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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23987668%2FImpact_of_reservoir_potentials_on_the_analyte_behavior_in_microchip_electrophoresis_Computer_simulation_and_experimental_validation_for_DNA_fragments%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":44377940,"identifier":"Attachment_44377940","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":23987668,"created_at":"2016-04-04T00:44:19.528-07:00","from_world_paper_id":151398350,"updated_at":"2024-11-16T18:41:56.316-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Fundamental understanding of the impact of reservoir potentials on the analyte behavior on the microfluidic chips is an important issue in microchip electrophoresis (MCE) for suitable injection and separation of analytes, since the applied potentials may significantly affect the shape of sample plug, sample leakage from the injection channel to the separation channel, injected sample amount, and separation efficiency. This study addressed this issue for the case of a conventional cross-geometry microchip with four reservoirs using computer simulations, the results of which were verified by the analysis of DNA fragments. For the microchip with a definite structure and migration distance, the injected sample amount was shown to be the vital parameter for improving the limit of detection and resolution. During injection, the shape of the sample plug could be adjusted by varying the reservoir potentials. It was demonstrated that a \"magnified injection\" (applying high voltage on the three reservoirs to the sample reservoir) is useful to enhance the detection sensitivity depending on the analyte composition, although such injection was previously avoided because of introducing too large amounts of the analyte in comparison with two established modes, floating and pinched injection. Optimal magnified injection was proved to improve the sensitivity for about 4 times over that of pinched injection for the analysis of DNA step ladders using microchip gel electrophoresis (MCGE). Sample leakage of DNA fragments could be suppressed by applying a high positive voltage on injection channel during separation, but the voltage degraded the injected amount and resolution.","publication_date":"2005,,","publication_name":"ELECTROPHORESIS","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"44377940"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Impact of reservoir potentials on the analyte behavior in microchip electrophoresis: Computer simulation and experimental validation for DNA fragments","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [46232650]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":44377940,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Impact of reservoir potentials on the analyte behavior in microchip electrophoresis: Computer simulation and experimental validation for DNA fragments”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44377940/mini_magick20190214-14035-1vyh4jf.png?1550189996" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Impact of reservoir potentials on the analyte behavior in microchip electrophoresis: Computer simulation and experimental validation for DNA fragments</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46232650" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TakeshiHirokawa"><img alt="Profile image of Takeshi Hirokawa" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Takeshi Hirokawa</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2005, ELECTROPHORESIS</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 23987668; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Fundamental understanding of the impact of reservoir potentials on the analyte behavior on the microfluidic chips is an important issue in microchip electrophoresis (MCE) for suitable injection and separation of analytes, since the applied potentials may significantly affect the shape of sample plug, sample leakage from the injection channel to the separation channel, injected sample amount, and separation efficiency. This study addressed this issue for the case of a conventional cross-geometry microchip with four reservoirs using computer simulations, the results of which were verified by the analysis of DNA fragments. For the microchip with a definite structure and migration distance, the injected sample amount was shown to be the vital parameter for improving the limit of detection and resolution. During injection, the shape of the sample plug could be adjusted by varying the reservoir potentials. It was demonstrated that a "magnified injection" (applying high voltage on the three reservoirs to the sample reservoir) is useful to enhance the detection sensitivity depending on the analyte composition, although such injection was previously avoided because of introducing too large amounts of the analyte in comparison with two established modes, floating and pinched injection. Optimal magnified injection was proved to improve the sensitivity for about 4 times over that of pinched injection for the analysis of DNA step ladders using microchip gel electrophoresis (MCGE). Sample leakage of DNA fragments could be suppressed by applying a high positive voltage on injection channel during separation, but the voltage degraded the injected amount and resolution.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":44377940,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/23987668/Impact_of_reservoir_potentials_on_the_analyte_behavior_in_microchip_electrophoresis_Computer_simulation_and_experimental_validation_for_DNA_fragments"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":44377940,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/23987668/Impact_of_reservoir_potentials_on_the_analyte_behavior_in_microchip_electrophoresis_Computer_simulation_and_experimental_validation_for_DNA_fragments"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="44377940" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/23987668/Impact_of_reservoir_potentials_on_the_analyte_behavior_in_microchip_electrophoresis_Computer_simulation_and_experimental_validation_for_DNA_fragments" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="17732253" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17732253/Experimental_and_Numerical_Analysis_of_High_Resolution_Injection_Technique_for_Capillary_Electrophoresis_Microchip">Experimental and Numerical Analysis of High-Resolution Injection Technique for Capillary Electrophoresis Microchip</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37764496" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChinlungChang">Chin-lung Chang</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37636396" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JikchangLeong">Jik-chang Leong</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation on the use of high-resolution injection techniques to deliver sample plugs within a capillary electrophoresis (CE) microchip. The CE microfluidic device was integrated into a U-shaped injection system and an expansion chamber located at the inlet of the separation channel, which can miniize the sample leakage effect and deliver a high-quality sample plug into the separation channel so that the detection performance of the device is enhanced. The proposed 45° U-shaped injection system was investigated using a sample of Rhodamine B dye. Meanwhile, the analysis of the current CE microfluidic chip was studied by considering the separation of Hae III digested φx-174 DNA samples. The experimental and numerical results indicate that the included 45° U-shaped injector completely eliminates the sample leakage and an expansion separation channel with an expansion ratio of 2.5 delivers a sample plug with a perfect detection shape and highest concentration intensity, hence enabling an optimal injection and separation performance.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Experimental and Numerical Analysis of High-Resolution Injection Technique for Capillary Electrophoresis Microchip","attachmentId":39679459,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17732253/Experimental_and_Numerical_Analysis_of_High_Resolution_Injection_Technique_for_Capillary_Electrophoresis_Microchip","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17732253/Experimental_and_Numerical_Analysis_of_High_Resolution_Injection_Technique_for_Capillary_Electrophoresis_Microchip"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="89357809" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89357809/A_study_of_loading_parameters_that_affect_DNA_electrophoresis_in_microdevices">A study of loading parameters that affect DNA electrophoresis in microdevices</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="103889995" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MARIBELPEREZVAZQUEZ">MARIBEL PEREZ VAZQUEZ</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Electrophoresis of DNA has become particularly attractive in today's age of biotechnology. The goal of the present research is to optimize the the gel-loading and sample-loading protocols used prior to electrophoresis within microfabricated devices. During gel-loading, electrophoretic channels are filled with a polymer matrix prior to their use in DNA separations. The injection rate is constrained by the desire to minimize shear-induced degradation of the polymer molecules. In this study, measurements of the zero shear-rate viscosity of linear polyacrylamide (LPA) solutions are used to determine the LPA molecular weight before and after gel-loading protocols. The results demonstrate induced molecular degradation of polymer molecules even when matrixes are injected at minimal flow rates of 1 microliter per minute. Next, digital images are used to analyze the electrophoretic migration of DNA samples during conventional sample-loading and injection protocols. Experimental data illustrate that the 'stacked' DNA sample plug is comprised of distinct concentrated populations of DNA molecules that migrate with the same mechanism of transport. This study produced a detailed exploration of the injection process as well as a standardized method to measure the level of 'stacking' exhibited by a system. Additionally, a novel high voltage injection protocol correlates increases in resolution and separation with higher levels of sample stacking during injection. Developments realized through these experiments demonstrate great promise for upgraded electrophoretic protocols and future microdevices.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A study of loading parameters that affect DNA electrophoresis in microdevices","attachmentId":93171906,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89357809/A_study_of_loading_parameters_that_affect_DNA_electrophoresis_in_microdevices","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89357809/A_study_of_loading_parameters_that_affect_DNA_electrophoresis_in_microdevices"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="23987700" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23987700/High_sensitivity_capillary_gel_electrophoretic_analysis_of_DNA_fragments_on_an_electrophoresis_microchip_using_electrokinetic_injection_with_transient_isotachophoretic_preconcentration">High-sensitivity capillary gel electrophoretic analysis of DNA fragments on an electrophoresis microchip using electrokinetic injection with transient isotachophoretic preconcentration</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46232650" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TakeshiHirokawa">Takeshi Hirokawa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Chromatography A, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The research adopted a single-channel microchip as the probe, and focused electrokinetic injection combined with transient isotachophoresis preconcentration technique on capillary electrophoresis microchip to improve the analytical sensitivity of DNA fragments. The channel length, channel width and channel depth of the used microchip were 40.5 mm, and 110 and 50 mm, respectively. The separation was detected by CCD (charge-coupled device) (effective length525 mm, 260 nm). A 1 / 100 diluted sample (0.2 mg / l of each DNA fragment) of commercially available stepladder DNA sample could be baseline separated in 120 s with S /N52-5. Compared with conventional chip gel electrophoresis, the proposed method is ideally suited to improve the sensitivity of DNA analysis by chip electrophoresis. </p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"High-sensitivity capillary gel electrophoretic analysis of DNA fragments on an electrophoresis microchip using electrokinetic injection with transient isotachophoretic preconcentration","attachmentId":44377959,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23987700/High_sensitivity_capillary_gel_electrophoretic_analysis_of_DNA_fragments_on_an_electrophoresis_microchip_using_electrokinetic_injection_with_transient_isotachophoretic_preconcentration","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23987700/High_sensitivity_capillary_gel_electrophoretic_analysis_of_DNA_fragments_on_an_electrophoresis_microchip_using_electrokinetic_injection_with_transient_isotachophoretic_preconcentration"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="17570067" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17570067/Double_L_injection_technique_for_high_performance_capillary_electrophoresis_detection_in_microfluidic_chips">Double-L injection technique for high performance capillary electrophoresis detection in microfluidic chips</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37382036" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChanghsienTai">Chang-hsien Tai</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13405734" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RueyYang">Ruey-Jen Yang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper reports low-leakage injection techniques to deliver sample plugs within double-T-form electrophoresis microchips. Experimental and numerical investigations are used to predict and evaluate the leakage behavior during electrokinetic driving of the sample plugs. The principal material transport mechanisms including traditional cross-form, electro-floating, diffusion sampling injection techniques are discussed in this study. A simple and precise double-L injection technique that employs electrokinetic manipulations to avoid sample leakage within the microchip is also reported. The method needs only one electrical control point during injection and separation, so the control system can be smaller and cheaper. Experimental and numerical results show the proposed injection technique is able to reduce sample leakage significantly. No leakage happens after 16 sample injections using the double-L injection method while leakage usually happens using the traditional cross-form injection technique. The double-L injection technique proposed in this study has a great potential for use in high-precision analysis applications utilizing chip-based capillary electrophoresis.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Double-L injection technique for high performance capillary electrophoresis detection in microfluidic chips","attachmentId":39586781,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17570067/Double_L_injection_technique_for_high_performance_capillary_electrophoresis_detection_in_microfluidic_chips","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17570067/Double_L_injection_technique_for_high_performance_capillary_electrophoresis_detection_in_microfluidic_chips"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="13312145" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13312145/Instrumentation_design_for_hydrodynamic_sample_injection_in_microchip_electrophoresis_A_review">Instrumentation design for hydrodynamic sample injection in microchip electrophoresis: A review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32559643" href="https://ufg.academia.edu/WendellKarlosTomazelliColtro">Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ELECTROPHORESIS, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Reproducible and representative sample injection in microchip electrophoresis has been a bottleneck for quantitative analytical applications. Electrokinetic sample injection is the most used because it is easy to perform. However, this injection method is usually affected by sample composition and the bias effect. On the other hand, these drawbacks are overcome by the hydrodynamic (HD) sample injection, although this injection mode requires HD flow control. This review gives an overview of the basic principles, the instrumentation designs, and the performance of HD sample injection systems for microchip electrophoresis.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Instrumentation design for hydrodynamic sample injection in microchip electrophoresis: A review","attachmentId":45485308,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13312145/Instrumentation_design_for_hydrodynamic_sample_injection_in_microchip_electrophoresis_A_review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13312145/Instrumentation_design_for_hydrodynamic_sample_injection_in_microchip_electrophoresis_A_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="23987665" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23987665/Study_of_a_novel_sample_injection_method_floating_electrokinetic_supercharging_for_high_performance_microchip_electrophoresis_of_DNA_fragments">Study of a novel sample injection method (floating electrokinetic supercharging) for high-performance microchip electrophoresis of DNA fragments</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46232650" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TakeshiHirokawa">Takeshi Hirokawa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ELECTROPHORESIS, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Aiming to achieve high-performance analysis of DNA fragments using microchip electrophoresis, we developed a novel sample injection method, which was given the name of floating electrokinetic supercharging (FEKS). In the method, electrokinetic injection (EKI) and ITP preconcentration of samples was performed in a separation channel, connecting two reservoir ports (P3 and P4) on a cross-geometry microchip. At these two stages, side channels, crossing the separation channel, and their ports (P1 and P2) were electrically floated. After the ITP-stacked zones passed the cross-part, they were eluted for detection by using leading ions from P1 and P2 that enabled electrophoresis mode changing rapidly from ITP to zone electrophoresis (ZE). Possible sample leakage at the cross-part toward P1 and P2 was studied in detail on the basis of computer simulation using a CFD-ACE1 software and real experiments, through which it was validated that the analyte recovery to the separation channel was almost complete. The FEKS method successfully contributed to higher resolution and shorter analysis time of DNA fragments on the cross-microchip owing to more rapid switching from ITP status to ZE separation in comparison with our previous EKS procedure realized on a single-channel microchip. Without any degradation of resolution, the achieved LODs were on average ten times better than using conventional pinched injection.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Study of a novel sample injection method (floating electrokinetic supercharging) for high-performance microchip electrophoresis of DNA fragments","attachmentId":44377942,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23987665/Study_of_a_novel_sample_injection_method_floating_electrokinetic_supercharging_for_high_performance_microchip_electrophoresis_of_DNA_fragments","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23987665/Study_of_a_novel_sample_injection_method_floating_electrokinetic_supercharging_for_high_performance_microchip_electrophoresis_of_DNA_fragments"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="18774444" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18774444/Electrophoretic_Injection_within_Microdevices">Electrophoretic Injection within Microdevices</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38847988" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SamanthaDesmarais">Samantha Desmarais</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Analytical Chemistry, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The flexibility of the microfabricated format creates unique opportunities for study of the electrophoretic process. The present work utilizes digital images to capture the motion of DNA samples during pre-electrophoretic processes. A systematic study of DNA loading and strong sample stacking (sample concentration effects) was performed in order to analyze realistic DNA analysis conditions within microdevices. Using digital imaging and microscopy, DNA sample profiles within the injector were analyzed by deconvolving the geometrical intensity profile into different velocity groups. This analysis illustrates the evolution of molecular separation into distinct migrating populations within the injector itself. The present study performed DNA injections within microfabricated devices imposing run voltages between 85 and 850 V/cm. Data from 3 different offset lengths of a double-T cross-injector, 10 different applied voltages, and 2 different sample preparation protocols are presented.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Electrophoretic Injection within Microdevices","attachmentId":40247953,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18774444/Electrophoretic_Injection_within_Microdevices","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18774444/Electrophoretic_Injection_within_Microdevices"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="8988881" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8988881/Size_dependent_free_solution_DNA_electrophoresis_in_structured_microfluidic_systems">Size-dependent free solution DNA electrophoresis in structured microfluidic systems</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20117201" href="https://independent.academia.edu/thanhtu5">thanh tu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Microelectronic Engineering, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">2003) Size-dependent free solution DNA electrophoresis in structured microfluidic systems. Microelectronic engineering, 67-68(1), pp. 905-912</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Size-dependent free solution DNA electrophoresis in structured microfluidic systems","attachmentId":47926656,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8988881/Size_dependent_free_solution_DNA_electrophoresis_in_structured_microfluidic_systems","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8988881/Size_dependent_free_solution_DNA_electrophoresis_in_structured_microfluidic_systems"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="13684092" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13684092/Development_of_a_gel_to_gel_electro_kinetic_pinched_injection_method_for_an_integrated_micro_fluidic_based_DNA_analyser">Development of a gel-to-gel electro-kinetic pinched injection method for an integrated micro-fluidic based DNA analyser</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32827010" href="https://hull.academia.edu/GillianGreenway">Gillian Greenway</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Analytica Chimica Acta, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">An integrated gel supported micro-fluidic system is reported, in which PCR products can be efficiently injected into a capillary electrophoresis device. The gel supported system is designed to provide greater stability to reagents during long periods of dormancy, enabling the mass production of one use chips encapsulating all required reagents at the time of manufacturing. This simultaneously diminishes the risk of sample contamination, and reduces the amount of external hardware required for auxiliary flow control, thus increasing the potential for portability. After PCR amplification was performed in a polysaccharide gel matrix, the PCR product was injected into the separation gel polymer matrix by executing a capillary-based electro-kinetic pinched injection across a gel-to-gel interface. The gel-to-gel system delivered a precise and accurate plug into the separation polymer, which offered more stable electrokinetic control of the sample compared to solution based methodology even when bubbles were present in the system. Suitable voltage control was proven to provide a repeatable electro-kinetic injection of PCR product sufficient for an on-chip separation of multiple loci by capillary electrophoresis.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development of a gel-to-gel electro-kinetic pinched injection method for an integrated micro-fluidic based DNA analyser","attachmentId":45062974,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13684092/Development_of_a_gel_to_gel_electro_kinetic_pinched_injection_method_for_an_integrated_micro_fluidic_based_DNA_analyser","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13684092/Development_of_a_gel_to_gel_electro_kinetic_pinched_injection_method_for_an_integrated_micro_fluidic_based_DNA_analyser"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="89624742" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89624742/Effects_of_embedded_sub_micron_pillar_arrays_in_microfluidic_channels_on_large_DNA_electrophoresis">Effects of embedded sub-micron pillar arrays in microfluidic channels on large DNA electrophoresis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33508741" href="https://hkust.academia.edu/YiKuenLee">Yi-Kuen Lee</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ELECTROPHORESIS, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A study of the influences of embedding artificial structures in a microfluidic device for CE with a free buffer solution is presented. Compared with conventional slab-gel electrophoresis, three major additional effects on the overall system performance are identified when sub-micron pillar arrays are integrated into a standard CE microsystem. Since DNA molecules have to migrate in-between and interact with the pillars, pillar geometry is first demonstrated to have a direct impact on the DNA motion pattern. Electric field redistribution is another inevitable outcome when features of sub-micron dimensions are placed inside a microchannel. This effect is verified by a numerical simulation tool. Furthermore, the integration of the closely packed sub-micron structures dramatically increases the surface to volume ratios in the microfluidic device and therefore generates a large EOF. The consequence of these additional influences implies a complexity in the measured DNA velocity and indicates that careful considerations have to be taken when these devices are used for DNA electrokinetics study or electrophoresis theory re-examination.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of embedded sub-micron pillar arrays in microfluidic channels on large DNA electrophoresis","attachmentId":93391520,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89624742/Effects_of_embedded_sub_micron_pillar_arrays_in_microfluidic_channels_on_large_DNA_electrophoresis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89624742/Effects_of_embedded_sub_micron_pillar_arrays_in_microfluidic_channels_on_large_DNA_electrophoresis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":44377940,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":44377940,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_44377940" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="69433115" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69433115/Injection_and_Separation_Evaluation_for_Microfluidic_Protein_and_DNA_Separation">Injection and Separation Evaluation for Microfluidic Protein and DNA Separation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65268960" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PegahPezeshkpour">Pegah Pezeshkpour</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Injection and Separation Evaluation for Microfluidic Protein and DNA Separation","attachmentId":79533730,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69433115/Injection_and_Separation_Evaluation_for_Microfluidic_Protein_and_DNA_Separation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69433115/Injection_and_Separation_Evaluation_for_Microfluidic_Protein_and_DNA_Separation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="14291518" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14291518/Integrated_Microfluidic_Electrophoresis_System_for_Analysis_of_Genetic_Materials_Using_Signal_Amplification_Methods">Integrated Microfluidic Electrophoresis System for Analysis of Genetic Materials Using Signal Amplification Methods</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33253641" href="https://ualberta.academia.edu/GregorOcvirk">Gregor Ocvirk</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Analytical Chemistry, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Integrated Microfluidic Electrophoresis System for Analysis of Genetic Materials Using Signal Amplification Methods","attachmentId":44350573,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14291518/Integrated_Microfluidic_Electrophoresis_System_for_Analysis_of_Genetic_Materials_Using_Signal_Amplification_Methods","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14291518/Integrated_Microfluidic_Electrophoresis_System_for_Analysis_of_Genetic_Materials_Using_Signal_Amplification_Methods"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="27520389" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27520389/DNA_analysis_on_microfabricated_electrophoretic_devices_with_bubble_cells">DNA analysis on microfabricated electrophoretic devices with bubble cells</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51680604" href="https://ncue.academia.edu/YangWeiLin">Yang-Wei Lin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ELECTROPHORESIS, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DNA analysis on microfabricated electrophoretic devices with bubble cells","attachmentId":47776055,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27520389/DNA_analysis_on_microfabricated_electrophoretic_devices_with_bubble_cells","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27520389/DNA_analysis_on_microfabricated_electrophoretic_devices_with_bubble_cells"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="95467945" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title 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