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data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="5120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman art">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Gothic_architecture" title="Italian Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Renaissance painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_sculpture" title="Italian Renaissance sculpture">sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_art" title="Italian Baroque art">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Rococo_art" title="Italian Rococo art">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th_century_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th century art">Neoclassical and 19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Italian modern and contemporary art">Modern and contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Centennial divisions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Important art museums</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Brera" title="Pinacoteca di Brera">Pinacoteca di Brera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Villa Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabauda_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabauda Gallery">Sabauda Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallerie_dell%27Accademia" title="Gallerie dell'Accademia">Gallerie dell'Accademia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitti_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitti Palace">Pitti Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze">Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargello" title="Bargello">Bargello</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Important art festivals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Quadriennale" title="Rome Quadriennale">Rome Quadriennale</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Major works</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Tribute_Money_(Masaccio)" title="The Tribute Money (Masaccio)"><i>The Tribute Money</i> (Masaccio)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Botticelli%27s_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli's Venus">The Birth of Venus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primavera_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primavera (painting)">Primavera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_(Leonardo)" title="Annunciation (Leonardo)"><i>Annunciation</i> (Leonardo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Madonna" title="Sistine Madonna">Sistine Madonna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)"><i>David</i> (Michelangelo)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_San_Romano" title="The Battle of San Romano">The Battle of San Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Urbino" title="Venus of Urbino">Venus of Urbino</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_(Donatello,_bronze)" title="David (Donatello, bronze)"><i>David</i> (Donatello)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Calling_of_St_Matthew_(Caravaggio)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Calling of St Matthew (Caravaggio)">The Calling of St. Matthew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Space" title="Unique Forms of Continuity in Space">Unique Forms of Continuity in Space</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Italian <a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_artists" title="Category:Italian artists">artists</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_painters" title="List of Italian painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_sculptors" title="Category:Italian sculptors">Sculptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_architects" title="List of Italian architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_photographers" title="Category:Italian photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_illustrators" title="Category:Italian illustrators">Illustrators</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Italian art schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_School_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolognese School (painting)">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Ferrara (painting)">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Florentine school">Florentine school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucchese School">Lucchese and Pisan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian School (art)">Venetian school</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Art movements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque art">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical art">Metaphysical art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_architecture" title="Italian architecture">Italian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture of Italy">Sculpture of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_artists_to_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Italian artists to 1800">Timeline of Italian artists to 1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_of_Italy" title="Template:Art of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Art of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From the second half of the 18th century through the 19th century, Italy went through a great deal of socio-economic changes, several foreign invasions and the turbulent <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> in 1861. Thus, Italian art went through a series of minor and major changes in style. </p><p>The <b>Italian Neoclassicism</b> was the earliest manifestation of the general period known as <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> and lasted more than the other national variants of neoclassicism. It developed in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style around c.1750 and lasted until c.1850. Neoclassicism began around the period of the rediscovery of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and spread all over Europe as a generation of art students returned to their countries from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> in Italy with rediscovered Greco-Roman ideals. It first centred in Rome where artists such as <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> were active in the second half of the 18th century, before moving to Paris. Painters of <a href="/wiki/Vedute" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedute">Vedute</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini" title="Giovanni Paolo Panini">Giovanni Paolo Panini</a>, also enjoyed a huge success during the Grand Tour. <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a> was inspired by the Renaissance works of <a href="/wiki/Palladio" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladio">Palladio</a> and saw in <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Vanvitelli" title="Luigi Vanvitelli">Luigi Vanvitelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Juvarra" title="Filippo Juvarra">Filippo Juvarra</a> the main interpreters of the style. </p><p>Classicist literature had a great impact on the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a> movement: the main figures of the period include <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Vittorio Alfieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Parini" title="Giuseppe Parini">Giuseppe Parini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Monti" title="Vincenzo Monti">Vincenzo Monti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a> (nephew of <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a>), who were also influenced by the <a href="/wiki/French_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="French Enlightenment">French Enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso" title="Virtuoso">virtuoso</a> violinist <a href="/wiki/Paganini" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganini">Paganini</a> and the operas of <a href="/wiki/Rossini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossini">Rossini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donnizetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Donnizetti">Donnizetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdi">Verdi</a> dominated the scene in Italian classical and romantic music. </p><p>The art of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a> and especially that of the <a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a> represented a break with the classical school, which came to an end as Italy unified (see <a href="/wiki/Italian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Italian modern and contemporary art">Italian modern and contemporary art</a>). Neoclassicism was the last Italian-born style, after the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, to spread to all Western Art. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_influences">History and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just like in other parts of Europe, Italian Neoclassical art was mainly based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> art and architecture, but also by the Italian <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a> and its basics, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Capra_%22La_Rotonda%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Capra "La Rotonda"">Villa Capra "La Rotonda"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CISA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CISA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classicism and Neoclassicism in Italian art and architecture developed during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>, notably in the writings and designs of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> and the work of <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>. It places emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principles of art (page does not exist)">proportion</a>, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of Classical antiquity and in particular, the architecture of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Architecture">Ancient Rome</a>, of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintels</a>, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niche_(architecture)" title="Niche (architecture)">niches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aedicule" class="mw-redirect" title="Aedicule">aedicules</a> replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">medieval</a> buildings. This style quickly spread to other Italian cities and later to the rest of continental Europe. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psyche_revived_Louvre_MR1777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Psyche_revived_Louvre_MR1777.jpg/220px-Psyche_revived_Louvre_MR1777.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Psyche_revived_Louvre_MR1777.jpg/330px-Psyche_revived_Louvre_MR1777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Psyche_revived_Louvre_MR1777.jpg/440px-Psyche_revived_Louvre_MR1777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Psyche_Revived_by_Cupid%27s_Kiss" title="Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss">Psyche Revived by Love's Kiss</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual arts</a> the European movement called "neoclassicism" began in Italy around 1750 in Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-cartage.org.lb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartage.org.lb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a reaction against both the surviving <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> styles, and as a desire to return to the perceived "purity" of the arts of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, the more vague perception ("ideal") of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> arts, and, to a lesser extent, 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Classicism. Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, which had started in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Antichit%C3%A0_di_Ercolano" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Antichità di Ercolano">Le Antichità di Ercolano</a>.</i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, who ruled most of Italy in the early 19th century hired <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a>, one of the most influential Italian neoclassical sculptors and plastic artists to make sculptures for him, one of the most famous being that of <a href="/wiki/Venus_Victrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus Victrix">Venus Victrix</a>, an allegory of <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Bonaparte" title="Pauline Bonaparte">Pauline Bonaparte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cartage.org.lb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cartage.org.lb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy also developed several other artistic movements in the 19th century, like the <a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a>, who influenced French <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">impressionism</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> later emerged as a major centre of 19th-century Romantic art. The city became a major European artistic centre during the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic period">Romantic period</a>, when Milanese Romantic was influenced by the Austrians, who ruled Milan at the time. Probably the most notable of all Romantic works of art held in Milan is "<i><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(Hayez_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kiss (Hayez painting)">The Kiss</a></i>", by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a>, which is held in the <a href="/wiki/Brera_Academy" title="Brera Academy">Brera Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutmilan.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutmilan.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_artistic_movements">Prominent artistic movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prominent artistic movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I_Macchiaioli">I Macchiaioli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: I Macchiaioli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haystacks_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Haystacks_painting.jpg/200px-Haystacks_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Haystacks_painting.jpg/300px-Haystacks_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Haystacks_painting.jpg/400px-Haystacks_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption><i>Hay Stacks</i> by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Fattori" title="Giovanni Fattori">Giovanni Fattori</a>, a leading artist in the Macchiaioli movement.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a> were a group of Italian painters from <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, active in the second half of the 19th century, who, breaking with the antiquated conventions taught by the Italian academies of art, painted outdoors in order to capture natural light, shade, and colour. The Macchiaioli were forerunners of the <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionists</a> who, beginning in the 1860s, would pursue similar aims in France. The most notable artists of this movement were <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Fattori" title="Giovanni Fattori">Giovanni Fattori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silvestro_Lega" title="Silvestro Lega">Silvestro Lega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telemaco_Signorini" title="Telemaco Signorini">Telemaco Signorini</a>. </p><p>The movement grew from a small group of artists, many of whom had been revolutionaries in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">uprisings of 1848</a>. The artists met at the <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Michelangiolo" title="Caffè Michelangiolo">Caffè Michelangiolo</a> in Florence throughout the 1850s to discuss art and politics. These idealistic young men, dissatisfied with the art of the academies, shared a wish to reinvigorate Italian art by emulating the bold tonal structure they admired in such old masters as <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Broude3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broude3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also found inspiration in the paintings of their French contemporaries of the <a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a>. </p><p>They believed that areas of light and shadow, or "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/macchia" class="extiw" title="wikt:macchia">macchie</a>" (literally patches or spots) were the chief components of a work of art. The word macchia was commonly used by Italian artists and critics in the 19th century to describe the sparkling quality of a drawing or painting, whether due to a sketchy and spontaneous execution or to the harmonious breadth of its overall effect. </p><p>A hostile review published on 3 November 1862 in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Gazzetta_del_Popolo" title="Gazzetta del Popolo">Gazzetta del Popolo</a></i> marks the first appearance in print of the term Macchiaioli.<sup id="cite_ref-Broude96_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broude96-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term carried several connotations: it mockingly implied that the artists' finished works were no more than sketches, and recalled the phrase "darsi alla macchia", meaning, idiomatically, to hide in the bushes or scrubland. The artists did, in fact, paint much of their work in these wild areas. This sense of the name also identified the artists with outlaws, reflecting the traditionalists' view that new school of artists was working outside the rules of art, according to the strict laws defining artistic expression at the time. </p><p>In its early years the new movement was ridiculed. Many of its artists died in penury, only achieving fame towards the end of the 19th century. Today the work of the Macchiaioli is much better known in Italy than elsewhere; much of the work is held, outside the public record, in private collections there. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sernesi_Pratone_alle_Cascine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sernesi_Pratone_alle_Cascine.jpg/220px-Sernesi_Pratone_alle_Cascine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sernesi_Pratone_alle_Cascine.jpg/330px-Sernesi_Pratone_alle_Cascine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sernesi_Pratone_alle_Cascine.jpg/440px-Sernesi_Pratone_alle_Cascine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>A Macchiaioli painting of a meadow by <a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Sernesi" title="Raffaello Sernesi">Raffaello Sernesi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purismo">Purismo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Purismo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a> was an Italian cultural movement which began in the 1820s. The group intended to restore and preserve language through the study of medieval authors, and such study extended to the visual arts. </p><p>Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarenes</a> from Germany, the artists of Purismo reject <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> and emulated the works of <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>. </p><p>The group's ideals were iterated in their manifesto <i>Del purismo nelle arti</i>, in 1842–43 which was written by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Bianchini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Bianchini (page does not exist)">Antonio Bianchini</a> and co-signed by <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Minardi" title="Tommaso Minardi">Tommaso Minardi</a> (1787–1871), the major proponent of Purismo, Nazarene co-founder <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Overbeck" title="Johann Friedrich Overbeck">Friedrich Overbeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Tenerani" title="Pietro Tenerani">Pietro Tenerani</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CISA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CISA_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediateca.palladiomuseum.org/palladio/opera.php?id=41">"illa Almerico Capra detta "la Rotonda", Vicenza"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=illa+Almerico+Capra+detta+%22la+Rotonda%22%2C+Vicenza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediateca.palladiomuseum.org%2Fpalladio%2Fopera.php%3Fid%3D41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Neoclassical+and+19th-century+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cartage.org.lb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cartage.org.lb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartage.org.lb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606025115/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/scultpurePlastic/SculptureHistory/NeoclassicisminSculpture/ItalianNeoclassicism/ItalianNeoclassicism/ItalianNeoclassicism.htm">"Italian Neoclassicism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/scultpurePlastic/SculptureHistory/NeoclassicisminSculpture/ItalianNeoclassicism/ItalianNeoclassicism/ItalianNeoclassicism.htm">the original</a> on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Neoclassicism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartage.org.lb%2Fen%2Fthemes%2Farts%2FscultpurePlastic%2FSculptureHistory%2FNeoclassicisminSculpture%2FItalianNeoclassicism%2FItalianNeoclassicism%2FItalianNeoclassicism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Neoclassical+and+19th-century+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aboutmilan.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aboutmilan.com_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutmilan.com/art-and-culture-of-milan.html">"Art and Culture of Milan: from the past to the contemporary"</a>. <i>www.aboutmilan.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aboutmilan.com&rft.atitle=Art+and+Culture+of+Milan%3A+from+the+past+to+the+contemporary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutmilan.com%2Fart-and-culture-of-milan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Neoclassical+and+19th-century+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broude3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broude3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broude, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broude96-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broude96_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broude, p. 96</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" 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