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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pochodzenie_i_pozyskiwanie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pochodzenie_i_pozyskiwanie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pochodzenie i pozyskiwanie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pochodzenie_i_pozyskiwanie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Znaczenie_biologiczne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Znaczenie_biologiczne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Znaczenie biologiczne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Znaczenie_biologiczne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lecytyny</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 43 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 języki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ليسيثين – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليسيثين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="লেসিথিন – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেসিথিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лецитин – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лецитин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitina" title="Lecitina – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lecitina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithine" title="Lecithine – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lecithine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsitiin" title="Letsitiin – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Letsitiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Λεκιθίνη – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεκιθίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lecithin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitina" title="Lecitina – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lecitina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitino" title="Lecitino – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lecitino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezitina" title="Lezitina – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lezitina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لسیتین – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لسیتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9cithine" title="Lécithine – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lécithine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitina" title="Lecitina – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lecitina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%8B%9C%ED%8B%B4" title="레시틴 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레시틴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լեցիտիններ – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեցիտիններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesitin" title="Lesitin – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lesitin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesit%C3%ADn" title="Lesitín – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lesitín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitina" title="Lecitina – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lecitina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F" title="לציטין – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לציטין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesitin" title="Lesitin – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lesitin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithine" title="Lecithine – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lecithine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="レシチン – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レシチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsinlar" title="Letsinlar – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Letsinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitina" title="Lecitina – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lecitina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin%C4%83" title="Lecitină – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lecitină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Лецитины – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лецитины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лецитин – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лецитин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9sitin" title="Lésitin – sundajski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lésitin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesitiini" title="Lesitiini – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lesitiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เลซิทิน – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลซิทิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesitin" title="Lesitin – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lesitin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лецитин – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лецитин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lecithin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82" title="卵磷脂 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卵磷脂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q241595#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lecytyny" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja:Lecytyny" rel="discussion" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Skr%C3%B3%C4%87_adres_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLecytyny"><span>Zobacz skrócony adres URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Kod_QR&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLecytyny"><span>Pobierz kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukuj lub eksportuj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Lecytyny"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lecytyny&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pobierz jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecytyny&printable=yes" title="Wersja do wydruku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Wersja do druku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> W innych projektach </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lecithin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q241595" title="Link do powiązanego elementu w repozytorium danych [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Phosphatidylcholine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Phosphatidylcholine.png/220px-Phosphatidylcholine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="470" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Phosphatidylcholine.png/330px-Phosphatidylcholine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Phosphatidylcholine.png/440px-Phosphatidylcholine.png 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="3012" /></a><figcaption>Fosfatydylocholina</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lecytyny</b> (<i>fosfatydylocholiny</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Numer_E" title="Numer E">E322</a></i>) – grupa <a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zki_organiczne" title="Związki organiczne">organicznych związków chemicznych</a> zaliczanych do <a href="/wiki/Fosfolipidy" title="Fosfolipidy">fosfolipidów</a>, w których reszta <a href="/wiki/Fosforany" title="Fosforany">fosforanowa</a> <a href="/wiki/Estry" title="Estry">zestryfikowana</a> jest z <a href="/wiki/Cholina" title="Cholina">choliną</a><sup id="cite_ref-Encyklopedia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyklopedia-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Słownik_chemiczny_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Słownik_chemiczny-2">[2]</a></sup>. W ujęciu żywieniowym nazwa „lecytyna” może obejmować także inne <a href="/wiki/Fosfolipidy" title="Fosfolipidy">fosfolipidy</a>, np. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kefaliny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kefaliny (strona nie istnieje)">kefaliny</a> (fosfatydyloetanoloaminy) lub <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfatydyloinozytol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfatydyloinozytol (strona nie istnieje)">fosfatydyloinozytol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pochodzenie_i_pozyskiwanie">Pochodzenie i pozyskiwanie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecytyny&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Pochodzenie i pozyskiwanie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecytyny&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Pochodzenie i pozyskiwanie"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lecytyny po raz pierwszy wyekstrahowano z <a href="/wiki/%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82tko" title="Żółtko">żółtek</a> <a href="/wiki/Jajo_(biologia)" title="Jajo (biologia)">jaj</a> <a href="/wiki/Kura_domowa" title="Kura domowa">kurzych</a> (z <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_grecki" title="Język grecki">gr.</a> λεκιθος, <i>lekithos</i>). Ponadto jej obecność potwierdzono w <a href="/wiki/Rzepak" title="Rzepak">rzepaku</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onecznik" title="Słonecznik">słoneczniku</a>, ziarnach <a href="/wiki/Soja" title="Soja">soi</a> i zwierzętach morskich (głównie <a href="/wiki/Ryby" title="Ryby">rybach</a>). Chociaż ze zwierząt można uzyskać znacznie więcej lecytyny, to z powodów wyższych kosztów produkcji do celów przemysłowych surowiec ten pozyskuje się z roślin jako produkt uboczny <a href="/wiki/Rafinacja" title="Rafinacja">rafinacji</a> <a href="/wiki/Oleje_ro%C5%9Blinne" title="Oleje roślinne">olejów</a><sup id="cite_ref-pg69_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pg69-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p><p>Jedna z metod bazuje na niskiej rozpuszczalności polarnych lipidów w <a href="/wiki/Aceton" title="Aceton">acetonie</a>. W wyniku <a href="/wiki/Ekstrakcja" title="Ekstrakcja">ekstrakcji</a> uzyskuje się frakcję zawierającą głównie <a href="/wiki/Triacyloglicerole" title="Triacyloglicerole">triacyloglicerole</a> i <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> oraz frakcję białkowo-fosfolipidową, którą poddaje się działaniu <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanolu</a> w celu uzyskania lecytyny o wysokiej czystości<sup id="cite_ref-pg69_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pg69-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p><p>Lecytynę można także izolować za pomocą gazów i ich mieszanin w <a href="/wiki/Stan_nadkrytyczny" title="Stan nadkrytyczny">stanie nadkrytycznym</a>, np. <a href="/wiki/Dwutlenek_w%C4%99gla" title="Dwutlenek węgla">dwutlenku węgla</a> w temperaturze 40 °C i pod ciśnieniem 300 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(jednostka)" title="Bar (jednostka)">barów</a>. W dwutlenku węgla rozpuszczają się niepolarne <a href="/wiki/Lipidy" title="Lipidy">lipidy</a>, które mogą być następnie łatwo oddzielone od gazu, który jest zdatny do ponownego użycia<sup id="cite_ref-pg69_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pg69-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Znaczenie_biologiczne">Znaczenie biologiczne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecytyny&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Znaczenie biologiczne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecytyny&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Znaczenie biologiczne"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jest niezbędna do funkcjonowania <a href="/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_nerwowy" title="Układ nerwowy">układu nerwowego</a> organizmów zwierzęcych. Jest dostępna komercyjnie w postaci czystej i stosowana jako <a href="/wiki/Chemiczne_dodatki_do_%C5%BCywno%C5%9Bci" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemiczne dodatki do żywności">dodatek do żywności</a> oraz w celach leczniczych. </p><p>W <a href="/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm">organizmie</a> człowieka lecytyna jest obecna w każdej komórce ciała, zwłaszcza jako składnik <a href="/wiki/B%C5%82ona_kom%C3%B3rkowa" title="Błona komórkowa">błon komórkowych</a>. Bierze udział w rozmaitych procesach <a href="/wiki/Metabolizm" title="Metabolizm">przemiany materii</a>, jest bardzo ważnym elementem składowym <a href="/wiki/Kresom%C3%B3zgowie" title="Kresomózgowie">mózgu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tkanka_nerwowa" title="Tkanka nerwowa">tkanki nerwowej</a> – chroni <a href="/wiki/Otoczka_mielinowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoczka mielinowa">osłonkę mielinową</a>, stanowi barierę ochronną ścian <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBo%C5%82%C4%85dek" title="Żołądek">żołądka</a>, bierze udział w gospodarce <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterolem</a>. W badaniach na szczurach wykazano, że lecytyna pochodząca z soi znacząco obniża poziom cholesterolu i triglicerydów, podwyższając jednocześnie poziom <a href="/wiki/Lipoproteina_wysokiej_g%C4%99sto%C5%9Bci" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipoproteina wysokiej gęstości">HDL</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8509902_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8509902-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nutrition_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrition-5">[5]</a></sup>. Wykazuje pozytywne działanie na funkcje poznawcze u osób z ich osłabieniem<sup id="cite_ref-Medizin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medizin-6">[6]</a></sup>, jednakże nie ma znaczących dowodów na pozytywne działanie lecytyny u osób z <a href="/wiki/Ot%C4%99pienie" title="Otępienie">demencją</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cochrane_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-7">[7]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecytyny&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecytyny&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyklopedia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyklopedia_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Encyklopedia techniki. Chemia</i>. Warszawa: <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwa_Naukowo-Techniczne" title="Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne">WNT</a>, 1965.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+techniki.+Chemia&rft.pub=%5B%5BWydawnictwa+Naukowo-Techniczne%7CWNT%5D%5D&rft.place=Warszawa"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Słownik_chemiczny-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Słownik_chemiczny_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Mały słownik chemiczny</i>. Jerzy Chodkowski (red.). Wyd. V. Warszawa: <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_%E2%80%9EWiedza_Powszechna%E2%80%9D" title="Wydawnictwo „Wiedza Powszechna”">Wydawnictwo „Wiedza Powszechna”</a>, 1976.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ma%C5%82y+s%C5%82ownik+chemiczny&rft.edition=V&rft.pub=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+%E2%80%9EWiedza+Powszechna%E2%80%9D%5D%5D&rft.place=Warszawa"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pg69-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pg69_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pg69_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pg69_3-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Izabela Podgórska, Marcelina Olszak, Ewa Solarska. <em>Lecytyna – znaczenie i zastosowanie</em>. „Przemysł Spożywczy”. 11/2015 (69), s. 36-37, listopad 2015. Wydawnictwo Czasopism i Książek technicznych SIGMA-NOT Sp. z o.o.. <span class="issn"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0033-250X">0033-250X</a></span>. <span class="lang-list tylko-pl">(<abbr title="Treść w języku polskim">pol.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lecytyna+%E2%80%93+znaczenie+i+zastosowanie&rft.jtitle=Przemys%C5%82+Spo%C5%BCywczy&rft.date=listopad+2015&rft.volume=11%2F2015&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.au=Izabela+Podg%C3%B3rska&rft.pages=36-37&rft.issn=0033-250X"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8509902-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8509902_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Iwata T., Kimura Y., Tsutsumi K., Furukawa Y., Kimura S. <em>The effect of various phospholipids on plasma lipoproteins and liver lipids in hypercholesterolemic rats</em>. „Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology”. 39 (1), s. 63–71, luty 1993. <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8509902">8509902</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+various+phospholipids+on+plasma+lipoproteins+and+liver+lipids+in+hypercholesterolemic+rats&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nutritional+Science+and+Vitaminology&rft.date=luty+1993&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.au=Iwata+T.%2C+Kimura+Y.%2C+Tsutsumi+K.%2C+Furukawa+Y.%2C+Kimura+S&rft.pages=63%E2%80%9371&rft_id=info:pmid/8509902"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nutrition-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nutrition_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jimenez M. A., Scarino M. L., Vignolini F., Mengheri E. <em>Evidence that polyunsaturated lecithin induces a reduction in plasma cholesterol level and favorable changes in lipoprotein composition in hypercholesterolemic rats</em>. „The Journal of Nutrition”. 120 (7), s. 659–667, lipiec 1990. <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2366101">2366101</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evidence+that+polyunsaturated+lecithin+induces+a+reduction+in+plasma+cholesterol+level+and+favorable+changes+in+lipoprotein+composition+in+hypercholesterolemic+rats&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.date=lipiec+1990&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.au=Jimenez+M.+A.%2C+Scarino+M.+L.%2C+Vignolini+F.%2C+Mengheri+E&rft.pages=659%E2%80%93667&rft_id=info:pmid/2366101"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medizin-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Medizin_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Volz H. P., Hehnke U., Hauke W. <em>Improvement in quality of life in the elderly. Results of a placebo-controlled study on the efficacy and tolerability of lecithin fluid in patients with impaired cognitive functions</em>. „MMW Fortschritte der Medizin”. 146 (Suppl 3-4), s. 99–106, grudzień 2004. <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15662899">15662899</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Improvement+in+quality+of+life+in+the+elderly.+Results+of+a+placebo-controlled+study+on+the+efficacy+and+tolerability+of+lecithin+fluid+in+patients+with+impaired+cognitive+functions&rft.jtitle=MMW+Fortschritte+der+Medizin&rft.date=grudzie%C5%84+2004&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.au=Volz+H.+P.%2C+Hehnke+U.%2C+Hauke+W&rft.pages=99%E2%80%93106&rft_id=info:pmid/15662899"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cochrane-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cochrane_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Higgins J. P., Flicker L. <em>Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment</em>. „Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews”, s. CD001015, grudzień 2003. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001015">10.1002/14651858.CD001015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917896">12917896</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lecithin+for+dementia+and+cognitive+impairment&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.date=grudzie%C5%84+2003&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.au=Higgins+J.+P.%2C+Flicker+L&rft.pages=CD001015&rft_id=info:pmid/12917896&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001015"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1); color:inherit; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); margin-top: 10px; padding: 7px 10px 4px 15px; text-align:left; font-size:95%; clear:both;" class="zastrzezenia"> <p><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg/20px-Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg/30px-Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg/40px-Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Zastrze%C5%BCenia_dotycz%C4%85ce_poj%C4%99%C4%87_medycznych" title="Wikipedia:Zastrzeżenia dotyczące pojęć medycznych">Przeczytaj ostrzeżenie dotyczące informacji medycznych i pokrewnych zamieszczonych w Wikipedii</a>. </p> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description">grupa lub klasa substancji chemicznych</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85075666">sh85075666</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4074076-6">4074076-6</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12260967s">12260967s</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centralna_Biblioteka_Narodowa_we_Florencji" title="Centralna Biblioteka Narodowa we Florencji">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=20960">20960</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560519205171">987007560519205171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/lecithin">science/lecithin</a></span>, <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/commercial-lecithin">science/commercial-lecithin</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/lecitina">lecitina</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/lecithines/">lecithines</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0119027.xml">0119027</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=lecitin">lecitin</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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