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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-System_virtual_machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_virtual_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>System virtual machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_virtual_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process_virtual_machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_virtual_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Process virtual machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process_virtual_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtualization_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtualization_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Virtualization techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Virtualization_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Virtualization techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Virtualization_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Full_virtualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_virtualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Full virtualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_virtualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hardware-assisted_virtualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware-assisted_virtualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Hardware-assisted virtualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware-assisted_virtualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS-level_virtualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS-level_virtualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>OS-level virtualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS-level_virtualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snapshots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snapshots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Snapshots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snapshots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Failover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nested_virtualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nested_virtualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nested virtualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nested_virtualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Virtual machine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuele_masjien" title="Virtuele masjien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Virtuele masjien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="آلة افتراضية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلة افتراضية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_ma%C5%9F%C4%B1n" title="Virtual maşın – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Virtual maşın" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ভার্চুয়াল মেশিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভার্চুয়াল মেশিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Віртуальная машына – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віртуальная машына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Виртуална машина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виртуална машина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualna_ma%C5%A1ina" title="Virtualna mašina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Virtualna mašina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0quina_virtual" title="Màquina virtual – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màquina virtual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtu%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_stroj" title="Virtuální stroj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Virtuální stroj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuel_maskine" title="Virtuel maskine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Virtuel maskine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuelle_Maschine" title="Virtuelle Maschine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Virtuelle Maschine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuaalmasin" title="Virtuaalmasin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Virtuaalmasin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_virtual" title="Máquina virtual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Máquina virtual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuala_ma%C5%9Dino" title="Virtuala maŝino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Virtuala maŝino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina_birtual" title="Makina birtual – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Makina birtual" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ماشین مجازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماشین مجازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_virtuelle" title="Machine virtuelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Machine virtuelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%83%81_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="가상 머신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가상 머신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualni_stroj" title="Virtualni stroj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Virtualni stroj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuala_mashino" title="Virtuala mashino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Virtuala mashino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_virtual" title="Mesin virtual – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin virtual" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchina_virtuale" title="Macchina virtuale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macchina virtuale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מכונה וירטואלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכונה וירטואלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%88%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87" title="ຄອມພິວເຕີຈໍາລອງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄອມພິວເຕີຈໍາລອງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtu%C4%81l%C4%81_ma%C5%A1%C4%ABna" title="Virtuālā mašīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Virtuālā mašīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtu%C3%A1lis_sz%C3%A1m%C3%ADt%C3%B3g%C3%A9p" title="Virtuális számítógép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Virtuális számítógép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Виртуелна машина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виртуелна машина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="വെർച്ച്വൽ മെഷീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെർച്ച്വൽ മെഷീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_maya" title="Mesin maya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesin maya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Виртуал машин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Виртуал машин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဒြပ်မဲ့စက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်မဲ့စက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuele_machine" title="Virtuele machine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Virtuele machine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%AE%E6%83%B3%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="仮想機械 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="仮想機械" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuell_maskin" title="Virtuell maskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virtuell maskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maszyna_wirtualna" title="Maszyna wirtualna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maszyna wirtualna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_virtual" title="Máquina virtual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Máquina virtual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Виртуальная машина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виртуальная машина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Virtual machine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualno_izvajalsko_okolje" title="Virtualno izvajalsko okolje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Virtualno izvajalsko okolje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Виртуелна машина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виртуелна машина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuelna_ma%C5%A1ina" title="Virtuelna mašina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Virtuelna mašina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuaalikone" title="Virtuaalikone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virtuaalikone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuell_maskin" title="Virtuell maskin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Virtuell maskin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மெய்நிகர் இயந்திரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெய்நிகர் இயந்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanal_makine" title="Sanal makine – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sanal makine" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Віртуальна машина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віртуальна машина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مجازی مشین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مجازی مشین" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Software that emulates an entire computer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VirtualBox2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/VirtualBox2.png/300px-VirtualBox2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/VirtualBox2.png/450px-VirtualBox2.png 1.5x, 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="margin-top: 0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"><a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">Program execution</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> General concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translator_(computing)" title="Translator (computing)">Translation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">Compile time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimizing_compiler" title="Optimizing compiler">Optimizing compiler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_representation" title="Intermediate representation">Intermediate representation</a> (IR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">Execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">Runtime system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)#Runtime" title="Execution (computing)">Runtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">Executable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virtual machine</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> Types of code</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">Source code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">Object code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">Bytecode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> Compilation strategies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahead-of-time_compilation" title="Ahead-of-time compilation">Ahead-of-time</a> (AOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">Just-in-time</a> (JIT) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_just-in-time_compilation" title="Tracing just-in-time compilation">Tracing just-in-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compile_and_go_system" title="Compile and go system">Compile and go system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precompilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Precompilation">Precompilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Transcompilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_recompilation" title="Dynamic recompilation">Recompilation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> Notable runtimes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a> (ART)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEAM_(Erlang_virtual_machine)" title="BEAM (Erlang virtual machine)">BEAM</a> (Erlang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a> (CLR) and <a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)#Code_Execution_Engine" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> and <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crt0" title="Crt0">crt0</a> (<a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> target-specific initializer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> (JVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LuaJIT" title="LuaJIT">LuaJIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>'s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zend_Engine" title="Zend Engine">Zend Engine</a> (PHP)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> Notable compilers & toolchains</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (GCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">MSVC</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Program_execution" title="Template:Program execution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Program_execution" title="Template talk:Program execution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Program_execution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Program execution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, a <b>virtual machine</b> (<b>VM</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Virtualization" title="Virtualization">virtualization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulation</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer system">computer system</a>. Virtual machines are based on <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architectures</a> and provide the functionality of a physical computer. Their implementations may involve specialized hardware, software, or a combination of the two. Virtual machines differ and are organized by their function, shown here: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/System_virtual_machine" title="System virtual machine">System virtual machines</a></b> (also called <a href="/wiki/Full_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Full virtualization">full virtualization</a> VMs, SysVM,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or SYS-VM<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) provide a substitute for a real machine. They provide the functionality needed to execute entire <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisor</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Native_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Native code">native execution</a> to share and manage hardware, allowing for multiple environments that are isolated from one another yet exist on the same physical machine. Modern hypervisors use <a href="/wiki/Hardware-assisted_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware-assisted virtualization">hardware-assisted virtualization</a>, with virtualization-specific hardware features on the host <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPUs</a> providing assistance to hypervisors.</li> <li><b>Process virtual machines</b> are designed to execute computer programs in a platform-independent environment.</li></ul> <p>Some virtual machine emulators, such as <a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator" title="Video game console emulator">video game console emulators</a>, are designed to also emulate (or "virtually imitate") different system architectures, thus allowing execution of software applications and operating systems written for another CPU or architecture. <a href="/wiki/OS-level_virtualization" title="OS-level virtualization">OS-level virtualization</a> allows the resources of a computer to be partitioned via the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>. The terms are not universally interchangeable. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_virtual_machines">System virtual machines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: System virtual machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/System_virtual_machine" title="System virtual machine">System virtual machine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hardware_virtualization" title="Hardware virtualization">Hardware virtualization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_platform_virtualization_software" title="Comparison of platform virtualization software">comparison of platform virtualization software</a></div> <p>A "virtual machine" was originally defined by <a href="/wiki/Popek_and_Goldberg_virtualization_requirements" title="Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements">Popek and Goldberg</a> as "an efficient, isolated duplicate of a real computer machine."<sup id="cite_ref-Popek_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popek-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current use includes virtual machines that have no direct correspondence to any real hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_Nair_05_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_Nair_05-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physical, "real-world" hardware running the VM is generally referred to as the 'host', and the virtual machine emulated on that machine is generally referred to as the 'guest'. A host can emulate several guests, each of which can emulate different <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and hardware platforms. </p><p>The desire to run multiple operating systems was the initial motive for virtual machines, so as to allow time-sharing among several single-tasking operating systems. In some respects, a system virtual machine can be considered a generalization of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> that historically preceded it. IBM's <a href="/wiki/CP/CMS" title="CP/CMS">CP/CMS</a>, the first systems to allow <a href="/wiki/Full_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Full virtualization">full virtualization</a>, implemented <a href="/wiki/Time_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Time sharing">time sharing</a> by providing each user with a single-user operating system, the <a href="/wiki/Conversational_Monitor_System" title="Conversational Monitor System">Conversational Monitor System</a> (CMS). Unlike virtual memory, a system virtual machine entitled the user to write privileged instructions in their code. This approach had certain advantages, such as adding input/output devices not allowed by the standard system.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_Nair_05_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_Nair_05-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As technology evolves virtual memory for purposes of virtualization, new systems of <a href="/wiki/Memory_overcommitment" title="Memory overcommitment">memory overcommitment</a> may be applied to manage memory sharing among multiple virtual machines on one computer operating system. It may be possible to share <i>memory pages</i> that have identical contents among multiple virtual machines that run on the same physical machine, what may result in mapping them to the same physical page by a technique termed <a href="/wiki/Kernel_same-page_merging" title="Kernel same-page merging">kernel same-page merging</a> (KSM). This is especially useful for read-only pages, such as those holding code segments, which is the case for multiple virtual machines running the same or similar software, software libraries, web servers, <a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a> components, etc. The guest operating systems do not need to be compliant with the host hardware, thus making it possible to run different operating systems on the same computer (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, or prior versions of an operating system) to support future software.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of virtual machines to support separate guest operating systems is popular in regard to <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>. A typical use would be to run a <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">real-time operating system</a> simultaneously with a preferred complex operating system, such as Linux or Windows. Another use would be for novel and unproven software still in the developmental stage, so it runs inside a <a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(software_development)" title="Sandbox (software development)">sandbox</a>. Virtual machines have other advantages for operating system development and may include improved debugging access and faster reboots.<sup id="cite_ref-vmwarez_2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vmwarez_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple VMs running their own guest operating system are frequently engaged for server consolidation.<sup id="cite_ref-vmware_2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vmware_2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process_virtual_machines">Process virtual machines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Process virtual machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Application virtual machine" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Application_virtualization" title="Application virtualization">application virtualization</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_application_virtualization_software" title="Comparison of application virtualization software">Comparison of application virtualization software</a></div> <p>A process VM, sometimes called an <i>application virtual machine</i>, or <i>Managed Runtime Environment</i> (MRE), runs as a normal application inside a host OS and supports a single process. It is created when that process is started and destroyed when it exits. Its purpose is to provide a <a href="/wiki/System_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="System platform">platform</a>-independent programming environment that abstracts away details of the underlying hardware or operating system and allows a program to execute in the same way on any platform.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A process VM provides a high-level abstraction –  that of a <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a> (compared to the low-level ISA abstraction of the system VM). Process VMs are implemented using an <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>; performance comparable to compiled programming languages can be achieved by the use of <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This type of VM has become popular with the <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java programming language</a>, which is implemented using the <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a>. Other examples include the <a href="/wiki/Parrot_virtual_machine" title="Parrot virtual machine">Parrot virtual machine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>, which runs on a VM called the <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a>. All of them can serve as an <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_layer" title="Abstraction layer">abstraction layer</a> for any computer language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A special case of process VMs are systems that abstract over the communication mechanisms of a (potentially heterogeneous) <a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">computer cluster</a>. Such a VM does not consist of a single process, but one process per physical machine in the cluster. They are designed to ease the task of programming concurrent applications by letting the programmer focus on algorithms rather than the communication mechanisms provided by the interconnect and the OS. They do not hide the fact that communication takes place, and as such do not attempt to present the cluster as a single machine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unlike other process VMs, these systems do not provide a specific programming language, but are embedded in an existing language; typically such a system provides bindings for several languages (e.g., <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Examples are <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Virtual_Machine" title="Parallel Virtual Machine">Parallel Virtual Machine</a> (PVM) and <a href="/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface" title="Message Passing Interface">Message Passing Interface</a> (MPI). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_CP/CMS" title="History of CP/CMS">History of CP/CMS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_virtualization_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of virtualization development">timeline of virtualization development</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Virtual_machine" title="Special:EditPage/Virtual machine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Both system virtual machines and process virtual machines date to the 1960s and remain areas of active development. </p><p><i>System virtual machines</i> grew out of <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a>, as notably implemented in the <a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">Compatible Time-Sharing System</a> (CTSS). Time-sharing allowed multiple users to use a computer <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">concurrently</a>: each program appeared to have full access to the machine, but only one program was executed at the time, with the system switching between programs in time slices, saving and restoring state each time. This evolved into virtual machines, notably via IBM's research systems: the <a href="/wiki/IBM_M44/44X" title="IBM M44/44X">M44/44X</a>, which used <a href="/wiki/Partial_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial virtualization">partial virtualization</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/IBM_CP-40" title="IBM CP-40">CP-40</a> and <a href="/wiki/SIMMON" title="SIMMON">SIMMON</a>, which used <a href="/wiki/Full_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Full virtualization">full virtualization</a>, and were early examples of <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisors</a>. The first widely available virtual machine architecture was the <a href="/wiki/CP-67" title="CP-67">CP-67</a>/CMS (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_CP/CMS" title="History of CP/CMS">History of CP/CMS</a> for details). An important distinction was between using multiple virtual machines on one host system for time-sharing, as in M44/44X and CP-40, and using one virtual machine on a host system for prototyping, as in SIMMON. <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">Emulators</a>, with hardware emulation of earlier systems for compatibility, date back to the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> in 1963,<sup id="cite_ref-Pugh_1995_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh_1995-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pugh_1991_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh_1991-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the software emulation (then-called "simulation") predates it. </p><p><i>Process virtual machines</i> arose originally as abstract platforms for an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate language">intermediate language</a> used as the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_representation" title="Intermediate representation">intermediate representation</a> of a program by a <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>; early examples date to around 1964 with the <a href="/wiki/META_II" title="META II">META II</a> compiler-writing system using it for both syntax description and target code generation. A notable 1966 example was the <a href="/wiki/O-code_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="O-code machine">O-code machine</a>, a virtual machine that executes <a href="/wiki/O-code" class="mw-redirect" title="O-code">O-code</a> (object code) emitted by the <a href="/wiki/Compiler#Front_end" title="Compiler">front end</a> of the <a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a> compiler. This abstraction allowed the compiler to be easily ported to a new architecture by implementing a new <a href="/wiki/Compiler#Back_end" title="Compiler">back end</a> that took the existing O-code and compiled it to machine code for the underlying physical machine. The <a href="/wiki/Euler_(programming_language)" title="Euler (programming language)">Euler</a> language used a similar design, with the intermediate language named <i>P</i> (portable).<sup id="cite_ref-Wirth_1966_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wirth_1966-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was popularized around 1970 by <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Pascal-P" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal-P">Pascal-P</a> system (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Pascal-S" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal-S">Pascal-S</a> compiler (1975), in which it was termed <a href="/wiki/P-code_machine" title="P-code machine">p-code</a> and the resulting machine as a <a href="/wiki/P-code_machine" title="P-code machine">p-code machine</a>. This has been influential, and virtual machines in this sense have been often generally called p-code machines. In addition to being an intermediate language, Pascal p-code was also executed directly by an interpreter implementing the virtual machine, notably in <a href="/wiki/UCSD_Pascal" title="UCSD Pascal">UCSD Pascal</a> (1978); this influenced later interpreters, notably the <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> (JVM). Another early example was <a href="/wiki/SNOBOL4" class="mw-redirect" title="SNOBOL4">SNOBOL4</a> (1967), which was written in the SNOBOL Implementation Language (SIL), an assembly language for a virtual machine, which was then targeted to physical machines by transpiling to their native assembler via a <a href="/wiki/Macro_assembler" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro assembler">macro assembler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Griswold_1972_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griswold_1972-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macros have since fallen out of favor, however, so this approach has been less influential. Process virtual machines were a popular approach to implementing early microcomputer software, including <a href="/wiki/Tiny_BASIC#Implementation_in_a_virtual_machine" title="Tiny BASIC">Tiny BASIC</a> and adventure games, from one-off implementations such as <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_2000" title="Pyramid 2000">Pyramid 2000</a> to a general-purpose engine like <a href="/wiki/Infocom" title="Infocom">Infocom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Z-machine" title="Z-machine">z-machine</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Graham_Nelson" title="Graham Nelson">Graham Nelson</a> argues is "possibly the most portable virtual machine ever created".<sup id="cite_ref-inform-interpreters_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inform-interpreters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant advances occurred in the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>-80,<sup id="cite_ref-Goldberg_1983_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldberg_1983-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly the Deutsch/Schiffmann implementation<sup id="cite_ref-Deutsch_1984_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsch_1984-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which pushed <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time (JIT) compilation</a> forward as an implementation approach that uses process virtual machine.<sup id="cite_ref-Aycock_2003_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aycock_2003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later notable Smalltalk VMs were <a href="/wiki/VisualWorks" title="VisualWorks">VisualWorks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Squeak_Virtual_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Squeak Virtual Machine">Squeak Virtual Machine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ingalls_1997_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingalls_1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Strongtalk" title="Strongtalk">Strongtalk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Griswold_1993_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griswold_1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related language that produced a lot of virtual machine innovation was the <a href="/wiki/Self_(programming_language)" title="Self (programming language)">Self</a> programming language,<sup id="cite_ref-Ungar_1987_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ungar_1987-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which pioneered <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_optimization" title="Adaptive optimization">adaptive optimization</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hoelzle_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoelzle-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tracing_garbage_collection#Generational_GC_(ephemeral_GC)" title="Tracing garbage collection">generational garbage collection</a>. These techniques proved commercially successful in 1999 in the <a href="/wiki/HotSpot_(virtual_machine)" title="HotSpot (virtual machine)">HotSpot</a> Java virtual machine.<sup id="cite_ref-Paleczny_2001_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paleczny_2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other innovations include a register-based virtual machine, to better match the underlying hardware, rather than a stack-based virtual machine, which is a closer match for the programming language; in 1995, this was pioneered by the <a href="/wiki/Dis_virtual_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dis virtual machine">Dis virtual machine</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a> language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virtualization_techniques">Virtualization techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Virtualization techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Full_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Full virtualization">Full virtualization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hardware_Virtualization_(copy).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hardware_Virtualization_%28copy%29.svg/220px-Hardware_Virtualization_%28copy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hardware_Virtualization_%28copy%29.svg/330px-Hardware_Virtualization_%28copy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hardware_Virtualization_%28copy%29.svg/440px-Hardware_Virtualization_%28copy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Logical diagram of full virtualization</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_virtualization">Full virtualization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Full virtualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In full virtualization, the virtual machine simulates enough hardware to allow an unmodified "guest" OS (one designed for the same <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a>) to be run in isolation. This approach was pioneered in 1966 with the IBM <a href="/wiki/CP-40" class="mw-redirect" title="CP-40">CP-40</a> and <a href="/wiki/CP-67" title="CP-67">CP-67</a>, predecessors of the <a href="/wiki/VM_(Operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="VM (Operating system)">VM</a> family. </p><p>Examples outside the mainframe field include <a href="/wiki/Parallels_Workstation" title="Parallels Workstation">Parallels Workstation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallels_Desktop_for_Mac" title="Parallels Desktop for Mac">Parallels Desktop for Mac</a>, <a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Iron" title="Virtual Iron">Virtual Iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_VM" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle VM">Oracle VM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Virtual_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Virtual PC">Virtual PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Virtual_Server" title="Microsoft Virtual Server">Virtual Server</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a>, <a href="/wiki/VMware_Fusion" title="VMware Fusion">VMware Fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/VMware_Workstation" title="VMware Workstation">VMware Workstation</a>, <a href="/wiki/VMware_Server" title="VMware Server">VMware Server</a> (discontinued, formerly called GSX Server), <a href="/wiki/VMware_ESXi" title="VMware ESXi">VMware ESXi</a>, <a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Domain_Environment_for_Operating_Systems" title="Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems">Adeos</a>, Mac-on-Linux, Win4BSD, <a href="/wiki/Win4Lin" title="Win4Lin">Win4Lin Pro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egenera" title="Egenera">Egenera</a> vBlade technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hardware-assisted_virtualization">Hardware-assisted virtualization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hardware-assisted virtualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hardware-assisted_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware-assisted virtualization">Hardware-assisted virtualization</a></div> <p>In hardware-assisted virtualization, the hardware provides architectural support that facilitates building a virtual machine monitor and allows guest OSes to be run in isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-Uhlig_2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uhlig_2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardware-assisted virtualization was first introduced on the IBM System/370 in 1972, for use with <a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM/370</a>, the first virtual machine operating system offered by IBM as an official product.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005 and 2006, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a> provided additional hardware to support virtualization. Sun Microsystems (now <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>) added similar features in their <a href="/wiki/SPARC_T3" title="SPARC T3">UltraSPARC T-Series</a> processors in 2005. Examples of virtualization platforms adapted to such hardware include <a href="/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine" title="Kernel-based Virtual Machine">KVM</a>, <a href="/wiki/VMware_Workstation" title="VMware Workstation">VMware Workstation</a>, <a href="/wiki/VMware_Fusion" title="VMware Fusion">VMware Fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Virtual_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Virtual PC">Windows Virtual PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Xen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallels_Desktop_for_Mac" title="Parallels Desktop for Mac">Parallels Desktop for Mac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_VM_Server_for_SPARC" title="Oracle VM Server for SPARC">Oracle VM Server for SPARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parallels_Workstation" title="Parallels Workstation">Parallels Workstation</a>. </p><p>In 2006, first-generation 32- and 64-bit x86 hardware support was found to rarely offer performance advantages over software virtualization.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS-level_virtualization">OS-level virtualization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: OS-level virtualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OS-level_virtualization" title="OS-level virtualization">OS-level virtualization</a></div> <p>In OS-level virtualization, a physical server is virtualized at the operating system level, enabling multiple isolated and secure virtualized servers to run on a single physical server. The "guest" operating system environments share the same running instance of the operating system as the host system. Thus, the same <a href="/wiki/Operating_system_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system kernel">operating system kernel</a> is also used to implement the "guest" environments, and applications running in a given "guest" environment view it as a stand-alone system. The pioneer implementation was <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_jail" title="FreeBSD jail">FreeBSD jails</a>; other examples include <a href="/wiki/Docker_(software)" title="Docker (software)">Docker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_Containers" title="Solaris Containers">Solaris Containers</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenVZ" title="OpenVZ">OpenVZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux-VServer" title="Linux-VServer">Linux-VServer</a>, <a href="/wiki/LXC" title="LXC">LXC</a>, AIX <a href="/wiki/Workload_Partitions" title="Workload Partitions">Workload Partitions</a>, Parallels Virtuozzo Containers, and iCore Virtual Accounts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Snapshots">Snapshots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Snapshots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Snapshot_(computer_storage)" title="Snapshot (computer storage)">Snapshot (computer storage)</a></div> <p>A <i>snapshot</i> is a state of a virtual machine, and generally its storage devices, at an exact point in time. A snapshot enables the virtual machine's state at the time of the snapshot to be restored later, effectively undoing any changes that occurred afterwards. This capability is useful as a <a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">backup</a> technique, for example, prior to performing a risky operation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Virtual machines frequently use <a href="/wiki/Disk_image#Virtualization" title="Disk image">virtual disks</a> for their storage; in a very simple example, a 10-<a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabyte</a> <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a> is simulated with a 10-gigabyte <a href="/wiki/Flat_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat file">flat file</a>. Any requests by the VM for a location on its physical disk are transparently translated into an operation on the corresponding file. Once such a translation layer is present, however, it is possible to intercept the operations and send them to different files, depending on various criteria. Every time a snapshot is taken, a new file is created, and used as an overlay for its predecessors. New data is written to the topmost overlay; reading existing data, however, needs the overlay hierarchy to be scanned, resulting in accessing the most recent version. Thus, the entire stack of snapshots is virtually a single coherent disk; in that sense, creating snapshots works similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Incremental_backup" title="Incremental backup">incremental backup</a> technique.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other components of a virtual machine can also be included in a snapshot, such as the contents of its <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> (RAM), <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> settings, or its configuration settings. "<a href="/wiki/Save_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Save state">Save state</a>" feature in <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator" title="Video game console emulator">video game console emulators</a> is an example of such snapshots.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Restoring a snapshot consists of discarding or disregarding all overlay layers that are added after that snapshot, and directing all new changes to a new overlay.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration">Migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Migration_(virtualization)" title="Migration (virtualization)">Migration (virtualization)</a></div> <p>The snapshots described above can be moved to another host machine with its own hypervisor; when the VM is temporarily stopped, snapshotted, moved, and then resumed on the new host, this is known as migration. If the older snapshots are kept in sync regularly, this operation can be quite fast, and allow the VM to provide uninterrupted service while its prior physical host is, for example, taken down for physical maintenance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failover">Failover</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Failover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Failover" title="Failover">Failover</a></div> <p>Similar to the migration mechanism described above, failover allows the VM to continue operations if the host fails. Generally it occurs if the migration has stopped working. However, in this case, the VM continues operation from the <i>last-known</i> coherent state, rather than the <i>current</i> state, based on whatever materials the backup server was last provided with.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nested_virtualization">Nested virtualization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nested virtualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nested virtualization refers to the ability of running a virtual machine within another, having this general concept extendable to an arbitrary depth. In other words, nested virtualization refers to running one or more <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisors</a> inside another hypervisor. The nature of a nested guest virtual machine does not need to be homogeneous with its host virtual machine; for example, <a href="/wiki/Application_virtualization" title="Application virtualization">application virtualization</a> can be deployed within a virtual machine created by using <a href="/wiki/Hardware_virtualization" title="Hardware virtualization">hardware virtualization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nested virtualization becomes more necessary as widespread operating systems gain built-in hypervisor functionality, which in a virtualized environment can be used only if the surrounding hypervisor supports nested virtualization; for example, <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> is capable of running <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> applications inside a built-in virtual machine. Furthermore, moving already existing virtualized environments into a cloud, following the <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrastructure as a Service">Infrastructure as a Service</a> (IaaS) approach, is much more complicated if the destination IaaS platform does not support nested virtualization.<sup id="cite_ref-usenix-turtles_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usenix-turtles-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The way nested virtualization can be implemented on a particular <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architecture</a> depends on supported <a href="/wiki/Hardware-assisted_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware-assisted virtualization">hardware-assisted virtualization</a> capabilities. If a particular architecture does not provide hardware support required for nested virtualization, various software techniques are employed to enable it.<sup id="cite_ref-usenix-turtles_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usenix-turtles-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, more architectures gain required hardware support; for example, since the <a href="/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)" title="Haswell (microarchitecture)">Haswell</a> microarchitecture (announced in 2013), Intel started to include <a href="/wiki/VMCS_shadowing" class="mw-redirect" title="VMCS shadowing">VMCS shadowing</a> as a technology that accelerates nested virtualization.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Machine_Image" title="Amazon Machine Image">Amazon Machine Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_virtualization" title="Desktop virtualization">Desktop virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_containers" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux containers">Linux containers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_development_kit" class="mw-redirect" title="Native development kit">Native development kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravirtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravirtualization">Paravirtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_hypervisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage hypervisor">Storage hypervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_appliance" title="Virtual appliance">Virtual appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_backup_appliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual backup appliance">Virtual backup appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_disk_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual disk image">Virtual disk image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">Virtual DOS machine</a> (VDM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine_escape" title="Virtual machine escape">Virtual machine escape</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Popek-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Popek_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPopekGoldberg1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_J._Popek" title="Gerald J. Popek">Popek, Gerald J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Goldberg" title="Robert P. Goldberg">Goldberg, Robert P.</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~puru/courses/spring12/cs695/downloads/popekgoldberg.pdf">"Formal requirements for virtualizable third generation architectures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i>. <b>17</b> (7): 412–421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F361011.361073">10.1145/361011.361073</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12680060">12680060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Formal+requirements+for+virtualizable+third+generation+architectures&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=412-421&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F361011.361073&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12680060%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Popek&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J.&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cse.iitb.ac.in%2F~puru%2Fcourses%2Fspring12%2Fcs695%2Fdownloads%2Fpopekgoldberg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_Nair_05-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_Nair_05_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_Nair_05_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithNair2005" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, James E.; Nair, Ravi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/11154">"The Architecture of Virtual Machines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_(magazine)" title="Computer (magazine)">Computer</a></i>. <b>38</b> (5): 32–38, 395–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.2005.173">10.1109/MC.2005.173</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6578280">6578280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer&rft.atitle=The+Architecture+of+Virtual+Machines&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=32-38%2C+395-396&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMC.2005.173&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6578280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Nair%2C+Ravi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.wisc.edu%2F1793%2F11154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliphant-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphant" class="citation web cs1">Oliphant, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729182221/http://www.virtualcomputing.net/virtual-machines">"Virtual Machines"</a>. VirtualComputing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualcomputing.net/virtual-machines">the original</a> on 2016-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-23</span></span>. <q>Some people use that capability to set up a separate virtual machine running Windows on a Mac, giving them access to the full range of applications available for both platforms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Machines&rft.pub=VirtualComputing&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualcomputing.net%2Fvirtual-machines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vmwarez_2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vmwarez_2006_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614120104/http://www.vmwarez.com/2006/05/super-fast-server-reboots-another.html">"Super Fast Server Reboots – Another reason Virtualization rocks"</a>. <i>vmwarez.com</i>. 2006-05-09. 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MIT. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildingibmshapi00pugh/page/n280">274</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16147-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16147-3"><bdi>978-0-262-16147-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+IBM%3A+Shaping+an+Industry+and+Its+Technology&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=MIT&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-262-16147-3&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Emerson+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuildingibmshapi00pugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pugh_1991-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pugh_1991_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emerson_W._Pugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerson W. Pugh">Pugh, Emerson W.</a>; et al. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibms360early370s0000pugh"><i>IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems</i></a></span>. MIT. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibms360early370s0000pugh/page/160">160–161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16123-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16123-7"><bdi>978-0-262-16123-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM%27s+360+and+Early+370+Systems&rft.pages=160-161&rft.pub=MIT&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-262-16123-7&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Emerson+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fibms360early370s0000pugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wirth_1966-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wirth_1966_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirthWeber1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Emil_Wirth" class="mw-redirect" title="Niklaus Emil Wirth">Wirth, Niklaus Emil</a>; Weber, Helmut (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=365170.365202,"><i>EULER: a generalization of ALGOL, and its formal definition: Part II, Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery</i></a>. Vol. 9. New York: <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a>. pp. 89–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EULER%3A+a+generalization+of+ALGOL%2C+and+its+formal+definition%3A+Part+II%2C+Communications+of+the+Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=89-99&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Wirth&rft.aufirst=Niklaus+Emil&rft.au=Weber%2C+Helmut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fdoid%3D365170.365202%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griswold_1972-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griswold_1972_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Griswold" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph E. Griswold">Griswold, Ralph E.</a> <i>The Macro Implementation of SNOBOL4</i>. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1972 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-0447-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-0447-1">0-7167-0447-1</a>), Chapter 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inform-interpreters-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inform-interpreters_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_A._Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham A. Nelson">Nelson, Graham A.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inform-fiction.org/zmachine/interpreters.html">"About Interpreters"</a>. <i>Inform website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091203031858/http://www.inform-fiction.org/zmachine/interpreters.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inform+website&rft.atitle=About+Interpreters&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Graham+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inform-fiction.org%2Fzmachine%2Finterpreters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg_1983-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_1983_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldbergRobson1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adele_Goldberg_(computer_scientist)" title="Adele Goldberg (computer scientist)">Goldberg, Adele</a>; Robson, David (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smalltalk80langu00gold"><i>Smalltalk-80: The Language and its Implementation</i></a></span>. Addison-Wesley Series in Computer Science. <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-11371-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-11371-6"><bdi>978-0-201-11371-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smalltalk-80%3A+The+Language+and+its+Implementation&rft.series=Addison-Wesley+Series+in+Computer+Science&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-201-11371-6&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft.au=Robson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsmalltalk80langu00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deutsch_1984-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deutsch_1984_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutschSchiffman1984" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._Peter_Deutsch" title="L. Peter Deutsch">Deutsch, L. Peter</a>; Schiffman, Allan M. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=800017.800542">"Efficient implementation of the Smalltalk-80 system"</a>. <i>POPL</i>. Salt Lake City, Utah: ACM. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800017.800542">10.1145/800017.800542</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89791-125-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89791-125-3"><bdi>0-89791-125-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Efficient+implementation+of+the+Smalltalk-80+system&rft.btitle=POPL&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800017.800542&rft.isbn=0-89791-125-3&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=L.+Peter&rft.au=Schiffman%2C+Allan+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D800017.800542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aycock_2003-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aycock_2003_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAycock2003" class="citation journal cs1">Aycock, John (2003). "A brief history of just-in-time". <i><a href="/wiki/ACM_Comput._Surv." class="mw-redirect" title="ACM Comput. Surv.">ACM Comput. Surv.</a></i> <b>35</b> (2): 97–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F857076.857077">10.1145/857076.857077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15345671">15345671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Comput.+Surv.&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+just-in-time&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-113&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F857076.857077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15345671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Aycock&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingalls_1997-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ingalls_1997_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngalls_Jr.KaehlerMaloneyWallace1997" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Henry_Holmes_Ingalls_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls Jr.">Ingalls Jr., Daniel "Dan" Henry Holmes</a>; Kaehler, Ted; Maloney, John; Wallace, Scott; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Curtis_Kay" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Curtis Kay">Kay, Alan Curtis</a> (1997). "Back to the future: the story of Squeak, a practical Smalltalk written in itself". <i>OOPSLA '97: Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications</i>. New York, NY, US: ACM Press. pp. 318–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F263698.263754">10.1145/263698.263754</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89791-908-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89791-908-4"><bdi>0-89791-908-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Back+to+the+future%3A+the+story+of+Squeak%2C+a+practical+Smalltalk+written+in+itself&rft.btitle=OOPSLA+%2797%3A+Proceedings+of+the+12th+ACM+SIGPLAN+conference+on+Object-oriented+programming%2C+systems%2C+languages%2C+and+applications&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+US&rft.pages=318-326&rft.pub=ACM+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F263698.263754&rft.isbn=0-89791-908-4&rft.aulast=Ingalls+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Daniel+%22Dan%22+Henry+Holmes&rft.au=Kaehler%2C+Ted&rft.au=Maloney%2C+John&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Scott&rft.au=Kay%2C+Alan+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griswold_1993-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griswold_1993_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrachaGriswold1993" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilad_Bracha" title="Gilad Bracha">Bracha, Gilad</a>; Griswold, David (1993). "Strongtalk: Typechecking Smalltalk in a Production Environment". <i>Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference on Object-oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications</i>. OOPSLA '93. New York, NY, US: ACM. pp. 215–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F165854.165893">10.1145/165854.165893</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-587-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-587-8"><bdi>978-0-89791-587-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Strongtalk%3A+Typechecking+Smalltalk+in+a+Production+Environment&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Eighth+Annual+Conference+on+Object-oriented+Programming+Systems%2C+Languages%2C+and+Applications&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+US&rft.series=OOPSLA+%2793&rft.pages=215-230&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F165854.165893&rft.isbn=978-0-89791-587-8&rft.aulast=Bracha&rft.aufirst=Gilad&rft.au=Griswold%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ungar_1987-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ungar_1987_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUngarSmith1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Michael_Ungar" class="mw-redirect" title="David Michael Ungar">Ungar, David Michael</a>; Smith, Randall B. (December 1987). "Self: The power of simplicity". <i>ACM SIGPLAN Notices</i>. <b>22</b> (12): 227–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F38807.38828">10.1145/38807.38828</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-1340">0362-1340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGPLAN+Notices&rft.atitle=Self%3A+The+power+of+simplicity&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=227-242&rft.date=1987-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F38807.38828&rft.issn=0362-1340&rft.aulast=Ungar&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rft.au=Smith%2C+Randall+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoelzle-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoelzle_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHölzleUngar1994" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Urs_H%C3%B6lzle" title="Urs Hölzle">Hölzle, Urs</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Michael_Ungar" class="mw-redirect" title="David Michael Ungar">Ungar, David Michael</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=178243.178478">"Optimizing dynamically-dispatched calls with run-time type feedback"</a>. <i>PLDI</i>. Orlando, Florida, United States: ACM. pp. 326–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F178243.178478">10.1145/178243.178478</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89791-662-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89791-662-X"><bdi>0-89791-662-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Optimizing+dynamically-dispatched+calls+with+run-time+type+feedback&rft.btitle=PLDI&rft.place=Orlando%2C+Florida%2C+United+States&rft.pages=326-336&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F178243.178478&rft.isbn=0-89791-662-X&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6lzle&rft.aufirst=Urs&rft.au=Ungar%2C+David+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D178243.178478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paleczny_2001-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paleczny_2001_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalecznyVickClick2001" class="citation conference cs1">Paleczny, Michael; Vick, Christopher; Click, Cliff (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1267848">"The Java HotSpot server compiler"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Java Virtual Machine Research and Technology Symposium on Java Virtual Machine Research and Technology Symposium</i>. Vol. 1. Monterey, California: USENIX Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Java+HotSpot+server+compiler&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Java+Virtual+Machine+Research+and+Technology+Symposium+on+Java+Virtual+Machine+Research+and+Technology+Symposium&rft.place=Monterey%2C+California&rft.pub=USENIX+Association&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Paleczny&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Vick%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Click%2C+Cliff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D1267848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uhlig_2005-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uhlig_2005_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhligNeigerRodgersSantoni2005" class="citation journal cs1">Uhlig, Rich; Neiger, Gil; Rodgers, Dion; Santoni, Amy L.; Martins, Fernando C. M.; Anderson, Andrew V.; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bennett_(software_entrepreneur)" title="Steve Bennett (software entrepreneur)">Bennett, Steven M.</a>; Kägi, Alain; Leung, Felix H.; Smith, Larry (May 2005). "Intel virtualization technology". <i>Computer</i>. <b>38</b> (5): 48–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.2005.163">10.1109/MC.2005.163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18514555">18514555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer&rft.atitle=Intel+virtualization+technology&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=48-56&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMC.2005.163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18514555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Uhlig&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft.au=Neiger%2C+Gil&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+Dion&rft.au=Santoni%2C+Amy+L.&rft.au=Martins%2C+Fernando+C.+M.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Andrew+V.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Steven+M.&rft.au=K%C3%A4gi%2C+Alain&rft.au=Leung%2C+Felix+H.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randal, A. (2019). The Ideal Versus the Real: Revisiting the History of Virtual Machines and Containers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2006-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2006_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsAgesen2006" class="citation conference cs1">Adams, Keith; Agesen, Ole (2006-10-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmware.com/pdf/asplos235_adams.pdf"><i>A Comparison of Software and Hardware Techniques for x86 Virtualization</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ASPLOS’06 21–25 October 2006. San Jose, California, US. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820201944/http://www.vmware.com/pdf/asplos235_adams.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2010-08-20. <q>Surprisingly, we find that the first-generation hardware support rarely offers performance advantages over existing software techniques. We ascribe this situation to high VMM/guest transition costs and a rigid programming model that leaves little room for software flexibility in managing either the frequency or cost of these transitions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+Comparison+of+Software+and+Hardware+Techniques+for+x86+Virtualization&rft.place=San+Jose%2C+California%2C+US&rft.date=2006-10-21&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Agesen%2C+Ole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmware.com%2Fpdf%2Fasplos235_adams.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrit_Wasserman,_Red_Hat2013" class="citation web cs1">Orit Wasserman, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linux-kvm.org/images/e/e9/Kvm-forum-2013-nested-virtualization-shadow-turtles.pdf">"Nested virtualization: Shadow turtles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. KVM forum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nested+virtualization%3A+Shadow+turtles&rft.pub=KVM+forum&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Orit+Wasserman%2C+Red+Hat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux-kvm.org%2Fimages%2Fe%2Fe9%2FKvm-forum-2013-nested-virtualization-shadow-turtles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usenix-turtles-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usenix-turtles_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usenix-turtles_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuli_Ben-YehudaMichael_D._DayZvi_DubitzkyMichael_Factor2010" class="citation web cs1">Muli Ben-Yehuda; Michael D. Day; Zvi Dubitzky; Michael Factor; Nadav Har’El; Abel Gordon; Anthony Liguori; Orit Wasserman; Ben-Ami Yassour (2010-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/osdi10/tech/full_papers/Ben-Yehuda.pdf">"The Turtles Project: Design and Implementation of Nested Virtualization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>usenix.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usenix.org&rft.atitle=The+Turtles+Project%3A+Design+and+Implementation+of+Nested+Virtualization&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft.au=Muli+Ben-Yehuda&rft.au=Michael+D.+Day&rft.au=Zvi+Dubitzky&rft.au=Michael+Factor&rft.au=Nadav+Har%E2%80%99El&rft.au=Abel+Gordon&rft.au=Anthony+Liguori&rft.au=Orit+Wasserman&rft.au=Ben-Ami+Yassour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usenix.org%2Flegacy%2Fevent%2Fosdi10%2Ftech%2Ffull_papers%2FBen-Yehuda.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_FishmanMike_RapoportEvgeny_BudilovskyIzik_Eidus2013" class="citation web cs1">Alex Fishman; Mike Rapoport; Evgeny Budilovsky; Izik Eidus (2013-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0b4af6cdc2f0c5998459-c0245c5c937c5dedcca3f1764ecc9b2f.r43.cf2.rackcdn.com/11552-hotcloud13-fishman.pdf">"HVX: Virtualizing the Cloud"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>rackcdn.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rackcdn.com&rft.atitle=HVX%3A+Virtualizing+the+Cloud&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.au=Alex+Fishman&rft.au=Mike+Rapoport&rft.au=Evgeny+Budilovsky&rft.au=Izik+Eidus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0b4af6cdc2f0c5998459-c0245c5c937c5dedcca3f1764ecc9b2f.r43.cf2.rackcdn.com%2F11552-hotcloud13-fishman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-ssl.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/white-papers/intel-vmcs-shadowing-paper.pdf">"4th-Gen Intel Core vPro Processors with Intel VMCS Shadowing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4th-Gen+Intel+Core+vPro+Processors+with+Intel+VMCS+Shadowing&rft.pub=Intel&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-ssl.intel.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fwww%2Fpublic%2Fus%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fwhite-papers%2Fintel-vmcs-shadowing-paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>James E. Smith, Ravi Nair, <i>Virtual Machines: Versatile Platforms For Systems And Processes</i>, Morgan Kaufmann, May 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55860-910-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55860-910-5">1-55860-910-5</a>, 656 pages (covers both process and system virtual machines)</li> <li>Craig, Iain D. <i>Virtual Machines</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-969-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-969-1">1-85233-969-1</a>, 269 pages (covers only process virtual machines)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_machine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendel_Rosenblum2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Mendel Rosenblum (2004-08-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1017000">"The Reincarnation of Virtual Machines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ACM_Queue" title="ACM Queue">ACM Queue</a></i>. Vol. 2, no. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Queue&rft.atitle=The+Reincarnation+of+Virtual+Machines&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2004-08-31&rft.au=Mendel+Rosenblum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqueue.acm.org%2Fdetail.cfm%3Fid%3D1017000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+machine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.net-security.org/secworld.php?id=7837">Sandia National Laboratories Runs 1 Million Linux Kernels as Virtual Machines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.cat-v.org/inferno/4th_edition/dis_VM_design">The design of the Inferno virtual machine by Phil Winterbottom and Rob Pike</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">Native</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Domain_Environment_for_Operating_Systems" title="Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems">Adeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/CMS" title="CP/CMS">CP/CMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine" title="Kernel-based Virtual Machine">KVM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OVirt" title="OVirt">oVirt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KubeVirt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KubeVirt (page does not exist)">KubeVirt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_VM_Server_for_SPARC" title="Oracle VM Server for SPARC">LDoms / Oracle VM Server for SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_partition" title="Logical partition">Logical partition</a> (LPAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LynxSecure" title="LynxSecure">LynxSecure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PikeOS" title="PikeOS">PikeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxmox_Virtual_Environment" title="Proxmox Virtual Environment">Proxmox VE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMMON" title="SIMMON">SIMMON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_ESXi" title="VMware ESXi">VMware ESXi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VMware_vSphere" title="VMware vSphere">VMware vSphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCloud_Air" title="VCloud Air">vCloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_Infrastructure" title="VMware Infrastructure">VMware Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Xen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XenServer" class="mw-redirect" title="XenServer">XenServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCP-ng" title="XCP-ng">XCP-ng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XtratuM" title="XtratuM">XtratuM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hosted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_II" title="Basilisk II">Basilisk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochs" title="Bochs">Bochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Linux" title="Cooperative Linux">Cooperative Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOSBox" title="DOSBox">DOSBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOSEMU" title="DOSEMU">DOSEMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCem" class="mw-redirect" title="PCem">PCem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/86Box" title="86Box">86Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PikeOS" title="PikeOS">PikeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SheepShaver" title="SheepShaver">SheepShaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMH" title="SIMH">SIMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_on_Windows" title="Windows on Windows">Windows on Windows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">Virtual DOS machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Win4Lin" title="Win4Lin">Win4Lin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhyve" title="Bhyve">bhyve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Virtual_Server" title="Microsoft Virtual Server">Microsoft Virtual Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_Workstation" title="Parallels Workstation">Parallels Workstation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parallels_Workstation_Extreme" title="Parallels Workstation Extreme">Extreme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_Desktop_for_Mac" title="Parallels Desktop for Mac">Parallels Desktop for Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_Server_for_Mac" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels Server for Mac">Parallels Server for Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PearPC" title="PearPC">PearPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Iron" title="Virtual Iron">Virtual Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_PC" title="Virtual PC">Virtual PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_Fusion" title="VMware Fusion">VMware Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_Server" title="VMware Server">VMware Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_Workstation" title="VMware Workstation">VMware Workstation</a> (<a href="/wiki/VMware_Workstation_Player" title="VMware Workstation Player">Player</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganeti" title="Ganeti">Ganeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Center_Virtual_Machine_Manager" title="System Center Virtual Machine Manager">System Center Virtual Machine Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virt-manager" title="Virt-manager">Virt-manager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/OS-level_virtualization" title="OS-level virtualization">Operating<br />system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">OS containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_jail" title="FreeBSD jail">FreeBSD jail</a></li> <li>iCore Virtual Accounts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-VServer" title="Linux-VServer">Linux-VServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LXC" title="LXC">Linux Containers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVZ" title="OpenVZ">OpenVZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_Containers" title="Solaris Containers">Solaris Containers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuozzo_(company)#Software" title="Virtuozzo (company)">Virtuozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workload_Partitions" title="Workload Partitions">Workload Partitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Application containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Docker_(software)" title="Docker (software)">Docker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podman" title="Podman">Podman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lmctfy" title="Lmctfy">lmctfy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Linux#Overview" title="Container Linux">rkt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtual kernel architectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-mode_Linux" title="User-mode Linux">User-mode Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related kernel features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_Containers#Branded_zones" title="Solaris Containers">BrandZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cgroups" title="Cgroups">cgroups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot">chroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_namespaces" title="Linux namespaces">namespaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBPF" title="EBPF">eBPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seccomp" title="Seccomp">seccomp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon ECS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubernetes" title="Kubernetes">Kubernetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenShift" title="OpenShift">OpenShift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Desktop_virtualization" title="Desktop virtualization">Desktop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrix_Virtual_Apps" title="Citrix Virtual Apps">Citrix Virtual Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrix_Virtual_Desktops" title="Citrix Virtual Desktops">Citrix Virtual Desktops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Services" title="Remote Desktop Services">Remote Desktop Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_Horizon" title="VMware Horizon">VMware Horizon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Application_virtualization" title="Application virtualization">Application</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceedo" title="Ceedo">Ceedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrix_Virtual_Apps" title="Citrix Virtual Apps">Citrix Virtual Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InstallFree" title="InstallFree">InstallFree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_App-V" title="Microsoft App-V">Microsoft App-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Services" title="Remote Desktop Services">Remote Desktop Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symantec_Workspace_Virtualization" title="Symantec Workspace Virtualization">Symantec Workspace Virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_(software)" title="Turbo (software)">Turbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware_ThinApp" title="VMware ThinApp">VMware ThinApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeroVM" title="ZeroVM">ZeroVM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_virtualization" title="Network virtualization">Network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Overlay_Virtual_Ethernet" title="Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet">Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet</a> (DOVE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_VPN" title="Ethernet VPN">Ethernet VPN</a> (EVPN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Virtualization_using_Generic_Routing_Encapsulation" title="Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation">NVGRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_vSwitch" title="Open vSwitch">Open vSwitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_security_switch" title="Virtual security switch">Virtual security switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Extensible_LAN" title="Virtual Extensible LAN">Virtual Extensible LAN</a> (VXLAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Network_Virtualization_Encapsulation" title="Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation">Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation</a> (GENEVE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlueStacks" title="BlueStacks">BlueStacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_emulators" title="List of emulators">List of emulators</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators" title="List of computer system emulators">List of computer system emulators</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a 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