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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Later settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flooding_and_other_emergencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flooding_and_other_emergencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Flooding and other emergencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flooding_and_other_emergencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tornadoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tornadoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tornadoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tornadoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_private-sector_employers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_private-sector_employers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Largest private-sector employers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_private-sector_employers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Current representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture and tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-secondary_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-secondary_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Post-secondary institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-secondary_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Public libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Health systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Mass transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.2</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges_to_Detroit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges_to_Detroit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Bridges to Detroit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges_to_Detroit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_teams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_teams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Former teams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_teams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Premier_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Premier_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Canadian Premier League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Premier_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_sporting_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_sporting_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>International sporting events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_sporting_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Windsor, Ontario</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88)" title="وندسور (أونتاريو) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وندسور (أونتاريو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="ویندزور، اونتاریو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویندزور، اونتاریو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0" title="উইন্ডসর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইন্ডসর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0)" title="Уінсар (Антарыа) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уінсар (Антарыа)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8E%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ўіндзар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ўіндзар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%80_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Уиндзър (Онтарио) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уиндзър (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(lungsod_sa_Kanada,_Ontario)" title="Windsor (lungsod sa Kanada, Ontario) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Windsor (lungsod sa Kanada, Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Windsor, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%81_(%CE%9F%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF)" title="Γουίντσορ (Οντάριο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουίντσορ (Οντάριο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="وینزر، انتاریو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وینزر، انتاریو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%EC%A0%80_(%EC%98%A8%ED%83%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%EC%A3%BC)" title="윈저 (온타리오주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윈저 (온타리오주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%80_(%D5%95%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8)" title="Ուինսոր (Օնտարիո) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուինսոր (Օնտարիո)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Windsor, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Windsor, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Уинсор (Онтарио) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уинсор (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95)" title="וינדזור (אונטריו) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וינדזור (אונטריו)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D)" title="უინძორი (ონტარიო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უინძორი (ონტარიო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Windsor, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Windsor, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindzora_(Ont%C4%81rio)" title="Vindzora (Ontārio) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vindzora (Ontārio)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindsoras_(Ontarijas)" title="Vindsoras (Ontarijas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vindsoras (Ontarijas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Виндзор (Онтарио) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виндзор (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مدينه وندسور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينه وندسور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC_(%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E5%B7%9E)" title="ウィンザー (オンタリオ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィンザー (オンタリオ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ونڈسور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ونڈسور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ont%C3%A1rio)" title="Windsor (Ontário) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Windsor (Ontário)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Windsor, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Уинсор (Онтарио) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уинсор (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Windsor, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Windsor, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ont%C3%A1rio)" title="Windsor (Ontário) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Windsor (Ontário)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Виндзор (Онтарио) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виндзор (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Windsor, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Windsor, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Виндзор (Онтарио) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Виндзор (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Windsor, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE)" title="Віндзор (Онтаріо) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віндзор (Онтаріо)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="ونڈسر، انٹاریو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ونڈسر، انٹاریو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Windsor, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_(Ontario)" title="Windsor (Ontario) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Windsor (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Windsor, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E8%8E%8E%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%95%A5%E7%9C%81%EF%BC%89" title="温莎（安大略省） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Windsor,_Ontario&params=42_18_08_N_82_59_37_W_region:CA-ON_type:city&title=Windsor"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°18′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">82°59′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.30222°N 82.99361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.30222; -82.99361</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Windsor</span>)</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-cgndbwin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgndbwin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Ontario, Canada</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Ontario, Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Windsor</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ontario" title="List of cities in Ontario">City</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">single-tier</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Windsor</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windsor,_Ontario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Windsor%2C_Ontario.jpg/288px-Windsor%2C_Ontario.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Windsor%2C_Ontario.jpg/432px-Windsor%2C_Ontario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Windsor%2C_Ontario.jpg/576px-Windsor%2C_Ontario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div style="border:1;;height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassador_bridge_evening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ambassador_bridge_evening.jpg/87px-Ambassador_bridge_evening.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ambassador_bridge_evening.jpg/131px-Ambassador_bridge_evening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ambassador_bridge_evening.jpg/174px-Ambassador_bridge_evening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div style="border:1;;height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WFCU_3577-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/WFCU_3577-2.jpg/197px-WFCU_3577-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/WFCU_3577-2.jpg/296px-WFCU_3577-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/WFCU_3577-2.jpg/394px-WFCU_3577-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div style="border:1;;height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dillon_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Dillon_Hall.jpg/122px-Dillon_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Dillon_Hall.jpg/183px-Dillon_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Dillon_Hall.jpg/244px-Dillon_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div style="border:1;;height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesars_Windsor_riverfront_view_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Caesars_Windsor_riverfront_view_2022.jpg/162px-Caesars_Windsor_riverfront_view_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Caesars_Windsor_riverfront_view_2022.jpg/243px-Caesars_Windsor_riverfront_view_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Caesars_Windsor_riverfront_view_2022.jpg/324px-Caesars_Windsor_riverfront_view_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5183" data-file-height="2916" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top, left to right: Downtown Windsor skyline, <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">Ambassador Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/WFCU_Centre" title="WFCU Centre">WFCU Centre</a>, Dillon Hall at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Windsor" title="University of Windsor">University of Windsor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caesars_Windsor" title="Caesars Windsor">Caesars Windsor</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag-Ca-On-Windsor.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Windsor"><img alt="Flag of Windsor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag-Ca-On-Windsor.svg/100px-Flag-Ca-On-Windsor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag-Ca-On-Windsor.svg/150px-Flag-Ca-On-Windsor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag-Ca-On-Windsor.svg/200px-Flag-Ca-On-Windsor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="224" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Flag of Windsor, Ontario">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Windsor,_Ontario.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Windsor"><img alt="Coat of arms of Windsor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Windsor%2C_Ontario.svg/78px-Coat_of_arms_of_Windsor%2C_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Windsor%2C_Ontario.svg/117px-Coat_of_arms_of_Windsor%2C_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Windsor%2C_Ontario.svg/156px-Coat_of_arms_of_Windsor%2C_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Coat of arms of Windsor, Ontario">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Windsor_Vertical_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Windsor"><img alt="Official logo of Windsor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/City_of_Windsor_Vertical_Logo.svg/81px-City_of_Windsor_Vertical_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/City_of_Windsor_Vertical_Logo.svg/122px-City_of_Windsor_Vertical_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/City_of_Windsor_Vertical_Logo.svg/162px-City_of_Windsor_Vertical_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="384" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/List_of_city_nicknames_in_Canada#Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="List of city nicknames in Canada">"The City of Roses", "Automotive Capital of Canada"</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The river and the land sustain us. - “The Place to Be.”</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windsor_locator,_Detroit,_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in the Detroit–Windsor region"><img alt="Location in the Detroit–Windsor region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Windsor_locator%2C_Detroit%2C_2021.svg/250px-Windsor_locator%2C_Detroit%2C_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Windsor_locator%2C_Detroit%2C_2021.svg/375px-Windsor_locator%2C_Detroit%2C_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Windsor_locator%2C_Detroit%2C_2021.svg/500px-Windsor_locator%2C_Detroit%2C_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="602" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in the <a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a> region</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Windsor is located in Southern Ontario"><img alt="Windsor is located in Southern Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/250px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/375px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/500px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="717" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.956%;left:15.948%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Windsor"><img alt="Windsor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Windsor</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within southern Ontario</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Southern Ontario</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Windsor is located in Ontario"><img alt="Windsor is located in Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg/250px-Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg/375px-Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg/500px-Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2314" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:93.657%;left:58.169%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Windsor"><img alt="Windsor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Windsor</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Ontario</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Ontario</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_location_map_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Windsor is located in Canada"><img alt="Windsor is located in Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_location_map_2.svg/250px-Canada_location_map_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_location_map_2.svg/375px-Canada_location_map_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_location_map_2.svg/500px-Canada_location_map_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="942" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:96.999%;left:62.21%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Windsor"><img alt="Windsor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Windsor</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Canada</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Canada</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Windsor,_Ontario&params=42_18_08_N_82_59_37_W_region:CA-ON_type:city&title=Windsor"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°18′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">82°59′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.30222°N 82.99361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.30222; -82.99361</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Windsor</span>)</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-cgndbwin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgndbwin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_census_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ontario census divisions">Census division</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Ontario" title="Essex County, Ontario">Essex</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1749</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated</th><td class="infobox-data">1854</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor, Berkshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council-Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Council-Manager">Council-Manager</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Drew_Dilkens" title="Drew Dilkens">Drew Dilkens</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windsor_City_Council" title="Windsor City Council">Windsor City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Masse" title="Brian Masse">Brian Masse</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">NDP</a>),<br /><a href="/wiki/Irek_Kusmierczyk" title="Irek Kusmierczyk">Irek Kusmierczyk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">LPC</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">MPPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Gretzky" title="Lisa Gretzky">Lisa Gretzky</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">NDP</a>),<br /><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dowie" title="Andrew Dowie">Andrew Dowie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">PC</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-SC06_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC06-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SC06-ca_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC06-ca-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ontario" title="List of cities in Ontario">City</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">single-tier</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">146.32 km<sup>2</sup> (56.49 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">175.77 km<sup>2</sup> (67.87 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,022.84 km<sup>2</sup> (394.92 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">190 m (620 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ontario" title="List of cities in Ontario">City</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">single-tier</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">229,660 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">306,519 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">16th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">422,630 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">16th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Windsorite</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Gross Metropolitan Product<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Windsor <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>16.4<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Canada" title="Daylight saving time in Canada">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_postal_code#Forward_sortation_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian postal code">Forward sortation area</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/List_of_N_postal_codes_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of N postal codes of Canada">N8N to N8Y, N9A to N9K</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_519_and_226" class="mw-redirect" title="Area codes 519 and 226">519, 226 and 548</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citywindsor.ca/">www.citywindsor.ca</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">* <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_separated_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ontario separated municipalities">Separated municipalities</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Windsor</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">WIND</span>-zer</i></a>) is a city in <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Ontario" title="Southwestern Ontario">southwestern Ontario</a>, Canada, on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a> directly across from <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a>, United States. Geographically located within but administratively independent of <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Ontario" title="Essex County, Ontario">Essex County</a>, it is the southernmost city in Canada and marks the southwestern end of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a>. The city's population was 229,660 at the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Canadian Census">2021 census</a>, making it the third-most populated city in Southwestern Ontario, after <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener</a>. This represents a 5.7 percent<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increase from Windsor's 2016 population census of 217,188. The <a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a> urban area is North America's most populous trans-border <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a>. Linking the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Megalopolis">Great Lakes Megalopolis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">Ambassador Bridge</a> border crossing is the busiest commercial crossing on the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a>. </p><p>Windsor is a major contributor to <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Canada" title="Automotive industry in Canada">Canada's automotive industry</a> and is culturally diverse. Known as the "Automotive Capital of Canada", Windsor's industrial and manufacturing heritage is responsible for how the city has developed through the years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_of_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Neighbourhoods of Windsor, Ontario">Neighbourhoods of Windsor, Ontario</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mackenziehall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mackenziehall.jpg/220px-Mackenziehall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mackenziehall.jpg/330px-Mackenziehall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mackenziehall.jpg/440px-Mackenziehall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mackenzie Hall</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlement">Early settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time when the first Europeans arrived in the 17th century, the Detroit River region was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Huron_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron people">Huron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-teasdale_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teasdale-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land along the Detroit River was part of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Three Fires Confederacy</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, Potawatomi, and Odawa and was referred to as <i>Wawiiatanong</i> or <i>Wawiiatanong Ziibi</i> meaning "where the river bends" in <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabemowin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinaabemowin">Anishinaabemowin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_settlement">Later settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A French agricultural settlement was established at the site of Windsor in 1749. It is the oldest continually inhabited European-founded settlement in Canada west of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. The area was first named <i>la Petite Côte</i> ("Little Coast"—as opposed to the longer coastline on the Detroit side of the river). Later it was called <i>La Côte de Misère</i> ("Poverty Coast") because of the sandy soils near <a href="/wiki/LaSalle,_Ontario" title="LaSalle, Ontario">LaSalle</a>. </p><p>Windsor's <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French-Canadian</a> heritage is reflected in French street names such as Ouellette, Drouillard, Pelissier, François, Pierre, Langlois, Marentette, and Lauzon. The current street system (a grid with elongated blocks) reflects the <i>Canadien</i> method of agricultural land division, where the farms were long and narrow, fronting along the river. Today, the name of the north–south street often shows the name of the family that farmed the land where the street is today. The street system of outlying areas is consistent with the British system for granting land <a href="/wiki/Concession_road" title="Concession road">concessions</a>. There is a sizeable French-speaking minority in Windsor and the surrounding area, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Lakeshore,_Ontario" title="Lakeshore, Ontario">Lakeshore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh,_Ontario" title="Tecumseh, Ontario">Tecumseh</a> and <a href="/wiki/LaSalle,_Ontario" title="LaSalle, Ontario">LaSalle</a> areas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duff_Baby_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Duff_Baby_House.jpg/220px-Duff_Baby_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Duff_Baby_House.jpg/330px-Duff_Baby_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Duff_Baby_House.jpg/440px-Duff_Baby_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Duff-Baby_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Duff-Baby House">Duff-Baby House</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1797, after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the settlement of "Sandwich" was established. It was later renamed Windsor, after the <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">town in Berkshire, England</a>. The Sandwich neighbourhood on Windsor's west side is home to some of the city's oldest buildings, including Mackenzie Hall, originally built as the Essex County Courthouse in 1855. Today, this building is a community centre. The city's oldest building is the <a href="/wiki/Duff-Baby_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Duff-Baby House">Duff-Baby House</a>, built in 1792. It is owned by <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Heritage_Trust" title="Ontario Heritage Trust">Ontario Heritage Trust</a> and houses government offices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandwich_Township_in_1881,_Essex_County_Ontario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sandwich_Township_in_1881%2C_Essex_County_Ontario.jpg/220px-Sandwich_Township_in_1881%2C_Essex_County_Ontario.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sandwich_Township_in_1881%2C_Essex_County_Ontario.jpg/330px-Sandwich_Township_in_1881%2C_Essex_County_Ontario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sandwich_Township_in_1881%2C_Essex_County_Ontario.jpg/440px-Sandwich_Township_in_1881%2C_Essex_County_Ontario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4158" data-file-height="3210" /></a><figcaption>Windsor as depicted in an 1881 map of East and West Sandwich Township. From the <i>Illustrated atlas of the Dominion of Canada</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baby_House" title="François Baby House">François Baby House</a> in downtown Windsor was built in 1812 and houses <a href="/wiki/Windsor%27s_Community_Museum" title="Windsor's Community Museum">Windsor's Community Museum</a> dedicated to local history. </p><p>Windsor was the site of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Windsor" title="Battle of Windsor">a battle</a> during the 1838 <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a>. It was attacked by a band of 400 Americans and rebels from Detroit who burned a steamboat and two or three houses before being routed by the local militia.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, Windsor also served as a theatre for the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Underground_Railroad_Monument_-_Windsor,_Ontario.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Underground_Railroad_Monument_-_Windsor%2C_Ontario.JPG/220px-Underground_Railroad_Monument_-_Windsor%2C_Ontario.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Underground_Railroad_Monument_-_Windsor%2C_Ontario.JPG/330px-Underground_Railroad_Monument_-_Windsor%2C_Ontario.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Underground_Railroad_Monument_-_Windsor%2C_Ontario.JPG/440px-Underground_Railroad_Monument_-_Windsor%2C_Ontario.JPG 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Underground Railroad Monument</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1846, Windsor had a population of about 300. Two steamboats offered service to Detroit. The barracks were still in operation. There were various tradespeople and other occupations, including bank agencies and post offices.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's access to the Canada–US border made it an essential stop for refugee enslaved people gaining freedom in the northern United States along the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>. Many went across the Detroit River to Windsor to escape pursuit by slave catchers.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woodford_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodford-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were estimated to be 20,000 to 30,000 African-American refugees who settled in Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with many settling in <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Ontario" title="Essex County, Ontario">Essex County, Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Switala_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Switala-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windsor was incorporated as a village in 1854 (the same year the village was connected to the rest of Canada by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Railway">Grand Trunk Railway</a>/<a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a>), then became a town in 1858, and gained city status in 1892. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Police_Service" title="Windsor Police Service">Windsor Police Service</a> was established on July 1, 1867. </p><p>A fire consumed much of Windsor's downtown core on October 12, 1871, destroying over 100 buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Windsor Star</i> Centennial Edition in 1992 covered the city's past, its success as a railway centre, and its contributions to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> fighting efforts. It also recalled the naming controversy in 1892 when Windsor aimed to become a city. The most popular names listed in the naming controversy were <i>South Detroit</i>, <i>The Ferry</i> (from the ferries that linked Windsor to Detroit), <i>Windsor</i>, and Richmond (the runner-up in popularity). <i>Windsor</i> was chosen to promote the heritage of new English settlers in the city and to recognize <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> in Berkshire, England. However, <i>Richmond</i> was a popular name used until World War II, mainly by the local post office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandwich, Ontario">Sandwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_City,_Ontario" title="Ford City, Ontario">Ford City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walkerville,_Ontario" title="Walkerville, Ontario">Walkerville</a> were separate legal entities (towns) until 1935. They are now historic <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_of_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Neighbourhoods of Windsor, Ontario">neighbourhoods of Windsor</a>. Ford City was incorporated as a village in 1912; it became a town in 1915 and a city in 1929. Walkerville was incorporated as a town in 1890. Sandwich was established in 1817 as a town with no municipal status. It was incorporated as a town in 1858 (the same year as neighbouring Windsor). </p><p>Windsor annexed these three towns in 1935. The nearby villages of <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_of_Windsor,_Ontario#Ojibway" title="Neighbourhoods of Windsor, Ontario">Ojibway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_of_Windsor,_Ontario#Riverside" title="Neighbourhoods of Windsor, Ontario">Riverside</a> were incorporated in 1913 and 1921, respectively. Both were annexed by Windsor in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1920s, alcohol prohibition was enforced in Michigan while alcohol was legal in Ontario. <a href="/wiki/Rum-running_in_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum-running in Windsor">Rum-running in Windsor</a> was a common practice then. </p><p>On October 25, 1960, a massive gas explosion destroyed the building housing the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Stores" title="Metropolitan Stores">Metropolitan Store</a> on Ouellette Avenue. Ten people were killed, and at least one hundred were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Star" title="Windsor Star">Windsor Star</a></i> commemorated the 45th anniversary of the event on October 25, 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Weather_records_in_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Weather records in Windsor, Ontario">Weather records in Windsor, Ontario</a></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: left; clear: none; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> Windsor </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: none; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.416em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">71</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.58em;height:1.42em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">0</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.08em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−7</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">60</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.72em;height:1.54em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.26em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">1</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.22em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−6</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.42em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">71</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.58em;height:1.78em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.36em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.08em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.844em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">92</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.7em;height:2.1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.946em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">97</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.96em;height:2.18em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.14em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.46em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.658em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">83</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.1em;height:2.1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">16</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.986em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">99</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.6em;height:2.06em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.66em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.514em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">76</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.42em;height:1.98em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.92em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.766em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">88</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.6em;height:2.02em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.62em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">23</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.478em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">74</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.38em;height:1.84em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.22em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">16</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.88em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.464em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">73</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.28em;height:1.5em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.78em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.78em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">1</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.384em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">69</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.3em;height:1.24em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.54em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">3</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−4</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-climate_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: none; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.416em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.58em;height:1.42em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.08em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.72em;height:1.54em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.26em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">34</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.22em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.42em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.58em;height:1.78em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.36em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">44</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.08em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.844em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.7em;height:2.1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">38</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.946em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.96em;height:2.18em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.14em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">69</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.46em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">50</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.658em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.1em;height:2.1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">79</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">60</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.986em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.6em;height:2.06em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.66em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">83</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">64</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.514em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.42em;height:1.98em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">81</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.92em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">63</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.766em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.6em;height:2.02em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.62em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">74</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">55</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.478em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.38em;height:1.84em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.22em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">61</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.88em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">44</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.464em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.28em;height:1.5em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.78em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">48</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.78em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">35</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.384em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.3em;height:1.24em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.54em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">37</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Windsor has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Dfa</i>) with four distinct seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Peel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-windsorclimate_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windsorclimate-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among cities in Ontario, Windsor has the warmest climate.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mean annual temperature is 10.1 °C (50 °F) at the Airport, 10.8 °C (51 °F) Downtown, among the warmest in Canada primarily due to its hot summers. Some locations in coastal and lower mainland <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> have a slightly higher mean annual temperature due to milder winter conditions there. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Windsor was −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) on January 29, 1873,<sup id="cite_ref-Windsor_Riverside_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windsor_Riverside-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the warmest was 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) on June 25, 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riverfrontwalk_windsor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Riverfrontwalk_windsor.jpg/220px-Riverfrontwalk_windsor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Riverfrontwalk_windsor.jpg/330px-Riverfrontwalk_windsor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Riverfrontwalk_windsor.jpg/440px-Riverfrontwalk_windsor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>Winters in Windsor are cold. The January mean temperature averages −3.6 °C (25.5 °F) Airport, −2.9 °C (26.8 °F) Downtown.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasional bitter cold outbreaks do occur, often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chills</a> exacerbating the feel to exposed skin, these tend to be short-lived. The city occasionally sees lake-effect snow that originates from distant Lake Michigan. Snow cover is intermittent throughout the winter; on average, there are 46 days each year with at least some measurable snow falling. There are typically three to five major snowfalls each winter. </p><p>Summers are very warm to hot and humid,<sup id="cite_ref-windsorclimate_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windsorclimate-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a July mean temperature of 23.2 °C (74 °F) Airport, 23.8 °C (75 °F) Downtown (with the highest climatological Summer mean temperature average in Canada). The humidex (combined feel of temperature and humidity) reaches 30 °C (86 °F) or higher on over 70 days in an average summer; the highest recorded humidex in Ontario of 52.1 °C (125.8 °F), occurred on June 20, 1953 in Windsor. Thunderstorms are common during summer and occur on average 32 days per year, some of them severe with high winds, heavy rainfall, flooding, intense lightning, hail and less often, tornadic activity<sup id="cite_ref-windsorclimate_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windsorclimate-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-climate_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windsor has the highest number of days per year with lightning, haze, and daily maximum humidex over 30 °C (86 °F) of cities in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-weatherwinners_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weatherwinners-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windsor has Canada's warmest climatological Fall season, with the highest mean temperatures for September, October and November.<sup id="cite_ref-weatherwinners_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weatherwinners-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precipitation is generally well-distributed throughout the year, on average driest in February, wettest in July. There are 2,261 sunshine average sunshine hours per year, or 52% of possible.<sup id="cite_ref-LIC_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor Airport">Windsor Airport</a>, 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1940−present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high <a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">humidex</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5 </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7 </td> <td style="background: #F30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.3 </td> <td style="background: #6C0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.1 </td> <td style="background: #7D0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.9 </td> <td style="background: #AC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.5 </td> <td style="background: #B40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.9 </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.2 </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 </td> <td style="background: #6C0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">52.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.3<br />(104.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3<br />(100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7<br />(99.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(19.2) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4<br />(20.5) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1<br />(28.2) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5<br />(25.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.1<br />(−20.4) </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.7<br />(−16.1) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22<br />(−8) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.5<br />(14.9) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5<br />(23) </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.6<br />(3.9) </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.4<br />(−10.1) </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−29.1<br />(−20.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a> </th> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−42.4 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−36 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.5 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.5 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.2 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35.3 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−42.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.8<br />(2.79) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.0<br />(2.36) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0<br />(2.80) </td> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.2<br />(3.63) </td> <td style="background: #6EFF6E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.3<br />(3.83) </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.9<br />(3.26) </td> <td style="background: #6BFF6B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.3<br />(3.91) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.7<br />(2.98) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.3<br />(3.48) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.9<br />(2.91) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.2<br />(2.88) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.2<br />(2.72) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">953.8<br />(37.55) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.1<br />(1.54) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(1.35) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.9<br />(2.00) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.5<br />(3.41) </td> <td style="background: #6DFF6D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.7<br />(3.85) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.7<br />(3.30) </td> <td style="background: #6BFF6B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.3<br />(3.91) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.7<br />(2.98) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.0<br />(3.46) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.2<br />(2.84) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.6<br />(2.78) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.2<br />(1.86) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">845.2<br />(33.28) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.4<br />(17.1) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(13.1) </td> <td style="background: #00AE00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(8.9) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #004000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(11.8) </td> <td style="background: #4EFF4E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">139.8<br />(55.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.7 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">151.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">121.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.26 </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(at 1500)</span> </th> <td style="background: #0000F1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.2 </td> <td style="background: #0404FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.6 </td> <td style="background: #1C1CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.3 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.2 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.1 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.0 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.9 </td> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.5 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.2 </td> <td style="background: #2222FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.6 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.8 </td> <td style="background: #1B1BFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #AFAF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105.4 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124.3 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.0 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260.4 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">270.0 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.5 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.0 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.5 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123.0 </td> <td style="background: #939393; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.6 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,261.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B0B083; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #BABA47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #959595; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-climate_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CCN2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCN2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: (sunshine hours only)<sup id="cite_ref-LIC_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Windsor (<a href="/wiki/Riverside,_Ontario" title="Riverside, Ontario">Riverside</a>), 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1866–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.5<br />(101.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3<br />(100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.3<br />(20.7) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.8<br />(−27.0) </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.4<br />(−20.9) </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.4<br />(−11.9) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.3<br />(8.1) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2<br />(19.0) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.9<br />(−2.0) </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.4<br />(−20.9) </td> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−32.8<br />(−27.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.2<br />(2.76) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7<br />(2.43) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1<br />(2.56) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.1<br />(3.47) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.1<br />(3.70) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.3<br />(3.16) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.5<br />(3.41) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.7<br />(3.57) </td> <td style="background: #6EFF6E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.6<br />(3.69) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.1<br />(2.72) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.7<br />(2.78) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.8<br />(2.55) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">935.1<br />(36.81) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(1.47) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4<br />(1.39) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.9<br />(1.93) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.5<br />(3.29) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.0<br />(3.70) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.3<br />(3.16) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.5<br />(3.41) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.7<br />(3.57) </td> <td style="background: #6EFF6E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.6<br />(3.69) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.1<br />(2.72) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.7<br />(2.59) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.4<br />(1.71) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">828.4<br />(32.61) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(13.0) </td> <td style="background: #004F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">26.3<br />(10.4) </td> <td style="background: #0DFF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(6.4) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #00BF00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(8.4) </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">106.7<br />(42.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.7 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">145.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">116.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.07 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-Windsor_Riverside_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windsor_Riverside-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flooding_and_other_emergencies">Flooding and other emergencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Flooding and other emergencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windsor experienced historic flooding in 2016, 2017 and 2019. In 2016, the mayor of Windsor, Drew Dilkens, declared a state of emergency because of the disastrous flooding that occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spring of 2019 Windsor applied for disaster mitigation funding following widespread flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A previous state of emergency in Windsor was called in 2013 when a fire broke out at a <a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a> warehouse. This state of emergency was called due to poor air quality caused by the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Windsor was noted on Environment Canada's top 10 list of weather events. In late August 2017, Windsor faced a storm that left 285 millimetres (11.2 in) of rain in 32 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tornadoes">Tornadoes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tornadoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Canadian city with the highest number of days that experience severe <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorms" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderstorms">thunderstorms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, Windsor has historically been subject to <a href="/wiki/Tornadoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornadoes">tornadoes</a> and severe weather. Notably, Windsor is located in the middle of "Tornado Alley".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strongest and deadliest tornado to touch down in Windsor was an <a href="/wiki/Windsor_-_Tecumseh,_Ontario_Tornado_of_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor - Tecumseh, Ontario Tornado of 1946">F4</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windsor was the only Canadian city to experience a tornado during the <a href="/wiki/1974_Super_Outbreak" title="1974 Super Outbreak">1974 Super Outbreak</a>, an F3 which killed nine people when it destroyed the Windsor Curling Club. The city was grazed by the <a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Michigan_tornado_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Southeast Michigan tornado outbreak">1997 Southeast Michigan tornado outbreak</a>, with one tornado (an F1) forming east of the city. Tornadoes have been recorded crossing the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a> (in 1946 and 1997), and <a href="/wiki/Waterspouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterspouts">waterspouts</a> are regularly seen over <a href="/wiki/Lake_Saint_Clair_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Saint Clair (North America)">Lake St. Clair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, especially in autumn. </p><p>On April 25, 2009, an F0 tornado briefly touched down in the eastern part of the city, causing minor damage to nearby buildings, most notably a <a href="/wiki/CUPE" class="mw-redirect" title="CUPE">CUPE</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two tornadoes (an F1 and an F2) touched down in the evening of August 24, 2016, causing damage in parts of Windsor as well as LaSalle.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WindsorAmbassadorPlaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/WindsorAmbassadorPlaza.jpg/220px-WindsorAmbassadorPlaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/WindsorAmbassadorPlaza.jpg/330px-WindsorAmbassadorPlaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/WindsorAmbassadorPlaza.jpg/440px-WindsorAmbassadorPlaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption>Windsor's Riverside Drive looking west and <a href="/wiki/Riverfront_Bike_Trail" title="Riverfront Bike Trail">Riverfront Bike Trail</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieppe Gardens">Dieppe Gardens</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parks_in_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Parks in Windsor, Ontario">Parks in Windsor, Ontario</a></div> <p>Ouellette Avenue is the historic main commercial street in downtown Windsor. It runs north–south, perpendicular to the Detroit River, and divides the city into east and west sections. Roads that cross Ouellette Avenue include the directional components East and West after their names. Address numbers on east–west roads in Windsor increase by 100 for each block travelled away from Ouellette Avenue and address numbers on north–south roads increase by 100 for each block travelled away from the Detroit River. In areas where the river curves, some numbers on north–south roads are skipped. For consistency across the city, all address numbers on north–south roads reset at either 600 for streets west of Walker Road or 800 for those to the east, where the road crosses Wyandotte Street (which roughly parallels the Detroit River). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Windsor_Ontario.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Downtown_Windsor_Ontario.JPG/220px-Downtown_Windsor_Ontario.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Downtown_Windsor_Ontario.JPG/330px-Downtown_Windsor_Ontario.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Downtown_Windsor_Ontario.JPG/440px-Downtown_Windsor_Ontario.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Downtown Windsor looking north along Ouellette Avenue toward Detroit</figcaption></figure> <p>Windsor's Department of Parks and Recreation<sup id="cite_ref-ParksANDrec_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParksANDrec-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintains 1,200 hectares (3,000 acres) of green space, 180 parks, 64 km (40 mi) of trails, 35 km (22 mi) of sidewalks, 60 parking lots, vacant lands, natural areas and forest cover within the city of Windsor. The largest park is Mic Mac Park, which can accommodate many activities, including baseball, soccer, biking, and sledding. Windsor has numerous bike trails, the largest being the Ganatchio Trail on the city's far east side. In recent years, the city council has pushed for adding bicycle lanes on city streets to provide links throughout the existing trail network. </p><p>The Windsor trail network is linked to the <a href="/wiki/LaSalle,_Ontario" title="LaSalle, Ontario">LaSalle</a> Trail in the west end and is to eventually be connected to the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Canada_Greenway" title="Chrysler Canada Greenway">Chrysler Canada Greenway</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail" title="Trans Canada Trail">Trans Canada Trail</a>). The current greenway is a 42 km (26 mi) former railway corridor converted into a multi-use recreational trail, underground utility corridor and natural green space. It begins south of Oldcastle and continues south through McGregor, Harrow, Kingsville, and Ruthven. The Greenway is a fine trail for hiking, biking, running, birding, cross-country skiing and, in some areas, horseback riding. It connects natural areas, rich agricultural lands, historically and architecturally significant structures, and award-winning wineries. A separate 5 km (3.1 mi) landscaped trail traverses the riverfront between downtown and the Ambassador Bridge. Part of this trail winds through Windsor Sculpture Park, which displays various modern and post-modern sculptures. Families of elephants (see picture), penguins, horses, and many other themed sculptures are found in the park. Some other popular exhibits include the Chicken and Egg, Consophia, and Eve's Apple. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windsor's economy is primarily based on manufacturing, tourism, education, and government services. </p><p>The city is one of Canada's major automobile manufacturing centres and is home to the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Stellantis_Canada" title="Stellantis Canada">Stellantis Canada</a>. Automotive facilities include the Stellantis Canada minivan <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Assembly" title="Windsor Assembly">assembly plant</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> engine plants, and several <a href="/wiki/Tool_and_die" class="mw-redirect" title="Tool and die">tool and die</a> and automotive parts manufacturers. </p><p>Windsor has a well-established tourism industry. <a href="/wiki/Caesars_Windsor" title="Caesars Windsor">Caesars Windsor</a>, one of the largest casinos in Canada, ranks as one of the largest local employers. It has been a significant draw for U.S. visitors since opening in 1994 (as Casino Windsor). Further, the 1,150 km (710 mi) <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_%E2%80%93_Windsor_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City – Windsor Corridor">Quebec City – Windsor Corridor</a> contains 18 million people, with 51% of the Canadian population and three out of the five <a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">largest metropolitan areas</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011 Census</a>. </p><p>The city has an extensive riverfront parks system and fine restaurants, such as those on Erie Street in Windsor's Little Italy, "Via Italia". This is another popular tourist destination. The Lake Erie North Shore Wine Region in <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Ontario" title="Essex County, Ontario">Essex County</a> has enhanced tourism in the region. </p><p>Both the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Windsor" title="University of Windsor">University of Windsor</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Clair_College" title="St. Clair College">St. Clair College</a> are significant local employers and have enjoyed substantial growth and expansion in recent years. A full-program satellite medical school of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a> at the University of Windsor opened in 2008. In 2013, the university completed construction of a $112 million (~$144 million in 2023) facility for its Faculty of Engineering. </p><p>Windsor is the headquarters of Hiram Walker & Sons Limited, now owned by <a href="/wiki/Pernod_Ricard" title="Pernod Ricard">Pernod Ricard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Walker" title="Hiram Walker">Hiram Walker</a> founded its historic <a href="/wiki/Distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillery">distillery</a> in 1858 in what was then <a href="/wiki/Walkerville,_Ontario" title="Walkerville, Ontario">Walkerville, Ontario</a>. </p><p>The diversifying economy is also represented by companies involved in <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>, alternative energy, insurance, internet, and software. Windsor is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Salt_Mine" title="Windsor Salt Mine">Windsor Salt Mine</a> and the Great Lakes Regional office of the <a href="/wiki/International_Joint_Commission" title="International Joint Commission">International Joint Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a few established tech companies that have been in the region for years. Among them are Cypher Systems Group, a computer-based hardware wholesaler and software developer;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AlphaKor Group, a technology company that provides IT services, custom software and mobile apps;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Red Piston, a media solutions company.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also a few successful startups in area, including <a href="/wiki/Sirved" title="Sirved">Sirved</a>, a tech company that is building a restaurant discovery app;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hackforge, a tech company that has built an app to compare hospital drive times,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has hosted a variety of tech-focused community events, such as a Wikipedia Hackathon.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The non-profit <a href="/wiki/WEtech_Alliance" title="WEtech Alliance">WEtech Alliance</a> provides startups and local entrepreneurs with resources to get new technology companies started in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Gilbert" title="Dan Gilbert">Dan Gilbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quicken_Loans" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicken Loans">Quicken Loans</a> bought a building in Windsor with a plan to restore it. Once completed, Quicken Loans will employ 50–100 people, mainly in the technology sector.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many are hoping that this is a catalyst for more companies to establish tech business in Windsor. </p><p>LG and <a href="/wiki/Stellantis" title="Stellantis">Stellantis</a> have broken ground on a new alternative energy plant called Nextstar Energy. <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_private-sector_employers">Largest private-sector employers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Largest private-sector employers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellantis_Canada" title="Stellantis Canada">Stellantis Canada</a> (approx. 3,500 employees)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesars_Windsor" title="Caesars Windsor">Caesars Windsor</a> (approx. 2,100 employees)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company_of_Canada" title="Ford Motor Company of Canada">Ford Motor Company</a> (approx. 1,880 employees)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sutherland Group Canada (approx. 1,350 employees)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>AP Plasman Corp. (Build a Mold) (approx. 950 employees)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to a strong reliance on the manufacturing sector, Windsor has experienced high levels of poverty and unemployment in a number of its ten wards, including a 33% rate of children living under the poverty line based on Statistics Canada. It has the highest rates in Southwestern Ontario, and one of Windsor's electoral districts, Windsor West, ranks 13th highest in poverty rates amongst the 338 federal ridings of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wards 2 (Sandwich/University District/West End) and 3 (City Centre) register some of the highest poverty rates at 44.65% and 44.94%. Wards 4 (Walkerville) and 8 (East Windsor) also register high poverty rates at 28.78% and 28.74% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical populations</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,253</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,561</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+54.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,322</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+57.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,153</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/Canada_1911_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 1911 Census">1911</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">17,829</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+46.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,591</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+116.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">63,108</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+63.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">104,415</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+65.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">120,049</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">114,367</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−4.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">209,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+83.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">192,083</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">191,435</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_1996_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 1996 Census">1996</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">197,694</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2001_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2001 Census">2001</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">208,402</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+5.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2006_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2006 Census">2006</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">216,473</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">210,891</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">2016</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">217,188</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Canada_2021_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2021 Census">2021</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">229,660</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.7%</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census of Population</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, Windsor had a population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005229660000000000♠"></span>229,660</span> living in <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004942730000000000♠"></span>94,273</span> of its <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004998030000000000♠"></span>99,803</span> total private dwellings, a change of <span data-sort-value="7000574249037700057♠" style="display:none"></span>5.7% from its 2016 population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005217188000000000♠"></span>217,188</span>. With a land area of 146.02 km<sup>2</sup> (56.38 sq mi), it had a population density of <span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7003157279824681550♠"></span>1,572.8/km<sup>2</sup> (4,073.5/sq mi) in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan area">census metropolitan area</a> (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Windsor CMA had a population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005422630000000000♠"></span>422,630</span> living in <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005165665000000000♠"></span>165,665</span> of its <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005174072000000000♠"></span>174,072</span> total private dwellings, a change of <span data-sort-value="7000599722109360500♠" style="display:none"></span>6% from its 2016 population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005398718000000000♠"></span>398,718</span>. With a land area of 1,803.17 km<sup>2</sup> (696.21 sq mi), it had a population density of <span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7002234381672277156♠"></span>234.4/km<sup>2</sup> (607.0/sq mi) in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusCMA_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusCMA-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windsor attracts many immigrants from around the world. In 2016, in the city, 27.7% of the population was foreign-born, while in the metropolitan area, 22.9% was foreign-born; this is the fourth-highest proportion for a Canadian metropolitan area. <a href="/wiki/Visible_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible minorities">Visible minorities</a> makeup 25.7% of the population, making it the most diverse city in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> outside of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Windsor's population was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. Children under 15 accounted for 16.3% of the city population compared to 16.6% for Canada. Persons of age 65 years and over accounted for 17.6% of the population in Windsor compared to 16.9% for Canada. The median age in Windsor is 41.4 years compared to 41.2 years for Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-2016Census_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016Census-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin:0 1em 1em 0; border:1px #bbb solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center; background:#8899aa;"> <th colspan="3">Demographic Group, 2021<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusb_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusb-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#abc;"> <td>Group </td> <td>Population </td> <td>% of Pop. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Canadian">White</a> </td> <td>150,455 </td> <td>65.5% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Arab_Canadians" title="Arab Canadians">Arab</a> </td> <td>21,360 </td> <td>9.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Canadian">South Asian</a> </td> <td>16,135 </td> <td>7.0% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Canadian">Black</a> </td> <td>13,275 </td> <td>5.8% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Canadian">Chinese</a> </td> <td>6,825 </td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> </td> <td>4,810 </td> <td>2.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Asian">West Asian</a> </td> <td>3,975 </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> </td> <td>3,720 </td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Canadian">Filipino</a> </td> <td>3,500 </td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Canadian">Latin American</a> </td> <td>3,205 </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Mixed visible minority </td> <td>2,590 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a> </td> <td>2,035 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Other visibile minority </td> <td>870 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Canadian">Korean</a> </td> <td>430 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese</a> </td> <td>120 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#bcd;"> <td><i><b>Total population</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>229,660</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>100%</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin:0 1em 1em 0; border:1px #bbb solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center; background:#8899aa;"> <th colspan="2">Ethnic Origin, 2021<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusb_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusb-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#abc;"> <td>Origin </td> <td>Percentage </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> </td> <td>15.6% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> </td> <td>14.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> </td> <td>11.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian</a> </td> <td>11.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> </td> <td>11.0% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> </td> <td>8.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> </td> <td>7.0% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> </td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> </td> <td>3.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> </td> <td>3.2% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> </td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqi</a> </td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian people">Ukrainian</a> </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#bcd;"> <td colspan="2"><i>multiple responses included</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a> groups in the City of Windsor (2001−2021) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a><br />group </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusb_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusb-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2016<sup id="cite_ref-2016census_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016census-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-2011census_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011census-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2006<sup id="cite_ref-2006census_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006census-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-2001census_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001census-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">European</a><sup id="cite_ref-euro_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euro-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>143,870 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001635299832199947♠" style="display:none"></span>63.53% </td> <td>150,815 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001704792391990092♠" style="display:none"></span>70.48% </td> <td>155,605 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001748047015840203♠" style="display:none"></span>74.8% </td> <td>165,235 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001771207206366245♠" style="display:none"></span>77.12% </td> <td>167,655 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001814392927403881♠" style="display:none"></span>81.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Canadians" title="Middle Eastern Canadians">Middle Eastern</a><sup id="cite_ref-MiddleEastern_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MiddleEastern-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>25,335 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001111874061644440♠" style="display:none"></span>11.19% </td> <td>17,405 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000813374769259527♠" style="display:none"></span>8.13% </td> <td>13,090 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000629281542196476♠" style="display:none"></span>6.29% </td> <td>10,700 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000499404914704441♠" style="display:none"></span>4.99% </td> <td>8,485 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000412163310907633♠" style="display:none"></span>4.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a> </td> <td>16,135 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000712487856575112♠" style="display:none"></span>7.12% </td> <td>9,640 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000450498866742996♠" style="display:none"></span>4.5% </td> <td>8,020 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000385549119053914♠" style="display:none"></span>3.86% </td> <td>8,765 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000409091969849011♠" style="display:none"></span>4.09% </td> <td>5,655 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000274694581400432♠" style="display:none"></span>2.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Canadian">African</a> </td> <td>13,275 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000586196237746180♠" style="display:none"></span>5.86% </td> <td>10,675 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000498866742996004♠" style="display:none"></span>4.99% </td> <td>9,480 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000455736365165973♠" style="display:none"></span>4.56% </td> <td>8,400 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000392056194721243♠" style="display:none"></span>3.92% </td> <td>7,150 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000347314987977558♠" style="display:none"></span>3.47% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asian</a><sup id="cite_ref-EastAsian_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastAsian-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>7,375 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000325664576525655♠" style="display:none"></span>3.26% </td> <td>7,765 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000362875902516531♠" style="display:none"></span>3.63% </td> <td>6,610 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000317765545753911♠" style="display:none"></span>3.18% </td> <td>7,415 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000346082938554526♠" style="display:none"></span>3.46% </td> <td>5,520 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000268136885823233♠" style="display:none"></span>2.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a><sup id="cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoutheastAsian-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6,925 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000305793517619005♠" style="display:none"></span>3.06% </td> <td>6,325 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000295581465990606♠" style="display:none"></span>2.96% </td> <td>6,370 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000306227916256039♠" style="display:none"></span>3.06% </td> <td>5,360 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000250169190917364♠" style="display:none"></span>2.5% </td> <td>5,005 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000243120491584290♠" style="display:none"></span>2.43% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> </td> <td>6,585 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000290779828667314♠" style="display:none"></span>2.91% </td> <td>5,565 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000260064957824146♠" style="display:none"></span>2.6% </td> <td>4,735 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000227627815301781♠" style="display:none"></span>2.28% </td> <td>3,960 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000184826491797157♠" style="display:none"></span>1.85% </td> <td>2,860 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000138925995191023♠" style="display:none"></span>1.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadians" title="Latin American Canadians">Latin American</a> </td> <td>3,500 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000154552680385056♠" style="display:none"></span>1.55% </td> <td>2,670 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000124775101058485♠" style="display:none"></span>1.25% </td> <td>2,255 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000108405643823762♠" style="display:none"></span>1.08% </td> <td>2,650 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000123684394763249♠" style="display:none"></span>1.24% </td> <td>2,135 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000103708741165326♠" style="display:none"></span>1.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other/<a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a><sup id="cite_ref-Other_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Other-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3,460 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000152786364037799♠" style="display:none"></span>1.53% </td> <td>3,125 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000146038273710774♠" style="display:none"></span>1.46% </td> <td>1,850 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999889358940461024♠" style="display:none"></span>0.89% </td> <td>1,775 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999828452078131198♠" style="display:none"></span>0.83% </td> <td>1,385 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999672770990697787♠" style="display:none"></span>0.67% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total responses </th> <th>226,460 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001986066358965427♠" style="display:none"></span>98.61% </th> <th>213,985 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001985252408052010♠" style="display:none"></span>98.53% </th> <th>208,015 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001986362623345709♠" style="display:none"></span>98.64% </th> <th>214,255 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001989753918502538♠" style="display:none"></span>98.98% </th> <th>205,865 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001987826412414468♠" style="display:none"></span>98.78% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>229,660 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>217,188 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>210,891 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>216,473 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>208,402 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="15"><span style="font-size:85%;">Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of Windsor is primarily English-speaking, with 88.5% of residents knowing only English and 8.8% of residents knowing both English and French.<sup id="cite_ref-2016Census_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016Census-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin:0 1em 1em 0; border:1px #bbb solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center; background:#8899aa;"> <th colspan="2">Religion, 2021<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusb_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusb-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#abc;"> <td>Religion </td> <td>Percentage </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Catholic </td> <td>32.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> </td> <td>26.9% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Protestant </td> <td>19.4% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"> <td>Muslim </td> <td>11.2% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> </td> <td>3.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crime">Crime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windsor has a low violent crime rate and one of the lowest murder rates in Canada. In 2017, the Crime Severity Index for the Windsor Metropolitan Area was 71.7, compared to the Canadian national rate of 72.9.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the five safest communities in Canada, four of them are in the Windsor Metropolitan Area (Amherstburg, LaSalle, Tecumseh, and Lakeshore).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windsor has made national headlines for its lack of homicides.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no homicides in the city for a 27-month period ending in November 2011. Since 2016, reports of sexual assaults within Windsor, have increased by 20%, reports of robbery by 23%, reports of breaking and entering by 3% and reports of motor vehicle theft by 13%.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windsor_City_Hall_ON_July2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Windsor_City_Hall_ON_July2020.jpg/220px-Windsor_City_Hall_ON_July2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Windsor_City_Hall_ON_July2020.jpg/330px-Windsor_City_Hall_ON_July2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Windsor_City_Hall_ON_July2020.jpg/440px-Windsor_City_Hall_ON_July2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Windsor City Hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Windsor_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/City_of_Windsor_Logo.svg/220px-City_of_Windsor_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/City_of_Windsor_Logo.svg/330px-City_of_Windsor_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/City_of_Windsor_Logo.svg/440px-City_of_Windsor_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Primary city logo designed in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>Windsor's history as an industrial centre has given the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democratic Party (NDP)</a> a dedicated voting base. During federal and provincial elections, Windsorites have maintained their local representation in the respective legislatures. The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a> also has a solid electoral history in the city. Canada's 21st Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a>, was born in Windsor. His father, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Paul Martin Sr.</a>, a federal <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet minister">cabinet minister</a> in several portfolios through the Liberal governments of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, was first elected to the House of Commons from a Windsor riding in the 1930s. Martin Sr. practised law in the city and the federal building on Ouellette Avenue is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Whelan" title="Eugene Whelan">Eugene Whelan</a> was a Liberal cabinet minister and one-time Liberal party leadership candidate elected from Essex County from the 1960s to the early 1980s, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">Mark MacGuigan</a> of Windsor-Walkerville riding, who also served as External Affairs, and later Justice minister in the early 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister">Deputy Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a> represented Windsor as an MP from 1962 through 2003, winning thirteen consecutive elections, making him the longest-serving MP in Canadian history.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bust of <a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Herb Gray</a> is at the foot of Ouellette Avenue near Dieppe Park in downtown Windsor. The <a href="/wiki/Rt_Hon_Herb_Gray_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Rt Hon Herb Gray Parkway">Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway</a> is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_representation">Current representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Current representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Windsor,_Ontario" title="List of mayors of Windsor, Ontario">mayor</a> of Windsor is <a href="/wiki/Drew_Dilkens" title="Drew Dilkens">Drew Dilkens</a>. Windsor is governed under the <a href="/wiki/Council-Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Council-Manager">Council-Manager</a> form of local government and includes the elected <a href="/wiki/Windsor_City_Council" title="Windsor City Council">City Council</a>, mayor, and an appointed Chief Administrative Officer. The city is divided into ten <a href="/wiki/Ward_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (country subdivision)">wards</a>, with one councillor representing each ward. The mayor serves as the city's chief executive officer and functions as its ceremonial head. In August 2009, Windsor City Council approved a 10-ward electoral system for the 2010 civic election, with one councillor elected in each ward. Previously, there were two councillors elected in each ward, and there were only five wards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The plan doubled the number of wards, which had been unchanged for 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"> <caption><b>Windsor federal election results</b><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Year </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #F4A460"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">30% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"><i>27,318</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED">22% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"><i>20,031</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><b>39%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"><i>35,637</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">1% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"><i>533</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">35% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"><i>33,449</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED">22% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"><i>21,461</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><b>37%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"><i>35,683</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">3% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"><i>3,046</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"> <caption><b>Windsor provincial election results</b><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Year </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">PC</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">Liberal</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Ontario" title="Green Party of Ontario">Green</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #9999FF"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_Ontario_general_election" title="2022 Ontario general election">2022</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#9999FF"><b>39%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#9999FF;"><i>23,771</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">37% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"><i>22,644</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">14% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"><i>8,455</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">3% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"><i>1,676</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #F4A460"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2018_Ontario_general_election" title="2018 Ontario general election">2018</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#9999FF">27% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#9999FF;"><i>19,426</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><b>56%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"><i>40,127</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">12% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"><i>8,413</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">4% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"><i>2,938</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ontario" title="Government of Ontario">provincial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">federal</a> levels, Windsor is divided into two ridings: <a href="/wiki/Windsor_West_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Windsor West (federal electoral district)">Windsor West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windsor%E2%80%94Tecumseh_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Windsor—Tecumseh (federal electoral district)">Windsor—Tecumseh</a>. The city is currently represented in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Legislative Assembly of Ontario</a> by <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party of Ontario">NDP</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Provincial_Parliament_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)">MPP</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Gretzky" title="Lisa Gretzky">Lisa Gretzky</a> (Windsor West) and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservative</a> MPP <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dowie" title="Andrew Dowie">Andrew Dowie</a> (Windsor—Tecumseh). In federal Parliament, Windsor is currently represented by <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">NDP</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Masse" title="Brian Masse">Brian Masse</a> (Windsor West) and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Irek_Kusmierczyk" title="Irek Kusmierczyk">Irek Kusmierczyk</a> (Windsor—Tecumseh). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Municipal_elections_in_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Category:Municipal elections in Windsor, Ontario">Category:Municipal elections in Windsor, Ontario</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_tourism">Culture and tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture and tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artgallerywindsor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Artgallerywindsor.jpg/220px-Artgallerywindsor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Artgallerywindsor.jpg/330px-Artgallerywindsor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Artgallerywindsor.jpg/440px-Artgallerywindsor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Art Windsor-Essex gallery overlooking riverfront rock gardens</figcaption></figure> <p>Windsor tourist attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_International_Film_Festival" title="Windsor International Film Festival">Windsor International Film Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesars_Windsor" title="Caesars Windsor">Caesars Windsor</a>, a lively downtown club scene, Little Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Windsor Symphony Orchestra">Windsor Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Art_Windsor-Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Windsor-Essex">Art Windsor-Essex</a> gallery, the <a href="/wiki/Odette_Sculpture_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Odette Sculpture Park">Odette Sculpture Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Light_Music_Theatre" title="Windsor Light Music Theatre">Windsor Light Music Theatre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adventure_Bay_Water_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adventure Bay Water Park (page does not exist)">Adventure Bay Water Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ojibway_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibway Park">Ojibway Park</a>. As a border settlement, Windsor was a site of conflict during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, a significant entry point into Canada for refugees from slavery via the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> and a significant source of liquor during <a href="/wiki/American_Prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="American Prohibition">American Prohibition</a>. Two sites in Windsor have been designated as <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites of Canada</a>: the Sandwich First Baptist Church, a church established by Underground Railroad refugees, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_B%C3%A2by_House" class="mw-redirect" title="François Bâby House">François Bâby House</a>, an important <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> site now serving as <a href="/wiki/Windsor%27s_Community_Museum" title="Windsor's Community Museum">Windsor's Community Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Capitol Theatre in downtown Windsor had been a venue for feature films, plays and other attractions since 1929 until it declared bankruptcy in 2007. The theatre is now used for live orchestral concerts, lectures and dance performances.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Tea_Party_(band)" title="The Tea Party (band)">The Tea Party</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> band which has been based in Windsor since its foundation in 1990. </p><p>Windsor's nickname is the "Rose City" or the "City of Roses". The Liebeszauber (Love's Magic) rose has been designated as the City of Windsor Rose.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windsor is noted for the several large parks and gardens found on its waterfront. The Queen Elizabeth II Sunken Garden is at Jackson Park in the central part of the city. A World War II era <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a> was displayed on a stand in the middle of Jackson Park for over four decades but has since been removed for restoration. This park is now home to a mounted <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfire</a> replica and a <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hurricane</a> replica. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dcxbuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dcxbuilding.jpg/220px-Dcxbuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dcxbuilding.jpg/330px-Dcxbuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dcxbuilding.jpg/440px-Dcxbuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>One Riverside Drive, <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>'s Canada HQ in downtown Windsor, as seen from Dieppe Gardens along the riverfront</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the parks lining Windsor's waterfront, the largest is the 5 km (3.1 mi) stretch overlooking the Detroit skyline. It extends from the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">Ambassador Bridge</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Walker" title="Hiram Walker">Hiram Walker</a> Distillery. The western portion of the park contains the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Sculpture_Park" title="Windsor Sculpture Park">Windsor Sculpture Park</a>, which features over 30 large-scale contemporary sculptures for public viewing, along with the Canadian Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The central portion contains Dieppe Gardens, Civic Terrace and Festival Plaza, and the eastern portion is home to the <a href="/wiki/Bert_Weeks" title="Bert Weeks">Bert Weeks</a> Memorial Gardens. Further east along the waterfront is <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Gardens" title="Coventry Gardens">Coventry Gardens</a>, across from Detroit's <a href="/wiki/Belle_Isle_Park" title="Belle Isle Park">Belle Isle</a>. The focal point of this park is the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brooks_(trade_unionist)" title="Charles Brooks (trade unionist)">Charles Brooks</a> Memorial Peace Fountain, which floats in the Detroit River and has a coloured light display at night. The fountain is the largest of its kind in North America and symbolizes the peaceful relationship between Canada and the United States. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireworks_DetroitWindsorIntlFreedomFest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fireworks_DetroitWindsorIntlFreedomFest.jpg/220px-Fireworks_DetroitWindsorIntlFreedomFest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fireworks_DetroitWindsorIntlFreedomFest.jpg/330px-Fireworks_DetroitWindsorIntlFreedomFest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fireworks_DetroitWindsorIntlFreedomFest.jpg/440px-Fireworks_DetroitWindsorIntlFreedomFest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3655" data-file-height="2429" /></a><figcaption>Fireworks at the <a href="/wiki/Windsor-Detroit_International_Freedom_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival">Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Each summer, Windsor co-hosts the two-week-long <a href="/wiki/Windsor-Detroit_International_Freedom_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival">Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival</a>, which culminates in a gigantic fireworks display that celebrates <a href="/wiki/Canada_Day" title="Canada Day">Canada Day</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Day (US)">Fourth of July</a>. The fireworks display is among the world's largest and takes place on the final Monday in June over the Detroit River between the two downtowns. Each year, the event attracts over a million spectators to both sides of the riverfront. Windsor and Detroit also jointly cohost the annual <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Windsor_International_Film_Festival" title="Detroit Windsor International Film Festival">Detroit Windsor International Film Festival</a>. At the same time, festivals exclusive to Windsor include the Multicultural Council of Windsor and Essex County Carrousel by the River and Carrousel Around the City, <a href="/wiki/Bluesfest_International_Windsor" title="Bluesfest International Windsor">Bluesfest International Windsor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor Pride">Windsor Pride</a>. </p><p>Following the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Air_Race_World_Championship" title="Red Bull Air Race World Championship">Red Bull Air Race World Championship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a>, Windsor successfully put in a bid to become the first Canadian city to host the event. <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull" title="Red Bull">Red Bull</a> touted the 2009 race in Windsor as one of the most exciting in the seven-year history of the Red Bull Air Race World Championship,<sup id="cite_ref-redbullairrace1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redbullairrace1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on January 22, 2010, it was announced Windsor would be a host city for the 2010 and 2011 circuits,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with a select group of major international cities that includes <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi,_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates">Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Western Australia">Perth, Australia</a> and New York City. The event attracted 200,000 fans to the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a> waterfront in 2009. The Red Bull air races were cancelled worldwide for 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-redbullairrace1_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redbullairrace1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dubbed the Great Canadian Flag Project, Windsor erected a 150-foot (46-metre) flagpole to fly a 60 feet by 30 feet (9.1 metres) by nine metres) Canadian flag in celebration of the <a href="/wiki/150th_anniversary_of_Canada" title="150th anniversary of Canada">150th anniversary of Canada</a>. Spotlights illuminate the flag at night, with a smaller 24 by 12 feet (7.3 by 3.7 metres) flag to fly during periods of strong winds. As of January 14, 2017, $300,000 had been raised for the project, including $150,000 from the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windsor has often been the place where many metro Detroiters find what is forbidden in the United States. With a minimum <a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">legal drinking age</a> of 21 in Michigan and 19 in Ontario, a significant number of 19 and 20-year-old Americans frequent Windsor's bars. The city also became a gambling attraction with <a href="/wiki/Caesars_Windsor" title="Caesars Windsor">Caesars Windsor</a>'s opening in 1994, five years before casinos opened in Detroit. One can also purchase <a href="/wiki/Cuban_cigars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban cigars">Cuban cigars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Cuban rum</a>, less-costly prescription drugs, <a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">absinthe</a>, certain imported foods, and other items not available in the United States. In addition, some same-sex couples from the United States chose to marry in Windsor prior to 2015, when <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> was legalized in all 50 U.S. states.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windsor_Star_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Windsor_Star_HQ.jpg/220px-Windsor_Star_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Windsor_Star_HQ.jpg/330px-Windsor_Star_HQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Windsor_Star_HQ.jpg/440px-Windsor_Star_HQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Star" title="Windsor Star">Windsor Star</a> headquarters</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Media in Windsor, Ontario">Media in Windsor, Ontario</a></div> <p>Windsor and its surrounding area have been served by the <i><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Star" title="Windsor Star">Windsor Star</a></i> since 1888. The regional newspaper is the only daily in Windsor and Essex County and has attracted the highest readership per capita in its circulation range of any Canadian metropolitan newspaper. </p><p>The <i>Windsor Independent</i> is an alternative newspaper published once a month. It features reviews, news, politics, arts, culture, and entertainment. </p><p>Windsor is considered part of the Detroit television and radio market for territorial rights. Due to this fact and its proximity to <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, radio and television broadcasters in Windsor are accorded a special status by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a>, exempting them from many of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_content" title="Canadian content">Canadian content</a> ("CanCon") requirements most broadcasters in Canada are required to follow. The CanCon requirements are sometimes blamed in part for the decline in popularity of Windsor radio station <a href="/wiki/CKLW" title="CKLW">CKLW</a>, a 50,000-watt AM radio station that in the late 1960s (prior to the advent of CanCon) had been the top-rated radio station not only in Detroit and Windsor but also in Toledo and Cleveland. </p><p>Windsor has also been exempt from <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">concentration of media ownership</a> rules. Except for <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Radio" title="Blackburn Radio">Blackburn Radio</a>-owned stations <a href="/wiki/CJWF-FM" title="CJWF-FM">CJWF-FM</a> and a rebroadcaster of <a href="/wiki/Chatham-Kent" title="Chatham-Kent">Chatham</a>'s <a href="/wiki/CKUE-FM" title="CKUE-FM">CKUE-FM</a> in Windsor, all other current commercial media outlets are owned by a single company, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Media" title="Bell Media">Bell Media</a>. </p><p>The city is home to one <a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">campus radio</a> station, <a href="/wiki/CJAM-FM" title="CJAM-FM">CJAM-FM</a>, situated on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Windsor" title="University of Windsor">University of Windsor</a> campus.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windsor is also served by a few informational news websites including windsoriteDOTca News, a local news site; Radio Betna, a Middle Eastern community-based web radio station; and YQG Rocks, which is one of the only media to review entertainment shows since the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Star" title="Windsor Star">Windsor Star</a> critic Ted Shaw.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Windsor Local</i> is a local site and mobile app. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windsor youth attend schools in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Essex_County_District_School_Board" title="Greater Essex County District School Board">Greater Essex County District School Board</a> (prior to 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Board_of_Education" title="Windsor Board of Education">Windsor Board of Education</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Windsor-Essex_Catholic_District_School_Board" title="Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board">Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_catholique_Providence" title="Conseil scolaire catholique Providence">Conseil scolaire catholique Providence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_Viamonde" title="Conseil scolaire Viamonde">Conseil scolaire Viamonde</a>. Independent faith-based schools include Maranatha Christian Academy (JK-12), Canadian Christian Academy (JK-12), <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Ste._C%C3%A9cile_International_School" title="Académie Ste. Cécile International School">Académie Ste. Cécile International School</a> (JK-12, including <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a>), First Lutheran Christian Academy (JK-8), and Windsor Adventist Elementary School. The non-denominational Lakeview Montessori School is a private school as well. The <a href="/wiki/Canada_South_Science_City" title="Canada South Science City">Canada South Science City</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serves the Elementary School Curriculum's Science and Technology component. </p><p>Windsor is home to four <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> recognized schools: <a href="/wiki/Assumption_College_School" title="Assumption College School">Assumption College School</a> (a Catholic high school), Académie Ste. Cécile International School (a private school), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_secondaire_E.J._Lajeunesse" title="École secondaire E.J. Lajeunesse">École secondaire E.J. Lajeunesse</a> (a francophone Catholic high school), and <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Secondary_School_(Windsor,_Ontario)" title="Riverside Secondary School (Windsor, Ontario)">Riverside Secondary School</a> (a public high school). <a href="/wiki/Honourable_W.C._Kennedy_Collegiate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable W.C. Kennedy Collegiate">Kennedy Collegiate Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey_Secondary_School" title="Vincent Massey Secondary School">Vincent Massey Secondary School</a> are renowned in Southern Ontario for their notable accomplishments nationally in mathematics and computer science. Kennedy was built in 1929 in the central part of the city next to Jackson Park. It is sometimes called the castle because of the unique architecture of its gymnasium at the rear of the school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-secondary_institutions">Post-secondary institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Post-secondary institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Windsor" title="University of Windsor">University of Windsor</a> is Canada's southernmost university. It is a research-oriented, comprehensive university with a student population of 16,000 full-time graduate and undergraduate students. Now entering its most ambitious capital expansion since its founding in 1963, the University of Windsor recently opened the Anthony P. Toldo Health Education & Learning Centre, which houses the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry. With the help of $40 million in Ontario government funding, the university also has recently finished construction of a 300,000-square-foot (28,000 m<sup>2</sup>), $112-million Centre for Engineering Innovation; a structure that establishes revolutionary design standards across Canada and beyond. The university is just east of the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">Ambassador Bridge</a>, south of the Detroit River. </p><p>In Spring 2011, it was announced the University of Windsor would move its music and visual art programs downtown to be housed in the historic Armouries building and former Greyhound Bus Depot at Freedom Way and University Ave E. The move intended to bring an additional 500 students into the downtown core daily. The university also brought its School of Social Work to the old Windsor Star buildings on Ferry and Pitt Streets, bringing an additional 1,000 students into the downtown. </p><p>Windsor is also home to <a href="/wiki/St._Clair_College" title="St. Clair College">St. Clair College</a> that has a student population of 6,500 full-time students. Its main campus is in Windsor, and it also has campuses in Chatham and Wallaceburg. In 2007, St. Clair College opened a satellite campus in downtown Windsor in the former Cleary International Centre. In April 2010, St. Clair College added to its downtown Windsor presence with the addition of its MediaPlex school. Together, they bring over one thousand students into the downtown core daily. The college also opened the TD Student Centre on the corner of Victoria Avenue and University Avenue in 2012. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleary_StClaircollege_Windsor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cleary_StClaircollege_Windsor.jpg/220px-Cleary_StClaircollege_Windsor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cleary_StClaircollege_Windsor.jpg/330px-Cleary_StClaircollege_Windsor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cleary_StClaircollege_Windsor.jpg/440px-Cleary_StClaircollege_Windsor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1901" /></a><figcaption>St. Clair College campus on Riverside Drive</figcaption></figure> <p>More recently, <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Bor%C3%A9al" title="Collège Boréal">Collège Boréal</a> opened an access centre and small campus to their Ouellette Avenue location. This small campus offers access to many Collège Boréal programmes as well as immigration and integration assistance for francophones in the area. Collège Boréal is Windsor's only francophone post-secondary institution, providing service for a small but notable population of <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Ontarian">Franco-Ontarians</a> within the Windsor-Tecumseh-Belle River area. </p><p>From 1995 to 2001, the city was home to a satellite campus of the defunct francophone <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Grands-Lacs" title="Collège des Grands-Lacs">Collège des Grands-Lacs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hitech_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hitech-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_libraries">Public libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Public libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Public_Library" title="Windsor Public Library">Windsor Public Library</a> offers education, entertainment, and community history materials, programs, and services. The main branch coordinates a <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> program for adults who need functional literacy upgrading. The local historical archives are here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_systems">Health systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Health systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two hospitals in Windsor: <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_Grace_Healthcare" title="Hôtel-Dieu Grace Healthcare">Hôtel-Dieu Grace Healthcare</a>, formally Hôtel-Dieu Grace Hospital, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor_Regional_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windsor Regional Hospital (page does not exist)">Windsor Regional Hospital</a>. Hôtel-Dieu Grace Healthcare is the result of an amalgamation of Grace Hospital and Hôtel-Dieu in 1994. The merger occurred due to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ontario" title="Government of Ontario">Government of Ontario</a>'s province-wide policy to consolidate resources into <a href="/wiki/Local_Health_Integrated_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Health Integrated Network">Local Health Integrated Networks</a>, or LHINs. This was to eliminate duplicate services and allocate resources more efficiently across the region. The policy resulted in the closure of many community-based and historically important hospitals across the province. At this time, Hotel-Dieu Hospital does not do surgeries, nor does it have emergency room services. Its focus has moved away from traditional hospital services and provides more supportive healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windsor Regional Hospital has formal and informal agreements with Detroit-area hospitals. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Pediatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric">pediatric</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgery</a> is no longer performed in Windsor. Leamington District Memorial Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Leamington,_Ontario" title="Leamington, Ontario">Leamington, Ontario</a> serves much of <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Ontario" title="Essex County, Ontario">Essex County</a> and, along with the Windsor institutions, shares resources with the <a href="/wiki/Chatham-Kent" title="Chatham-Kent">Chatham-Kent</a> Health Alliance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Over eighteen thousand Windsor residents are employed in the health care profession.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Windsor,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads in Windsor, Ontario">Roads in Windsor, Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bike_trails_in_Windsor,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Bike trails in Windsor, Ontario">Bike trails in Windsor, Ontario</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windsor_Bus_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Windsor_Bus_Station.jpg/220px-Windsor_Bus_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Windsor_Bus_Station.jpg/330px-Windsor_Bus_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Windsor_Bus_Station.jpg/440px-Windsor_Bus_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2476" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>New bus terminal, opened in 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Drive_through_detroit-windsor_tunnel.ogv/320px--Drive_through_detroit-windsor_tunnel.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="320" height="240" data-durationhint="243" data-mwtitle="Drive_through_detroit-windsor_tunnel.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Drive_through_detroit-windsor_tunnel.ogv/Drive_through_detroit-windsor_tunnel.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Drive_through_detroit-windsor_tunnel.ogv/Drive_through_detroit-windsor_tunnel.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Drive_through_detroit-windsor_tunnel.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Drive_through_detroit-windsor_tunnel.ogv/Drive_through_detroit-windsor_tunnel.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of drive-through tunnel from Windsor to Detroit, in year 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Windsor is the western terminus of both <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401" title="Ontario Highway 401">Highway 401</a>, Canada's busiest highway,<sup id="cite_ref-km_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-km-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a>. Windsor's Via station is the nation's sixth-busiest in terms of passenger volumes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/E.C._Row_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="E.C. Row Expressway">E.C. Row Expressway</a></div> <p>Windsor has a municipal highway, E.C. Row Expressway, running east–west through the city. Consisting of 15.7 km (9.8 mi) of highway and nine interchanges, the expressway is the fastest way for commuters to travel across the city. E.C. Row Expressway is mentioned in the Guinness Book of Records as the shortest freeway, which took the longest time to build, as it took more than 15 years to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expressway stretches from Windsor's far west end at <a href="/wiki/Ojibway_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibway Parkway">Ojibway Parkway</a> east to Banwell Road on the city's border with Tecumseh. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windsor_Station_(31751837992).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Windsor_Station_%2831751837992%29.jpg/220px-Windsor_Station_%2831751837992%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Windsor_Station_%2831751837992%29.jpg/330px-Windsor_Station_%2831751837992%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Windsor_Station_%2831751837992%29.jpg/440px-Windsor_Station_%2831751837992%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Via Rail train at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_station_(Ontario)" title="Windsor station (Ontario)">Windsor station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of development in the city of Windsor and the neighbouring town of Tecumseh stretches along the water instead of inland. As a result, there is a lack of major east–west arteries compared to north–south arteries. Only <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Drive_(Windsor,_Ontario)" title="Riverside Drive (Windsor, Ontario)">Riverside Drive</a>, Wyandotte Street, <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecumseh Road">Tecumseh Road</a>, County Road 42/Cabana Road and the E.C. Row Expressway serve the almost 30 km (19 mi) from the west end of Windsor eastward. All of these roads, especially the E.C. Row Expressway, are burdened with east–west commuter traffic from the development in the city's east end and suburbs further east. There are eight north–south roads interchanging with the expressway: <a href="/wiki/Huron_Church_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron Church Road">Huron Church Road</a>, Dominion Boulevard, Dougall Avenue, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Avenue_(Windsor,_Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Avenue (Windsor, Ontario)">Howard Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walker_Road" title="Walker Road">Walker Road</a>, Central Avenue, Jefferson Boulevard, and Lauzon Parkway. Traffic backups on some of these north–south roads at the E.C. Row Expressway are common, mainly at Dominion, Dougall, Howard, and Walker as the land south of the expressway and east of Walker is occupied by Windsor airport and there has been little development. </p><p>Windsor's many rail crossings intersect with these north–south thoroughfares. In October 2008, the Province of Ontario completed a grade separation at Walker Road and the CP Rail line. Another grade separation was completed in November 2010 at Howard Avenue and the CP Rail line. In both cases, the road travels under the rail line, and both have below-grade intersections with an east–west street. These were planned as parts of the "Let's Get Windsor-Essex Moving" project funded by the Province of Ontario to improve local transportation infrastructure. </p><p>Windsor is connected to <a href="/wiki/Essex,_Ontario" title="Essex, Ontario">Essex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leamington,_Ontario" title="Leamington, Ontario">Leamington</a> via <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_3" title="Ontario Highway 3">Highway 3</a> and is well connected to the other municipalities and communities throughout Essex County via the <a href="/wiki/County_road" class="mw-redirect" title="County road">county road</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Essex_County,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="List of roads in Essex County, Ontario">network</a>. Nearly 20,000 vehicles travel on Highway 3 in Essex County daily. It is the main route to work for many Leamington, Kingsville and Essex residents. </p><p>Windsor is linked to the United States by the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">Ambassador Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit–Windsor Tunnel">Detroit–Windsor Tunnel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Central_Railway_Tunnel" title="Michigan Central Railway Tunnel">tunnel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor_Truck_Ferry" title="Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry">Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry</a>. In terms of goods volume, the Ambassador Bridge is North America's No. 1 international border crossing: 27% of all trade between Canada and the United States crosses at the Ambassador Bridge. </p><p>Windsor has a <a href="/wiki/Bike_trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Bike trail">bike trail</a> network including the (<a href="/wiki/Riverfront_Bike_Trail" title="Riverfront Bike Trail">Riverfront Bike Trail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganatchio_Bike_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganatchio Bike Trail">Ganatchio Bike Trail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Little_River_Extension" title="Little River Extension">Little River Extension</a>). They have become a blend of parkland and transportation, as people use the trails to commute to work or across downtown on their bicycles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Windsor_International_Airport" title="Windsor International Airport">Windsor International Airport</a>, a regional airport with scheduled commuter air service by <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada_Express" title="Air Canada Express">Air Canada Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porter_Airlines" title="Porter Airlines">Porter Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/WestJet" title="WestJet">WestJet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunwing_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunwing Airlines">Sunwing</a>, along with heavy <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> traffic. The majority of destinations are within Ontario except seasonal routes to <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary, Alberta</a> and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> destinations. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Metropolitan_Wayne_County_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport">Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport</a> is approximately 40 km (25 mi) across the border in <a href="/wiki/Romulus,_Michigan" title="Romulus, Michigan">Romulus, Michigan</a> and is the airport of choice for many Windsor residents as it has regular flights to a larger variety of destinations than Windsor Airport.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shuttle buses and cars are within driving distance to larger airports like <a href="/wiki/London_International_Airport" title="London International Airport">London International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Munro_Hamilton_International_Airport" title="John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport">John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport</a> and to Canada's busiest airport and international hub <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto Pearson International Airport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Port of Windsor, which covers 21.2 km (13.2 mi) of shoreline along the Detroit River, is part of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence Seaway</a> System. Accessible to both <a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">Lake freighters</a> and ocean-going vessels, the port is the third largest Canadian Great Lakes port in terms of shipments behind only <a href="/wiki/Hamilton-Oshawa_Port_Authority" title="Hamilton-Oshawa Port Authority">Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_Port_Authority" title="Thunder Bay Port Authority">Thunder Bay</a>. Cargos include a wide range of products such as aggregates, salt, grain, fluorspar, lumber, steel, petroleum, vehicles and heavy lift equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_transit">Mass transit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mass transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Road">Road</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transit_Windsor" title="Transit Windsor">Transit Windsor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transit_Windsor_629.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Transit_Windsor_629.JPG/220px-Transit_Windsor_629.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Transit_Windsor_629.JPG/330px-Transit_Windsor_629.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Transit_Windsor_629.JPG/440px-Transit_Windsor_629.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Transit Windsor hybrid 'XCelsior' bus</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">public transport bus service</a> is provided by <a href="/wiki/Transit_Windsor" title="Transit Windsor">Transit Windsor</a>, the city-owned bus company, operating 15 fixed bus routes with a fleet of 114 vehicles through the city as well as providing transportation for many of the city's secondary school students and a service to downtown Detroit. <a href="/wiki/Transit_Windsor" title="Transit Windsor">Transit Windsor</a> shares its newly constructed $8 million downtown <a href="/wiki/Windsor_International_Transit_Terminal" title="Windsor International Transit Terminal">Transit Terminal</a> with <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound Lines</a>. The new depot opened in 2007. Current bus fare is $3.25 for all riders except for children under 12 ride for free on regular service routes. Attending students are charged $10.00 to and from Canada and the United States, both <a href="/wiki/United_States_Dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Dollar">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian</a> currencies are accepted on the tunnel bus.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor#Rail" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor § Rail</a></div> <p>Windsor has a long history with rail travel in both passenger service and freight due to the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Central_Railway_Tunnel" title="Michigan Central Railway Tunnel">Michigan Central Railway Tunnel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Intercity</a> <a href="/wiki/Passenger_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger railway">passenger railway</a> service is provided by <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a> throughout the region via the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_railway_station_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor railway station (Ontario)">Windsor Railway Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region also used to have a second station, the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Michigan_Central_Railroad_Depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor Michigan Central Railroad Depot">Windsor Michigan Central Railroad Depot</a> – before it was destroyed in a fire – which historically served the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Southern_Railway" title="Canada Southern Railway">Canada Southern Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad" title="New York Central Railroad">New York Central Railroad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges_to_Detroit">Bridges to Detroit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bridges to Detroit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">Ambassador Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordie_Howe_International_Bridge" title="Gordie Howe International Bridge">Gordie Howe International Bridge</a></div> <p>A major and controversial issue is the amount of traffic to and from the Ambassador Bridge. The number of vehicles crossing the bridge has doubled since 1990. However, the total volume of traffic has been declining since the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. </p><p>Access to the Ambassador Bridge is via two municipal roads: <a href="/wiki/Huron_Church_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron Church Road">Huron Church Road</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyandotte_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wyandotte Street (page does not exist)">Wyandotte Street</a>. A large portion of the traffic consists of tractor-trailers. There have been, at times, a wall of trucks up to 8 km (5.0 mi) long on <a href="/wiki/Huron_Church_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron Church Road">Huron Church Road</a>. This road cuts through the city's west end, and the trucks are the source of many complaints about noise, pollution and pedestrian hazards. In 2003, a single mother of three, Jacqueline Bouchard, was struck and killed by a truck at the corner of Huron Church and Girardot Avenue in front of <a href="/wiki/Assumption_College_School" title="Assumption College School">Assumption College Catholic High School</a>, a tragedy argued to be due to a lack of practical safety precautions.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windsor City Council hired traffic consultant <a href="/wiki/Sam_Schwartz" title="Sam Schwartz">Sam Schwartz</a> to produce a proposal for a solution to this traffic problem. City councillors overwhelmingly endorsed the proposal and it was presented to the federal government as a "Made in Windsor" solution. Not all of the surrounding residents supported the plan. One problem with the plan is the proposed road would cut through protected green spaces such as the Ojibway Prairie Reserve. </p><p>In 2005, the Detroit River International Crossing (DRIC — a joint Canadian-American committee studying the options for expanding the border crossing) announced its preferred option was to extend <a href="/wiki/Highway_401" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 401">Highway 401</a> directly westward to a new bridge spanning the Detroit River and interchange with <a href="/wiki/Interstate_75" title="Interstate 75">Interstate 75</a> somewhere between the existing Ambassador Bridge span and <a href="/wiki/Wyandotte,_Michigan" title="Wyandotte, Michigan">Wyandotte</a>. </p><p>On April 9, 2010, the City of Windsor, along with local cabinet ministers Dwight Duncan and Sandra Pupatello of the Province of Ontario, announced a final decision had been made in the plans to construct the Windsor-Essex Parkway, the new Highway 401 extension leading to a future crossing. The announcement indicated the project would be the most expensive road ever built in Canada on a per kilometre basis. It included commitments to enhance green space design through the use of berming, landscaping, and other aesthetic treatments. As part of negotiations with the City of Windsor (who threatened legal action in pursuit of more tunnelling and green space of the route), the province agreed to additional funding to infrastructure projects in Windsor-Essex; this includes money for the improvement of the plaza of the Canadian side of the Windsor-Detroit tunnel, the widening and other improvements of Walker Rd between Division Rd and E.C. Row Expressway, and the environmental assessment and preliminary design of a future extension of Lauzon Parkway to Highway 401. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windsor has several <a href="/wiki/Sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities">sister cities</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a>, China (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, UK (1963)<sup id="cite_ref-Coventry_twinnings_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coventry_twinnings-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fujisawa,_Kanagawa" title="Fujisawa, Kanagawa">Fujisawa</a>, Japan (1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Granby,_Quebec" title="Granby, Quebec">Granby, Quebec</a>, Canada (1956)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gunsan" title="Gunsan">Gunsan</a>, South Korea (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, Poland (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Lublin_twinnings_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lublin_twinnings-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, Germany (1980)<sup id="cite_ref-Mannheim_twinnings_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mannheim_twinnings-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Las_Vueltas" title="Las Vueltas">Las Vueltas</a>, El Salvador (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>, North Macedonia (1981)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a>, France (1963)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a>, Mexico (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-vanguardia_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanguardia-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Udine" title="Udine">Udine</a>, Italy (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WFCU_3577-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/WFCU_3577-2.jpg/220px-WFCU_3577-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/WFCU_3577-2.jpg/330px-WFCU_3577-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/WFCU_3577-2.jpg/440px-WFCU_3577-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/WFCU_Centre" title="WFCU Centre">WFCU Centre</a> is the current home of the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Spitfires" title="Windsor Spitfires">Windsor Spitfires</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Express" title="Windsor Express">Windsor Express</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Windsor's sports fans tend to support the <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major professional sports league</a> teams in either Detroit or <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. Still, the city itself is home to one professional team, the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Express" title="Windsor Express">Windsor Express</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_of_Canada" title="National Basketball League of Canada">National Basketball League</a> (NBL). The Express is an expansion team of the NBL that began play in the 2012–13 season, with home games played at the <a href="/wiki/WFCU_Centre" title="WFCU Centre">WFCU Centre</a>. On April 17, 2014, the Express won their first championship of NBL-Canada against the Island Storm in the 7th game of their final series, 121–106.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windsor is also home for the following youth, minor league and post-secondary teams: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Spitfires" title="Windsor Spitfires">Windsor Spitfires</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_League" title="Ontario Hockey League">Ontario Hockey League</a> Major Junior "A" 2009, 2010 and 2017 Memorial Cup Champions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Express" title="Windsor Express">Windsor Express</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basketball_Super_League_(North_America)" title="Basketball Super League (North America)">Basketball Super League</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Clippers" title="Windsor Clippers">Windsor Clippers</a> (<a href="/wiki/OLA_Junior_B_Lacrosse_League" class="mw-redirect" title="OLA Junior B Lacrosse League">Ontario Lacrosse Association Junior "B"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_Saints_(football)" title="St. Clair Saints (football)">St. Clair Saints</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Junior_Football_League" title="Canadian Junior Football League">Canadian Junior Football League</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Lancers" title="Windsor Lancers">Windsor Lancers</a> (<a href="/wiki/U_Sports" title="U Sports">U Sports</a>)</li> <li>Windsor Rogues Rugby<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario_Rugby_Union" title="Ontario Rugby Union">Ontario Rugby Union</a> (ORU))</li> <li>Windsor FC Nationals (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontario_Youth_Soccer_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontario Youth Soccer League (page does not exist)">Ontario Youth Soccer League</a>) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Ontario_Youth_Soccer_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Ontario Youth Soccer League (page does not exist)">Western Ontario Youth Soccer League</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Windsor Ultimate (non-profit <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">Ultimate Frisbee</a> league)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_City_FC" title="Windsor City FC">Windsor City FC</a> (<a href="/wiki/League1_Ontario" title="League1 Ontario">League1 Ontario</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Roller_Derby" title="Windsor Roller Derby">Windsor Roller Derby</a> (<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association" title="Women's Flat Track Derby Association">Women's Flat Track Derby Association</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_teams">Former teams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Former teams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Bulldogs" title="Windsor Bulldogs">Windsor Bulldogs</a> (<a href="/wiki/OHA_Senior_A_Hockey_League_(1929-1979)" class="mw-redirect" title="OHA Senior A Hockey League (1929-1979)">OHA Senior A Hockey League</a>) 1953–1964, won 1963 <a href="/wiki/Allan_Cup" title="Allan Cup">Allan Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_St._Clair_Saints" title="Windsor St. Clair Saints">Windsor St. Clair Saints</a> (Major League Hockey Senior "AAA"/<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association">CCAA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh_Chiefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecumseh Chiefs">Windsor Royals/Bulldogs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Ontario_Hockey_League" title="Western Ontario Hockey League">Western Ontario Hockey League</a>) now known as <a href="/wiki/LaSalle_Vipers" title="LaSalle Vipers">LaSalle Vipers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor_Bulldogs_(CPHL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windsor Bulldogs (CPHL) (page does not exist)">Windsor Bulldogs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Professional_Hockey_League" title="Canadian Professional Hockey League">Canadian Professional Hockey League</a>) 1920s and 1930s</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor_Hornets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windsor Hornets (page does not exist)">Windsor Hornets</a> (Canadian Professional Hockey League) 1920s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Gotfredsons" title="Windsor Gotfredsons">Windsor Gotfredsons</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Hockey_League_(1945-2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Hockey League (1945-2001)">International Hockey League</a>) 1940s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Spitfires_(IHL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor Spitfires (IHL)">Windsor Spitfires</a> (International Hockey League) 1940s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Royals_(football)" title="Windsor Royals (football)">Windsor Rockets/Royals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Ontario Rugby Football Union">Ontario Rugby Football Union</a>) 1940s and 1950s</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor_Warlocks_(MSL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windsor Warlocks (MSL) (page does not exist)">Windsor Warlocks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Major_Series_Lacrosse" title="Major Series Lacrosse">Major Series Lacrosse</a>) 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Clippers" title="Windsor Clippers">Windsor Clippers</a> (<a href="/wiki/OLA_Senior_B_Lacrosse_League" class="mw-redirect" title="OLA Senior B Lacrosse League">OLA Senior B Lacrosse League</a>) 1960s</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor_Warlocks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windsor Warlocks (page does not exist)">Windsor Warlocks</a> (<a href="/wiki/OLA_Junior_A_Lacrosse_League" class="mw-redirect" title="OLA Junior A Lacrosse League">OLA Junior A Lacrosse League</a>) 1970s</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor_Warlocks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windsor Warlocks (page does not exist)">Windsor Warlocks</a> (<a href="/wiki/OLA_Junior_B_Lacrosse_League" class="mw-redirect" title="OLA Junior B Lacrosse League">OLA Junior B Lacrosse League</a>) 1980s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Mariners" class="mw-redirect" title="Windsor Mariners">Windsor Mariners</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario_Australian_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario Australian Football League">Ontario Australian Football League</a>) 2000s</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor_and_District_Soccer_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windsor and District Soccer League (page does not exist)">Windsor and District Soccer League</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_Premier_League">Canadian Premier League</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Canadian Premier League"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the 10th of January 2022, it was announced Windsor would be the home of a new <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Premier_League" title="Canadian Premier League">Canadian Premier League</a> team. The announcement saw the league's first commissioner, <a href="/wiki/David_Clanachan" title="David Clanachan">David Clanachan</a>, step down from his position to focus on bringing a professional <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a> team to his hometown.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_sporting_events">International sporting events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: International sporting events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Windsor hosted rounds of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Air_Race_World_Championship" title="Red Bull Air Race World Championship">Red Bull Air Race World Championship</a> in 2009 and 2010<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Detroit hosted the race in 2008). The races took place on a course of pylons set up on the Detroit River, right over the border between Canada and the United States.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/2016_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_(25_m)" title="2016 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)">2016 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)</a> "Short Course Worlds" took place in Windsor.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Windsor hosted <a href="/wiki/U-18_Baseball_World_Cup" title="U-18 Baseball World Cup">World Junior Baseball Championship</a> in 1986, 1987 and 1993.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Windsor,_Ontario" title="List of people from Windsor, Ontario">List of people from Windsor, Ontario</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Windsor%E2%80%93Tecumseh,_Ontario_tornado" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 Windsor–Tecumseh, Ontario tornado">1946 Windsor–Tecumseh, Ontario tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_House" title="Dominion House">Dominion House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Flag of Windsor, Ontario">Flag of Windsor, Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Super_Outbreak#Windsor,_Ontario,_Canada" title="1974 Super Outbreak">Super Outbreak</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Windsor, Ontario, Canada) has been deleted. (2024-04-20)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-euro-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-euro_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes all persons that did not makeup part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MiddleEastern-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EastAsian-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EastAsian_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SoutheastAsian-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Other-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Other_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, <abbr title="not included elsewhere">n.i.e.</abbr>" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwindsor.ca/history/332/history-windsor">"History of Windsor"</a>. <i>uwindsor.ca</i>. University of Windsor Department of History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724213653/http://www.uwindsor.ca/history/332/history-windsor">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uwindsor.ca&rft.atitle=History+of+Windsor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwindsor.ca%2Fhistory%2F332%2Fhistory-windsor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgndbwin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cgndbwin_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=FDEGT">"Windsor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base" title="GeoBase (geospatial data)">Geographical Names Data Base</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Windsor&rft.btitle=Geographical+Names+Data+Base&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fsearch-place-names%2Funique%3Fid%3DFDEGT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SC06-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SC06_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=CD&Code2=3537&Data=Count&SearchText=windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1">"Windsor (city) community profile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011 Census data</a></i>. Statistics Canada. February 8, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527042021/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=CD&Code2=3537&Data=Count&SearchText=windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Statistics Canada. March 13, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521201806/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=559&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2006+Census+data&rft.atitle=Windsor+%28census+metropolitan+area%29+community+profile&rft.date=2007-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2F92-591%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCMA%26Code1%3D559%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D35%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3Dwindsor%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801">"Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. January 27, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184338/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+36-10-0468-01+Gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+at+basic+prices%2C+by+census+metropolitan+area+%28CMA%29+%28x+1%2C000%2C000%29&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D3610046801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citywindsor.ca/residents/planning/plans-and-community-information/about-windsor/demographics">"Demographics | City of Windsor"</a>. <i>www.citywindsor.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citywindsor.ca&rft.atitle=Demographics+%7C+City+of+Windsor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citywindsor.ca%2Fresidents%2Fplanning%2Fplans-and-community-information%2Fabout-windsor%2Fdemographics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teasdale-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-teasdale_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeasdale2012" class="citation journal cs1">Teasdale, Guillaume (2012). "Old Friends and New Foes: French Settlers and Indians in the Detroit River Border Region". <i>Michigan Historical Review</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 35–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5342%2Fmichhistrevi.38.2.0035">10.5342/michhistrevi.38.2.0035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Old+Friends+and+New+Foes%3A+French+Settlers+and+Indians+in+the+Detroit+River+Border+Region&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=35-62&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5342%2Fmichhistrevi.38.2.0035&rft.aulast=Teasdale&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926230044/https://citywindsor.ca/residents/historyofwindsor/history-of-sandwich/Pages/default.aspx#:~:text=Before%20Europeans%20arrived%2C%20the%20land,%2C%20and%20Odawa%20(Ottawa)">"History of Sandwich"</a>. <i>Citywindsor.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citywindsor.ca/residents/historyofwindsor/history-of-sandwich/Pages/default.aspx#:~:text=Before%20Europeans%20arrived%2C%20the%20land,%2C%20and%20Odawa%20(Ottawa)">the original</a> on September 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Citywindsor.ca&rft.atitle=History+of+Sandwich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citywindsor.ca%2Fresidents%2Fhistoryofwindsor%2Fhistory-of-sandwich%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBefore%2520Europeans%2520arrived%252C%2520the%2520land%2C%252C%2520and%2520Odawa%2520%28Ottawa%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraelson2021" class="citation web cs1">Israelson, David (February 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/industry-news/property-report/article-transforming-a-70s-law-school-to-reflect-changing-student-and-social/">"Transforming a 70s law school to reflect changing student and social demographics"</a>. <i>Theglobeandmail.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214174437/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/industry-news/property-report/article-transforming-a-70s-law-school-to-reflect-changing-student-and-social/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theglobeandmail.com&rft.atitle=Transforming+a+70s+law+school+to+reflect+changing+student+and+social+demographics&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft.aulast=Israelson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fbusiness%2Findustry-news%2Fproperty-report%2Farticle-transforming-a-70s-law-school-to-reflect-changing-student-and-social%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1846" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Wm. H. (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit"><i>Smith's Canadian Gazetteer - Statistical and General Information Respecting All Parts of the Upper Province, or Canada West</i></a>. Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit/page/221">221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith%27s+Canadian+Gazetteer+-+Statistical+and+General+Information+Respecting+All+Parts+of+the+Upper+Province%2C+or+Canada+West&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=H.+%26+W.+Rowsell&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Wm.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsmithscanadianga00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1999" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Bruce (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelingundergr00chad/page/272"><i>Traveling the underground railroad: a visitor's guide to more than 300 sites</i></a></span>. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelingundergr00chad/page/272">272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806520930" title="Special:BookSources/0806520930"><bdi>0806520930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traveling+the+underground+railroad%3A+a+visitor%27s+guide+to+more+than+300+sites&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+NJ&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Carol+Pub.+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0806520930&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravelingundergr00chad%2Fpage%2F272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodford-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodford_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodford,_Arthur_M.2001" class="citation book cs1">Woodford, Arthur M. 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US Department of Interior. September 1995. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788146572" title="Special:BookSources/9780788146572"><bdi>9780788146572</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027141703/https://books.google.com/books?id=zzzBPR0DxdwC">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Agincourt, Canada: Book Society of Canada. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0772552835" title="Special:BookSources/0772552835"><bdi>0772552835</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8114887">8114887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+freedom-seekers%3A+Blacks+in+early+Canada&rft.place=Agincourt%2C+Canada&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Book+Society+of+Canada&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8114887&rft.isbn=0772552835&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Switala-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Switala_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwitala2006" class="citation book cs1">Switala, William (2006). <i>Underground railroad in New Jersey and New York</i>. 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City of Windsor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725003037/https://citywindsor.ca/residents/historyofwindsor/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Environment Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.atitle=Windsor+A%2C+Ontario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_normals%2Fresults_1991_2020_e.html%3FsearchType%3DstnProv%26lstProvince%3DON%26txtCentralLatMin%3D0%26txtCentralLatSec%3D0%26txtCentralLongMin%3D0%26txtCentralLongSec%3D0%26stnID%3D217000000%26dispBack%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peel-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peel_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel,_M._C.Finlayson,_B._L.McMahon,_T._A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 1633–1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrol.+Earth+Syst.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1633-1644&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESS...11.1633P&rft.au=Peel%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2Fhess-11-1633-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-windsorclimate-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-windsorclimate_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-windsorclimate_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-windsorclimate_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711233844/http://www1.uwindsor.ca/studentexchange/living-in-windsor">"Living in Windsor"</a>. University of Windsor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.uwindsor.ca/studentexchange/living-in-windsor">the original</a> on July 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+in+Windsor&rft.pub=University+of+Windsor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.uwindsor.ca%2Fstudentexchange%2Fliving-in-windsor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617153004/https://www.citywindsor.ca/business/physician-recruitment/Live/Pages/Climate.aspx">"Climate"</a>. City of Windsor. 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Environment Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Environment Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414162620/https://www.weatherstats.ca/winners.html?location=windsor;category=14">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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December 3, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128021135/http://www.livingin-canada.com/climate-windsor.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Never+seen+anything+that+intense%27%3A+Storms+lead+to+state+of+emergency+in+Windsor%2C+Tecumseh%2C+Ont.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fwindsor%2Fstate-of-emergency-windsor-1.3784575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Wilhelm2019" class="citation web cs1">Trevor Wilhelm (July 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/windsor-to-apply-for-disaster-funding-after-recent-flooding">"Windsor to apply for disaster funding after recent flooding"</a>. <i>Windsor Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903151312/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/windsor-to-apply-for-disaster-funding-after-recent-flooding">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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September 30, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110081826/https://torontosun.com/2016/09/30/windsor-tecumseh-declare-states-of-emergency-due-to-flooding/wcm/7e4978e6-59d9-45a8-a27a-0e638e70dbbe">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visible+Minorities+and+Ethnicity+in+Ontario&rft.pub=Fin.gov.on.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fin.gov.on.ca%2Fen%2Feconomy%2Fdemographics%2Fcensus%2Fcenhi6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016Census-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2016Census_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016Census_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=CD&Code2=3537&Data=Count&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1">"Census Profile, 2016 Census - Windsor, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Essex, County [Census division], Ontario"</a>. <i>12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. Government of Canada, Statistics. February 8, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123151755/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=CD&Code2=3537&Data=Count&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Government of Canada, <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. February 9, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028063643/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=windsor&DGUIDlist=2021A00053537039&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Voting+Results+Raw+Data+%28poll+by+poll+results+in+Windsor%29&rft.pub=Elections+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.ca%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fsection%3Dres%26dir%3Drep%2Foff%2F44gedata%26document%3Dbypro%26lang%3De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.on.ca/en/resource-centre/elections-results.html">"Official Voting Results by polling station (poll by poll results in Oakville)"</a>. 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The Capitol Theatre Windsor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215814/http://www.capitoltheatrewindsor.ca/events/">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windsornationals.ca&rft.atitle=Windsor+FC+Nationals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windsornationals.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windsorultimate.com/">"Your Ultimate frontpag"</a>. <i>Windsorultimate.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716045910/http://www.windsorultimate.com/">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windsorultimate.com&rft.atitle=Your+Ultimate+frontpag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windsorultimate.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canpl.ca/article/commissioner-david-clanachan-awarded-exclusive-cpl-rights-to-windsoressex-county-and-to-step-down-as-first-cpl-commissioner">"Commissioner David Clanachan Awarded Exclusive CPL Rights to Windsor/Essex County and to Step Down as First CPL Commissioner"</a>. <i>canpl.ca</i>. January 10, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110183300/https://canpl.ca/article/commissioner-david-clanachan-awarded-exclusive-cpl-rights-to-windsoressex-county-and-to-step-down-as-first-cpl-commissioner">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=canpl.ca&rft.atitle=Commissioner+David+Clanachan+Awarded+Exclusive+CPL+Rights+to+Windsor%2FEssex+County+and+to+Step+Down+as+First+CPL+Commissioner&rft.date=2022-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanpl.ca%2Farticle%2Fcommissioner-david-clanachan-awarded-exclusive-cpl-rights-to-windsoressex-county-and-to-step-down-as-first-cpl-commissioner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt" class="citation web cs1">Schmidt, Doug. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.windsorstar.com/business/Windsor+goes+after+2014+Bull+race/6808909/story.html">"Windsor goes after 2014 Red Bull race"</a>. <i>Windsorstar.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191242/https://www.windsorstar.com/business/Windsor+goes+after+2014+Bull+race/6808909/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windsorstar.com&rft.atitle=Windsor+goes+after+2014+Red+Bull+race&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.windsorstar.com%2Fbusiness%2FWindsor%2Bgoes%2Bafter%2B2014%2BBull%2Brace%2F6808909%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221021549/http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3288%3Apr-80-windsor-can-will-host-2016-fina-world-swimming-championships-25m&catid=341%3A2012&Itemid=246">"Windsor (CAN) will host 2016 FINA World Swimming Championships"</a>. <i>fina.org</i>. Federation Internationale de Natation. December 11, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3288:pr-80-windsor-can-will-host-2016-fina-world-swimming-championships-25m&catid=341:2012&Itemid=246">the original</a> on December 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fina.org&rft.atitle=Windsor+%28CAN%29+will+host+2016+FINA+World+Swimming+Championships&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fina.org%2FH2O%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D3288%3Apr-80-windsor-can-will-host-2016-fina-world-swimming-championships-25m%26catid%3D341%3A2012%26Itemid%3D246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindsor%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ernest J. Lajeunesse, The Windsor Border Region, Windsor: The Champlain Society, 1960.</li> <li>Jack Cecillon, Prayers, Petitions and Protests: The Catholic Church and the Ontario Schools Crisis in the Windsor Border Region, 1910–1928, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windsor,_Ontario&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Windsor,_Ontario" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Windsor, Ontario">Windsor, Ontario</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Windsor, Ontario</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Windsor,_Ontario" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Windsor, Ontario">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Windsor,_Ontario" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Windsor, Ontario">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citywindsor.ca">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Windsor,_Ontario" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Windsor,_Ontario" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Windsor, Ontario</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan"><img alt="Michigan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a></i></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan"><img alt="Michigan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grosse_Pointe_Park,_Michigan" title="Grosse Pointe Park, Michigan">Grosse Pointe Park</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walpole_Island_First_Nation" title="Walpole Island First Nation">Walpole Island 46</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Saint_Clair_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Saint Clair (North America)">Lake St. Clair</a></i></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan"><img alt="Michigan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/River_Rouge,_Michigan" title="River Rouge, Michigan">River Rouge</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a></i></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Windsor</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh,_Ontario" title="Tecumseh, Ontario">Tecumseh</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a></i><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan"><img alt="Michigan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ecorse,_Michigan" title="Ecorse, Michigan">Ecorse</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/LaSalle,_Ontario" title="LaSalle, Ontario">LaSalle</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh,_Ontario" title="Tecumseh, Ontario">Tecumseh</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Windsor,_Ontario" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Windsor,_Ontario" title="Template:Windsor, Ontario"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Windsor,_Ontario" title="Template talk:Windsor, Ontario"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Windsor,_Ontario" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Windsor, Ontario"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Windsor,_Ontario" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windsor, Ontario</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">Demographics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_of_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Neighbourhoods of Windsor, Ontario">Neighbourhoods</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Sister Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Government">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_City_Council" title="Windsor City Council">Windsor City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_City_Hall" title="Windsor City Hall">Windsor City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Windsor,_Ontario" title="List of mayors of Windsor, Ontario">Mayors of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Flag of Windsor, Ontario">Flag of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Coat of arms of Windsor, Ontario">Coat of arms of Windsor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Sister Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary/Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Essex_County_District_School_Board" title="Greater Essex County District School Board">Greater Essex County District School Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor-Essex_Catholic_District_School_Board" title="Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board">Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_College" title="St. Clair College">St. Clair College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Windsor" title="University of Windsor">University of Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Public_Library" title="Windsor Public Library">Windsor Public Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Athletics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_Fratmen" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Clair Fratmen">St. Clair Fratmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Clippers" title="Windsor Clippers">Windsor Clippers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Express" title="Windsor Express">Windsor Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Lancers" title="Windsor Lancers">Windsor Lancers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Roller_Derby" title="Windsor Roller Derby">Windsor Roller Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Spitfires" title="Windsor Spitfires">Windsor Spitfires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_City_FC" title="Windsor City FC">Windsor City FC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Windsor_Stadium" title="University of Windsor Stadium">University of Windsor Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFCU_Centre" title="WFCU Centre">WFCU Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Arena" title="Windsor Arena">Windsor Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Stadium" title="Windsor Stadium">Windsor Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performing Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Windsor Symphony Orchestra">Windsor Symphony Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Windsor-Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Windsor-Essex">Art Windsor-Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesars_Windsor" title="Caesars Windsor">Caesars Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Theatre_(Windsor,_Ontario)" title="Capitol Theatre (Windsor, Ontario)">Capitol Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Mall" title="Devonshire Mall">Devonshire Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baby_House" title="François Baby House">François Baby House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willistead_Manor" title="Willistead Manor">Willistead Manor</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluesfest_International_Windsor" title="Bluesfest International Windsor">Bluesfest International Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_International_Film_Festival" title="Windsor International Film Festival">Windsor International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor%E2%80%93Detroit_International_Freedom_Festival" title="Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival">Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor-Essex_Pride" title="Windsor-Essex Pride">Windsor-Essex Pride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parks_in_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Parks in Windsor, Ontario">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Park_(Windsor,_Ontario)" title="Jackson Park (Windsor, Ontario)">Jackson Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibway_Prairie_Complex" title="Ojibway Prairie Complex">Ojibway Prairie Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peche_Island" title="Peche Island">Peche Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Sculpture_Park" title="Windsor Sculpture Park">Windsor Sculpture Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parks_in_Windsor,_Ontario#Bike_trails" title="Parks in Windsor, Ontario">Bike Trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riverfront_Bike_Trail" title="Riverfront Bike Trail">Riverfront Bike Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganatchio_Trail" title="Ganatchio Trail">Ganatchio Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_River_Extension" title="Little River Extension">Little River Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Marais_Trail" title="Grand Marais Trail">Grand Marais Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_Canada_Trail" title="Trans Canada Trail">Trans Canada Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Canada_Greenway" title="Chrysler Canada Greenway">Chrysler Canada Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Street_Neighbourhood_Trail" title="Russell Street Neighbourhood Trail">Russell Street Neighbourhood Trail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Climate">Windsor, Ontario's Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Windsor%E2%80%93Tecumseh_tornado" title="1946 Windsor–Tecumseh tornado">1946 Windsor-Tecumseh Tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Super_Outbreak#Windsor,_Ontario,_Canada_tornado" title="1974 Super Outbreak">1974 Windsor Tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_July_1%E2%80%933,_1997" title="Tornado outbreak of July 1–3, 1997">1997 Windsor Tornadoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_records_in_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Weather records in Windsor, Ontario">Weather Records in Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Transportation">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">Ambassador Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor_tunnel" title="Detroit–Windsor tunnel">Detroit–Windsor Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_Terminal_Railway" title="Essex Terminal Railway">Essex Terminal Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordie_Howe_International_Bridge" title="Gordie Howe International Bridge">Gordie Howe International Bridge</a> (under construction)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_Windsor" title="Transit Windsor">Transit Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_International_Airport" title="Windsor International Airport">Windsor International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_International_Transit_Terminal" title="Windsor International Transit Terminal">Windsor International Transit Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_station_(Ontario)" title="Windsor station (Ontario)">Windsor Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Windsor,_Ontario" title="List of roads in Windsor, Ontario">List of Windsor roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_roads_in_Essex_County" title="List of numbered roads in Essex County">List of numbered roads in Essex County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Media in Windsor, Ontario">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBE-FM" title="CBE-FM">CBE-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBEF" title="CBEF">CBEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBEW-FM" title="CBEW-FM">CBEW-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHYR-FM" title="CHYR-FM">CHYR-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDR-FM" title="CIDR-FM">CIDR-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIMX-FM" title="CIMX-FM">CIMX-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CINA-FM" title="CINA-FM">CINA-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Broadcasters#UCB_Canada" title="United Christian Broadcasters">CJAH-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJAM-FM" title="CJAM-FM">CJAM-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJWF-FM" title="CJWF-FM">CJWF-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKLW" title="CKLW">CKLW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKWW" title="CKWW">CKWW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBET-DT" title="CBET-DT">CBET-DT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHWI-DT" title="CHWI-DT">CHWI-DT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Print</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Star" title="Windsor Star">Windsor Star</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Essex_County,_Ontario" title="Template:Essex County, Ontario">Essex County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amherstburg" title="Amherstburg">Amherstburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex,_Ontario" title="Essex, Ontario">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsville,_Ontario" title="Kingsville, Ontario">Kingsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeshore,_Ontario" title="Lakeshore, Ontario">Lakeshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaSalle,_Ontario" title="LaSalle, Ontario">LaSalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leamington,_Ontario" title="Leamington, Ontario">Leamington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelee,_Ontario" title="Pelee, Ontario">Pelee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh,_Ontario" title="Tecumseh, Ontario">Tecumseh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">List of municipalities in Ontario</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Census_metropolitan_areas_(CMAs)_in_Canada_by_size" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Census_metropolitan_areas_in_Canada_by_size" title="Template:Census metropolitan areas in Canada by size"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Census_metropolitan_areas_in_Canada_by_size" title="Template talk:Census metropolitan areas in Canada by size"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Census_metropolitan_areas_in_Canada_by_size" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Census metropolitan areas in Canada by size"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Census_metropolitan_areas_(CMAs)_in_Canada_by_size" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Census_geographic_units_of_Canada" title="Census geographic units of Canada">Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) in Canada by size</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">Ottawa-Gatineau</a>, ON/QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_metropolitan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary metropolitan region">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_metropolitan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton metropolitan region">Edmonton</a>, AB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_m%C3%A9tropolitaine_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Communauté métropolitaine de Québec">Quebec City</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg Capital Region">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">St. Catharines-Niagara</a>, ON</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windsor</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Victoria" title="Greater Victoria">Victoria</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatoon_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatoon Metropolitan Area">Saskatoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a>, SK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke" title="Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_District_of_Central_Okanagan" title="Regional District of Central Okanagan">Kelowna</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Metropolitan Area">St. John's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Greater Sudbury</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec" title="Saguenay, Quebec">Saguenay</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Saint_John" title="Greater Saint John">Saint John</a>, NB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>, AB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaimo" title="Nanaimo">Nanaimo</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Kamloops</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilliwack" title="Chilliwack">Chilliwack</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Ontario" title="Belleville, Ontario">Belleville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Quinte_West" title="Quinte West">Quinte West</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Fredericton" title="Greater Fredericton">Fredericton</a>, NB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drummondville" title="Drummondville">Drummondville</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer</a>, AB</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template talk:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Great Lakes megalopolis</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association" title="Regional Plan Association">RPA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Lakes region cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area"> Buffalo–Niagara Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Detroit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Ports" title="Twin Ports">Duluth–Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie%E2%80%93Meadville,_PA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie–Meadville, PA Combined Statistical Area">Erie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_metropolitan_area" title="Grand Rapids metropolitan area">Grand Rapids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_metropolitan_area" title="Green Bay metropolitan area">Green Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo%E2%80%93Portage_metropolitan_area" title="Kalamazoo–Portage metropolitan area">Kalamazoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing%E2%80%93East_Lansing_metropolitan_area" title="Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area">Lansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_metropolitan_area" title="Milwaukee metropolitan area">Milwaukee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Niagara Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Welland, Ontario">Welland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niles,_Michigan" title="Niles, Michigan">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_New_York" title="Rochester metropolitan area, New York">Rochester, New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend%E2%80%93Mishawaka_metropolitan_area" title="South Bend–Mishawaka metropolitan area">South Bend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_metropolitan_area" title="Toledo metropolitan area">Toledo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_metropolitan_area" title="Traverse City metropolitan area">Traverse City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Waterloo Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario" title="Cambridge, Ontario">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario" title="Waterloo, Ontario">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/145px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/218px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/290px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="704" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surrounding cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area" title="Akron metropolitan area">Akron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Bloomington metropolitan area, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington%E2%80%93Normal" title="Bloomington–Normal">Bloomington–Normal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal,_Illinois" title="Normal, Illinois">Normal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Massillon,_Ohio,_metropolitan_area" title="Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area">Canton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana_metropolitan_area" title="Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area">Champaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio" title="Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio">Columbus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area" title="Dayton metropolitan area">Dayton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire%E2%80%93Chippewa_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Eau Claire–Chippewa Falls metropolitan area">Eau Claire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin" title="Eau Claire, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana" title="Elkhart, Indiana">Elkhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evansville_metropolitan_area" title="Evansville metropolitan area">Evansville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo%E2%80%93Moorhead" title="Fargo–Moorhead">Fargo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_IN_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Wayne, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area">Fort Wayne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Cities" title="Fox Cities">Fox Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_metropolitan_area" title="Indianapolis metropolitan area">Indianapolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin" title="Janesville, Wisconsin">Janesville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beloit,_Wisconsin" title="Beloit, Wisconsin">Beloit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley,_IL_MSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley, IL MSA">Kankakee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee,_Illinois" title="Kankakee, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse%E2%80%93Onalaska" title="La Crosse–Onalaska">La Crosse–Onalaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onalaska,_Wisconsin" title="Onalaska, Wisconsin">Onalaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Lafayette metropolitan area, Indiana">Lafayette</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_metropolitan_area" title="Madison metropolitan area">Madison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Mahoning Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Greater Montreal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laval,_Quebec" title="Laval, Quebec">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longueuil" title="Longueuil">Longueuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">National Capital Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Pittsburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria metropolitan area, Illinois">Peoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Rockford metropolitan area, Illinois">Rockford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_Minnesota" title="Rochester metropolitan area, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec" title="Saguenay, Quebec">Saguenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota_metropolitan_area" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota metropolitan area">St. Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Midland,_and_Bay_City_metropolitan_area" title="Saginaw, Midland, and Bay City metropolitan area">Saginaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan" title="Saginaw, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux Falls metropolitan area">Sioux Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Illinois">Springfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_neighbourhoods_of_Sudbury" title="Urban neighbourhoods of Sudbury">urban neighbourhoods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_metropolitan_area" title="Syracuse metropolitan area">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute_metropolitan_area" title="Terre Haute metropolitan area">Terre Haute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica%E2%80%93Rome_metropolitan_area" title="Utica–Rome metropolitan area">Utica–Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa" title="Bettendorf, Iowa">Bettendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Moline,_Illinois" title="East Moline, Illinois">East Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_metropolitan_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City metropolitan community">Greater Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities of states south of region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_metropolitan_area" title="Elizabethtown metropolitan area">Elizabethtown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Kentucky" title="Elizabethtown, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="Louisville metropolitan area">Louisville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka_metropolitan_area,_Kansas" title="Topeka metropolitan area, Kansas">Topeka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_metropolitan_area" title="Wheeling metropolitan area">Wheeling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other metro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_and_Hamilton_Area" title="Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area">Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_East" title="Metro East">Metro East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Other megaregions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182625#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182625#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182625#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404100658">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133611179">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1219369/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcc8XdrqxCxBrrKgW8wG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4119122-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82048937">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Windsor (Ontario)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1046458&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Windsor (Ont.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564464705171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e4f1e288-92a0-4f36-8f0e-23397e261a99">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/260940313">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045736">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=34623">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ontario" title="Portal:Ontario">Ontario</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/17px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/26px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 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