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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dramaturgy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علم المسرحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم المسرحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgiya" title="Dramaturgiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dramaturgiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Драматургія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Драматургія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Драматургія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Драматургія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Драматургия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Драматургия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramat%C3%BArgia" title="Dramatúrgia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dramatúrgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divadeln%C3%AD_dramaturgie" title="Divadelní dramaturgie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Divadelní dramaturgie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgi" title="Dramaturgi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dramaturgi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgie" title="Dramaturgie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dramaturgie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgia" title="Dramaturgia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dramaturgia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgia" title="Dramaturgia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dramaturgia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgio" title="Dramaturgio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dramaturgio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="نمایش‌پردازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمایش‌پردازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgie_(th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre)" title="Dramaturgie (théâtre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dramaturgie (théâtre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%B0" title="드라마투르기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드라마투르기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Դրամատուրգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դրամատուրգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgija" title="Dramaturgija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dramaturgija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgi" title="Dramaturgi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dramaturgi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drammaturgia" title="Drammaturgia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Drammaturgia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="דרמטורגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרמטורגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დრამატურგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დრამატურგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Драматургия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Драматургия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Драматургия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Драматургия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatur%C4%A3ija" title="Dramaturģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dramaturģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgia" title="Dramaturgia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dramaturgia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დრამატურგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დრამატურგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgie" title="Dramaturgie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dramaturgie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgi" title="Dramaturgi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dramaturgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgiya" title="Dramaturgiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dramaturgiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgie" title="Dramaturgie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dramaturgie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgia" title="Dramaturgia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dramaturgia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgiya" title="Dramaturgiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Dramaturgiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Драматургия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Драматургия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Драматургија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Драматургија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgia" title="Dramaturgia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dramaturgia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturgi" title="Dramaturgi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dramaturgi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturhiya" title="Dramaturhiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dramaturhiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Драматургия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Драматургия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramaturji" title="Dramaturji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dramaturji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Драматургія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Драматургія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%87%BA%E6%B3%95" title="演出法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="演出法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q492537#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art of dramatic composition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the sociological term, see <a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy_(sociology)" title="Dramaturgy (sociology)">Dramaturgy (sociology)</a>.</div> <p><b>Dramaturgy</b> is the study of <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramatic</a> composition and the <a href="/wiki/Representation_(arts)" title="Representation (arts)">representation</a> of the main elements of drama on the stage. </p><p>The term first appears in the eponymous work <i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Dramaturgy" title="Hamburg Dramaturgy">Hamburg Dramaturgy</a></i> (1767–69) by <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a>. Lessing composed this collection of essays on the principles of drama while working as the world's first <a href="/wiki/Dramaturge" title="Dramaturge">dramaturge</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_National_Theatre" title="Hamburg National Theatre">Hamburg National Theatre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abel_Seyler" title="Abel Seyler">Abel Seyler</a>. Dramaturgy is distinct from play writing and directing, although the three may be practiced by one individual.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Dramatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatist">dramatists</a> combine writing and dramaturgy when creating a drama. Others work with a specialist, called a <a href="/wiki/Dramaturge" title="Dramaturge">dramaturge</a>, to adapt a work for the stage. </p><p>Dramaturgy may also be broadly defined as "adapting a story to actable form." Dramaturgy gives a performance work foundation and <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">structure</a>. Often the dramaturge's strategy is to manipulate a narrative to reflect the current <a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist" title="Zeitgeist">Zeitgeist</a> through cross-cultural signs, theater- and film-historical references to genre, ideology, questions of gender and racial representation, etc., in the dramatization. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_history">Definition and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dramaturgy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dramaturgy as a practice-based as well as practice-led discipline was invented by <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a>, in the 18th century. The Theater of Hamburg engaged him for some years for a position today known as a "dramaturge". He was the first to occupy this role in European theater and described his task as that of a "dramatic judge" ("dramatischer Richter"), one who must assess the most compelling and appropriate means of staging a particular theatrical work.<sup id="cite_ref-LB81_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LB81-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1767 to 1770, Lessing published a series of critical commentaries, <i>Hamburg Dramaturgy (Hamburgische Dramaturgie)</i>. These works analyzed, criticized and theorized the current state of German theater, making Lessing the father of modern dramaturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Lessing's <i>Hamburgische Dramaturgie</i><sup id="cite_ref-LB81_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LB81-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Laokoon</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>'s <i>Aesthetics</i> (1835–38),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many subsequent authors, including <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann von Goethe">Johann von Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a>, reflected on the stage language of plays as a distinctive art form.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German playwright <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Freytag" title="Gustav Freytag">Gustav Freytag</a> attempted to synthesize the components of modern dramaturgy in his 1863 book <i>The Technique of the Drama</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published in English in 1894. Known for its outline of the principles of <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">dramatic structure</a>, including the arc of dramatic tension and resolution referred to as <a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a>, <i>The Technique of the Drama</i> is often considered the blueprint for the first Hollywood screenwriting manuals. <i>The Technique of Play Writing</i> (1915) by <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Andrews" title="Charlton Andrews">Charlton Andrews</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to European and German traditions of dramaturgy and understanding dramatic composition. </p><p>A foundational work in the Western theatrical tradition is <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (written c. 335 BCE), which analyzes the genre of <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>. Aristotle considers <i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Rex" title="Oedipus Rex">Oedipus Rex</a></i> (c. 429 BCE) as the quintessential dramatic work. He analyzes the relations among <a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">character</a>, action, and speech, gives examples of good plots, and considers the role of audience response as an aspect of theatrical form. His "rules" are referred to today as "Aristotelian drama". In <i>Poetics</i>, Aristotle discusses many key concepts of Greek drama, including the moment of tragic recognition (<a href="/wiki/Anagnorisis" title="Anagnorisis">anagnorisis</a>) and the purgation of audience feelings of pity and fear (<a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">catharsis</a>). </p><p>Perhaps the most significant successor to Aristotelian dramaturgy is the <a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a> developed by the twentieth century German playwright <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>. Many of the innovations associated with Brecht as a theorist and writer for the stage, including the concept of the "estrangement effect" (or <a href="/wiki/Verfremdungseffekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Verfremdungseffekt">Verfremdungseffekt</a>) and the acting technique known as <a href="/wiki/Gestus" title="Gestus">gestus</a>, were intended as deliberate revisions of the values upheld by Aristotle.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Poetics</i> is the earliest surviving <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> work of <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_theory" title="Dramatic theory">dramatic theory</a>. The earliest non-Western dramaturgic work is probably the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> work <i>Natya Shastra</i> (<i>The Art of Theatre</i>), written around <a href="/wiki/Anno_Dommini" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Dommini">500 BCE to 500 CE</a>, which describes the elements, forms, and narrative elements of the ten major types of ancient Indian drama.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dramaturgy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dramaturgy is a comprehensive exploration of the context in which the play resides. The dramaturge is tasked to obtain expertise on: the physical, social, political, and economic environment in which the action takes place; the psychological underpinnings of the characters; the various metaphorical expressions in the play of thematic concerns; as well as the technical consideration of the play as a piece of writing (structure, rhythm, flow, and even individual word choices).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Institutional dramaturges may participate in many phases of play production including: casting of the play; offering in-house criticism of productions-in-progress; and informing the director, the cast, and the audience about a play’s history and its current importance. In America, this type of dramaturgy is sometimes known as Production Dramaturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institutional or production dramaturges may make files of materials about a play's history or social context, prepare program notes, lead post-production discussions, or write study guides for schools and groups. These actions can assist a director in integrating textual and acting criticism, performance theory, and historical research into a production before it opens.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright">Copyright</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dramaturgy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Copyright"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since dramaturgy is defined in a general way and the function of a dramaturge may vary from production to production, the copyright issues regarding it in the United States have very vague borders. </p><p>In 1996, there was debate on the question of the extent to which a dramaturge can claim ownership of a production, as in the case involving the estate of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Larson" title="Jonathan Larson">Jonathan Larson</a>, author of the musical <i><a href="/wiki/Rent_(musical)" title="Rent (musical)">Rent</a></i> and Lynn Thomson, the dramaturge on the production. Thomson claimed that she was a co-author of the work and that she never assigned, licensed or otherwise transferred her rights. She asked that the court declare her a co-author of <i>Rent</i> and grant her 16 per cent of the author's share of the royalties. Although she made her claim only after the show became a <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> hit, the case is not without precedent. For instance, 15 per cent of the royalties of <i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_America" title="Angels in America">Angels in America</a></i> go to playwright <a href="/wiki/Tony_Kushner" title="Tony Kushner">Tony Kushner</a>'s dramaturge. On June 19, 1998, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the original court's ruling that Thomson was not entitled to be credited with co-authorship of <i>Rent</i> and that she was not entitled to royalties.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was ultimately settled out of court with Thomson receiving an undisclosed sum after she threatened to remove her material from the production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dramaturgy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Writing_Drama" title="Writing Drama">Writing Drama</a></i>, whose original title is "La Dramaturgie"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dramaturgy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCardullo2005" class="citation book cs1">Cardullo, Bert (2005). <i>What is Dramaturgy?</i>. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Dramaturgy%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cardullo&rft.aufirst=Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LB81-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LB81_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LB81_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessingBerghahn1981" class="citation book cs1">Lessing, G. E.; Berghahn, K. L. (1981). <i>Hamburgische Dramaturgie</i>. Stuttgart, Reclam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamburgische+Dramaturgie&rft.place=Stuttgart%2C+Reclam.&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Lessing&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft.au=Berghahn%2C+K.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/171026/dramaturgy?anchor=ref666078">"Dramaturgy"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Dramaturgy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F171026%2Fdramaturgy%3Fanchor%3Dref666078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessing1766" class="citation book cs1">Lessing, G. E. (1766). <i>Laokoon</i>. Berlin: C. F. Vosst.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laokoon&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=C.+F.+Vosst&rft.date=1766&rft.aulast=Lessing&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegelKnox1835–38" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Hegel, G. W. F.; Knox, T. M. (1835–38). <i>Aesthetics : lectures on fine art</i> (1975 ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetics+%3A+lectures+on+fine+art&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1975&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1835%2F1838&rft.aulast=Hegel&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+F.&rft.au=Knox%2C+T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hammer, K., ed. (1968). <i>Dramaturgische Schriften des 18. Jahrhunderts</i> (in German). Berlin: Henschelverlag Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dramaturgische+Schriften+des+18.+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Henschelverlag+Berlin&rft.date=1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hammer, K., ed. (1987). <i>Dramaturgische Schriften des 19. Jahrhunderts</i> (in German). Berlin: Henschel Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dramaturgische+Schriften+des+19.+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Henschel+Verlag&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreytag" class="citation book cs1">Freytag, Gustav. <i>Technique of the drama: an exposition of dramatic composition and art</i>. Translated by Elias J. MacEwan (translation of 6th German ed.). New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technique+of+the+drama%3A+an+exposition+of+dramatic+composition+and+art&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=translation+of+6th+German&rft.aulast=Freytag&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1915" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Charles (1915). <i>The Technique of Play Writing</i>. Springfield, Massachusetts: The Home Correspondence School.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Technique+of+Play+Writing&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+Home+Correspondence+School&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrecht1964" class="citation web cs1">Brecht, Bertolt (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.dur.ac.uk/m.p.thompson/brecht.htm">"Brecht on Theatre"</a> – via community.dur.ac.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brecht+on+Theatre&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Brecht&rft.aufirst=Bertolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.dur.ac.uk%2Fm.p.thompson%2Fbrecht.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckersley1997" class="citation book cs1">Eckersley, M. (1997). <i>Soundings in the Dramaturgy of the Australian Theatre Director</i>. Melbourne: University of Melbourne. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soundings+in+the+Dramaturgy+of+the+Australian+Theatre+Director&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+Melbourne&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Eckersley&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe" class="citation book cs1">McCabe, Terry. <i>Mis-Directing the Play: An Argument Against Contemporary Theatre</i>. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mis-Directing+the+Play%3A+An+Argument+Against+Contemporary+Theatre&rft.pages=64&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckersley1997" class="citation book cs1">Eckersley, M. (1997). <i>Soundings in the Dramaturgy of the Australian Theatre Director</i>. Melbourne: University of Melbourne. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soundings+in+the+Dramaturgy+of+the+Australian+Theatre+Director&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Melbourne&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Eckersley&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardullo2005" class="citation book cs1">Cardullo, Bert (2005). <i>What is Dramaturgy?</i>. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Dramaturgy%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cardullo&rft.aufirst=Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings1997" class="citation web cs1">Cummings, Scott T. (October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/in2/everythingisrent/articles/americantheatre5.html">"American Theatre"</a> – via angelfire.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Theatre&rft.date=1997-10&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Scott+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fin2%2Feverythingisrent%2Farticles%2Famericantheatre5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dramaturgy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastagno1993" class="citation journal cs1">Castagno, Paul (May 1993). "Varieties of Monologic Strategy: the Dramaturgy of Len Jenkin and Mac Wellman". <i>New Theatre Quarterly</i>. <b>9</b> (34): 134–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0266464X00007727">10.1017/S0266464X00007727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193248105">193248105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Theatre+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Varieties+of+Monologic+Strategy%3A+the+Dramaturgy+of+Len+Jenkin+and+Mac+Wellman&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=134-46&rft.date=1993-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0266464X00007727&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193248105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Castagno&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastagno1993" class="citation journal cs1">Castagno, Paul (March 1993). "Informing the New Dramaturgy: Critical Theory to Creative Process". <i>Theatre Topics</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 29–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftt.2010.0065">10.1353/tt.2010.0065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144354169">144354169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theatre+Topics&rft.atitle=Informing+the+New+Dramaturgy%3A+Critical+Theory+to+Creative+Process&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-42&rft.date=1993-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftt.2010.0065&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144354169%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Castagno&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastagno2001" class="citation book cs1">Castagno, Paul (2001). <i>New Playwriting Strategies: A Language Based Approach to Playwriting</i>. New York, London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Playwriting+Strategies%3A+A+Language+Based+Approach+to+Playwriting&rft.place=New+York%2C+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Castagno&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrencsényiCochrane2014" class="citation book cs1">Trencsényi, Katalin; Cochrane, Bernadette (2014). <i>New Dramaturgy: International Perspectives on Theory and Practice</i>. London: Bloomsbury.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Dramaturgy%3A+International+Perspectives+on+Theory+and+Practice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Trencs%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Katalin&rft.au=Cochrane%2C+Bernadette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADramaturgy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tuchmann, Kai (ed.) Postdramatic Dramaturgies - Resonances between Asia and Europe. transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2022. ISBN 978-3-8376-5997-9</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dramaturgy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060505102121/http://zakka.dk/euroscreenwriters/articles/history_of_dramaturgy_539.htm">A Brief History of Hollywood Dramaturgy and Modern Screenplay Structure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.captitles.com/dramaturgy">Hub for modern dramaturgy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ups.edu/professionalorgs/dramaturgy/">Dramaturgy Northwest</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmda.org/">Literary Managers and Dramaturgs of the Americas</a></li> 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