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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sex differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measuring_and_assessing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measuring_and_assessing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Measuring and assessing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measuring_and_assessing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_affecting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_affecting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Factors affecting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Factors_affecting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Factors affecting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Factors_affecting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_and_relationship_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_relationship_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Social and relationship influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_relationship_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Medications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hormones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hormones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Hormones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hormones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Interventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social and religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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desire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رغبة جنسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رغبة جنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinsi_h%C9%99v%C9%99s" title="Cinsi həvəs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cinsi həvəs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE" title="কামেচ্ছা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কামেচ্ছা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekswal_na_kamawotan" title="Sekswal na kamawotan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sekswal na kamawotan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сексуално желание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сексуално желание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="میل جنسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میل جنسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sir_sexuel" title="Désir sexuel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Désir sexuel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasrat_seksual" title="Hasrat seksual – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hasrat seksual" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תשוקה מינית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תשוקה מינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keinginan_seksual" title="Keinginan seksual – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keinginan seksual" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="येय्‌चाः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="येय्‌चाः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinsiy_istak" title="Jinsiy istak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jinsiy istak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B4" title="جنسي خواهش – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جنسي خواهش" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desejo_sexual" title="Desejo sexual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desejo sexual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%B1ns%C4%B1y_q%C3%A1lew" title="Jınsıy qálew – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jınsıy qálew" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Половое влечение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Половое влечение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%88%DA%A9" title="ٻوک – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ٻوک" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seksuaalinen_halukkuus" title="Seksuaalinen halukkuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seksuaalinen halukkuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexlust" title="Sexlust – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sexlust" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Җенси теләк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җенси теләк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinsel_arzu" title="Cinsel arzu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cinsel arzu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B3" title="Статевий потяг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Статевий потяг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B4" title="جنسی خواہش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنسی خواہش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90am_m%C3%AA_s%E1%BA%AFc_d%E1%BB%A5c" title="Đam mê sắc dục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đam mê sắc dục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%85%BE" title="性慾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="性慾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%AC%B2" title="性欲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="性欲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aristide_Maillol_-_D%C3%A9sir.jpg/250px-Aristide_Maillol_-_D%C3%A9sir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aristide_Maillol_-_D%C3%A9sir.jpg/330px-Aristide_Maillol_-_D%C3%A9sir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aristide_Maillol_-_D%C3%A9sir.jpg/500px-Aristide_Maillol_-_D%C3%A9sir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3319" data-file-height="3511" /></a><figcaption><i>Désir</i>, sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Maillol" title="Aristide Maillol">Aristide Maillol</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sexual desire</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivational state</a> characterized by an interest in sexual objects or activities, or by a drive to seek out sexual objects or to engage in <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual activities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Regan&Atkins2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan&Atkins2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>, which varies significantly from one person to another and also fluctuates depending on circumstances. </p><p>It may be the single most common sexual event in human life.<sup id="cite_ref-Regan&Atkins2006_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan&Atkins2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sexual desire is a <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> feeling state that can be triggered by both internal and external cues, and that may or may not result in overt sexual behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-Becketal1991_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becketal1991-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desire can be aroused through imagination and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">sexual fantasies</a>, or by perceiving an individual whom one finds attractive.<sup id="cite_ref-Toates2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toates2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also created and amplified through <a href="/wiki/Sexual_tension" title="Sexual tension">sexual tension</a>, which is caused by sexual desire that has yet to be acted on. Physical manifestations of sexual desire in humans include licking, sucking, tongue protrusion, and puckering and touching the lips.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzagaetal2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzagaetal2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desire can be spontaneous or responsive,<sup id="cite_ref-Basson2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basson2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> positive or negative, and can vary in intensity along a spectrum. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_perspectives">Theoretical perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theoretical perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theorists and researchers employ two frameworks in their understanding of human sexual desire. The first is a biological framework, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Sex_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex drive">sex drive</a></i> (or <i>libido</i>), in which sexual desire comes from an innate motivational force like an <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">instinct</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Need" title="Need">need</a>, urge, wish, or <a href="/wiki/Want" title="Want">want</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater&Sill2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater&Sill2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second is a <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_system" title="Sociocultural system">sociocultural</a> theory in which desire is conceptualized as one factor in a much larger context (e.g., relationships nested within societies, nested within cultures).<sup id="cite_ref-Tolman&Diamond2001_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolman&Diamond2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_framework">Biological framework</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biological framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The biological approach views sexual drives as similar to other physical drives, such as <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a>. An individual will seek out food—or, in the case of desire, pleasure—in order to reduce or avoid <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater&Sill2005_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater&Sill2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sex drive can be thought of as a <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological need</a> or craving that inspires individuals to seek out and become receptive to sexual experiences and sexual pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumeisteretal2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumeisteretal2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">Incentive motivation theory</a> exists under this framework and states that the strength of motivation toward sexual activity depends on the strength or immediacy of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual stimuli">stimuli</a>. If satiety is achieved, the strength of the incentive will increase in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Toates2009_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toates2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sex drive is strongly tied to biological factors such as "chromosomal and hormonal status, nutritional status, age, and general health".<sup id="cite_ref-Tolman&Diamond2001_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolman&Diamond2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual desire is the first of four phases of the <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">human sexual response cycle</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">arousal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasm</a>, and resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Masters&Johnson2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters&Johnson2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while it is part of the response cycle, desire is believed to be distinct from genital sexual arousal.<sup id="cite_ref-Regan&Atkins2006_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan&Atkins2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been argued that desire is not a distinct phase in sexual response, but rather something that persists through arousal and orgasm or even longer. Although orgasm might make it difficult for a man to maintain his <a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">erection</a> or a woman to continue with <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">vaginal lubrication</a>, sexual desire can persist nevertheless.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Giles_2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Giles_2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociocultural_framework">Sociocultural framework</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sociocultural framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the sociocultural framework, desire indicates a longing for sexual activity for its own sake and not for any other purpose other than enjoyment, satisfaction, or the release of sexual tension.<sup id="cite_ref-Basson2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basson2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual desire and activity may be produced to help achieve other means or to gain non-sexual <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">rewards</a>, such as increased closeness and <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">attachment</a> between partners. Under this framework, sexual desire is not an urge, implying that individuals have more conscious control over their desire. </p><p>Sociocultural influences may push males and females into <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender-specific roles</a> in which social scripts dictate the appropriate feelings and responses to desire. This may lead to frustration if an individual's wants remain unfulfilled due to anticipated social consequences. </p><p>Some theorists suggest that the experience of sexual desire may be socially constructed. Others argue that, although sociocultural factors greatly influence desire, they do not play a large role until after biological factors initiate it.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolman&Diamond2001_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolman&Diamond2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another view is that sexual desire is neither a social construction<sup id="cite_ref-Giles2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giles2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor a biological drive.<sup id="cite_ref-Giles2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giles2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/James_Giles_(philosopher)" title="James Giles (philosopher)">James Giles</a>, it is an existential need based on the sense of incompleteness that arises from the experience of being gendered.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Giles_2008_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Giles_2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many researchers believe that relying on a single approach to the study of human sexuality is counterproductive,<sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater&Sill2005_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater&Sill2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the integrations of and interactions among multiple approaches allow for the most comprehensive understanding. Sexual desire can manifest itself in more than one way; it is a "variety of different <a href="/wiki/Behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviour">behaviours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a>, taken together".<sup id="cite_ref-Baumeisteretal2001_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumeisteretal2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Levine suggests that sexual desire has three components that link several theoretical perspectives together:<sup id="cite_ref-Levine2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Drive: The biological component. This includes <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrinology" title="Neuroendocrinology">neuroendocrinology</a>.</li> <li>Motivation: The psychological component. This includes personal mental states (mood), interpersonal states (e.g., mutual affection or disagreement), and social context (e.g., relationship status).</li> <li>Wish: The cultural component. This includes cultural ideals, values, and rules about sexual expression that are external to the individual.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sex_differences">Sex differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sex differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coolidge_effect" title="Coolidge effect">Coolidge effect</a></div> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_humans" title="Sex differences in humans">Sex differences in humans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Human.svg/120px-Human.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Human.svg/250px-Human.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px #fafafa solid;"> Biology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation_in_humans" title="Sexual differentiation in humans">Sexual differentiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disorders_of_sex_development" title="Disorders of sex development">disorders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_as_a_biological_variable" title="Sex as a biological variable">In research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_human_physiology" title="Sex differences in human physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism#Humans" title="Sexual dimorphism">Dimorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism_measures" title="Sexual dimorphism measures">Scientific measures</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_medicine" title="Sex differences in medicine">Medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_disparities_in_health" title="Gender disparities in health">health</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_autoimmunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences in autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_life_expectancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences in life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_and_gender" title="Mental disorders and gender">Mental disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences in depression">depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_schizophrenia" title="Sex differences in schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_substance_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences in substance abuse">substance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_stroke_care" title="Sex differences in stroke care">Stroke care</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sex_differences" title="Neuroscience of sex differences">Neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">psychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_cognition" title="Sex differences in cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_coping" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences in coping">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">Emotional expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender differences in aggression">Aggression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_emotional_intelligence" title="Sex differences in emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_empathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences in empathy">Empathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_empathy_gap" title="Gender empathy gap">Gender empathy gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_intelligence" title="Sex differences in intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_memory" title="Sex differences in memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_narcissism" title="Sex differences in narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosexism" title="Neurosexism">Neurosexism</a></li> <li>Sexuality <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">age disparity in relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_sexual_attraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender differences in sexual attraction">attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_sexual_desire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences in sexual desire">desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_sexual_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender differences in sexual fantasy">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">jealousy</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px #fafafa solid;"> Sociology and society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime" title="Sex differences in crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_education" title="Sex differences in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex differences in education in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_expendability" title="Male expendability">Greater male expendability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variability_hypothesis" title="Variability hypothesis">Greater male variability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences in leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_religion" title="Gender and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_social_capital" title="Sex differences in social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_social_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender differences in social support">Social support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender paradox">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-equality_paradox" title="Gender-equality paradox">Gender-equality paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_survival_paradox" title="Health survival paradox">Health survival paradox</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_differences" title="Template:Sex differences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_differences" title="Template talk:Sex differences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_differences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex differences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In early life, usually before <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, males are quite <a href="/wiki/Erotic_plasticity" title="Erotic plasticity">flexible</a> regarding their preferred sexual incentive,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baumeister2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumeister2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they later become inflexible. Females, on the other hand, remain flexible throughout their life cycle. This change in sexuality due to variations in situational, cultural, and social factors is called <a href="/wiki/Erotic_plasticity" title="Erotic plasticity">erotic plasticity</a>. Beyond this, very little is known about sexual desire and sexual arousal in <a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">prepubescent</a> children, or whether any feelings they may have are comparable to what they will experience as an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolman&Diamond2001_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolman&Diamond2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boys typically experience and commence sexual interest and activity before girls do.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumeisteretal2001_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumeisteretal2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men, on average, also have higher sex drives and desire for sexual activity than women do; this is correlated with the finding that men report more lifetime sexual partners,<sup id="cite_ref-Ostovich&Sabini2004_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostovich&Sabini2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although mathematicians say it is logically impossible for heterosexual men to have more partners on average than heterosexual women.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sex drive is also related to <a href="/wiki/Sociosexuality" title="Sociosexuality">sociosexuality</a> scores: The higher the sex drive, the less restricted the sociosexual orientation (i.e., the willingness to have sex outside of a committed relationship).<sup id="cite_ref-Baumeister2004_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumeister2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is especially the case for women. </p><p>Lippa used data from a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> internet survey to examine cross-cultural patterns in sex differences for three traits: sex drive, sociosexuality, and height. These traits all showed consistent sex differences across nations, although women were found to be more variable than men in their sex drive.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippa2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippa2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, male sexual desire is stronger and more frequent than women's, and lasts longer into the life cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Regan&Atkins2006_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan&Atkins2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though women do not experience sexual desire as often as men, when they do, the intensity of the experience is equal to that of men.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolman&Diamond2001_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolman&Diamond2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Societal perceptions of men and women—in addition to perceptions about acceptable sexual behaviour (e.g., men are expected to be more sexual and sometimes insatiable, while women are expected to be more reserved)—may contribute to expressed levels of sexual desire and satisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Regan&Atkins2006_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan&Atkins2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DeLamater and Sill found that affect and feelings concerning the importance of sexual activity can affect levels of desire. In their study, women who said that sexual activity was important to the quality of their lives and relationships demonstrated low desire, while women who placed less emphasis on sexual activity in their lives demonstrated high desire. Men presented similar results.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater&Sill2005_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater&Sill2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings were corroborated by Conaglen and Evans, who assessed whether levels of sexual desire influenced emotional responses and cognitive processing of sexual pictorial stimuli. They found that women with lower sexual desire responded to sexual stimuli more quickly in the picture recognition task, but rated the sexual images as less arousing and less pleasant than women with higher sexual desire.<sup id="cite_ref-Conaglen&Evans2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conaglen&Evans2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When presented with explicit sexual imagery and stimuli, women can become physically aroused without experiencing psychological desire or arousal.<sup id="cite_ref-Basson2002_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basson2002-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one study, 97% of women reported having had <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> without experiencing sexual desire, while only 60% of men reported the same thing.<sup id="cite_ref-Becketal1991_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becketal1991-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, women may form a more significant association between sexual desire and attachment than men.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond2003_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond2003-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women may be more prone to fluctuations in desire due to the many phases and biological changes the female body experiences, such as <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine2003_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though these changes are occasionally unnoticeable, women seem to have increased levels of sexual desire during <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> and decreased levels during menstruation.<sup id="cite_ref-Giles2008_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giles2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An abrupt decline in <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgen</a> production can cause cessation of sexual thoughts and failure to respond to sexual cues and triggers that would previously have elicited desire.<sup id="cite_ref-Basson2000_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basson2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is seen especially in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/sex-drive-and-menopause">postmenopausal women</a> who have low levels of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>. Doses of testosterone administered <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermally</a> have been found to improve sexual desire and sexual functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumeisteretal2001_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumeisteretal2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Older individuals are less likely to describe themselves as being at the extremes of the sexual desire spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> By the time individuals reach <a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old age</a>, there is a natural decline in sexual desire, sexual capacity, and the frequency of sexual behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-Regan&Atkins2006_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan&Atkins2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DeLamater and Sill found that the majority of men and women do not officially report themselves as having low levels of sexual desire until they are 76 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater&Sill2005_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater&Sill2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many attribute this decline to partner familiarity, alienation, or preoccupation with nonsexual matters such as social, relational, and health concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine2003_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measuring_and_assessing">Measuring and assessing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Measuring and assessing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defining sexual desire is a challenge because it can be conceptualized in many ways. Researchers consider the definition used in the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV-TR</a> (DSM-IV-TR), as well as what men and women understand their own desire to be.<sup id="cite_ref-Brotto2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brotto2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of agreed-upon parameters for normal versus abnormal levels of sexual desire<sup id="cite_ref-Becketal1991_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becketal1991-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creates challenges in the measurement of desire and the diagnosis of sexual desire disorders. </p><p>Many researchers seek to assess sexual desire by examining <a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">self-reported data</a> and observing the frequency of participants' sexual behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-Spectoretal1996_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectoretal1996-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method can pose a problem because it emphasizes only the behavioural aspects of sexual desire and does not account for cognitive or biological influences that motivate people to seek out and become receptive to sexual opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-Spectoretal1996_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectoretal1996-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several scales have been developed to measure the factors influencing the development and expression of sexual desire. One is the Sexual Desire Inventory (SDI), a self-administered <a href="/wiki/Questionnaire" title="Questionnaire">questionnaire</a> that defines sexual desire as "interest in or wish for sexual activity".<sup id="cite_ref-Spectoretal1996_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectoretal1996-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SDI measures thoughts and experiences. Fourteen questions assess the strength, frequency, and importance of an individual's desire for sexual activity with others and by themselves. The scale proposes that desire can be split into two categories: dyadic and solitary desire. Dyadic desire refers to an "interest in or a wish to engage in sexual activity with another person and desire for sharing and intimacy with another", while solitary desire refers to "an interest in engaging in sexual behaviour by oneself, and may involve a wish to refrain from intimacy and sharing with others".<sup id="cite_ref-Spectoretal1996_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectoretal1996-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sexual Interest and Desire Inventory-Female (SIDI-F) was the first validated instrument developed to specifically assess the severity of <a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a> and responses to treatment for the disorder in females.<sup id="cite_ref-Sillsetal2005_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sillsetal2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Claytonetal2006_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claytonetal2006-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SIDI-F consists of thirteen items that assess a woman's satisfaction with her relationship; her recent sexual experiences, both with her partner and alone; her enthusiasm for, desire for, and receptivity to sexual behaviour; distress over her level of desire; and arousal. The scale has a maximum score of 51, with higher scores representing increased levels of sexual functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-Claytonetal2006_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claytonetal2006-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_affecting">Factors affecting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Factors affecting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levels of sexual desire may fluctuate over time due to internal and external factors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_relationship_influences">Social and relationship influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social and relationship influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire_and_intimate_relationships" title="Sexual desire and intimate relationships">Sexual desire and intimate relationships</a></div> <p>One's social situation can refer to the social circumstances of life, their present stage of life, or the state of their romantic relationship. It may also refer to their non-relationship status. Whether people think that their experience of desire or lack of experience is problematic depends on social circumstances such as the presence or absence of a partner.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater&Sill2005_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater&Sill2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levine2003_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As social beings, many people seek lifetime partners and wish to experience that connection and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire_and_intimate_relationships" title="Sexual desire and intimate relationships">intimacy</a>. People often consider sexual desire essential to romantic attraction and relationship development.<sup id="cite_ref-Regan&Atkins2006_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan&Atkins2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experience of desire can ebb and flow with time, increasing familiarity with one's partner, and changes in relationship dynamics and priorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disorders">Disorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two sexual desire disorders are listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV-TR (<a href="/wiki/DSM-5-TR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-5-TR">DSM-5-TR</a>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a> (HSDD) is defined as persistently or recurrently deficient (or absent) <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">sexual fantasies</a> and desire for sexual activity which causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-IV_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-IV-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition has been criticized for placing too much emphasis on sexual fantasies, which are usually used to supplement arousal.<sup id="cite_ref-Brotto2010_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brotto2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, a group of sexuality researchers and clinicians have proposed the addition of sexual desire/interest disorder (SDID) to the DSM in hopes that it may more accurately encompass concerns experienced by women in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-Brottoetal2010_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brottoetal2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SDID is defined as low sexual desire, absent sexual fantasies, and a lack of responsive desire.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassonetal2003_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassonetal2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Aversion_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual Aversion Disorder">Sexual aversion disorder</a> (SAD) is defined as persistent or recurrent, extreme aversion to and avoidance of all or almost all genital sexual contact with a sexual partner.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-IV_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-IV-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SAD is considered more severe than HSDD. Some have questioned its placement within the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a> category of the DSM and have called for it to be moved to the <a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">specific phobia</a> grouping as an <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brotto2009_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brotto2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Both HSDD and SAD have been found to be more prevalent in females than males; this is especially the case with SAD.<sup id="cite_ref-Montgomery2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montgomery2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hypersexual_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersexual disorder">Hypersexual disorder</a> is associated with <a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">sexual addiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">sexual compulsivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine2003_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DSM-IV_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-IV-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a proposed revision to the DSM, which would include it in future publications, hypersexual disorder is defined as recurrent and intense sexual fantasies, sexual urges, and sexual behavior where the individual is consumed with excessive sexual desire and repeatedly engages in sexual behaviour in response to dysphoric mood states and stressful life events.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM-5_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A serious or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic illness</a> can have an enormous effect on sexual desire.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine2003_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An individual in poor health may be able to experience desire but not have the motivation or strength to have sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine2003_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronic disorders like <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">enlarged prostate</a> (in men), <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a> can negatively affect sexual desire, sexual functioning, and sexual response.<sup id="cite_ref-Regan&Atkins2006_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan&Atkins2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater&Sill2005_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater&Sill2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been conflicting findings on the effect of diabetes on sexual desire, especially in men. Some studies have found that diabetic men show lower levels of desire than healthy, age-matched counterparts,<sup id="cite_ref-Schiavietal1993_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiavietal1993-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have found no difference.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater&Sill2005_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater&Sill2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain medications can cause changes in the level of sexual desire through nonspecific effects on well-being, energy, and <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater&Sill2005_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater&Sill2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Declining sexual desire has been linked to the use of <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">anti-hypertension medication</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_medication" title="Psychiatric medication">psychiatric medications</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">tricyclic antidepressants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">monoamine-oxidase inhibitors</a> (MAOIs), and <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater&Sill2005_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater&Sill2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psychiatric medications that most severely decrease sexual desire are <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SSRIs).<sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater&Sill2005_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater&Sill2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher dosages of these medications are also correlated with a lowering of sexual desire.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater2012_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater2012-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In women, <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulants</a>, cardiovascular medications, <a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">statins</a>, and anti-hypertension drugs contribute to low levels of desire. However, in men, only anticoagulants and anti-hypertension medications have been found to be related.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater&Sill2005_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater&Sill2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">Oral contraceptives</a> can also lower sexual desire in as many as one in four women who use them.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuels2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuels2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are known to increase levels of <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG) in the body, and high SHBG levels are in turn associated with a decline in desire.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuels2010_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuels2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">amphetamines</a> increase sexual desire as a result of their effect on <a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience" title="Motivational salience">motivational salience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toates2009_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toates2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormones">Hormones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hormones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sexual desire is said to be influenced by <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a> in men and by both androgens and <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a> in women.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLamater&Sill2005_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLamater&Sill2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many studies associate the sex hormone <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> with sexual desire.<sup id="cite_ref-Regan&Atkins2006_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan&Atkins2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another hormone thought to influence sexual desire is <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a>. Exogenous administration of moderate amounts of oxytocin has been found to stimulate females to desire and seek out sexual activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolman&Diamond2001_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolman&Diamond2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In women, oxytocin levels are at their highest during sexual activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interventions">Interventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical interventions are available for individuals who feel sexually bored, experience performance anxiety, or are unable to orgasm. </p><p>For everyday life, a 2013 fact sheet from the Association for Reproductive Health Professionals recommends erotic literature and recalling instances when one felt sexy and sexual.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_religious_views">Social and religious views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Social and religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a></div> <p>Views on sexual desire and how it should be expressed vary significantly among societies and religions. Ideologies range from <a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">sexual repression</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a>. </p><p>Laws concerning specific forms of sexual activity, such as <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual acts">homosexual acts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_outside_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex outside marriage">sex outside marriage</a>, vary by geography. In some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-travel.state.gov_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travel.state.gov-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-travel.state.gov_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travel.state.gov-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> any form of sexual activity outside marriage is illegal. </p><p>Some societies have a <a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">double standard</a> regarding male and female expressions of desire.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> is practiced in some regions in an attempt to prevent women from acting on their sexual desires.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/48px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/64px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_desire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMobbs2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mobbs, Anthony (2020-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/collections/An_Atlas_of_Personality_Emotion_and_Behaviour/4792323">"An Atlas of Personality, Emotion and Behaviour"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>15</b> (1): e0227877. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6084%2Fm9.figshare.c.4792323.v1">10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4792323.v1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Female+genital+mutilation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs241%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASexual+desire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_shyness" class="mw-redirect" title="Love shyness">Love shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy_syndrome" title="Celibacy syndrome">Celibacy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_men" title="Herbivore men">Herbivore men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committed_relationship" title="Committed relationship">Committed relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_benefits_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends with benefits relationships">Friends with benefits relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-night_stand" title="One-night stand">One-night stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_promiscuity" title="Female promiscuity">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romantic love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_life" title="Sex life">Sex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">Sexual partner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_person" title="Single person">Single person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Sexual dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_frustration" title="Sexual frustration">Sexual frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociosexuality" title="Sociosexuality">Sociosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movement" title="Abortion-rights movement">Abortion-rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality" title="Adolescent sexuality">Adolescent sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogging_(sexual_slang)" title="Dogging (sexual slang)">Dogging (sexual slang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porn_for_women" title="Porn for women">Porn for women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sex" title="Public sex">Public sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_Addicts_Anonymous" title="Sex Addicts Anonymous">Sex Addicts Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker_movements" title="Sex worker movements">Sex worker movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual and reproductive health and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Sexual jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Sexual norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_erotica" title="Women's erotica">Women's erotica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outline_of_human_sexuality686" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outline_of_human_sexuality686" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">Erogenous zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_gap" title="Orgasm gap">Orgasm gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexercise" title="Sexercise">Sexercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">Doll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and<br />sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and sexuality">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_sexual_orientation" title="Christianity and sexual orientation">Christianity and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Hindu monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBTQ-affirming religious groups">LGBTQ-affirming religions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Sacred prostitution in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/17px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/26px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/34px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_psychology1033" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Template:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Template talk:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychology1033" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="History of evolutionary psychology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_foundations_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology">Theoretical foundations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">Adaptationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">Cognitive revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Criticism of evolutionary psychology">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Evolutionary<br />processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_adaptation" title="Psychological adaptation">Adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_spite" title="Hamiltonian spite">Hamiltonian spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism_in_humans" title="Reciprocal altruism in humans">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">By-products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness_in_humans" title="Inclusive fitness in humans">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costly_signaling_theory_in_evolutionary_psychology" title="Costly signaling theory in evolutionary psychology">Costly signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_intrasexual_competition" title="Male intrasexual competition">Male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Female_intrasexual_competition" title="Female intrasexual competition">female intrasexual competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_module" title="Cognitive module">Cognitive module</a>/<a href="/wiki/Modularity_of_mind" title="Modularity of mind">modularity of mind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_and_controlled_processes" title="Automatic and controlled processes">Automatic and controlled processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computational theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-general_learning" title="Domain-general learning">Domain generality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_specificity" title="Domain specificity">Domain specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_process_theory" title="Dual process theory">Dual process theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_tradeoff_hypothesis" title="Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis">Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">Evolution of the brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">Evolution of nervous systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">Fight-or-flight response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophobia" title="Arachnophobia">Arachnophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_falling" title="Fear of falling">Basophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophidiophobia" title="Ophidiophobia">Ophidiophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_biology" title="Folk biology">Folk biology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Folk_taxonomy" title="Folk taxonomy">taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_psychology" title="Folk psychology">Folk psychology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flynn_effect" title="Flynn effect">Flynn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wason_selection_task" title="Wason selection task">Wason selection task</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a>/<a href="/wiki/Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">skill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep" title="Neuroscience of sleep">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_physics" title="Naïve physics">Naïve physics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_and_culture" title="Evolutionary psychology and culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Aesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Musicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_language" title="Evolutionary psychology of language">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory" title="Moral foundations theory">Moral foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Universals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affectional_bond" title="Affectional bond">Affectional</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">maternal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deprivation" title="Maternal deprivation">Caregiver deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">Childhood attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_educational_psychology" title="Evolutionary educational psychology">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_development" title="Personality development">Personality development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Mental health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_approaches_to_depression" title="Evolutionary approaches to depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accident-proneness" title="Accident-proneness">Hypophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprinted_brain_hypothesis" title="Imprinted brain hypothesis">Imprinted brain hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind-blindness" title="Mind-blindness">Mind-blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_theory_of_depression" title="Rank theory of depression">Rank theory of depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_schizophrenia" title="Evolution of schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_effects_of_cars" title="Societal effects of cars">Societal effects of cars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93crime_hypothesis" title="Lead–crime hypothesis">Lead–crime hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Adult attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_ovulation" title="Concealed ovulation">Concealed ovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_effect" title="Coolidge effect">Coolidge effect</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">Hormonal motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_guarding_in_humans" title="Mate guarding in humans">Mate guarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_preferences" title="Mating preferences">Mating preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulatory_shift_hypothesis" title="Ovulatory shift hypothesis">Ovulatory shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">Pair bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">Sexy son hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westermarck_effect" title="Westermarck effect">Westermarck effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">Sex differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_cognition" title="Sex differences in cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime" title="Sex differences in crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour" title="Sexual division of labour">Division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_emotional_intelligence" title="Sex differences in emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathising%E2%80%93systemising_theory" title="Empathising–systemising theory">Empathising–systemising theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_intelligence" title="Sex differences in intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_memory" title="Sex differences in memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_and_gender" title="Mental disorders and gender">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_narcissism" title="Sex differences in narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sex_differences" title="Neuroscience of sex differences">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_schizophrenia" title="Sex differences in schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variability_hypothesis" title="Variability hypothesis">Variability hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolinguistics" title="Biolinguistics">Biolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">Functional psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_communication" title="Human–animal communication">Human–animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_cognition" title="Primate cognition">Primate cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Acquired_characteristic" title="Acquired characteristic">acquired characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_selection_theory" title="Cultural selection theory">Cultural selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Indeterminism" title="Indeterminism">indeterminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">Environmental determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_nativism" title="Psychological nativism">Psychological nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinism" title="Social determinism">Social determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_social_science_model" title="Standard social science model">Standard social science model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilineal_evolution" title="Multilineal evolution">Multilineal evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoevolutionism" 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