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searchaux" style="display:none">Offence under the common law of England</div> <p> <b>Petty treason</b> or <b>petit treason</b> was an offence under the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in which a person killed or otherwise violated the authority of a social superior, other than the king. In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, petty treason ceased to be a distinct offence from <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> by virtue of the <a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1828" class="mw-redirect" title="Offences against the Person Act 1828">Offences against the Person Act 1828</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was abolished in Ireland in 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It never existed in Scotland. It has also been abolished in other <a href="/wiki/Common-law_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Common-law countries">common-law countries</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Element_of_betrayal">Element of betrayal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petty_treason&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Element of betrayal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The element of betrayal is the reason why this crime was considered worse than an ordinary murder; medieval and post-medieval society rested on a framework in which each person had his or her appointed place and such murders were seen as threatening this framework. Many people had somebody subordinate to them and feared the consequences if the murder of superiors was not punished harshly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Codification_in_English_law">Codification in English law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petty_treason&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Codification in English law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common law offence was codified in the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1351" title="Treason Act 1351">Treason Act 1351</a>. Under that Act, petty treason was an aggravated form of <a href="/wiki/Murder_in_English_law" title="Murder in English law">murder</a>. It consisted of: </p> <ol><li>a wife killing her husband,</li> <li>a clergyman killing his <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelate</a>,</li> <li>a servant killing his master or mistress, or his master's wife.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The Act abolished three other forms of petty treason which had existed under common law: </p> <ol><li>a wife attempting to kill her husband,</li> <li>a servant forging his master's <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">seal</a>, or</li> <li>a servant committing <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> with his master's wife or daughter.</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">Counterfeiting</a> gold or silver coin was also petty treason before the 1351 Act elevated this to high treason.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the method of execution was not changed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penalty">Penalty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petty_treason&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Penalty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The punishment for a man convicted of petty treason was to be drawn to the place of execution and <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">quartered</a> as in the case of high treason. The punishment for a woman was to be <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_women_in_England" title="Burning of women in England">burned at the stake</a> without being drawn there (the penalty for high treason was drawing and burning). In later years the law offered a modicum of mercy to women who were to be executed in this fashion: the executioner was equipped with a cord passed around the victim's throat and, standing outside of the fire, would pull it tight, strangling her before the flames could reach her. In a few instances, however, this could go wrong, with the cord burning through and the victim burning alive; the ensuing scandals contributed to the abolition of this punishment and its replacement by hanging in 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defences_and_rules_of_procedure">Defences and rules of procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petty_treason&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Defences and rules of procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> defence of <a href="/wiki/Provocation_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocation (legal)">provocation</a>, by which a verdict of murder could be reduced to <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a>, was also available in petty treason trials. </p><p>The rules of evidence and procedure in petty treason trials were the same as in high treason trials, except that the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1695" title="Treason Act 1695">Treason Act 1695</a> did not apply to petty treason.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petty treason also differed from high treason in that the legal defence of <a href="/wiki/Benefit_of_clergy" title="Benefit of clergy">benefit of clergy</a> was available for petty treason until 1496,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas it was never available for high treason. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petty_treason&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petty_treason&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 1 (repealing the previous statute) and section 2 (assimilating the offence to murder).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">9 Geo.4 c. 31, sections 1 and 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hale p. 380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002061239/http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/blackstone/bla-406.htm">"<i>Commentaries on the Laws of England</i>, William Blackstone, Book 4 chapter 6"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/blackstone/bla-406.htm">the original</a> on 2 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Laws+of+England%2C+William+Blackstone%2C+Book+4+chapter+6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonang.com%2Fexlibris%2Fblackstone%2Fbla-406.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetty+treason" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1790" title="Treason Act 1790">Treason Act 1790</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/blackstone/bla-414.htm"><i>Commentaries on the Laws of England</i>, William Blackstone, Book 4 chapter 14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benefit_of_Clergy_Act_1496" title="Benefit of Clergy Act 1496">Benefit of Clergy Act 1496</a> (12 Hen. 7 c. 7)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petty_treason&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2KoDAAAAQAAJ&dq=subject%3A%22Pleas+of+the+crown%22+volume+one&pg=PA376">Hale's <i>History of Pleas of the Crown</i> (1800 ed.) vol. 1, chapter XXIX</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Google_Book_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Book Search">Google Books</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZc0AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105">Hawkin's <i>Treatise of Pleas of the Crown</i> (1824 ed.) vol.1, chapter XIV</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Google_Book_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Book Search">Google Books</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uG40AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA336">East's <i>Treatise of Pleas of the Crown</i> (1806 Ed) vol.1, Chapter V, Part VII (sections 98 to 104) (pp 336–339)</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Google_Book_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Book Search">Google Books</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Ik0AAAAIAAJ&q=coke%27s+institutes&pg=PA19"><i>Coke's Institutes</i> (1797 Ed.), Part 3, Chapter 2 (pp 19 to 36)</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Google_Book_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Book Search">Google Books</a>).</li> <li>Chitty's Practical Treatise on Criminal Law (1819 Ed.), vol.3, paragraphs 742 to 745 (pp 176 to 179) (preliminary notes) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6A0AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA176">[1]</a> and paragraphs 779 to 781 (pp 211–214) (specimen indictments) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6A0AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA211">[2]</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Google_Book_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Book Search">Google Books</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QPw8AAAAIAAJ&q=editions:LCCN06027017"><i>Blackstone's Commentaries</i> (1867 ed.), Book 4, Chapter 14, paragraphs 203 and 204</a> (See also 1791 ed. pages 202 to 204 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ozAAAAIAAJ&q=editions:LCCN06027017&pg=PA202">[3]</a> and the 1825 ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HnoDAAAAQAAJ&q=editions:LCCN06027017&pg=PA202">[4]</a> – the commentary in footnotes differs) (from <a href="/wiki/Google_Book_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Book Search">Google Books</a>).</li> <li>J.G. Bellamy, The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages, CUP, (2004 ed.), Appendix II <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hhsY0Yq8sWEC&pg=PA225">[5]</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Google_Book_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Book Search">Google Books</a>).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Petty treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_murder" title="Capital murder">Capital murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem (crime)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treachery_Act_1940" title="Treachery Act 1940">Treachery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_offences_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sexual offences in the United Kingdom">Sexual offences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buggery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buggery">Buggery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labouchere_Amendment" title="Labouchere Amendment">Gross indecency between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_assault" title="Indecent assault">Indecent assault</a></li></ul> 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