturgy657" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglican_liturgy" title="Template:Anglican liturgy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglican_liturgy" title="Template talk:Anglican liturgy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglican_liturgy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglican liturgy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglican_liturgy657" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anglican liturgy</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)" title="Daily Office (Anglican)">Daily Office</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Morning Prayer <small>(Mattins)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prayer_During_the_Day" title="Prayer During the Day">Prayer During the Day</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evening Prayer <small>(Vespers or Evensong)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Compline#Anglican_usage" title="Compline">Night Prayer <small>(Compline)</small></a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)#Anglicanism" title="Mass (liturgy)">Eucharist</a></b> <small>(also called Mass, Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper)</small></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Occasional</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick#Anglican_churches" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the sick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments#Baptism" title="Anglican sacraments">Baptism</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minor_exorcism_in_Christianity" title="Minor exorcism in Christianity">Minor exorcism</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Christian_burial" title="Christian burial">Christian burial</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Requiem#Anglicanism" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Commination</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Confirmation#Anglican_Communion" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Catechism#Anglican_catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Consecration#Protestant_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Consecration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronation of the British monarch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Churching_of_women#Anglican_Communion" title="Churching of women">Churching of women</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dedication_of_churches#Anglican_forms" title="Dedication of churches">Dedication of a church</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Exhortation_and_Litany" title="Exhortation and Litany">Exhortation and Litany</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Christianity#Anglicanism" title="Exorcism in Christianity">Exorcism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> liturgies <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tenebrae" title="Tenebrae">Tenebrae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)#Lutheran,_Anglican_and_Methodist_practice" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Presanctified" title="Mass of the Presanctified">Mass of the Presanctified</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Friday Prayer">Good Friday Prayer</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Prayer_for_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Friday Prayer for the Jews">for the Jews</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Collects" title="Solemn Collects">Solemn Collects</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Improperia" title="Improperia">Reproaches</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seven_Last_Words_from_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Last Words from the Cross">Seven Last Words from the Cross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Three_Hours%27_Agony" title="Three Hours' Agony">Three Hours' Agony</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Exsultet" title="Exsultet">Exsultet</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments#Matrimony" title="Anglican sacraments">Marriage</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Banns_of_marriage" title="Banns of marriage">Banns of marriage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marriage_vows#Anglican" title="Marriage vows">Vows</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ordination#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox,_and_Anglican_churches" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Common</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alleluia" title="Alleluia">Alleluia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">Antiphon</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">O Antiphons</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">Collect</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)#Anglicanism" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_blessing" title="Episcopal blessing">Episcopal blessing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/General_Intercessions" title="General Intercessions">General Intercessions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Patri" title="Gloria Patri">Glory Be</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kyrie" title="Kyrie">Kyrie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agnus_Dei_(liturgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnus Dei (liturgy)">Lamb of God</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Christian_laying_on_of_hands" title="Christian laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lection" title="Lection">Lesson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Epistle#Liturgical_use" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gospel_(liturgy)#Uses_in_the_Western_Churches" title="Gospel (liturgy)">Gospel</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oremus" title="Oremus">Let us pray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dominus_vobiscum" title="Dominus vobiscum">The Lord be with you</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Embolism_(liturgy)" title="Embolism (liturgy)">Embolism</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Psalms#Anglican_usage" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Priestly_Blessing" title="Priestly Blessing">Priestly Blessing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Processional_hymn" title="Processional hymn">Processional hymn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Recessional_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessional hymn">Recessional hymn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Responsory" title="Responsory">Responsory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Preces" title="Preces">Versicle</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Divine Office</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canticle#Anglican" title="Canticle">Canticle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Invitatory" title="Invitatory">Invitatory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deus,_in_adiutorium_meum_intende" title="Deus, in adiutorium meum intende">O God, make speed to save us</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Phos_hilarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Phos hilarion">Phos hilarion</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/To_Thee_before_the_close_of_day" class="mw-redirect" title="To Thee before the close of day">To Thee before the close of day</a></i></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Eucharist</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">Anaphora</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(Christianity)" title="Anamnesis (Christianity)">Anamnesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epiclesis#Anglicanism_and_Lutheranism" title="Epiclesis">Epiclesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fraction_(religion)" title="Fraction (religion)">Fraction</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Acclamation" title="Memorial Acclamation">Memorial Acclamation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution#Anglican_Communion" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bidding-prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidding-prayer">Bidding-prayer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Collect_for_Purity" title="Collect for Purity">Collect for Purity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gloria_in_Excelsis_Deo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria in Excelsis Deo">Glory to God in the highest</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(liturgy)" title="Sentence (liturgy)">Sentence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oblation" title="Oblation">Oblation</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Humble_Access" title="Prayer of Humble Access">Prayer of Humble Access</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Preface_(liturgy)" title="Preface (liturgy)">Preface</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sursum_corda" title="Sursum corda">Lift up your hearts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanctus" title="Sanctus">Holy, Holy, Holy</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace#Anglicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">Sign of peace</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tarping" title="Tarping">Tarping</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican chant</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fraction_anthem" title="Fraction anthem">Fraction anthem</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_Four_Anglican_Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Four Anglican Hymns">Great Four Anglican Hymns</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_church_composers" title="List of Anglican church composers">List of Anglican church composers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-language_hymnals_by_denomination#Anglican" title="List of English-language hymnals by denomination">List of Anglican hymnals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)#Masses_written_for_the_Anglican_liturgy" title="Mass (music)">Mass (music)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Service_(music)" title="Service (music)">Service (music)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_(music)" title="Voluntary (music)">Voluntary (music)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">Acolyte</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_server" title="Altar server">altar server</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bishop#Catholic,_Eastern_Orthodox,_Oriental_Orthodox_and_Anglican_churches" title="Bishop">Bishop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crucifer" title="Crucifer">Crucifer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lector" title="Lector">Lector</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Priest#Anglican_or_Episcopalian" title="Priest">Priest</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)#Anglicanism" title="Reader (liturgy)">Reader</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_usher" title="Church usher">Usher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Verger" title="Verger">Verger</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%">Liturgical objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Altar#Anglican_churches" title="Altar">Altar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Communion_table" title="Communion table">communion table</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Antependium" title="Antependium">Antependium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_candle" title="Altar candle">candle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_cloth" title="Altar cloth">cloths</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_lamp" title="Altar lamp">lamp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_rail" title="Altar rail">rail</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rood" title="Rood">Rood</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday#Christian_use_of_ashes" title="Ash Wednesday">Ashes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aspergillum" title="Aspergillum">Aspergillum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">Baptismal font</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chalice#Christian" title="Chalice">Chalice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Communion_cup" title="Communion cup">Communion cup</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chrism#Anglicanism_and_Lutheranism" title="Chrism">Chrism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crosier" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosier">Crosier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cruet" title="Cruet">Cruet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evangeliary" title="Evangeliary">Evangeliary</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Flagon" title="Flagon">Flagon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Religious_use_of_incense#Christianity" title="Religious use of incense">Incense</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_use_of_lights#Anglican_usage" title="Ceremonial use of lights">Lights</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palm_branch#Christianity" title="Palm branch">Palm</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paten#Protestant_rites" title="Paten">Paten</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Processional_cross" title="Processional cross">Processional cross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">Sacramental bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">wine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blessed_salt_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed salt in Christianity">Salt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_lamp" title="Sanctuary lamp">Sanctuary lamp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_tabernacle#Anglican_and_Episcopal_Churches" title="Church tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pyx" title="Pyx">Pyx</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veil#Christianity" title="Veil">Veil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring#Christian" title="Wedding ring">Wedding ring</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book#Anglican" title="Liturgical book">Liturgical books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Alternative_Services" title="Book of Alternative Services">Book of Alternative Services</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Services" title="Sunday Services">Sunday Services</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">The Books of Homilies</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Worship" title="Common Worship">Common Worship</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Directory_for_Public_Worship" title="Directory for Public Worship">Directory for Public Worship</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwardine_Ordinals" title="Edwardine Ordinals">Edwardine Ordinals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">Lectionary</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Revised_Common_Lectionary" title="Revised Common Lectionary">Revised Common Lectionary</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestment#Western_Christian_vestments" title="Vestment">Vestments</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pontifical_vestments#Western_Christianity" title="Pontifical vestments">Pontifical</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Alb" title="Alb">Alb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)" title="Bands (neckwear)">Bands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baptismal_clothing" title="Baptismal clothing">Baptismal clothing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_cap" title="Canterbury cap">Canterbury cap</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">Cassock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cassock-alb" title="Cassock-alb">Cassock-alb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chasuble" title="Chasuble">Chasuble</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chimere" title="Chimere">Chimere</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Choir_dress" title="Choir dress">Choir dress</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cincture" title="Cincture">Cincture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">Cope</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dalmatic" title="Dalmatic">Dalmatic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gaiters" title="Gaiters">Gaiters</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geneva_gown" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva gown">Geneva gown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Girdle" title="Girdle">Girdle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">Mitre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_cross" title="Pectoral cross">Pectoral cross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rochet" title="Rochet">Rochet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">Stole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">Surplice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tippet" title="Tippet">Tippet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vimpa" title="Vimpa">Vimpa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">Zucchetto</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">Advent Sunday</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">Gaudete Sunday</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Epiphanytide" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphanytide">Epiphanytide</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Lent" title="Pre-Lent">Pre-Lent</a></b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Feast of the Annunciation</a></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">Laetare Sunday</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">Passion Sunday</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Passiontide" title="Passiontide">Passiontide</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Thursday" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Eastertide</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinitytide</a></b> <small>(some churches use <i>Pentecost Season</i> instead of <i>Trinitytide</i>)</small> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kingdomtide" title="Kingdomtide">Kingdomtide</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stir-up_Sunday" title="Stir-up Sunday">Stir-up Sunday</a> or <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Feast of Christ the King</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Principal_Feast" title="Principal Feast">Principal Feast</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Principal_Holy_Day_(Anglicanism)" title="Principal Holy Day (Anglicanism)">Principal Holy Day</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Festival (Anglicanism)">Festival</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)">Lesser Festival</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_(Anglicanism)" title="Commemoration (Anglicanism)">Commemoration</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#C8A2C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Altar bell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Altar_of_repose" title="Altar of repose">Altar of repose</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angelus#Anglican_practice" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Breviary" 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