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Supercritical water.</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Supercritical water."> <meta name="keywords" content="Supercritical water."> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Supercritical water."> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 2420</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Supercritical water.</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2420</span> Hydrogen Rich Fuel Gas Production from 2- Propanol Using Pt/Al2O3 and Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts in Supercritical Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ya%C4%9Fmur%20Karaku%C5%9F">Ya臒mur Karaku艧</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fatih%20Aynac%C4%B1"> Fatih Aynac谋</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ekin%20K%C4%B1p%C3%A7ak"> Ekin K谋p莽ak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mesut%20Akg%C3%BCn"> Mesut Akg眉n</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hydrogen is an important chemical in many industries and it is expected to become one of the major fuels for energy generation in the future. Unfortunately, hydrogen does not exist in its elemental form in nature and therefore has to be produced from hydrocarbons, hydrogen-containing compounds or water. Above its critical point (374.8oC and 22.1MPa), water has lower density and viscosity, and a higher heat capacity than those of ambient water. Mass transfer in supercritical water (SCW) is enhanced due to its increased diffusivity and transport ability. The reduced dielectric constant makes supercritical water a better solvent for organic compounds and gases. Hence, due to the aforementioned desirable properties, there is a growing interest toward studies regarding the gasification of organic matter containing biomass or model biomass solutions in supercritical water. In this study, hydrogen and biofuel production by the catalytic gasification of 2-Propanol in supercritical conditions of water was investigated. Pt/Al2O3and Ni/Al2O3were the catalysts used in the gasification reactions. All of the experiments were performed under a constant pressure of 25MPa. The effects of five reaction temperatures (400, 450, 500, 550 and 600掳C) and five reaction times (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 s) on the gasification yield and flammable component content were investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=2-Propanol" title="2-Propanol">2-Propanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gasification" title=" Gasification"> Gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ni%2FAl2O3" title=" Ni/Al2O3"> Ni/Al2O3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pt%2FAl2O3" title=" Pt/Al2O3"> Pt/Al2O3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supercritical%20water." title=" Supercritical water."> Supercritical water.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2019/hydrogen-rich-fuel-gas-production-from-2-propanol-using-ptal2o3-and-nial2o3-catalysts-in-supercritical-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2019/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2019/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2019/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2019/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2019/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2019/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2019/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2019/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2019/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2019/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2019.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2052</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2419</span> Hydrogen and Biofuel Production from 2-Propanol Over Ru/Al2O3 Catalyst in Supercritical Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ekin%20K%C4%B1p%C3%A7ak">Ekin K谋p莽ak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ya%C4%9Fmur%20Karaku%C5%9F"> Ya臒mur Karaku艧</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mesut%20Akg%C3%BCn"> Mesut Akg眉n</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p class="Abstract">Hydrogen is an important chemical in many industries and it is expected to become one of the major fuels for energy generation in the future. Unfortunately, hydrogen does not exist in its elemental form in nature and therefore has to be produced from hydrocarbons, hydrogen-containing compounds or water.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="Abstract" style="margin-top:0cm">Above its critical point (374.8<sup>o</sup>C and 22.1MPa), water has lower density and viscosity, and a higher heat capacity than those of ambient water. Mass transfer in supercritical water (SCW) is enhanced due to its increased diffusivity and transport ability. The reduced dielectric constant makes supercritical water a better solvent for organic compounds and gases. Hence, due to the aforementioned desirable properties, there is a growing interest toward studies regarding the gasification of organic matter containing biomass or model biomass solutions in supercritical water.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="Abstract" style="margin-top:0cm">In this study, hydrogen and biofuel production by the catalytic gasification of 2-Propanol in supercritical conditions of water was investigated. Ru/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>was the catalyst used in the gasification reactions. All of the experiments were performed under a constant pressure of 25 MPa. The effects of five reaction temperatures (400, 450, 500, 550 and 600<sup>o</sup>C) and five reaction times (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 s) on the gasification yield and flammable component content were investigated.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=2-Propanol" title="2-Propanol">2-Propanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gasification" title=" Gasification"> Gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ru%2FAl2O3" title=" Ru/Al2O3"> Ru/Al2O3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supercritical%20water." title=" Supercritical water. "> Supercritical water. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16858/hydrogen-and-biofuel-production-from-2-propanol-over-rual2o3-catalyst-in-supercritical-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16858/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16858/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16858/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16858/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16858/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16858/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16858/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16858/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16858/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16858/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16858.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2418</span> The Gasification of Acetone via Partial Oxidation in Supercritical Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shyh-Ming%20Chern">Shyh-Ming Chern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kai-Ting%20Hsieh"> Kai-Ting Hsieh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Organic solvents find various applications in many industrial sectors and laboratories as dilution solvents, dispersion solvents, cleaners and even lubricants. Millions of tons of spent organic solvents (SOS) are generated each year worldwide, prompting the need for more efficient, cleaner and safer methods for the treatment and resource recovery of SOS. As a result, acetone, selected as a model compound for SOS, was gasified in supercritical water to assess the feasibility of resource recovery of SOS by means of supercritical water processes. Experiments were conducted with an autoclave reactor. Gaseous product is mainly consists of H<sub>2</sub>, CO, CO<sub>2 </sub>and CH<sub>4</sub>. The effects of three major operating parameters, the reaction temperature, from 673 to 773K, the dosage of oxidizing agent, from 0.3 to 0.5 stoichiometric oxygen, and the concentration of acetone in the feed, 0.1 and 0.2M, on the product gas composition, yield and heating value were evaluated with the water density fixed at about 0.188g/ml.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=gasification" title=" gasification"> gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=SCW" title=" SCW"> SCW</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supercritical%20water." title=" supercritical water."> supercritical water.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997974/the-gasification-of-acetone-via-partial-oxidation-in-supercritical-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997974/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997974/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997974/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997974/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997974/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997974/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997974/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997974/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997974/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997974/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997974.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2417</span> The Gasification of Fructose in Supercritical Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shyh-Ming%20Chern">Shyh-Ming Chern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=H.%20Y.%20Cheng"> H. Y. Cheng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Biomass is renewable and sustainable. As an energy source, it will not release extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Hence, tremendous efforts have been made to develop technologies capable of transforming biomass into suitable forms of bio-fuel. One of the viable technologies is gasifying biomass in supercritical water (SCW), a green medium for reactions. While previous studies overwhelmingly selected glucose as a model compound for biomass, the present study adopted fructose for the sake of comparison. The gasification of fructose in SCW was investigated experimentally to evaluate the applicability of supercritical water processes to biomass gasification. Experiments were conducted with an autoclave reactor. Gaseous product mainly consists of H<sub>2</sub>, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>. The effect of two major operating parameters, the reaction temperature (673-873 K) and the dosage of oxidizing agent (0-0.5 stoichiometric oxygen), on the product gas composition, yield and heating value was also examined, with the reaction pressure fixed at 25 MPa.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fructose" title=" Fructose"> Fructose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gasification" title=" Gasification"> Gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supercritical%20water." title=" Supercritical water."> Supercritical water.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998999/the-gasification-of-fructose-in-supercritical-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998999/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998999/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998999/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998999/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998999/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998999/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998999/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998999/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998999/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998999/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998999.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2035</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2416</span> Pinch Analysis of Triple Pressure Reheat Supercritical Combined Cycle Power Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sui%20Yan%20Wong">Sui Yan Wong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Keat%20Ping%20Yeoh"> Keat Ping Yeoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chi%20Wai%20Hui"> Chi Wai Hui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this study, supercritical steam is introduced to Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) in an attempt to further optimize energy recovery. Subcritical steam is commonly used in the CCPP, operating at maximum pressures around 150-160 bar. Supercritical steam is an alternative to increase heat recovery during vaporization period of water. The idea of improvement using supercritical steam is further examined with the use of exergy, pinch analysis and Aspen Plus simulation.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Exergy" title="Exergy">Exergy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=pinch" title=" pinch"> pinch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=combined%20cycle%20power%20plant" title=" combined cycle power plant"> combined cycle power plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CCPP" title=" CCPP"> CCPP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supercritical%20steam." title=" supercritical steam."> supercritical steam.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011981/pinch-analysis-of-triple-pressure-reheat-supercritical-combined-cycle-power-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011981/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011981/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011981/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011981/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011981/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011981/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011981/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011981/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011981/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011981/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011981.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">533</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2415</span> Tuning Cubic Equations of State for Supercritical Water Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shyh-Ming%20Chern">Shyh-Ming Chern</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p class="Abstract" style="text-indent:10.2pt">Cubic equations of state (EoS), popular due to their simple mathematical form, ease of use, semi-theoretical nature and reasonable accuracy, are normally fitted to vapor-liquid equilibrium <i>P</i>-<i>v</i>-<i>T</i> data. As a result, they often show poor accuracy in the region near and above the critical point. In this study, the performance of the renowned Peng-Robinson (PR) and Patel-Teja (PT) EoS’s around the critical area has been examined against the<i> P</i>-<i>v</i>-<i>T</i> data of water. Both of them display large deviations at critical point. For instance, PR-EoS exhibits discrepancies as high as 47% for the specific volume, 28% for the enthalpy departure and 43% for the entropy departure at critical point. It is shown that incorporating <i>P</i>-<i>v</i>-<i>T</i> data of the supercritical region into the retuning of a cubic EoS can improve its performance at and above the critical point dramatically. Adopting a retuned acentric factor of 0.5491 instead of its genuine value of 0.344 for water in PR-EoS and a new <i>F</i> of 0.8854 instead of its original value of 0.6898 for water in PT-EoS reduces the discrepancies to about one third or less.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Equation%20of%20state" title="Equation of state">Equation of state</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=EoS" title=" EoS"> EoS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supercritical%20water" title=" supercritical water"> supercritical water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=SCW." title=" SCW."> SCW.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996719/tuning-cubic-equations-of-state-for-supercritical-water-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996719/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996719/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996719/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996719/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996719/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996719/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996719/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996719/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996719/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996719/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996719.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2025</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2414</span> Evaluation of Non-Staggered Body-Fitted Grid Based Solution Method in Application to Supercritical Fluid Flows</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Suresh%20Sahu">Suresh Sahu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abhijeet%20M.%20Vaidya"> Abhijeet M. Vaidya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Naresh%20K.%20Maheshwari"> Naresh K. Maheshwari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The efforts to understand the heat transfer behavior of supercritical water in supercritical water cooled reactor (SCWR) are ongoing worldwide to fulfill the future energy demand. The higher thermal efficiency of these reactors compared to a conventional nuclear reactor is one of the driving forces for attracting the attention of nuclear scientists. In this work, a solution procedure has been described for solving supercritical fluid flow problems in complex geometries. The solution procedure is based on non-staggered grid. All governing equations are discretized by finite volume method (FVM) in curvilinear coordinate system. Convective terms are discretized by first-order upwind scheme and central difference approximation has been used to discretize the diffusive parts. <em>k</em>-ε turbulence model with standard wall function has been employed. SIMPLE solution procedure has been implemented for the curvilinear coordinate system. Based on this solution method, 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code has been developed. In order to demonstrate the capability of this CFD code in supercritical fluid flows, heat transfer to supercritical water in circular tubes has been considered as a test problem. Results obtained by code have been compared with experimental results reported in literature.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Curvilinear%20coordinate" title="Curvilinear coordinate">Curvilinear coordinate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=body-fitted%20mesh" title=" body-fitted mesh"> body-fitted mesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=momentum%20interpolation" title=" momentum interpolation"> momentum interpolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=non-staggered%20grid" title=" non-staggered grid"> non-staggered grid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supercritical%20fluids." title=" supercritical fluids."> supercritical fluids.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010239/evaluation-of-non-staggered-body-fitted-grid-based-solution-method-in-application-to-supercritical-fluid-flows" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010239/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010239/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010239/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010239/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010239/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010239/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010239/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010239/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010239/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010239/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010239.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">671</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2413</span> The Thermochemical Conversion of Lactic Acid in Subcritical and Supercritical Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shyh-Ming%20Chern">Shyh-Ming Chern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hung-Chi%20Tu"> Hung-Chi Tu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>One way to utilize biomass is to thermochemically convert it into gases and chemicals. For conversion of biomass, glucose is a particularly popular model compound for cellulose, or more generally for biomass. The present study takes a different approach by employing lactic acid as the model compound for cellulose. Since lactic acid and glucose have identical elemental composition, they are expected to produce similar results as they go through the conversion process. In the current study, lactic acid was thermochemically converted to assess its reactivity and reaction mechanism in subcritical and supercritical water, by using a 16-ml autoclave reactor. The major operating parameters investigated include: The reaction temperature, from 673 to 873 K, the reaction pressure, 10 and 25 MPa, the dosage of oxidizing agent, 0 and 0.5 chemical oxygen demand, and the concentration of lactic acid in the feed, 0.5 and 1.0 M. Gaseous products from the conversion were generally found to be comparable to those derived from the conversion of glucose.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lactic%20acid" title="Lactic acid">Lactic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=subcritical%20water" title=" subcritical water"> subcritical water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supercritical%20water" title=" supercritical water"> supercritical water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=thermochemical%20conversion." title=" thermochemical conversion. "> thermochemical conversion. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006831/the-thermochemical-conversion-of-lactic-acid-in-subcritical-and-supercritical-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006831/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006831/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006831/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006831/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006831/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006831/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006831/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006831/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006831/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006831/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006831.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1088</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2412</span> Contribution to Experiments of a Free Surface Supercritical Flow over an Uneven Bottom</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Bougamouza">M. Bougamouza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Bouhadef"> M. Bouhadef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.%20Zitoun"> T. Zitoun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study is to examine, through experimentation in the laboratory, the supercritical flow in the presence of an obstacle in a rectangular channel. The supercritical regime in the whole hydraulic channel is achieved by adding a convergent. We will observe the influence of the obstacle shape and dimension on the characteristics of the supercritical flow, mainly the free-surface elevation and the velocity profile. The velocity measurements have been conducted with the one dimension laser anemometry technique. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Experiments" title="Experiments">Experiments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=free-surface%20flow" title=" free-surface flow"> free-surface flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hydraulic%20channel" title=" hydraulic channel"> hydraulic channel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=uneven%20bottom" title=" uneven bottom"> uneven bottom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=laser%20anemometry" title=" laser anemometry"> laser anemometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supercritical%20regime." title=" supercritical regime."> supercritical regime.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003255/contribution-to-experiments-of-a-free-surface-supercritical-flow-over-an-uneven-bottom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003255/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003255/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003255/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003255/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003255/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003255/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003255/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003255/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003255/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003255/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1538</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2411</span> Simultaneous Treatment and Catalytic Gasification of Olive Mill Wastewater under Supercritical Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ekin%20K%C4%B1p%C3%A7ak">Ekin K谋p莽ak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sinan%20Kutluay"> Sinan Kutluay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mesut%20Akg%C3%BCn"> Mesut Akg眉n</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, a growing interest has emerged on the development of new and efficient energy sources, due to the inevitable extinction of the nonrenewable energy reserves. One of these alternative sources which has a great potential and sustainability to meet up the energy demand is biomass energy. This significant energy source can be utilized with various energy conversion technologies, one of which is biomass gasification in supercritical water. Water, being the most important solvent in nature, has very important characteristics as a reaction solvent under supercritical circumstances. At temperatures above its critical point (374.8oC and 22.1 MPa), water becomes more acidic and its diffusivity increases. Working with water at high temperatures increases the thermal reaction rate, which in consequence leads to a better dissolving of the organic matters and a fast reaction with oxygen. Hence, supercritical water offers a control mechanism depending on solubility, excellent transport properties based on its high diffusion ability and new reaction possibilities for hydrolysis or oxidation. In this study the gasification of a real biomass, namely olive mill wastewater (OMW), in supercritical water is investigated with the use of Pt/Al2O3 and Ni/Al2O3 catalysts. OMW is a by-product obtained during olive oil production, which has a complex nature characterized by a high content of organic compounds and polyphenols. These properties impose OMW a significant pollution potential, but at the same time, the high content of organics makes OMW a desirable biomass candidate for energy production. All of the catalytic gasification experiments were made with five different reaction temperatures (400, 450, 500, 550 and 600掳C), under a constant pressure of 25 MPa. For the experiments conducted with Ni/Al2O3 catalyst, the effect of five reaction times (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 s) was investigated. However, procuring that similar gasification efficiencies could be obtained at shorter times, the experiments were made by using different reaction times (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 s) for the case of Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. Through these experiments, the effects of temperature, time and catalyst type on the gasification yields and treatment efficiencies were investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Catalyst" title="Catalyst">Catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gasification" title=" Gasification"> Gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Olive%20mill%20wastewater" title=" Olive mill wastewater"> Olive mill wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supercritical%20water." title=" Supercritical water."> Supercritical water.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4558/simultaneous-treatment-and-catalytic-gasification-of-olive-mill-wastewater-under-supercritical-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4558/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4558/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4558/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4558/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4558/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4558/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4558/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4558/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4558/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4558/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4558.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1747</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2410</span> Catalytic Gasification of Olive Mill Wastewater as a Biomass Source under Supercritical Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ekin%20K%C4%B1p%C3%A7ak">Ekin K谋p莽ak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mesut%20Akg%C3%BCn"> Mesut Akg眉n</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p class="Abstract">Recently, a growing interest has emerged on the development of new and efficient energy sources, due to the inevitable extinction of the nonrenewable energy reserves. One of these alternative sources which have a great potential and sustainability to meet up the energy demand is biomass energy. This significant energy source can be utilized with various energy conversion technologies, one of which is biomass gasification in supercritical water. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="Abstract" style="margin-top:0cm">Water, being the most important solvent in nature, has very important characteristics as a reaction solvent under supercritical circumstances. At temperatures above its critical point (374.8<sup>o</sup>C and 22.1MPa), water becomes more acidic and its diffusivity increases. Working with water at high temperatures increases the thermal reaction rate, which in consequence leads to a better dissolving of the organic matters and a fast reaction with oxygen. Hence, supercritical water offers a control mechanism depending on solubility, excellent transport properties based on its high diffusion ability and new reaction possibilities for hydrolysis or oxidation. <o:p></o:p></p> <p class="Abstract" style="margin-top:0cm">In this study the gasification of a real biomass, namely olive mill wastewater (OMW), in supercritical water conditions is investigated with the use of Ru/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst. OMW is a by-product obtained during olive oil production, which has a complex nature characterized by a high content of organic compounds and polyphenols. These properties impose OMW a significant pollution potential, but at the same time, the high content of organics makes OMW a desirable biomass candidate for energy production.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="Abstract" style="margin-top:0cm">The catalytic gasification experiments were made with five different reaction temperatures (400, 450, 500, 550 and 600<span style="font-family: Symbol;">°</span>C) and five reaction times (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150s), under a constant pressure of 25MPa. Through these experiments, the effects of reaction temperature and time on the gasification yield, gaseous product composition and OMW treatment efficiency were investigated.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Catalyst" title="Catalyst">Catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gasification" title=" Gasification"> Gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Olive%20mill%20wastewater" title=" Olive mill wastewater"> Olive mill wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ru%2FAl2O3" title=" Ru/Al2O3"> Ru/Al2O3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supercritical%20water." title=" Supercritical water. "> Supercritical water. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16857/catalytic-gasification-of-olive-mill-wastewater-as-a-biomass-source-under-supercritical-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16857/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16857/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16857/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16857/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16857/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16857/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16857/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16857/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16857/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16857/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16857.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2409</span> Wine Grape Residues Gasification in Supercritical Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=D.%20Selvi%20G%C3%B6kkaya">D. Selvi G枚kkaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Y%C3%BCksel"> M. Y眉ksel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Sa%C4%9Flam"> M. Sa臒lam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.%20G%C3%BCng%C3%B6ren%20Madeno%C4%9Flu"> T. G眉ng枚ren Madeno臒lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20Cengiz"> N. Cengiz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.%20%C3%87okkuvvetli"> T. 脟okkuvvetli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=L.%20Ballice"> L. Ballice</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this study, production possibilities of hydrogen and/or methane via SCWG from black grape residues have been investigated. For this aim, grape residues which remain as a byproduct of the wine making process have been used. Since utilization from grape residues is limited due to the high moisture content, supercritical water gasification is the most convenient method. The effect of the gasification temperature and type of catalyst on supercritical water gasification have been investigated. Gasification experiments were performed in a batch autoclave at four different temperatures 300, 400, 500 and 600°C. K2CO3 and Trona (NaHCO3.Na2CO3·2H2O) were used as catalyst. Real biomass types of black grape residues have been successfully gasified and the product gas (hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and a small amount of ethane and ethylene) were identified by using gas chromatography. A TOC analyzer was used to determine total organic carbon (TOC) content of aqueous phase. The amounts of carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, furfurals and phenols present in the aqueous solutions were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. When the temperature increased from 300°C to 600°C, mol% of H2 in gas products increased. The presence of catalysts improves the hydrogen yield. Trona showed gasification activity to be similar to that of K2CO3. It may be concluded that the use of Trona instead of commercially produced catalysts, can be preferably used in the gasification of biomass in supercritical water.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hydrogen" title=" hydrogen"> hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=grape%20residues." title=" grape residues."> grape residues.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3881/wine-grape-residues-gasification-in-supercritical-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3881/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3881/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3881/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3881/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3881/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3881/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3881/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3881/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3881/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3881/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3881.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2465</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2408</span> Mass Transfer Modeling in a Packed Bed of Palm Kernels under Supercritical Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=I.%20Norhuda">I. Norhuda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20K.%20Mohd%20Omar"> A. K. Mohd Omar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Studies on gas solid mass transfer using Supercritical fluid CO2 (SC-CO2) in a packed bed of palm kernels was investigated at operating conditions of temperature 50 °C and 70 °C and pressures ranges from 27.6 MPa, 34.5 MPa, 41.4 MPa and 48.3 MPa. The development of mass transfer models requires knowledge of three properties: the diffusion coefficient of the solute, the viscosity and density of the Supercritical fluids (SCF). Matematical model with respect to the dimensionless number of Sherwood (Sh), Schmidt (Sc) and Reynolds (Re) was developed. It was found that the model developed was found to be in good agreement with the experimental data within the system studied.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mass%20Transfer" title="Mass Transfer">Mass Transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Palm%20Kernel" title=" Palm Kernel"> Palm Kernel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supercritical%20fluid." title=" Supercritical fluid."> Supercritical fluid.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12524/mass-transfer-modeling-in-a-packed-bed-of-palm-kernels-under-supercritical-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12524/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12524/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12524/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12524/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12524/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12524/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12524/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12524/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12524/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12524/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12524.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1815</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2407</span> Using Phase Equilibrium Theory to Calculate Solubility of 纬-Oryzanol in Supercritical CO2</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Boy%20Arief%20Fachri">Boy Arief Fachri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Even its content is rich in antioxidants &upsih;-oryzanol, rice bran is not used properly as functional food. This research aims to (1) extract &upsih;-oryzanol; (2) determine the solubility of &upsih;-oryzanol in supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> based on phase equilibrium theory; and (3) study the effect of process variables on solubility. Extraction experiments were carried out for rice bran (5 g) at various extraction pressures, temperatures and reaction times. The flowrate of supercritical fluid through the extraction vessel was 25 g/min. The extracts were collected and analysed with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The conclusion based on the experiments are as: (1) The highest experimental solubility was 0.303 mcg/mL RBO at T= 60°C, P= 90 atm, t= 30 min; (2) Solubility of &upsih;-oryzanol was influenced by pressure and temperature. As the pressure and temperature increase, the solubility increases; (3) The solubility data of supercritical extraction can be successfully determined using phase equilibrium theory. Meanwhile, tocopherol was found and slightly investigated in this work.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rice%20bran" title="Rice bran">Rice bran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=solubility" title=" solubility"> solubility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supercritical%20CO2" title=" supercritical CO2"> supercritical CO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=%CF%92-orizanol." title=" 蠏-orizanol."> 蠏-orizanol.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004367/using-phase-equilibrium-theory-to-calculate-solubility-of-gh-oryzanol-in-supercritical-co2" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004367/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004367/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004367/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004367/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004367/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004367/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004367/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004367/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004367/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004367/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004367.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2406</span> Prediction of the Solubility of Benzoic Acid in Supercritical CO2 Using the PC-SAFT EoS</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hamidreza%20Bagheri">Hamidreza Bagheri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Alireza%20Shariati"> Alireza Shariati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>There are many difficulties in the purification of raw components and products. However, researchers are seeking better ways for purification. One of the recent methods is extraction using supercritical fluids. In this study, the phase equilibria of benzoic acid -supercritical carbon dioxide system were investigated. Regarding the phase equilibria of this system, the modeling of solid-supercritical fluid behavior was performed using the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Association Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) and Peng-Robinson equations of state (PR EoS). For this purpose, five PC-SAFT EoS parameters for pure benzoic acid were obtained using its experimental vapor pressure. Benzoic acid has association sites and the behavior of the benzoic acid-supercritical fluid system was well predicted using both equations of state, while the binary interaction parameter values for PR EoS were negative. Genetic algorithm, which is one of the most accurate global optimization algorithms, was also used to optimize the pure benzoic acid parameters and the binary interaction parameters. The AAD% value for the PC-SAFT EoS, were 0.22 for the carbon dioxide-benzoic acid system.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supercritical%20fluids" title="Supercritical fluids">Supercritical fluids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Solubility" title=" Solubility"> Solubility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Solid" title=" Solid"> Solid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=PC-SAFT%20EoS" title=" PC-SAFT EoS"> PC-SAFT EoS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Genetic%20algorithm." title=" Genetic algorithm."> Genetic algorithm.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997261/prediction-of-the-solubility-of-benzoic-acid-in-supercritical-co2-using-the-pc-saft-eos" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997261/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997261/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997261/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997261/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997261/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997261/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997261/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997261/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997261/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997261/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997261.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2667</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2405</span> On the Free-Surface Generated by the Flow over an Obstacle in a Hydraulic Channel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Bouhadef">M. Bouhadef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=K.%20Bouzelha-Hammoum"> K. Bouzelha-Hammoum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.%20Guendouzen-Dabouz"> T. Guendouzen-Dabouz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Younsi"> A. Younsi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.%20Zitoun"> T. Zitoun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The aim of this paper is to report the different experimental studies, conducted in the laboratory, dealing with the flow in the presence of an obstacle lying in a rectangular hydraulic channel. Both subcritical and supercritical regimes are considered. Generally, when considering the theoretical problem of the free-surface flow, in a fluid domain of finite depth, due to the presence of an obstacle, we suppose that the water is an inviscid fluid, which means that there is no sheared velocity profile, but constant upstream. In a hydraulic channel, it is impossible to satisfy this condition. Indeed, water is a viscous fluid and its velocity is null at the bottom. The two configurations are presented, i.e. a flow over an obstacle and a towed obstacle in a resting fluid.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Experiments" title="Experiments">Experiments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=free-surface%20flow" title=" free-surface flow"> free-surface flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hydraulic%20channel" title=" hydraulic channel"> hydraulic channel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=subcritical%20regime" title=" subcritical regime"> subcritical regime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supercritical%20flow." title=" supercritical flow."> supercritical flow.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007750/on-the-free-surface-generated-by-the-flow-over-an-obstacle-in-a-hydraulic-channel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007750/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007750/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007750/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007750/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007750/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007750/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007750/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007750/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007750/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007750/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007750.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1024</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2404</span> Effects of Pressure and Temperature on the Extraction of Benzyl Isothiocyanate by Supercritical Fluids from Tropaeolum majus L. Leaves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Espinoza%20S.%20Clara">Espinoza S. Clara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gamarra%20Q.%20Flor"> Gamarra Q. Flor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Marianela%20F.%20Ramos%20Quispe%20S.%20Miguel"> Marianela F. Ramos Quispe S. Miguel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Flores%20R.%20Omar"> Flores R. Omar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p><em>Tropaeolum majus</em> L. is a native plant to South and Central America, used since ancient times by our ancestors to combat different diseases. Glucotropaeolonin is one of its main components, which when hydrolyzed, forms benzyl isothiocyanate (BIT) that promotes cellular apoptosis (programmed cell death in cancer cells). Therefore, the present research aims to evaluate the effect of the pressure and temperature of BIT extraction by supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> from <em>Tropaeolum majus</em> L. The extraction was carried out in a supercritical fluid extractor equipment Speed SFE BASIC Brand: Poly science, the leaves of <em>Tropaeolum majus</em> L. were ground for one hour and lyophilized until obtaining a humidity of 6%. The extraction with supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> was carried out with pressures of 200 bar and 300 bar, temperatures of 50°C, 60°C and 70°C, obtained by the conjugation of these six treatments. BIT was identified by thin layer chromatography using 98% BIT as the standard, and as the mobile phase hexane: dichloromethane (4:2). Subsequently, BIT quantification was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest yield of oleoresin by supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction was obtained pressure 300 bar and temperature at 60°C; and the higher content of BIT at pressure 200 bar and 70°C for 30 minutes to obtain 113.615 ± 0.03 mg BIT/100 g dry matter was obtained.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tropaeolum%20majus%20L." title="Tropaeolum majus L.">Tropaeolum majus L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supercritical%20fluids" title=" supercritical fluids"> supercritical fluids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=benzyl%20isothiocyanate." title=" benzyl isothiocyanate."> benzyl isothiocyanate.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008921/effects-of-pressure-and-temperature-on-the-extraction-of-benzyl-isothiocyanate-by-supercritical-fluids-from-tropaeolum-majus-l-leaves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008921/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008921/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008921/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008921/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008921/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008921/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008921/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008921/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008921/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008921/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008921.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">879</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2403</span> Optimization of Soybean Oil by Modified Supercritical Carbon Dioxide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20R.%20Putra">N. R. Putra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20H.%20Abdul%20Aziz"> A. H. Abdul Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20S.%20Zaini"> A. S. Zaini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Z.%20Idham"> Z. Idham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=F.%20Idrus"> F. Idrus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Z.%20Bin%20Zullyadini"> M. Z. Bin Zullyadini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20A.%20Che%20Yunus"> M. A. Che Yunus</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The content of omega-3 in soybean oil is important in the development of infants and is an alternative for the omega-3 in fish oils. The investigation of extraction of soybean oil is needed to obtain the bioactive compound in the extract. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is modern and green technology to extract herbs and plants to obtain high quality extract due to high diffusivity and solubility of the solvent. The aim of this study was to obtain the optimum condition of soybean oil extraction by modified supercritical carbon dioxide. The soybean oil was extracted by using modified supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO<sub>2</sub>) under the temperatures of 40, 60, 80 °C, pressures of 150, 250, 350 Bar, and constant flow-rate of 10 g/min as the parameters of extraction processes. An experimental design was performed in order to optimize three important parameters of SC-CO<sub>2 </sub>extraction which are pressure (X<sub>1</sub>), temperature (X<sub>2</sub>) to achieve optimum yields of soybean oil. Box Behnken Design was applied for experimental design. From the optimization process, the optimum condition of extraction of soybean oil was obtained at pressure 338 Bar and temperature 80 °C with oil yield of 2.713 g. Effect of pressure is significant on the extraction of soybean oil by modified supercritical carbon dioxide. Increasing of pressure will increase the oil yield of soybean oil.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Soybean%20oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=SC-CO2%20extraction" title=" SC-CO2 extraction"> SC-CO2 extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=yield" title=" yield"> yield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=optimization." title=" optimization."> optimization.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009575/optimization-of-soybean-oil-by-modified-supercritical-carbon-dioxide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009575/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009575/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009575/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009575/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009575/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009575/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009575/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009575/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009575/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009575/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009575.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">945</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2402</span> Intensification of Ethyl Esters Synthesis Using a Packed-Bed Tubular Reactor at Supercritical Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Camila%20da%20Silva">Camila da Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Simone%20Belorte%20de%20Andrade"> Simone Belorte de Andrade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Vitor%20Augusto%20dos%20Santos%20Garcia"> Vitor Augusto dos Santos Garcia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Vladimir%20Ferreira%20Cabral"> Vladimir Ferreira Cabral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J.%20Vladimir%20Oliveira%20L%C3%BAcio%20Cardozo-Filho"> J. Vladimir Oliveira L煤cio Cardozo-Filho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In the present study, the non-catalytic transesterification of soybean oil in continuous mode using supercritical ethanol were investigated. Experiments were performed in a packed-bed tubular reactor (PBTR) and variable studied were reaction temperature (523 K to 598 K), pressure (10 MPa to 20 MPa), oil to ethanol molar ratio (1:10 to 1:40) and water concentration (0 wt% to 10 wt% in ethanol). Results showed that ethyl esters yields obtained in the PBTR were higher (> 20 wt%) than those verified in a tubular reactor (TR), due to improved mass transfer conditions attained in the PBTR. Results demonstrated that temperature, pressure, oil to ethanol molar ratio and water concentration had a positive effect on fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) production in the experimental range investigated, with appreciable reaction yields (90 wt%) achieved at 598 K, 20 MPa, oil to ethanol molar ratio of 1:40 and 10 wt% of water concentration.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Packed%20bed%20reactor" title="Packed bed reactor">Packed bed reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ethyl%20esters" title=" ethyl esters"> ethyl esters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=continuous%20process" title=" continuous process"> continuous process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=catalyst-free%20process." title=" catalyst-free process."> catalyst-free process.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005862/intensification-of-ethyl-esters-synthesis-using-a-packed-bed-tubular-reactor-at-supercritical-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005862/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005862/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005862/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005862/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005862/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005862/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005862/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005862/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005862/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005862/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005862.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1297</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2401</span> Mass Transfer of Palm Kernel Oil under Supercritical Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=I.%20Norhuda">I. Norhuda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20K.%20Mohd%20Omar"> A. K. Mohd Omar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The purpose of the study was to determine the amount of Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) extracted from a packed bed of palm kernels in a supercritical fluid extractor using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as an environmental friendly solvent. Further, the study sought to ascertain the values of the overall mass transfer coefficient (K) of PKO evaluation through a mass transfer model, at constant temperature of 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C and pressures range from 27.6 MPa, 34.5 MPa, 41.4 MPa and 48.3 MPa respectively. Finally, the study also seeks to demonstrate the application of the overall mass transfer coefficient values in relation to temperature and pressure. The overall mass transfer coefficient was found to be dependent pressure at each constant temperature of 50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C. The overall mass transfer coefficient for PKO in a packed bed of palm kernels was found to be in the range of 1.21X 10-4 m min-1 to 1.72 X 10-4 m min-1 for a constant temperature of 50 °C and in the range of 2.02 X 10-4 m min-1 to 2.43 X 10-4 m min-1 for a constant temperature of 60 °C. Similar increasing trend of the overall mass transfer coefficient from 1.77 X 10-4 m min-1 to 3.64 X 10-4 m min-1 was also observed at constant temperature of 70 °C within the same pressure range from 27.6 MPa to 48.3 MPa.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Overall%20Mass%20Transfer%20Coefficient%20%28D%29" title="Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient (D)">Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient (D)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supercritical%0D%0ACarbon%20Dioxide%20%28SC-CO2%29" title=" Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2)"> Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Palm%20Kernel%20Oil%20%28PKO%29." title=" Palm Kernel Oil (PKO)."> Palm Kernel Oil (PKO).</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10570/mass-transfer-of-palm-kernel-oil-under-supercritical-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10570/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10570/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10570/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10570/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10570/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10570/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10570/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10570/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10570/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10570/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10570.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1749</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2400</span> Experiments of a Free Surface Flow in a Hydraulic Channel over an Uneven Bottom </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Bouinoun">M. Bouinoun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Bouhadef"> M. Bouhadef</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The present study is concerned with the problem of determining the shape of the free surface flow in a hydraulic channel which has an uneven bottom. For the mathematical formulation of the problem, the fluid of the two-dimensional irrotational steady flow in water is assumed inviscid and incompressible. The solutions of the nonlinear problem are obtained by using the usual conformal mapping theory and Hilbert’s technique. An experimental study, for comparing the obtained results, has been conducted in a hydraulic channel (subcritical regime and supercritical regime). </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Free-surface%20flow" title="Free-surface flow">Free-surface flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=experiments" title=" experiments"> experiments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=numerical%20method" title=" numerical method"> numerical method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=uneven%20bottom" title=" uneven bottom"> uneven bottom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supercritical%20regime" title=" supercritical regime"> supercritical regime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=subcritical%20regime." title=" subcritical regime. "> subcritical regime. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001746/experiments-of-a-free-surface-flow-in-a-hydraulic-channel-over-an-uneven-bottom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001746/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001746/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001746/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001746/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001746/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001746/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001746/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001746/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001746/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001746/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001746.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1689</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2399</span> The Effects of NaF Concentration on the Zinc Coating Electroplated in Supercritical CO2 Mixed Zinc Chloride Bath</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chun-Ying%20Lee">Chun-Ying Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mei-Wen%20Wu"> Mei-Wen Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Li-Yi%20Cheng"> Li-Yi Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chiang-Ho%20Cheng"> Chiang-Ho Cheng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This research studies the electroplating of zinc coating in the zinc chloride bath mixed with supercritical CO2. The sodium fluoride (NaF) was used as the bath additive to change the structure and property of the coating, and therefore the roughness and corrosion resistance of the zinc coating was investigated. The surface characterization was performed using optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and α-step profilometer. Moreover, the potentiodynamic polarization measurement in 3% NaCl solution was employed in the corrosion resistance evaluation. Because of the emulsification of the electrolyte mixed in Sc-CO2, the electroplated zinc produced the coating with smoother surface, smaller grain, better throwing power and higher corrosion resistance. The main role played by the NaF was to reduce the coating’s roughness and grain size. In other words, the CO2 mixed with the electrolyte under the supercritical condition performed the similar function as brighter and leveler in zinc electroplating to enhance the throwing power and corrosion resistance of the coating.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supercritical%20CO2" title="Supercritical CO2">Supercritical CO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=zinc-electroplating" title=" zinc-electroplating"> zinc-electroplating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=sodium%0D%0Afluoride." title=" sodium fluoride."> sodium fluoride.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998806/the-effects-of-naf-concentration-on-the-zinc-coating-electroplated-in-supercritical-co2-mixed-zinc-chloride-bath" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998806/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998806/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998806/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998806/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998806/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998806/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998806/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998806/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998806/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998806/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998806.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2058</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2398</span> Current Density Effect on Nickel Electroplating Using Post Supercritical CO2 Mixed Watts Electrolyte</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chun-Ying%20Lee">Chun-Ying Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mei-Wen%20Wu"> Mei-Wen Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Van%20Cuong%20Nguyen"> Van Cuong Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hung-Wei%20Chuang"> Hung-Wei Chuang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this study, a nickel film with nano-crystalline grains, high hardness and smooth surface was electrodeposited using a post supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) mixed Watts electrolyte. Although the hardness was not as high as its Sc-CO2 counterpart, the thin coating contained significantly less number of nano-sized pinholes. By measuring the escape concentration of the dissolved CO2 in post Sc-CO2 mixed electrolyte with the elapsed time, it was believed that the residue of dissolved CO2 bubbles should closely relate to the improvement in hardness and surface roughness over its conventional plating counterpart. Therefore, shortening the duration of electroplating with the raise of current density up to 0.5 A/cm2 could effectively retain more post Sc-CO2 mixing effect. This study not only confirms the roles of dissolved CO2 bubbles in electrolyte but also provides a potential process to overcome most issues associated with the cost in building high-pressure chamber for large size products and continuous plating using supercritical method.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Additive-free%20electrolyte" title="Additive-free electrolyte">Additive-free electrolyte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=electroplating" title=" electroplating"> electroplating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=nickel" title=" nickel"> nickel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supercritical%20CO2." title=" supercritical CO2."> supercritical CO2.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16394/current-density-effect-on-nickel-electroplating-using-post-supercritical-co2-mixed-watts-electrolyte" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16394/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16394/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16394/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16394/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16394/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16394/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16394/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16394/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16394/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16394/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16394.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3612</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2397</span> Effect of adding Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extracts of Cinnamomum tamala (Bay Leaf) on Nutraceutical Property of Tofu</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sudip%20Ghosh">Sudip Ghosh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Probir%20Kumar%20Ghosh"> Probir Kumar Ghosh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Paramita%20Bhattacharjee"> Paramita Bhattacharjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of <em>Cinnamomum tamala </em>(bay) leaves obtained at 55°C, 512 bar was found to have appreciable nutraceutical properties and was successfully employed as value-added ingredients in preparation of tofu. The bay leaf formulated tofu sample was evaluated for physicochemical properties (pH, texture analysis and lipid peroxidation), proximate analysis, phytochemical properties (total phenol content, antioxidant properties and total reducing sugar), microbial load and sensory profile analysis for a storage period of ten days, <em>vis-à-vis</em> an experimental control sample. These assays established the superiority of the tofu sample formulated with supercritical carbon dioxide extract of bay leaf over the control sample. Bay leaf extract formulated tofu is a new green functional food with promising nutraceutical benefits. </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cinnamomum%20tamala" title="Cinnamomum tamala">Cinnamomum tamala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Physicochemical%20properties%20Phytochemical%20properties" title=" Physicochemical properties Phytochemical properties"> Physicochemical properties Phytochemical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supercritical%20carbon%20dioxide%20extraction" title=" Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction"> Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tofu." title=" Tofu."> Tofu.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997143/effect-of-adding-supercritical-carbon-dioxide-extracts-of-cinnamomum-tamala-bay-leaf-on-nutraceutical-property-of-tofu" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997143/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997143/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997143/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997143/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997143/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997143/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997143/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997143/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997143/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997143/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997143.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2505</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2396</span> Supercritical Methanol for Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil in the Presence of Heterogeneous Catalysts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Velid%20Demir">Velid Demir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mesut%20Akg%C3%BCn"> Mesut Akg眉n</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The lanthanum and zinc oxide were synthesized and then loaded with 6 wt% over 纬-Al2O3 using the wet impregnation method. The samples were calcined at 900 掳C to ensure a coherent structure with high catalytic performance. Characterization of the catalysts was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effect of catalysts on biodiesel content from jatropha oil was studied under supercritical conditions. The results showed that ZnO/纬-Al2O3 was the superior catalyst for jatropha oil with 98.05% biodiesel under reaction conditions of 7 min reaction time, 1:40 oil to methanol molar ratio, 6 wt% of catalyst loading, 90 bar of reaction pressure, and 300 掳C of reaction temperature, compared to 95.50% with La2O3/纬-Al2O3 at the same parameters. For this study, ZnO/纬-Al2O3 was the most suitable catalyst due to performance and cost considerations.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=heterogeneous%20catalyst" title=" heterogeneous catalyst"> heterogeneous catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jatropha%20oil" title=" Jatropha oil"> Jatropha oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supercritical%20methanol" title=" supercritical methanol"> supercritical methanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=transesterification." title=" transesterification."> transesterification.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013392/supercritical-methanol-for-biodiesel-production-from-jatropha-oil-in-the-presence-of-heterogeneous-catalysts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013392/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013392/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013392/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013392/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013392/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013392/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013392/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013392/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013392/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013392/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013392.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2395</span> Properties of Biodiesel Produced by Enzymatic Transesterification of Lipids Extracted from Microalgae in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Medium</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hanifa%20Taher">Hanifa Taher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sulaiman%20Al-Zuhair"> Sulaiman Al-Zuhair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ali%20H.%20Al-Marzouqi"> Ali H. Al-Marzouqi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yousef%20Haik"> Yousef Haik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohammed%20Farid"> Mohammed Farid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biodiesel, as an alternative renewable fuel, has been receiving increasing attention due to the limited supply of fossil fuels and the increasing need for energy. Microalgae are promising source for lipids, which can be converted to biodiesel. The biodiesel production from microalgae lipids using lipase catalyzed reaction in supercritical CO2 medium has several advantages over conventional production processes. However, identifying the optimum microalgae lipid extraction and transesterification conditions is still a challenge. In this study, the quality of biodiesel produced from lipids extracted from Scenedesmus sp. and their enzymatic transesterification using supercritical carbon dioxide have been investigated. At the optimum conditions, the highest biodiesel production yield was found to be 82%. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel, without any separation step, at optimum reaction condition, were determined and compared to ASTM standards. The properties were found to comply with the limits, and showed a low glycerol content, without any separation step. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fuel%20standards" title=" fuel standards"> fuel standards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=lipase" title=" lipase"> lipase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=microalgae" title=" microalgae"> microalgae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supercritical%20CO2." title=" Supercritical CO2."> Supercritical CO2.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001841/properties-of-biodiesel-produced-by-enzymatic-transesterification-of-lipids-extracted-from-microalgae-in-supercritical-carbon-dioxide-medium" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001841/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001841/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001841/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001841/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001841/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001841/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001841/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001841/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001841/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001841/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001841.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2508</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2394</span> Desktop High-Speed Aerodynamics by Shallow Water Analogy in a Tin Box for Engineering Students</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Etsuo%20Morishita">Etsuo Morishita</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this paper, we show shallow water in a tin box as an analogous simulation tool for high-speed aerodynamics education and research. It is customary that we use a water tank to create shallow water flow. While a flow in a water tank is not necessarily uniform and is sometimes wavy, we can visualize a clear supercritical flow even when we move a body manually in stationary water in a simple shallow tin box. We can visualize a blunt shock wave around a moving circular cylinder together with a shock pattern around a diamond airfoil. Another interesting analogous experiment is a hydrodynamic shock tube with water and tea. We observe the contact surface clearly due to color difference of the two liquids those are invisible in the real gas dynamics experiment. We first revisit the similarities between high-speed aerodynamics and shallow water hydraulics. Several educational and research experiments are then introduced for engineering students. Shallow water experiments in a tin box simulate properly the high-speed flows.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aerodynamics%20compressible%20flow" title="Aerodynamics compressible flow">Aerodynamics compressible flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=gas%20dynamics" title=" gas dynamics"> gas dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hydraulics" title=" hydraulics"> hydraulics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=shock%20wave." title=" shock wave."> shock wave.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009896/desktop-high-speed-aerodynamics-by-shallow-water-analogy-in-a-tin-box-for-engineering-students" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009896/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009896/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009896/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009896/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009896/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009896/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009896/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009896/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009896/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009896/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">949</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2393</span> Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Lutein Esters from Marigold Flowers and their Hydrolysis by Improved Saponification and Enzyme Biocatalysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Peter%20Amala%20Sujith">A. Peter Amala Sujith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.V.%20Hymavathi"> T.V. Hymavathi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.%20Yasoda%20Devi"> P. Yasoda Devi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lutein is a dietary oxycarotenoid which is found to reduce the risks of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Supercritical fluid extraction of lutein esters from marigold petals was carried out and was found to be much effective than conventional solvent extraction. The saponification of pre-concentrated lutein esters to produce free lutein was studied which showed a composition of about 88% total carotenoids (UV-VIS spectrophotometry) and 90.7% lutein (HPLC). The lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of lutein esters in conventional medium was investigated. The optimal temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and water activity were found to be 50掳C, 7, 15% and 0.33 respectively and the activity loss of lipase was about 25% after 8 times re-use in at 50掳C for 12 days. However, the lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of lutein esters in conventional media resulted in poor conversions (16.4%). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=lutein" title="lutein">lutein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=preconcentration" title=" preconcentration"> preconcentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=saponification" title=" saponification"> saponification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=lipase" title=" lipase"> lipase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4068/supercritical-fluid-extraction-of-lutein-esters-from-marigold-flowers-and-their-hydrolysis-by-improved-saponification-and-enzyme-biocatalysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4068/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4068/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4068/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4068/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4068/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4068/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4068/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4068/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4068/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4068/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4068.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3881</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2392</span> Perturbed-Chain Statistical Association Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) Parameters for Propane, Ethylene, and Hydrogen under Supercritical Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ilke%20Senol">Ilke Senol</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Perturbed-Chain Statistical Association Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state (EOS) is a modified SAFT EOS with three pure component specific parameters: segment number (m), diameter (σ) and energy (ε). These PC-SAFT parameters need to be determined for each component under the conditions of interest by fitting experimental data, such as vapor pressure, density or heat capacity. PC-SAFT parameters for propane, ethylene and hydrogen in supercritical region were successfully estimated by fitting experimental density data available in literature. The regressed PCSAFT parameters were compared with the literature values by means of estimating pure component density and calculating average absolute deviation between the estimated and experimental density values. PC-SAFT parameters available in literature especially for ethylene and hydrogen estimated density in supercritical region reasonably well. However, the regressed PC-SAFT parameters performed better in supercritical region than the PC-SAFT parameters from literature.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Equation%20of%20state" title="Equation of state">Equation of state</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=perturbed-chain" title=" perturbed-chain"> perturbed-chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=PC-SAFT" title=" PC-SAFT"> PC-SAFT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=super%20critical." title=" super critical."> super critical.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2649/perturbed-chain-statistical-association-fluid-theory-pc-saft-parameters-for-propane-ethylene-and-hydrogen-under-supercritical-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2649/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2649/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2649/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2649/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2649/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2649/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2649/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2649/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2649/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2649/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2649.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">6992</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2391</span> Nickel Electroplating in Post Supercritical CO2 Mixed Watts Bath under Different Agitations </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chun-Ying%20Lee">Chun-Ying Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kun-Hsien%20Lee"> Kun-Hsien Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bor-Wei%20Wang"> Bor-Wei Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The process of post-supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> electroplating uses the electrolyte solution after being mixed with supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> and released to atmospheric pressure. It utilizes the microbubbles that form when oversaturated CO<sub>2</sub> in the electrolyte returns to gaseous state, which gives the similar effect of pulsed electroplating. Under atmospheric pressure, the CO<sub>2</sub> bubbles gradually diffuse. Therefore, the introduction of ultrasound and/or other agitation can potentially excite the CO<sub>2</sub> microbubbles to achieve an electroplated surface of even higher quality. In this study, during the electroplating process, three different modes of agitation: magnetic stirrer agitation, ultrasonic agitation and a combined mode (magnetic + ultrasonic) were applied, respectively, in order to obtain an optimal surface morphology and mechanical properties for the electroplated Ni coating. It is found that the combined agitation mode at a current density of 40 A/dm<sup>2</sup> achieved the smallest grain size, lower surface roughness, and produced an electroplated Ni layer that achieved hardness of 320 HV, much higher when compared with conventional method, which were usually in the range of 160 to 300 HV. However, at the same time, the electroplating with combined agitation developed a higher internal stress of 320 MPa due to the lower current efficiency of the process and finer grain in the coating. Moreover, a new control methodology for tailoring the coating’s mechanical property through its thickness was demonstrated by the timely introduction of ultrasonic agitation during the electroplating process with post supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> mixed electrolyte.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nickel%20electroplating" title="Nickel electroplating">Nickel electroplating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=micro-bubbles" title=" micro-bubbles"> micro-bubbles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supercritical%20carbon%20dioxide" title=" supercritical carbon dioxide"> supercritical carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ultrasonic%20agitation" title=" ultrasonic agitation"> ultrasonic agitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=magnetic%20stirring." title=" magnetic stirring. "> magnetic stirring. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007483/nickel-electroplating-in-post-supercritical-co2-mixed-watts-bath-under-different-agitations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007483/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007483/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007483/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007483/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007483/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007483/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a 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